6-1

Rankine-Hugoniot
Rankine-Hugoniot
Rayleigh
Rankine-Hugoniot L 6.1-6.2

6.1

6.2 Rankine-Hugoniot Rayleigh

Rayleigh

dP / dv = (m& / A) 2 = ( u u u ) 2
u u (= S u ) = = (1 / u ) (dP / dv)
Rayleigh Rayleigh

S u S u 5
95

Rankine-Hugoniot 6.2

P=

d ( u ) / dx = 0 u =

dP / dx + u (du / dx) = 0

P u (u / x)x = u u u u = u u u (u b u u )
P u u u2 [(u b / u u ) 1] = u u u2 [( u / b ) 1]

u / b = ( Pu / Pb )( Rb / Ru )(Tb / Tu ) ~ (Tb / Tu )

P = u u u2 [(Tb / Tu ) 1]
15-40cm/s

Tb / Tu 5-7 u 1 10 3 g / cm 3 P

P = 0.1 ~ 1N / m 2 (106 ~ 105 atm)

6-2
u =
H= G G-40

G-41
Le=1

d [u D (d / dx)] / dx = RR

i = Yi /[( i' i )]

T = hsebsible (T ) / [ H R (Tref )]

96

u[dhsensible / dx ] d [D(dhsensible / dx] / dx = RR(H R )

6-1
Le=1 D = / c p dh = c p (T ) dT

dh / dx = (dh / dT )(dT / dx) = c p (dT / dx)

(6-1)

uc p (dT / dx) d (kdT / dx) / dx = RR(H R )

6-2

u = u u u = u S u 6-2 u S u

(6-2)

x = (

T = Tu ,

dT / dx = 0

x = + (

T = Tb ,

dT / dx = 0

(6-2)

1kg + fkgO2 (1 + f )kg

RR(kg / m 3 s ) = A afuel Ob 2 exp( E ov / RT )

6-3

ab E ov
6-2
6.1 6.2
6.3

6.3

6.4

97

, = cpg
=0 =16-2

6.4

= =Y f ,o Y f ) / Y j ,o
= =T Tu ) /(Tb Tu )

RR=06-2

u u u c p (dT / dx) d (dT / dx) / dx = 0

6-4

c p = = c p 6-4

u u u c p T (dT / dx) = cons tan t

T = Tu dT / dx = 0

cons tan t = u S u c p T
(6-4)

(dT / dx) = u S u c p (T Tu )
x = x i

(dT / dx) xi = u u u c p (Ti Tu )

6-5

6-5
Tu Ti

E ov Ti Tb
6-2 dT / dx d ( kdT / dx ) / dx
6-2

98

d (dT / dx) / dx = RR( H R )

[d (dT / dx) / dT ](dT / dx) = RR( H R )

dT / dx)d (dT / dx) = RR(H R )dT

x = xi (T = TidT / dx = dT / dx

xi

x = + (T = Ti ; dT / dx = 0)
k (dT / dx)

xi

Tb

= 2H R RRdT '

Ti

1/ 2

6-6

6-6

x=xi 6-56-6
Tb

u S u c p (Ti Tu ) = [2H R RRdT ' ]1 / 2

6-7

Ti

6-7 S u

Tb

S u = {( / u c p )[(2H R ) /( u c p (Ti Tu )][1 /(Ti Tu ) RRdT ' ]}1 / 2

Ti

/ c p = a = TTi RR = 0
40kcal/molTi Tb
Tb

S u = {(2H R ) /[ u c p (Ti Tu )] [1 /(Ti Tu ) RRdT ' ]}1 / 2

6-8

Ti

Tb

[1 /(Ti Tu ) RRdT ' ] R R S u

Ti

S L

99

m& f ( H R ) = m& c p (Tb Tu )

uY fo (H R ) = u c p (Tb Tu )

H R / u c
1 / Y fo u
p Tb Tu=
6-8
1/ 2

a
S L = 2(
)R R
6-9
Y fo u

6-9 S L a
RR(6-9)

6.1 -

1/ 2

a
S L = 2
Y fo u

R R


a R R
/ 2 < x <

T =

1 1
( (Tb + Tu ) + Tb ) = 1770 K
2 2

Tb = Tad = 2260 K , Tu = 300 K , x

1
(Y f ,u + 0) = 0.06015 / 2 = 0.0301
2
1
Yo2 = 0.2331(1 Y f ,u + 0 = 0.1095
2

YF =

0.2331 - A/F 15.625

d [C 3 H 8 ]
0.1
1.65
= k G [C 3 H 8 ] [O2 ]
dt
YO2 1.65
Y
= k G (T ) 1.75 ( F ) 0.1 (
)
MWF
MWO2

RR =

15098
1
kmol
) ( 3 ) 0.75
T
s
m
1
15098
kmol
) = 9.55 10 5 ( 3 ) 0.75
= 4.836 10 9 exp(
1770
s
m

k G = 4.836 10 9 exp(

100

P
101325
=
= 0.1997kg / m 3
( Ru / MW )T (8315 / 29)1770

R R = 9.55 10 5 (0.1997)1.75 (

0.0301 0.1 0.1095 1.65

) (
) (44) = 107.3kg / s m 3
44
32

R R a

a=

k (T )
r u c p (T )

T=

1
(Tb + Tu )= 1280 K
2
0.0809
a=
1.16 1186

a R R

a
S L = 2
Y fo u

R R

1/ 2

5.89 10
= 2

(1.16)
15.625 + 1

1/ 2

= 0.425m / s = 42.5cm / s

- 38.9 cm s

R R

R R

6-3 -
6.5-6.9 -----

=1.1=1.1,
=1.2 =1.4 40cm/sec
160 cm/sec 280 cm/sec

101

 6.5 -,

6.6 -

6.7 -

102

 6.8 -

-- 6.6
6.8

6.9
Tu
Tb RRTb

6.9 -

6.10 --

103

 6.10 --

6.11 --

6.12

6.11 -
Tb
6-9
Ti Tb
Ti Tb Tb

a Tn / P
n3/2n1.8()
T=(Tu+Tb/2 a [9]

S u = cons tan t P ( a +b 2 ) / 2 f (Tu ,T b ) exp( E ov / 2 RTb )

6-10

f (Tu ,T b) E ov / 2 R >>Tb

104

 exp( E ov / 2 RTb )

a+b 2
6.12 -6-10
6-10 STANJAN f (Tu ,T b)

E ov =35Kcal/mol
6-10

Metghalchi Keck[5]-

S L = S L ,ref (Tu / Tu ,ref ) ( P / Pref ) (1 2.1Ydil )

Tu 350 K Tu ,ref = 298 K ;

(6-11)

Pref = 1atm

S L ,ref = BM + B2 ( M ) 2

(6-12)

BM B2 M 6.1
6.1 (6-11) M , BM , B2

BM cm/s

B2 cm/s

1.11

36.92

-140.51

1.08

34.22

-138.65

1.13

26.32

-84.72

RMFD-303

1.13

27.58

-78.34

= 2.18 0.8( 1)
= 0.16 + 0.22( 1)
Ydil -
6.2 F = 0.8 -

1 T = 298 K , P = 1atm
2 T = 685 K , P = 18.38atm
3 2 15%

(6-11) 6.1 RMFD-303 RMFD-303

105


(6-12)

S L ,ref = BM + B2 ( M ) 2
6.1

BM = 27.58cm / s
B2 = 78.38cm / s

M = 1.13
6-12
2

S L ,ref = 27.58 - 78.38(0.8 - 1.13)

S L ,ref = 19.05 cm s

(6-11)

S L (Tu , P) = S L ,ref (Tu / Tu ,ref ) ( P / Pref )

= 2.18 0.8( 1) = 2.34

= 0.16 + 0.22( 1) = 0.204

S L (685 K ,18.38atm) = 19.05(685 / 298) 2.34 (18.38 / 1) 0.204 = 19.05(7.012)(0.552)

= 73.8cm / s

(1- 2.1Ydil )

S L (685 K ,18.38atm,15%= 73.8[1 2.1(0.15)] = 50.6cm / s

6-4

xi

106

TiTb

f (k / u c p )(1 / S u ) = a / S u

6-13

a
-
6.13 1/Su ,

6.13

-(6-13)

r
ph

r / ph (Tb Ti ) /(Tb Tu )

6-14

(Tb Ti )

Tb Ti = {RR(Tb )} /{d / dT [ RR(Tb )]} = ( RTb2 ) / E ov

6-15

6-13
E ov / R >>Tb TbTi 6-13
6-126-13

r / ph ( R / Tb2 ) / E ov (Tb Tu ) 1 /
Zeldovich

107

 (Tb Tu )
- 8-10 r << ph
f ph
TiTb

f P ( a +b ) / 2

6-16

a+b 6-16
0.1

6-10 ab Eov
6.14
- n=a+b

6.14 - n Eov

6.3 - 30cm/s
2mm 0.25

0.25
~p
S L 0.25 atm = S L 1atm
SL ~ p

1
S L 0.25 atm = 1.41S L 1atm = 42cm / s
n2 2

0.25

p
f ~ S ~ n 2 2 ~ p n 2 ~ p 0.75
L
p

0.25 atm

0.25 atm

0.25
=f
1atm 1

0.75

= 2.828 f

1atm

= 5.6mm

108

*6-5
6-2

6-2

m& = uA
m&

dT 1 d dT A

A
+
dx c p dx
dx c p

m&

(6-17)

Y V c
k

pk

dYk d
+ ( AYk Vk ) A& k M k = 0
dx dx

dT A
+
dx c p

&

(k = 1, L C )

PM
RT

hk M k = 0

(6-18)

(6-19)

(6-20)

m& = = u = = u (x) x = A =
= A(x) T =

c p = c pk = k = = (T ) Yk =
k Vk = k & k = k hk =
k M k = k M =
R =
k & k k k

& k = & k , j
j

k,j j k & k , j = (& k , j ) forward (& k , j ) reverse

k f , j = AT n exp( E j / RT )
109

 k r , j

1
2

12

1
2

[ X
k

+ ( X k / k )

X k k k k
Vk

Vk = k + Wk = Dk

1 dT
1 dX k
+ Dk Tk
X k dx
X k T dx

(6-21)

k Fickian , Wk k
D jk

Dk =

1 Yk
X j D jk
jk

Yk = k X j = k j
j k (6-21) kTk k
Soret (6-21) Vk
1
m
( x=0)
( x = + )(1)
(2)()(2)
m

(6-18)(6-19)

110

A
A

T
T 1 [A(T x )] A
T

+ m&

+
+ & k hk M k = 0
Yk Vk c pk

cp
t
x c p
x
x

Yk
Y
( AYk Vk )
+ m& k +
A& k M k = 0 (k = 1,..., C )
t
x
x

6.3

6-6
/

Poiseuille

U ( r ) = n( R 2 r 2 )
R = n =

622

1 dP

4 dx

S L = U cos

()

111

 1-3

6.15 , 1-3

6.15

g f
S L

g f ~ ( S L / d p ) ~ ( S L / f ) ~ ( S L2 / a )

(6-23)

d p f
a / S L a (6-23) g f S L

CH 4 O2 N 2 g f S L 6.16
112

 6.16 CH 4

O2 N 2

(6-22)

dU (r )
dr

= 2nR
r=R

Q&
R

Q& = 2 U (r )rdr = nR = U ( R 2 )
0
2
4

g=

4 Q&
4U
=
3
R
R

g f S L g f S L
2

6.17 CH 4 O2 N 2 (6-22)
S L

g f P ( a +b ) 1

113

 a+b a+b>1,

6.18 CH 4

6.17

CH 4 O2 N 2

114

 6.18 CH 4

N 2 Ar

6.19

6.19

g f < g < gb
g

U
U R
R
115

Re crit =

UD
2300
v

U d

turn down /

= g b / g f = constantturn down
= m f H C

6.4 - 30cm/s
2mm 1) 0.25
1

2) 750 s
1cm (turndown)3)
0.5cm?
116

: 1)

g f (1atm )

SL

g f ( 0.25 atm ) ~

2)

42cm / s
= 75s 1
0.56cm

TD =

3).

30cm / s

1
f ~ 0.2cm = 150s

gb

gf

= 750s

150s 1

=5

TDR5

*6-7

x U = U ( y )

dU
> 0
dy

U || y

dU
< 0 U ||
dy

y
k,

k
1

k s

117

1 dA f
A f dt

1 dA f U || U || y
=
=
A f 0 A
S
dt
y S
f

k = lim
U || = U sin

y
=cos
S

k=

u
[cos (sin + cos ctn )] = f ( u , )
y
y

u u s

Law(1988)

k = || u|| + ( u s n)( n) s
u||

1
2

k<0 k>0
k>0,

118

Lewis

Le mix / Di
mix = Di =

< 1 > 1 Le=1 mix = Di

Tb
o

Tb S L S L
Le>1 mix > Di
Tb < Tb S L Tb S L < S L k
o

k 6.20 CH 4

6.20

Le<1

CH 4

mix < Di

Tb > Tb S L > S L
o

119


k<0,

k>0 Le=1 Tb , S L
Le>1,
Tb > Tb

S L > S Lo

Le<1, Tb < Tbo

S L < S Lo

k Le 6.21

6.1 Le

Le

Tb / Tbo S L / S Lo

>0

1
>1
<1

1
<1
>1

<0

1
>1
<1

1
>1
<1

6.21 Le

120

 < 1 Lewis

D fuel in air = f ( M fuel )

Le<1

M fuel > M air

M fuel < M air

D fuel in air > air

D fuel in air < air

Le>1 Lewis

k<0

C 3 H 8 Le 1.8 > 1 S L > S Lo

C 3 H 8 Le 0.9 < 1 6.1

C H
S L < S L 6.22 3 8
o

6.22 (a)(b)

121

 Lewis Lewis
Le<1 k<0 S L < S L

k>0 S L > S L

6.23 --

Karlovitz
Bela Karlovitz
o
Ka k /( S L0 / ph
)

ph S L S L / ph
o

6.23 --

[1] F.A.Williams, Combustion Theory, Benjamin Cummings,1985

[2] S.R.Turns,An Introduction to Combustion- Concepts and Application McGraw-Hill,2000
[3] Reginald Mitchell. Combustion Fundamentals. 1999
[4] 1986
[5]M.Metghalchi and J.C.Keck, Burning Velicity of Mixture of Air with Methanol, Isooctane, and
Indolene at High Pressure and Temperatures, Combustion and Flame, 48,191-210,1982
122

1 6-9-

2 2 30cm/s
2mm 0.25

123