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G0 Experiment Status
G. Batigne for the G0 Collaboration
Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et Cosmologie, 38028 Grenoble, France
Abstract. The G0 project is a parity violation experiment dedicated to the measurement of the proton
weak and axial form factors by means of elastic electron scattering. Combining these weak form factors
with the known electromagnetic ones makes possible the extraction of the contribution of strange quarks
to the charge and magnetization distributions in the nucleon. After introducing the physics case, this paper
describes the G0 apparatus and the measurements planned. An engineering run of this experiment took
place recently ; first results are presented.
PACS. PACS-key discribing text of that key PACS-key discribing text of that key
1 Introduction
level of few percent (hN |s 5 s|N i ' 10% [2]). But those
dGE
2
hr i = 6
dQ2 Q2 =0
(3)
GE,M =
eq Gq,N
E,M
(4)
q=u,d,s
(,p)
tial dimension. One can also use the Sachs form factors,
defined as follows :
GE = F1 F2
GM = F1 + F2
(1)
(,n)
d,n
d,p
u,n
u
d
made : Gu,p
E,M = GE,M = GE,M , GE,M = GE,M = GE,M
s,n
s
and Gs,p
E,M = GE,M = GE,M . The measurement of the
2
where = Q2 /(4MN
) with MN the mass of the nu-
the system.
(at Q2 = 0) :
G,N
E (0) = QN
(Z,N )
(2)
couples only to quarks in the nucleon, the weak form factors of the proton can be written as :
(Z,p)
GE,M =
X
q=u,d,s
CVq GqE,M
(5)
GF Q2 fE GE
AP V (Q2 , e ) =
4 2
(Z,N )
(Z,N )
+ fM GM
AD
+ fA GeA
(8)
where
(,p)
(,n)
(Z,p)
(6)
(,p)
AD
(,p)
(,p)
, fE = GM , fA = 0 GM
2
(,p)
(,p)
= GE
+ GM
fE = GE
(9)
(
e N ) depends on the helicity of the incident electrons
(10)
+
=
+ +
(7)
Q2 =0.5 (GeV/c)2 .
metry on LH2 at Q2 =0.48 (GeV/c)2 and forward scattering angle (e = 12.5 ) [9,10]. This experiment extracted a
As=0 (ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(ppm)
AF
13
-16.7
60.8
25.0
1.4
AB
110
-29
18.0
40.3
8.5
AD
-39.8
14.7
9.0
10.1
110
(13)
form factor.
rate GsE , GsM and GeA for three values of Q2 : 0.3, 0.5 and
the following values for GsM and the isovector part of GeA :
(11)
(12)
values of GsE and GsM . Some of these predictions are reported in figure 1, compared with projected experimental results. One can see that their models give different
0.6
0.4
PT
Lattice QCD
3 poles
4 poles
6 poles
0.2
GEs
-0.4
G proposed
4
He proposed
-0.6
0.6
0.4
els.
0.2
GMs
0.2
1.2
PT
Lattice QCD
3 poles
4 poles
6 poles
(HAPPEX II+4He) proposed
0
G proposed
SAMPLE 2000
-0.2
3 G Experiment
-0.4
-0.6
GAe(T=1)
0.2
1.2
-1
Zhu et al. + dipole
Zhu + Maekawa (s=-1 =0.55)
Zhu + Maekawa (s=+1 =0.55)
-2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Q2 (GeV/c)2
the measured asymmetry is proportional to the beam polarization. The helicity reversal must happen with a high
frequency (30-60 Hz typically) to minimize the effects of
and thus to limit corrections to be applied in the asymmetry calculation. To achieve a statistical precision of 107 ,
one has to record 10
14
ing angles (AF ) and the final data taking will take place
CED
10 3
6
5
4
Elastic electrons
Inelastic
electrons
10 2
2
1
0
10
15
20
25
30
10
12
14
16
FPD
detectors.
Cerenkov
detector will be installed close to the CED ho-
signal.
4 Engineering run
FPD
CED
Collimator
Incident Electrons
target
configuration (AF ). During this period, not only the apparatus was tested but also many special features required
of the CEBAF beam. First the accelerator succeeded to
deliver the G0 beam with use of a new laser system. The
standard CEBAF beam is pulsed with a 2 ns period with
an intensity up to 100 A. The challenge was to build a
40 A beam with a 32 ns period which means to have 6
times more electrons than usual per burst. Various feedback systems were also tested. The goal is to achieve, for
the 700 h of data taking scheduled for the production run,
an overall charge asymmetry less than I/I < 1 ppm
the PMTs were able to stand rates at nominal beam current. The gains were matched and their stability was satisfactory over time and different beam conditions. Discriminator thresholds were adjusted in order to remove the
noise and low energy particle background while keeping
100% efficiency for elastic proton detection. All electronic
channels worked fine and ToF spectra were found stable
in time. An example of ToF spectrum is given in figure
6 (the vertical lines in this figure represent typical ToF
cuts to select elastic protons). Some studies are still under progress, in particular on the deadtime corrections.
15
14
13
12
11
10
Octant 2 - shift of octant
6
0
Simulation @ 5000 A
8
10
Detector
12
14
16
measurement (points).
using the ToF difference between pions and elastic protons. Figure 7 shows the results of this study for each
detector. The observed agreement is quite good (around
100 ps) and required the inclusion of detailed geometry
and event generators in the simulation. This ToF difference is also important as it allows to determine the mean
2
5 Conclusions
10
Asymmetry (ppm)
-10
-15
10
12
Detector
14
Bouchiat, (1999)
strange quarks to the charge and magnetization distributions of the nucleon. Several experimental programs
are dedicated to these measurements : SAMPLE at MIT-
GsE ,
GsM
and
GeA
2
18. C.M Maekawa, J.S. Veiga and U. Van Kolck et al., Phys.
and the data taking production run will take place at the
beginning of the next year.
References
1. J. Glaser, H. Leutwyler and M. Saino, Phys. Lett. B253,
(1991) 252
2. K. Abe et al, Phys. Rev. D58, (1998) 112003
3. F. J. Ernst, R. G. Sachs and K. C. Wali, Phys. Rev. 119
(1960) 1105
4. D.H. Beck and R.D. McKeown, Ann. Rev. Nucl. 51 (2001)
189