1. A house has two lights to illuminate the stairs leading from the hall to the upstairs landing.

The
lights can be switched OFF and ON by either one of two switches, one in the hall and one in
the landing. The lights are to be OFF when both switches are either ON or OFF together, and
the lights are to be ON when one switch is ON and the other is OFF.
i) Obtain the truth table of the system
ii) Obtain the sum of products (SOP) Boolean expression for the system.
iii) Implement the system using AND, NOT and OR logic gates.
iv) Implement the system using exactly ONE logic gate.
2. A bank vault has 3 locks with a key for each lock. Key A is owned by the bank manager. KeyB
is owned by the senior bank teller. Key C is owned by the trainee bank teller. In order toopen
the vault door at least two people must insert their keys into the assigned locks at thesame
time. The trainee bank teller) can only open the vault when the bank manager is present in the
opening.
i) Determine the truth table for such a digital locking system
ii) Design, using Karnaugh Map techniques, a minimum ANDOR gate network to
realize this locking system.
3. A car seat belt interlock requires that the car should only start if the drivers seat belt is
fastened and either the front passenger seat is unoccupied or the front passenger seat is
occupied and the passenger seat belt is fastened.
i) Obtain the truth table of the system
ii) Obtain the SOP Boolean expression for the system.
iii) Use a Karnaugh map to simplify the SOP Boolean expression
iv) Implement the system using AND, NOT and OR logic gates.
4. Design a circuit that will indicate whether a 4bit number is either odd and greater than 8 or
even and less than 5. Assume decimal 0 to be an even number.
5.

i) Using meaningful signal names, write the Boolean function for the following design
specification. If either the drivers door or the passengers door of a two door car is opened, or
a switch on the dash is turned on, then the overhead light in the car will turn on else, the
overhead light will not turn on.
ii) Show a block diagram and label the signals on the diagram.
a.

6.

Given the following language statement: Design a switching circuit that has three independent
input signals. When only two inputs are 1 at the same time, the output is to be 1.
a. Obtain the truth table logic description
b. Obtain the standard SOP form of the function
c. Obtain the complement of the standard POS form of the function

7. For the following language statement: Design a switching circuit that has three independent
inputs and two outputs. One of the outputs should be 1 when all the inputs are 1, and the other
output should be 0 when two or less of the inputs are 0.
a. Write the truth table logic description.
b. Write the standard SOP form of each function.
c. Write the complement of the standard POS form of each function.
8. Write the Boolean function for the following logic statement: If task A is active or task B is not
active and task C is active and task D in not active or task E is active than F = 1 else F = 0.
9.

Obtain minimum SOP expressions and minimum POS expressions for the following Boolean
functions using Karnaugh maps. Implement using universal gates
a. F(A, B, C) = M (2, 3) d(4, 6)
b. F(A, B, C) = m(4, 6) + d(0, 1, 2)
c. F(A, B, C) = M(1, 2, 3, 5, 6) d(4)

10. A simple security system for two doors consists of a card reader and a keypad.

A person may open a particular door if he or she has a card containing the
corresponding code, and enters an authorized keypad code for that card.

No card inserted
Valid code for door 1
Valid code for door 2

A
0
0
1

B
0
1
1

Invalid card code

1
0
To unlock a door, a person must hold down the proper keys on the keypad and then insert the
card in the reader. The authorized keypad codes for door 1 are 101 and 110, and the authorized
keypad codes for door 2 are 101 and 011. If the card has an invalid code or if the wrong
keypad code is entered, the alarm will ring when the card is inserted. If the correct keypad code
is entered, the corresponding door will be unlocked when the card is inserted.
Design the logic network for this simple security system. Your networks inputs will
consist of a card code AB, and a keypad code CDE. The network will have three oupputs XYZ
(if X or Y = 1, door 1 or 2 will be opened if Z=1, the alarm will sound). Design your network
using only 2 and 3 input NOR gated and inverters. Any solution with 20 or fewer gates and
inverters is acceptable (not counting the 5 inverters for the inputs). Use toggle switches for
inputs A, B, C, D and E when you test your network.
11. Two square waves, A of 1 kHz and B of 2 kHz frequency, are applied as inputs to the following
logic gates. Draw the output waveform in each case.
b) OR
c) NAND
d) NOR
e) XOR
f) XNOR
Draw the logic diagram using only two input NAND gates to implement the following
a. AND

expression F = (AB+AB) (CD + CD)

12. a)

Implement the following function using only NOR gates F = a(b + cd) + bc
b) Implement the following function using only NAD gates G = (a + b) . (cd + e)
c) Give the minimum twolevel SOP realization of the following switching function using only
NAND gates F = m(0, 3, 4, 5, 7)

13. Using the tabular method, obtain the minimal expression for
f = m(6, 7, 8, 9) + d (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15) implement using NAND
Find the minimal expression for f = M(2, 3, 8, 12, 13) . (d(10, 14). Implement using NOR
14.

Obtain the minimal POS expression for the following:

f= M(0, 1, 4, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 25, 27, 28, 29, 31) . d(20, 21, 22, 30) Implement using
NOR

15. Design of a 4bit BinarytoBCD code converter

16. Design of an SOP circuit to detect the decimal numbers 5 through 12 in a 4bit gray code input
17. Design of a combinational circuit to produce the 2S complement of a 4bit binary number
18. Design a minimal circuit to produce an output of 1, when its input is a 2421 code representing
an even decimal number less than 10.
19. Design a combinational circuit that accepts a 3bit BCD number and generates an output binary
number equal to the square of the input number.
20. Use a multiplexer to implement the logic function F=A + B + C.
21. Use a multiplexer having three data select inputs to implement the logic for the function given
below. Also realize the same using a 16:1 MUX.
F=m(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 14, 15).

22. A safe has

5 locks v, w, y and z all of which must be unlocked for the safe to open. The keys to
the locks are distributed among five executives in the following manner.
Mr. A has keys for locks v and x.
Mr. B has keys for locks v and y.
Mr. C has keys for locks w and y.
Mr. D has keys for locks x and z.
Mr. E has keys for locks v and z.
a) Determine the minimal number of executives required to open the safe.
b) Find all the combinations of executives that can open the safe write and expression f(A, B,
C, D, E) which specifies when the safe can be opened as a function of what executives are
present.
c) Who is the essential executive?

23. You

are presented with a set of requirements under which an insurance policy can be issued.
The applicant must be
1. a married female 25 years old or over, or
2. a female under 25, or
3. a married male under 25 who has not been involved in a car accident, or
4. a married male who has been involved in a car accident, or
5. a married male 25 years of over who has not been involved in a car accident.
Find an algebraic expression which assumes a value 1 whenever the policy is issued. Simplify
the expression obtained.

24. Five soldiers A, B, C, D and E volunteer to perform an important military task if their
following conditions are satisfied.
1. Either A or B or both must go.
2. Either C or E but not both must go.
3. Either both A and C go or neither goes.
4. If D goes, then E must also go.
5. If B goes, then A and C must also go.
Define the variables A, B, C, D and E so that an unprimed variable will mean that the
corresponding soldier has been selected to go. Determine the expression which specifies the
combinations of volunteers who can get the assignment.
25. A lawnsprinkling system is controlled automatically by certain combinations of the following
variables.
Seasons (S = 1, if summer 0, otherwise)
Moisture content of soil (M = 1, if high 0, if low)
Outside temperature (T = 1, if high 0, if low)
Outside humidity (H = 1, if high 0, if low)
The sprinkler is turned on under any of the following circumstances.
1. The moisture content is low in winter.
2. The temperature is high and the moisture content is low in summer.
3. The temperature is high and humidity is high in summer.
4. The temperature is low and the moisture content is low in summer.

5. The temperature is high and the humidity is low.

Use a Kmap to find the simplest possible logic expression involving the variables S, M, T and
H for turning on the sprinkler system.
26. Use a karnaugh map to minimize the following expression in :implement using universal gate
(i) Product of Sum expression. (ii) Sum of product expression
a) (A + B + C) (A + B + C) (A + B + C) (A + B + C) (A + B + C)
b) (B + C + D) ( A + B + C + D ) ( A + B + C + D ) (A + B + C + D) (A + B + C + D)
c) (A + B +C +D)(A + B + C + D)(A + B + C + D)( A + B + C + D)(A + B +C + D)
(A + B + C' +D)

27. Construct 16x1 multiplexer using two (8x1) and one (2x1) multiplexers. (use block diagram
for each multiplexer
28. Design a priority encoder with four active high inputs Z0, Z1, Z2, and Z3 and three active high
outputs, A and B indicating the number of the highest priority device requesting service, and N,
indicating no active request. Input Z0 is the highest priority (and Z3 the lowest).
29. Construct the truth table of an octaltobinary priority encoder. Provide an output V to indicate
that at least one of the inputs is present. The input with the highest subscript number has the
highest priority. From the truth table, construct a logic circuit for the priority encoder.
30. A majority circuit is a combinational circuit that outputs 1 when the input variables have more
1s than 0s, and vice versa. Design a 5input majority circuit, by identifying a truth table, and a
Boolean equation.
31. Design a combinational circuit with three inputs, x, y, z, and three outputs, A, B, C. When the
binary input is 4, 5, 6, or 7, the binary output is 2 less than the binary input. When the binary
input is 0, 1, 2, or 3, the output is 4 more than the binary input.
32. Design a fourbit combinational circuit 2s complement. (The output generates the 2s
complement of the input binary number.) Show that the circuit can be constructed with XOR
gates. How will you design a 5bit 2s complement?
33. Construct a 5to32 line decoder with four 3to8 line decoders (with enable) and a 2to4 line
decoder. Use block diagrams for the different components.
34. Construct a BCD addersubtractor circuit. Use block diagrams for the different components.
35. Assume that every XOR gate has a propagation delay of 10 ps, and every AND or OR gate has
a propagation delay of 5 ps. Draw a block diagram of a 16bit carrylookahead type adder.

How much time does the adder require to do one addition? Draw a block diagram of a 16bit
ripplecarry adder. How much time does the ripplecarry adder take to complete one addition?
36.

Using Kmap, find the simplest SOP expression for the following functions. List out all
alternative answers, if any. How many prime implicants (PIs) and essential prime implicants
(EPIs) are there in each of the expressions? [ ()d and ()D denote dontcares. ] implement
using decoder
(a) F1(A,B,C,D) = (5,m 8, 10, 12, 13, 14)
(b) F2(W,X,Y,Z) = (0,M 1, 2, 8, 9, 10)
(c) F3(K,L,M,N) = (1,m 7, 10, 13, 14) + (0,d 5, 8, 15)
(d) F4(A,B,C,D) = (4,M 8, 9, 11, 12) . (2,D 3, 6, 7, 10, 14)

37.

Design a logic circuit that takes in a 4bit excess3 code ABCD that represents a decimal digit,
and generates 1 in its output G if the code represents a prime number, or 0 otherwise.
(Questions to settle before you can proceed: What are prime numbers? How to handle invalid
excess3 codes?) You are to show the truth table. Obtain the simplified SOP expression for G
and draw the logic diagram using only the fewest 2input and 3input NAND gates.

38.

Combinational Circuit Design with Multiplexers The input to a digital circuit are three signals
A,Band C(Note that ,ABand Care NOT available). Logic 1 and 0 are available (e.g.,as VCC and
GND).The output of the circuit is given to be f=AB +AB C.Implement the circuit using only
TWO 2: 1 Multiplexer Modules of the form shown in Figure 2(b) do not use any other
hardware. sisthe select line. Data lines 0Dand 1Dare selected (i.e. ,made the output Y)when s
=0 and 1, respectively.

39.

A house has two lights to illuminate the stairs leading from the hall to the upstairs landing. The
lights can be switched OFF and ON by either one of two switches, one in the hall and one in
the landing. The lights are to be OFF when both switches are either ON or OFF together, and
the lights are to be ON when one switch is ON and the other is OFF.
i) Obtain the truth table of the system
ii) Obtain the sum of products (SOP) Boolean expression for the system.
iii) Implement the system using AND, NOT and OR logic gates.
iv) Implement the system using exactly ONE logic gate.

40. A bank vault has 3 locks with a key for each lock. Key A is owned by the bank manager. Key B
is owned by the senior bank teller. Key C is owned by the trainee bank teller. In order to open
the vault door at least two people must insert their keys into the assigned locks at the same
time. The trainee bank teller) can only open the vault when the bank manager is present in the
opening.
i) Determine the truth table for such a digital locking system
ii) Design, using Karnaugh Map techniques, a minimum ANDOR gate network to realise
this locking system.
41. A car seat belt interlock requires that the car should only start if the drivers seat belt is

fastened and either the front passenger seat is unoccupied or the front passenger seat is
occupied and the passenger seat belt is fastened.
i) Obtain the truth table of the system
ii) Obtain the SOP Boolean expression for the system.
iii) Use a Karnaugh map to simplify the SOP Boolean expression
iv) Implement the system using AND, NOT and OR logic gates.
42. Design

a circuit that will indicate whether a 4bit number is either odd and greater than 8 or
even and less than 5. Assume decimal 0 to be an even number.

43. Crossing the river

A farmer took a fox, a chicken, and some corn to market (OK, this particular farmer was a:
insane and, b: not currently blockading the nearest oil refinery.) On the way he came to a river.
There was a boat but this was only large enough for him to cross with one item, either the fox,
the chicken, orthe corn, at a time.
If he leaves the fox with the chicken on either side of the river, the fox will eat the chicken.
Similarly, if he leaves the chicken alone with the corn, the chicken will eat the corn. The
problem is to explain how the farmer can safely cross the river and proceed to market without
anything being eaten. Foxes, chickens and corn are unable to row a boat and the farmer must
travel on every journey. Design a combinational circuit.
44. Design a TRANSISTOR TESTER

45. Design

TRANSISTOR TESTER

46. Light Alarm

47. Light Alarm
48. SOUND TRIGGERED LED

49. Dancing Flower

DANCING FLOWER
This circuit was taken from a dancing flower.A motor at the base of the flower had a shaft up the stem
and when the microphone detected music, the bent shaft made the flower wiggle and move.
The circuit will respond to a whistle, music or noise.
50. Object counter design
51. Seven Segment display

52. Design an 8to1 mux using a 3to8 decoder

53. Design an 8to1 mux using two 4to1 muxes and one 2to1 mux
54. Consider the design of a light for the staircase of a house. The light should be controlled from
both the bottom and the top of the staircase. The rule to be followed is that switching either
switch should change the state of the light, i.e, if the light was on it goes off, if it was off it
goes on, when either switch is switched. Develop a truth table for this function.
55. Design a mod8 synchronous updown counter. The circuit will have one input, x. If x is 1, the
counter will cycle from 0 through 7, and back to 0 (i.e, it will count upwards.) When x is 0, the
counter will cycle from 7 through 6, 5, 4 etc. to 0, and then will go back to 7 (i.e, it will count
downwards).
56. Design NOT,OR,AND gate using diodes and transistors.
57. Design NAND, NOR gate using transistors.
58. Implement the following Boolean function with 4X1 multiplexers and external gates.
Connect inputs A and B to the selection lines, the input requirements for the four data lines will
be a function of variables C and D. These values are obtained by expressing F as a function of the
four cases when AB=00, 01,10 and 11.These function may have to be implemented with external
gates.
F(A,B,C,D)=_ 1,3,4,11,12,13,14,15
59. 10 Second Alarm

60.

2SECTOR HOME ALARM

This alarm circuit only has one fault. The alarm keeps wailing if the door is kept open. It only turns off
after 510 minutes when the door is closed.
The CD4093 is a quad 2input NAND gateand each is wired as an inverter in this circuit.
The first gate "A"is a timer and the output does not go HIGH until the 100u charges via the 470k. This is
the Exit/Entry delay. When it goes HIGH, the two LEDs are turned ON via the 3k3 resistors. This arms
the alarm.
Gate "B"is an inverter that detects when the Instant input is broken and it charges the 100u via the 3k3

resistor. Gate "C"detects the charge on the 100u and turns on the BC547 transistor via the 4k7
resistor. The 100u and 4M7 provide the 510 minutes timer for the "wailing."
The 100u and 2M2 provide the timer provide the timer for the buzzer when you enter. It will buzz for 20
seconds then turn off. If the Entry door is left open, the main siren will wail after 45 seconds.

Design a 4bit shift register with parallel load using Dflipflops. These are two control
61. inputs: shift and

load. When shift = 1, the content of the register is shifted by one position. New
data is transferred into
the register when load = 1 and shift = 0. If both control inputs are equal to 0, the
content of the
register dose not change.
62. Draw the logic diagram of a 4bit register with four D flipflops and 4 1 mutiplexers with mode
selection input sand s.The register operates according to the following function table:
s
Register Operation
10

s
1

0
0
1

0
1
0

No Change
Complement the four Output
Clear register to 0 (Synch)

63. Water level pump controller

This circuit provides automatic level control of a water tank.