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132
Element Transformations
Voltage source
Time domain
v(t) =vS(t)
i(t) = depends on cct
i(t)
vS +
_
Transform domain
V(s) =VS(s)=L(vS(t))
I(s) = L(i(t)) depends on cct
Current source
I(s) =L(iS(t))
V(s) = L(v(t)) depends on cct
iS
v(t)
133
v1(t ) = v2 (t ) ! V1( s ) = V2 ( s )
i1(t ) = "i2 (t ) !
I1( s ) = "I 2 ( s )
I1( s ) = gV2 ( s )
! VSC ( s ) = 0
iOC (t ) = 0
I OC ( s ) = 0
v N (t ) = vP (t ) ! VN ( s ) = VP ( s )
134
+
vR
Resistors
vR (t ) = RiR (t )
iR (t ) = GvR (t )
VR ( s ) = RI R ( s )
I R ( s ) = GVR ( s )
Capacitors
Z R ( s) = R
iC
YR ( s ) =
diL (t )
vL (t ) = L
dt
v ( 0)
1
IC (s) + C
sC
s
1
Z C (s) =
sC
1t
iL (t ) = " vL (# )d# + iL (0)
L0
I L (s) =
Inductors
+
vL
+
vC
1t
vC (t ) = " iC (# )d# + vC (0)
C0
dv (t )
iC (t ) = C C
dt
iL
1
R
VC ( s ) =
1
i ( 0)
VL ( s ) + L
sL
s
Z L ( s ) = sL
YC ( s ) = sC
YL ( s ) =
1
sL
135
IR(s)
iR(t)
vR(t)
VR(s)
Capacitor
+
IC(s)
IC(s)
iC(t)
vC(t)
+
C
VR ( s ) = RI R ( s )
VC(s)
-
1
sC
CvC (0)
1
sC
VC(s)
+
_
1
v (0)
VC ( s ) =
IC (s) + C
sC
s
vC (0)
s
136
iL(t)
sL
VL(s)
+
VL(s)
sL
i L ( 0)
s
+
_
vL(t)
1
i (0)
VL ( s ) + L
sL
s
IL(s)
+
+
I L (s) =
LiL(0)
137
VA
R I1(s)
I2(s)
+
vC
-
1
sC
CvC (0)
vC (0) = V A
Initial conditions
s-domain solution using nodal analysis
V (s)
V (s)
I1( s ) = C
I 2 (s) = C
= sCVC ( s )
1
R
sC
t-domain solution via inverse Laplace transform
VA
VC ( s ) =
1
s+
RC
MAE140 Linear Circuits
vc (t ) = V Ae
!t
RC u (t )
138
VA
s
i(t)
Invert
!
L + iL (0) =
s s+ RL s+ RL
LiL(0)
-
#
&
%iL (0) " V A (
R'
R +$
s
s+ RL
VA
#V A V A " Rt
" Rt L &
L
i(t) = %
"
e
+ iL (0)e
(u(t) Amps
R
R
$
'
VL (s )
VA
! ( R + sL) I ( s ) + LiL (0) = 0
s
VA
I(s) =
sL
I(s)
+
_
+
_
VAu(t) +
_
139
140
V ( s ) = Z1( s ) I (s )+ Z 2 ( s ) I ( s ) = Z eq ( s ) I (s )
I(s)
+
Z1
V(s)
Z2
I ( s ) = Y1( s )V ( s ) + Y2 ( s )V ( s ) = Yeq ( s )V ( s )
I(s)
+
V(s)
Y1
Y2
141
L
+
v1(t) +
_
v2(t)
A
V1(s) +
_
sL
1
sC
+
R
V2(s)
-
2+
+R
1
1
RLCs
Ls
= sL +
=
Z eq ( s ) = sL + R
+
1+
sC
RCs 1
sC
R
& Z1( s ) #
&
#
R
V2 ( s ) = $
V
(
s
)
=
V1( s )
! 1
$
!
2
% RLCs + sL + R "
$% Z eq ( s ) !"
142
143
t=0
The switch has been open for a long time and is closed
at t=0.
Find the zero-state and zero-input components of V2(s)
Find v(t) for IA=1mA, L=2H, R=1.5K, C=1/6 F
IA
v(t)
V(s)
C
-
IA
s
sL
1
sC
RCIA
-
IA
IA
C
V
(
s
)
=
Z
(
s
)
=
1
RLs
zs
eq
=
Z eq ( s) =
s s2 + 1 s + 1
2
1 +1+
sC RLCs + Ls + R
RC
LC
sL R
RI A s
Vzi ( s ) = Z eq ( s ) RCI A =
1
1
s2 +
s+
RC
LC144
MAE140 Linear Circuits
I
C
Vzs ( s ) = Z eq ( s ) A =
s s2 + 1 s + 1
IA
RC
LC
s
RI A s
Vzi ( s ) = Z eq ( s ) RCI A =
1
1
s2 +
s+
RC
LC
Substitute values
sL
1
sC
V(s)
RCIA
-
6000
3
"3
=
+
(s + 1000)(s + 3000) s + 1000 s + 3000
v zs (t) = 3e"1000t " 3e"3000t u(t)
Vzs (s) =
1.5s
"0.75
2.25
=
+
(s + 1000)(s + 3000) s + 1000 s + 3000
v zi (t) = "0.75e"1000t + 2.25e"3000t u(t)
Vzi (s) =
!
145
v1(t) +
_
A
V1(s) +
_
R2
C2
R1
C1
R1
R3
R2
1
sC1
C1vC1(0)
+
vx(t)
-
R3
1
sC2
C
+
Vx(s)
-
+
+ vx(t) v (t)
2
-
+ Vx(s) V (s)
2
-
C2vC2(0)
146
R1
1
sC1
C1vC1(0)
Node A: V A ( s) = V1( s)
Node B:
Node C:
R2
R3
1
sC2
C
+
Vx(s)
-
+ Vx(s) V (s)
2
-
C2vC2(0)
Node D: VD ( s) = Vx ( s) = VC ( s)
!
MAE140 Linear Circuits
147
C
+
-
vS(t) +
_
R1
Convert to s-domain
VA(s)
VS(s) +
_
R1
+
vO(t)
1
VB(s) sC VC(s) R2 VD(s)
CvC(0)
+
-
+
VO(s)
148
Nodal Analysis
VA(s)
R1
VS(s) +
_
+
-
1
VB(s) sC VC(s) R2 VD(s)
+
VO(s)
CvC(0)
Node A: V A ( s ) = VS ( s )
Node D: VD ( s ) = VO ( s )
Node C: VC ( s ) = 0
Node B: (G1 + sC )VB ( s ) ! G1VS ( s ) = CvC (0)
Node C KCL: ! sCVB ( s ) ! G2VO ( s ) = !CvC (0)
( sG1C %
Solve for VO(s)
(
%
R
s
G
&
2 #V ( s ) = " & 1 !
#V ( s )
VO ( s ) = " &
S
& R2 s + 1
# S
G1 + sC #
R1C $
&'
#$
'
(
%
R
s
1
# 1 = " R1 !
= "& 1 !
& R2 s + 1
# s R2 s + 1
R1C $
R1C
'
Invert LT
MAE140 Linear Circuits
t
R1 R C
vO (t ) =
e 1 u (t )
R2
149
150
151