EXP6 Full Report

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]
Faculty of
Chemical
Engineering
(FChE)
FINAL REPORT SKKK2721

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY
2013/2014-SEM 2
EXPERIMENT 6
FORCED VORTEX FLOW
DATE OF EXPERIMENT
27 FEBRUARI 2014
LAB INSTRUCTOR
DR. LAI JAU CHOY
SECTION 13
GROUP 5
NO
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
TEAM MEMBERS
NIK NORHANANI BINTI MOHD GHANI
NUR HIDAYAH BINTI ZAHARUDIN
SITI FATIMAH BINTI SAAD
YONG AMIRAH BINTI NAZARI
NRIC
930316-03-5690
931013-02-5772
931009-08-6548
EXPERIMENT 6 : FORCED VORTEX FLOW| 2-SKKK (SECTION 13)
Date of submission:6 MARCH 2014

MARKING FORM:
Criteria
Maximum Percentage
Abstract
5%
Introduction
5%
Literature Review/Theory
5%
Methodology
4%
Results
8%
Discussion
10%
Conclusion
4%
References
4%
Language
5%
OVERALL TOTAL
50%
Score
Comment
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Abstract
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Background of the Study
1.2
Objective of the Study
1.4
Significance of the Study
2.0
Literature Review
3.0
Methodology
3.1
Apparatus
3.2
Procedure
4.0
Results and Discussion
10
5.0
Conclusion
16
Reference
17
Appendix
18
ABSTRACT
This experiment was carried out to study the relationship between the surface shape of a
forced vortex flow and the angular velocity of a rotating liquid in a cylindrical tank. Vortex is
the rotation of fluid elements around a common center. Its concept was being used in various
types of industry such as turbine design and in creating standard safety against natural
disaster. The angular velocity of the fluid was manipulated by adjusting the control valve to
provide different flow rate of fluid flow. The height of vortex profile was measured when it
maintained constantly at its maximum height. From the result of the experiment, the height of
vortex profile increased as the vortex radius decreased. Furthermore, when the angular
velocity of the fluid in the cylinder increases, the depth of each pointer at the different vortex
radius will also increases due to formation of semi-parabolic shape. Thus, it was concluded
that the height of water surface level relative to the lowest point of the surface of a forced
vortex flow was directly proportional to the angular velocity of a rotating liquid in a
cylindrical tank and inversely proportional to the squared radius at which it was measured.
1.0
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discussed about the objective and the significance about the experiment related
to the forced vortex flow of fluid in rigid-body rotation within a cylindrical tank. A vortex is
the rotation of fluid elements around a common center. Mostly the fluid flows in a spinning
motion about an imaginary axis, straight or curved. That motion pattern is called a vortical
flow. There are two types of vortices, i.e. forced and free. The fluid (or gas) circles around a
center in a forced vortex, while in a free vortex, the medium spirals towards the center.
1.1
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this experiment is to study the relationship between the surface shape
of a forced vortex flow and the angular velocity of a rotating liquid in a cylindrical
tank.
1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
There are some significances of this experiment:
i.
This study will make students understand about the concept, theory and
ii.
principle of the forced vortex flow.

This experiment will help the students to understand the effect of the angular
velocity of a rotating liquid towards the surface shape of the forced vortex
iii.
flow.
Students will be able to analyze and identify the factors that contribute to
errors or inaccuracy in experimental data and recommend ways to minimize
the errors and improve the results.
In an industry and in a real world, the applications of the vortex flow can be seen in a various
area such as turbine design, natural phenomenon and in creating safety against natural
disaster. Thus, the findings of the experiment are very important to help the engineers to
design a good turbine as the flow of water through the runner of turbine is a good example
that used the principle of forced vortex flow. The findings also can help engineer in designing
a good technology in minimizing the effect of natural disaster such as tornado and hurricane.
Furthermore, the knowledge gain from this experiment will help students to apply the correct
concept in a real situation related to vortex flow as they already experienced it.
2.0
LITERATURE REVIEW
A vortex is the rotation of fluid elements of fluid elements around a common center.
According to Rajput (2010), the vortex motion is defined as a motion in which the whole
fluid mass rotates about an axis and the mass of fluid in rotation about a fixed axis is called
vortex. The examples of a vortex are the atmospheric phenomenon of a whirlwind, a tornado
or dust devil and also a vortex formed when water goes down a drain such as in a sink.There
are two types of vortex flow which are forced vortex flow and free vortex flow. According to
Webber (1971), the free vortex essential characteristic in ideal fluid that it does not require the
application of external energy for continuance and forced vortex is produced and maintained
by application of external forces.
This experiment is only focusing on forced vortex flow. In a forced vortex, fluid
circles around a centre, while in a free vortex the medium spirals toward the centre. The speed
and rate of rotation of rotation of the fluid are greatest at the centre, and decrease
progressively with distance from the centre. The example of forced vortex motion are that of
a vertical cylinder containing liquid rotated about its central axis with constant angular
velocity, the flow of liquid inside the impeller of a centrifugal pump and flow of water
through the runner of a turbine. This experiment is a theory about the forced vortex, flow
surface shape of forced vortex and the angular velocity of a rotating liquid in a cylindrical
tank as in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1: Forced Vortex Flow
R
Depth Initial depth
gage
h0 h
Figure 2.2: Fluid in rigid- body rotation within a cylindrical tank, which rotates around the
vertical z axis with a constant angular velocity .
The theoretical expression relating the change in fluid height in Figure 2.2 to the angular
velocity is given as
2 2
h=hh0=
Where
h0
.............................................. (1)
= initial (non-rotating) surface height of the fluid,

h0
Taking
w r
2g
= height on the axis,
= angular velocity, radian/second,
= radius of the cylinder,
= acceleration of gravity.
as datum (i.e. h0=0 ), the theoretical height (hth) of a vortex surface
corresponding to a radius r from the axis at a constant angular velocity can be expressed as
ht h=
2 2
2 r 2 (2 N ) r
.... (2)
=
2g
2g
Where N is the rotational speed of rotating fluid (revolution/sec, rps)

Thus, the theoretical height (zth) of a vortex surface relative to the actual measurement
obtained from the experiment is
z t h=z o ht h
........ (3)
Where zo is the measured height of a vortex surface at the axis (i.e. r= 0).
According to Giorgio(2010), The Ranque-Hilsch vortex tube has been used for many
decades in various engineering applications due to its compact design and little maintenance
requirements. It is very popular in heating and cooling processes. The vortex tube was
invented by a French physicist named Georges J. Ranque in 1931 when he was studying
processes in a dust separated cyclone.It was highly unpopular during its conception because
of its apparent inefficiency. The patent and idea was abandoned for several years until 1947,
when a German engineer Rudolf Hilsch modified the design of the tube(Hilsch,1947).
The vortex tube is a mechanical device that separates compressed air into an outward
radial high temperature region and an inner lower one. It operates as a refrigerating machine
with a simplistic geometry and no moving parts. It is used commercially in CNC machines,
cooling suits, refrigerators, airplane, etc. Other practical applications include cooling of
laboratory equipment, quick start up of steam power generators, natural gas liquefaction and
particle separation in the waste gas industry. There are two classifications of the vortex tube.
The more popular is the counter-flow vortex tube. The other one is the uni-flow vortex tube.
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 APPARATUS
A forced vortex flow apparatus, depth gauge, stopwatch, and ruler.

3.2 PROCEDURE
1. The control valve was ensured that in closed position (in clockwise position) and
the outlet valve for the flow from the cylinder was fully opened (in anti-clockwise
direction). The pump was switched on.
2. The control valve was opened gently (in anti-clockwise direction). The peddle
blade was pushed to rotate at required speed by the force of the flowing water
which entered into the cylinder.
3. The water level in the cylinder was ensured that at the maximum height and it was
maintained constantly. The outlet valve was used to control the water level in the
cylinder.
4. After the level of water was maintained constantly at the maximum height of
thecylinder, each pointer of the vortex radius profile measurement gauge was
lowered down to the surface of the water profile.
5. The time was taken at the same time for the peddle blade to rotate 50 cycles.
6. The height of the vortex profile was measured by measuring the height of each
pointers of the vortex radius profile measurement gauge. The data were recorded
in the given table.
7. The procedure 2 to 5 were repeated for two other different flow rates.
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Sample Calculation
Time taken for 50 rotation, t = 41.47s
Rotational speed, N =
50
t
50
41.47
= 1.2057rps
Angular velocity, = 2N = 21.2057 = 7.5756 rad/s

Radius, r = 110mm
Theoretical height, hth =
(2 N )2 r 2
2g
(2 1.865)2 (110)2
2 9.81 1000
= 35.39mm
Measured height at axis, z0 = 131mm

Theoretical z of surface relative to actual measurement, zth = z0 - hth = 131 - 35.39 =95.61 mm
Table 1 Comparison of measured and theoretical height of vortex surface
N (rps)
(mm)
zmea
1.2057 hth
zth
zmea
1.3031 hth
zth
zmea
1.7838 hth
zth
Probe Measuring Depth, z (mm) at different vortex
Height of vortex surface
r = 110
99.00
35.39
95.61
100.00
41.34
97.66
100.00
77.47
98.53
r = 90
106.00
23.69
107.31
110.00
27.68
111.32
124.50
51.86
124.14
radius r (mm)
r = 70 r = 50
118.00 124.00
14.33
07.31
116.67 123.69
129.00 130.00
16.74
08.54
122.26 130.46
145.00 162.00
31.37
16.00
144.63 160.00
r = 30
129.00
02.63
128.37
136.00
03.06
135.94
171.00
5.76
170.24
r=0
131.00
0.00
131.00
139.00
0.00
139.00
176.00
0.00
176.00
For rotational speed, N=1.2057rps,

Angular speed, = 7.5756rad/s
10
140
0.32x + 135.74
135.95
f(x) = - 0.31x
0.91
R = 0.92
120
100
depth measured
Linear (depth measured)
80
Depth of surface, z(mm)
depth theoretical
60
40
20
Linear (depth theoretical)
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Radius(mm)
FIGURE 4.1 :Graph of Measured and Theoretical Values of Z versus Radius,r

Angular speed, = 8.1876 rad/s
160
140
f(x) = - 0.36x
0.38x + 144.86
144.78
R = 0.86
0.91
120
depth measured
Depth of surface, z(mm
100
depth theoretical
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Radius(mm)
11
120

200
180
f(x) = - 0.7x
0.71x++187.27
186.83
R = 0.91
160
140
depth measured
120
depth theoretical
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Radius(mm)
Figure 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 shows the graph of measured and theoretical values of depth versus radius
with the angular speeds (N) 1.20567 rps, 1.3031 rps and 1.7838 rps respectively. Based on
the graph, all angular speed gives the same result on the trend line which is when the radius
increased, the depth decreased. For all the graphs, some of the measured depth of the vortex
is slightly different from the theoretical values. The different in height between the measured
and the theoretical is due to the error that occurs during the experiment was conducted.
Firstly, the depth gauge was not placed properly. The gauge supposedly placed at the
surface of the water but in this experiment, it might be dipped into the flowing water and
cause inaccurate result in the depth of the water level. Besides, the depth gauge is not really
tight which means it easy to slide. While removing the depth gauge it may slide a little bit
which cause inaccurate reading. Next, the maximum height of the vortex may not be constant
because of the fluctuation of water surface. The fluctuation happened because of the
inconsistent water flow. Other than that, there is also parallax error during taking the reading
of the ruler. The last error is the inaccuracy while counting the rotating paddle blade. The
number of cycles that should be counted is 50. Due to fast rotation of the paddle blade, the
12
120
human might do error when counting the number of rotation of the blade. As a result, it will
affect the time taken for the blade to rotate as much as 50 cycles.

13
140
f(x) = - 0x + 130.95
131
1
R = 0.99
120
100
80

depth measured
60
depth theoretical
40
20
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000 12000 14000
Squared of radius(mm2)
FIGURE 4.4 :Graph of Measured and Theoretical Values of Z versus Squarec of Radius,r2
14

Angular speed, = 8.1876 rad/s
160
140
f(x) = - 0x + 139.59
139.01
R = 0.97
1
120
100

depth measured
80
Linear (depth
60measured)
depth theoretical
40
20
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000 12000 14000
FIGURE 4.5: Graph of Measured and Theoretical Values of Z versus Squarec of Radius,r2
15

200
180
f(x) = - 0.01x + 176.62
176
R = 1
160
140
depth measured
Depth of surface, z(mm)
120
depth theoretical
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000 10000 12000 14000
FIGURE 4.5 :Graph of Measured and Theoretical Values of Z versus Squarec of Radius,r2
From figure 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 the values of slope obtained from measured and theoretical is
slightly different. The value of slope for angular speed,N ; 1.2507, 1.3031, 1.7838 are 0.0028, -0.0033 and - 0.0064 respectively. These value does not deviate too much from the
theoretical values which are -0.0029, -0.0034 and-0.0064. The values of the measured slope
for each angular speed were close to each theoretical slope values. Thus, it can be conclude
that the height of the measured surface is inversely proportional to the squared of the radius.
For 1.2057 rps,
h
=0.0029
2
r
The theoretical gradient for the graph also -0.0029
For 1.3031 rps,
16
h
=0.0034
r2
Besides, the theoretical gradient for the graph also -0.0034
For 1.7838
h
=0.0064
2
r
the theoretical gradient for the graph also -0.0064
Thus, the gradient of the graph is similar as
h
2
r
. The gradient for all graphs are near to the theoretical gradient and have little
deviation. As a result, it can be concluded that the results of the experiment is satisfactory.
Below are some recommendations in order to reduce the errors that occurred:
1. Observers eyes should be straight and parallel to the point of the value to be taken.
2. The reading should be repeated and average value is then calculated.
3. To avoid zero errors, the instruments should be checked whether the measurement
or scale is correct or not
4. Observer needs to pay more attention while counting the 50 cycles of the rotating
blade.
5. Use the ruler which has clearer scale
Also, while the experiment is carried out, some precaution steps should be considered
such as:
1. Do not touch or change the unrelated control valve of the apparatus, the Cussons
P6238 Forced Vortex Apparatus.
17
2. Avoid the leaking of water since the experiment is about spinning of the water in an
open container.
3. Avoid parallax error when read the reading of height of vortex surface. Make sure
our eye parallel to the reading to get accurate data.
18
5.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the objective is achieved. As the rotation in the cylinder increases, the radius of
a vortex surface at the axis also will increase. From the results, graph for the three different
speed, the theoretical value for the depth at different vortex radius is slightly lower than the
actual value. Overall, it can be seen that the depth of the vortex surface, Z is inversely
proportional to the radius of vortex, r.
19
REFERENCES
Giorgio,D.V.(2010). The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube. 1-2.
Hilsch, R. (1947). The Use of Expansion of Gases In A Centrifugal Field as Cooling Process.
The Review of Scientific Instruments,18(2).
Rajpat, R.K.(2010).A Textbook of Engineering Thermodynamics.New Delhi : LAXMI
PUBLICATIONS (P) LTD,113, Golden House Daryaganj
20
21

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SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

FINAL REPORT SKKK2721

EXPERIMENT 6 : FORCED VORTEX FLOW| 2-SKKK (SECTION 13)

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

Date of submission:6 MARCH 2014

EXPERIMENT 6 : FORCED VORTEX FLOW| 2-SKKK (SECTION 13)

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

Background of the Study

Objective of the Study

Significance of the Study

Results and Discussion

EXPERIMENT 6 : FORCED VORTEX FLOW| 2-SKKK (SECTION 13)

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

EXPERIMENT 6 : FORCED VORTEX FLOW| 2-SKKK (SECTION 13)

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

principle of the forced vortex flow.

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

Figure 2.1: Forced Vortex Flow

EXPERIMENT 6 : FORCED VORTEX FLOW| 2-SKKK (SECTION 13)

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

= initial (non-rotating) surface height of the fluid,

= height on the axis,

= angular velocity, radian/second,

= radius of the cylinder,

as datum (i.e. h0=0 ), the theoretical height (hth) of a vortex surface

Where N is the rotational speed of rotating fluid (revolution/sec, rps)

EXPERIMENT 6 : FORCED VORTEX FLOW| 2-SKKK (SECTION 13)

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

A forced vortex flow apparatus, depth gauge, stopwatch, and ruler.

EXPERIMENT 6 : FORCED VORTEX FLOW| 2-SKKK (SECTION 13)

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Angular velocity, = 2N = 21.2057 = 7.5756 rad/s

Measured height at axis, z0 = 131mm

Probe Measuring Depth, z (mm) at different vortex

Height of vortex surface

For rotational speed, N=1.2057rps,

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

Linear (depth measured)

Depth of surface, z(mm)

Linear (depth theoretical)

For rotational speed, N=1.3031rps,

Depth of surface, z(mm

Linear (depth measured)

Linear (depth theoretical)

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

For rotational speed, N=1.7838rps,

Depth of surface, z(mm

Linear (depth measured)

Linear (depth theoretical)

Linear (depth theoretical)

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

For rotational speed, N=1.2057rps,

EXPERIMENT 6 : FORCED VORTEX FLOW| 2-SKKK (SECTION 13)

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

Depth of surface, z(mm

Linear (depth theoretical)

10000 12000 14000

EXPERIMENT 6 : FORCED VORTEX FLOW| 2-SKKK (SECTION 13)

SKKK2721 2013/2014 [FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY]

For rotational speed, N=1.3031rps,