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Design for accidental Loads

DESIGN FOR
ACCIDENTAL LOADS

03 Oct 2012

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

Accidental Loads
Theme and Principle
Safety Evaluation and Implementation
Identification of hazard
Storm, Seismic and Fire Hazard
Aim and Design Approach
Event Control
Direct Design
Indirect Design
Design for Fire Load
Sources of fire
Fire ratings
Fire Protection methods
Platform Layout
Steel Properties
Structural Response to fire
Structural Design criteria
Design Methods
Design for Blast Load
Blast over pressure
Ductility ratio
Dynamic Load Factor
Design aspects
Limiting Displacement
03 Oct 2012

Design for Ship Collision


Vessel size
Impact types
Impact locations
Energy dissipation
Impact energy
Energy absorption
API RP 2A recommendations
Global Damage assessment
During impact
Dent model
Dent force
Post Impact Assessment
Plastic Design Concepts
Plastic Hinge concept
Plastic capacity of sections
Shape Factors
Moment-axial force interaction
Plastic collapse load
Maximum allowable rotation
Marshal joint rotation criteria
Joint capacity
System analysis
Reserve strength ratio

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


What are Accidental Loads
Fire
Fire originating from equipment, vessel or
electrical fault etc.

Blast
Blast associated with fire or independent blast
from equipment

Ship Collision
Ship collision with jacket

Dropped Object
Dropped object from crane during offshore lift on
to the deck, subsea pipeline etc.

03 Oct 2012

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

THEME
Plan And Implement An Active And Passive
Mitigation Measures Against
Incidents Both From Nature And Manmade

03 Oct 2012

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

PRINCIPLE
MINIMIZE RISK
Zero Risk impossible but
Risk Can be minimized

ALARP
As Low As Reasonably Practicable

03 Oct 2012

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


SAFETY EVALUATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA)
Active Mitigation
Planned control of hazard (Source Control)
Structural Strength and Stability

Passive Mitigation
Control of risk propagation (Remedial)
Safety of human life

03 Oct 2012

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Hazard
Hazard has unpredictable
Frequency
Strength
And may cause unpredictable damage to property and human life

Identification
NATURAL HAZARDS
Earthquake
Storm
MANMADE HAZARDS
Fire
Blast
Accidental Collision
Dropped Objects
03 Oct 2012

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


EARTHQUAKE HAZARD

Design Life of structure


Seismic Activity in the locality
Historical Data
Site Specific Seismic Study
Deterrence Required
Establish Seismic Strength Vs Probability
Establish Probability Vs Return Period

Strength and Stability of structure

03 Oct 2012

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


STORM HAZARD

Design Life of structure


Strom Activity in the locality
Historical Data
Site Specific Study
Deterrence Required
Establish Storm Strength Vs Probability
Establish Probability Vs Return Period

Strength and Stability of structure

03 Oct 2012

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


FIRE HAZARD

Sources of Fire
Layout of Facility
Safety Studies (QRA, HAZOP)
Mitigation Required
Active Fire Protection
Passive Fire Protection

Means of escape for personnel


Strength and Stability of structure

03 Oct 2012

10

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Aims of Design
The main requirement for the design against abnormal environmental
and accidental loads is to ensure that the structure has adequate
safety against an unintended event developing into significantly
greater damages than caused by the initial event.
The major aim of the design is to avoid:
- Loss of life
- Significant pollution
- Considerable economical losses

Design Approach
Event control
Indirect design
Direct design

03 Oct 2012

11

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Event control
By event control is meant the implementation of measures to reduce
the probability and consequence of accidental events. This may be
made by changes and improvements in e.g.:

Equipment
Working procedures
Active protection devices
Arrangement of the platform
Structural configuration
Personnel training

Indicrect Design

By indirect design is meant implementation of measures for


improving structural ductility and resistance without numerical
calculations and determination of the specific accidental effects.
Indirect design measures reduce and may in some cases eliminate
the amount of direct design work.

03 Oct 2012

12

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Indirect Design
Energy absorption requires the structure to behave in a ductile manner.
Measures to obtain adequate ductility are:

Provide connections of primary members with a strength


exceeding that of the parent member
Provide redundancy in the structure such that alternate load
distributions may be developed
Avoid dependence on energy absorption in struts with a sharply
decreasing post buckling capacity
Select materials with sufficient fracture toughness properties
Select materials such that the ultimate tensile strength is higher
than the yield strength to avoid rupture to occur at first yield
even if the fracture toughness is high
Design joints and members to maintain their capacity through
substantial concentrated inelastic deformation, to meet compact
section requirements.
03 Oct 2012

13

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Direct Design

In the direct design approach the structural resistances, dimensions,


etc., are determined on basis of specific design accidental effects
which are obtained from the safety analysis.

It is prudent to strike a balance between the requirements of


strength on the one hand and the need for flexibility on the other to
take maximum advantage of ductility.

03 Oct 2012

14

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

DESIGN FOR FIRE LOAD

03 Oct 2012

15

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


SOURCES OF FIRE

Hydrocarbon Direct Fire


Fuel, Ignition and Oxygen
Source of ignition
Blast initiated Fire
Collision initiated Fire
Dropped Object initiated Fire

SEGREGATION OF ZONES
Identify Zones of different Safety levels
Process Zone areas with hydrocarbon equipment
Living Zone areas where living facilities are located
Utility Zone areas where utility non-hydrocarbon
equipment are located.

03 Oct 2012

16

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


TYPICAL PLATFORM LAYOUTS

03 Oct 2012

17

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


WELL AND PROCESS SEPARATED

Living

03 Oct 2012

Utility

18

Process

Well Platform

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


WELL AND PROCESS COMBINED

03 Oct 2012

19

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


WELL AND PROCESS COMBINED
(FPSO)

03 Oct 2012

20

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


WELL AND PROCESS COMBINED
(SEMI-SUBMERSIBLE)

03 Oct 2012

21

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


DESIGN AGAINST FIRE

Design against fire requires the following information

Fire scenario

Type (Pool fire or Jet Fire)


Location
Size
Intensity (kW/ft2 or Btu/hr.m2)
Duration (hour)
Heat flow characteristics
Properties of steel at elevated temperature such as
mechanical and thermal properties
Properties of fire protection
03 Oct 2012

22

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Classification of Fire

Fire Can be classified into


Cellulose Fire
Fire arising from organic material
Hydrocarbon Fire
Pool Fire

Pool fires are ignited fuel in static condition

Jet Fire

Jet Fire is an ignited release of fuel that has significant


momentum in a particular direction

Combined Pool and Jet Fires


Cloud Fires and Fireballs

03 Oct 2012

23

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Comparison of Fire Curves

03 Oct 2012

24

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


FIRE PROTECTION
Fire Protection can be classified into

Active Systems

Passive Systems

03 Oct 2012

Water Spray Deluge System


Foam Systems
Halon Systems Electrical Fires
Carbon Dioxide Systems
Cementious Materials barrier protects the steel from direct
heat
Subliming Coatings heat energy absorbed by transforming the
solid to vapour
Intumescent Coatings will expand under fire forming a foam
like material

25

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

26

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Exposure Time against Radiation Level
Conditions

Maximum
Exposure
Time

Radiation
level kW/m

Greatest Solar Radiation

Continuous in
light winds

1.0

Working areas where personnel are continuously


exposed

Continuous in
light winds

1.6

General areas where personnel may be


continuously exposed

1.9 2.5

Emergency action areas; upper limit for working


when wearing normal clothes and intermittently
sprayed by water or sheltered
Emergency action areas
Immediate evacuation required
03 Oct 2012

27

2 minutes

4.7

30 seconds

6.3

Few seconds
only

9.5

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Types of Passive Fire Protection
Generic type

Form

Performed Sections

Panel, board, pipe shell

Spray applied materials

Paints, high-build coatings

Blanker wrap round


systems

Random filament or woven sheet, fibre-filled quilt


or bag, rope, multi-layer systems, heavy gauge
rubber overwrap

Prefabricated sections

Fibre blanker or board lined casement, multi-layer


metal foil assembly, door, shutter, window
assemblies plus frames

Enclosures

Box, trunking, shaped blanket

Seals and sealants

Preformed, fabricated sleeve, door strip, window


opacifier, module seal, skiriting seal, mastic,
formable block, elastomer

Water-fill

Hollow steel sections

03 Oct 2012

28

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Some Current Applications of PFP
Location

Type/Foam

Columns

Spray-applied coatings

Deckheads and Beams

Spray-applied coatings and blankers

Bulkheads

Spray-applied materials, prefabricated sections

Fire walls

Spray-applied materials, prefabricated sections

Drilling derrick

Spray-applied materials

Pipe supports

Spray-applied materials, preformed sections

Pressure vessels

Recent interest in demountable systems that facilitate inspection such as


blankers

Blast walls

Spray applied materials

ESV (actuator etc)

New requirement, enclosures, spray-applied

Penetrations

Seals and sealants, all types

HVAC

Performed sections, spray applied materials, blanket and wrap round


systems

Fire doors

Prefabricated sections plus seals

03 Oct 2012

29

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


FIRE AND BLAST WALLS

WELL AREA

PROCESS
AREA

SAFE AREA
FOR
LIVING

Fire or
Blast
Wall

03 Oct 2012

30

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Fire Wall

Fire and Blast


Wall

Living Facility

Process Area

Airlock

Fire Wall
03 Oct 2012

31

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


FIRE AND BLAST WALL

Fire wall is a barrier to protect


safe area against the passage
of smoke and flame for a
given duration.

Structural
Barrier

SAFE AREA

Thermal
Coating

PROCESS AREA
Insulation

03 Oct 2012

32

The temperature of the load


bearing components in safe
area shall be maintained
below 400oC by the passive
protective coatings.
Insulation performance shall
keep the temperature in the
safe area below 140oC.

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


FIRE RATINGS FOR MATERIALS
Offshore design regulations and codes require fire walls to achieve
specified ratings. SOLAS 2000 (Safety Of Life At Sea) developed fire
Ratings for materials used in offshore structures

C Class non-combustible construction


B Class Maintain stability and integrity for 30
minutes and limit temperature to 140 deg on the
other side for specified period
A Class - Maintain stability and integrity for 60
minutes and limit temperature to 140 deg on the
other side for specified period
H Class - Maintain stability and integrity for 120
minutes and limit temperature to 140 deg on the
other side for specified period

03 Oct 2012

33

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Summary of Fire Ratings and Performance for Fire Walls

03 Oct 2012

Classification

Stability &
Integrity

Insulation
performance

H120

120

120

H60

120

60

H0

120

A60

60

60

A30

60

30

A15

60

15

A0

60

B15

30

15

B0

30

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO FIRE
Structural response to fire will need to be considered as an
extreme event and it is acceptable to consider factors normally
considered in design.
Large deformation or displacement of structural
components may be permitted
Loads other than fire can be reduced
The concern for structural engineer
Mechanical properties vary with temperature and all
structural elements will lose strength and stiffness
The variation of strain will not be uniform

03 Oct 2012

35

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


STRUCTURAL ACCEPTANE CRITERIA
Structural response criteria will need to consider the following
Strength Limit
Strength limit is very similar to the conventional
design where strength shall be greater than the load
effects
Consideration shall be given to reduction in yield
strength and Youngs Modulus
Deformation Limit
The deformation does not cause collapse of part of
structure that supports Temporary Safe Refuge, escape
way and muster points with adequate time
No part of the structure impinges on to critical
operational equipment
Maintenance of structural and insulation integrity
03 Oct 2012

36

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Thermal properties of steel
Property
Linear Expansion
per C

Carbon steel
14 x 10-6

Stainless steel
18 x 10-6

Specific hear joules 520


kg C

533

Density @20 kg
m3

7850

7850

Thermal
conductivity Watts
metre C

45

20

03 Oct 2012

37

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


ELASTO-PLASTIC STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

Extracted from Interim Guidance Notes for the design and protection of topside
structures against explosion and fire
18 Oct 2011

38

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


ELASTO-PLASTIC STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

Extracted from Interim Guidance Notes for the design and protection of topside
structures against explosion and fire
18 Oct 2011

39

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Stiffness and Strength of Carbon Steel at Elevated Temperature [Guidance Notes]
Steel
Temperature
in C

Fraction of
Youngs
Modulus

Fraction of
yield stress (0.2%
proof stress)

20

1.00

1.00

100

1.00

1.00

200

0.90

0.807

300

0.80

0.613

400

0.70

0.420

500

0.60

0.360

600

0.31

0.180

700

0.13

0.075

800

0.09

0.050

900

0.0675

0.0375

1000

0.0450

0.0250

1100

0.0225

0.0125

1200

0.0000

0.0000

1350

0.0

0.0

03 Oct 2012

40

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Yield Strength Reduction Factors for Steel at Elevated Temperature
(ASTM A-36 and A-633 GR. C and D)
Strain

03 Oct 2012

Temp. C

0.2%

0.5%

1.5%

2.0%

100

0.940

0.970

1.000

1.000

150

0.898

0.959

1.000

1.000

200

0.847

0.946

1.000

1.000

250

0.769

0.884

1.000

1.000

300

0.653

0.854

1.000

1.000

350

0.626

0.826

0.968

1.000

400

0.600

0.798

0.956

0.971

450

0.531

0.721

0.898

0.934

500

0.467

0.622

0.756

0.776

550

0.368

0.492

0.612

0.627

600

0.265

0.378

0.460

0.474

42

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

43

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Maximum Allowable Steel Temperature as a Function of Utilization Ratio (UR)
Maximum
Member
Temperature

Yield Strength
Reduction Factor
at
Max. Member
Temperature

Member UR AT 20C
to Give UR = 1.00
at Max. Member
Temperature

Limiting applied
stresses as a
function of
temperature
(fraction of Yield
stress)

400

752

0.60

1.00

0.60

450

842

0.53

0.88

0.53

500

932

0.47

0.78

0.47

550

1022

0.37

0.62

0.37

600

1112

0.27

0.45

0.27

For example, if the applied stress is limited


to 0.6Fy at increased temperature, then the
UC will be just below 1.0

03 Oct 2012

44

UC

f applied
0.6 Fy

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

1.0

Design for accidental Loads


Linearisation of Stressstrain characteristics

The Youngs modulus at elevated


temperature shall be obtained by
linearisation of stress strain
curves. Two options are
presented in the figure.
Choice A : Linearisation using
1.4% for strain and stress
yielding lower Modulus.
Choice B : Linearisation using
0.2% for stress and 1.4% for
strain yielding larger modulus.
Depending on the strain allowed,
corresponding modulus shall be
selected.
18 Oct 2011

45

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Temperature strain

The result of heating a solid material is to induce thermal strain. Which


may occur with or without thermal stress. When an unrestrained bar is
heated the strain is given by the equation

xt yt zt T T0
Where:

T0
T

= coefficient of linear expansion ( = 14 x 10-6) for steel


= ambient temperature
= temperature after heating

Restraint
L = Beam length

dL

(Uniform heating of beam)


dL = L x 14 x 10-6 x (Temp C)
18 Oct 2011

46

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Temperature stress

The increase in length may be derived from the strain, as


Strain = dL/L
If the material is restrained in a particular direction, then the thermal
strain will produce thermal stress. If an unrestrained bar is subjected
to a linear variation in temperature across its cross-section it will bend
with angular rotation at its ends
Deflects in
direction of
hottest part

y
Angular
rotation

(Thermal Gradient
across beam)

My
Ey
f
I
R
18 Oct 2011

47

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR FIRE
Design against fire is an accidental event and shall be considered
as special event similar to storm or seismic load case. Following
method are generally used in the design of steel structures against
fire
ZONE METHOD
Temperature is kept below 400oC such that the UC
ratio is 0.6 x 1.67 will lead to just below yield
LINEAR ELASTIC Limit
Conventional WSD method using strength reduction
factor and stiffness reduction factor applied
ELASTO-PLASTIC METHOD
Method based on progressive collapse analysis of
structural system including strength and stiffness
reduction factors.
03 Oct 2012

48

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Maximum allowable temperature as a function of analysis method
Zone Method
For example, if the UC is limited to 0.6
at 400oC, the corresponding strength
reduction factor is also 0.6 leading to
a UR value of 1.0
This means that, the applied stress is
just below yield with a allowable stress
increase of 1.67.
Applied stress = 0.6Fy at 20oC
Allowable stress = 0.6(RFy)
Where R = Yield strength reduction
factor = 0.6 for 400oC and is the
allowable stress increase factor = 1.67
Hence UC becomes UR=1.00
03 Oct 2012

49

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Maximum Allowable Steel Temperature as a Function
of Strain for Use With the Zone Method
Zone Method
Similarly, limiting temperature for
increased strain values is given in
Table.

Maximum Allowable
Strain(%) Temperature of Steel
c

At these temperatures, the UR will be


less than 1.0.

0.2

400

752

0.5

508

946

Hence for increased strain values (or


increased deformations), the limiting
temperature is higher for the same
value of the UR.

1.5

554

1029

2.0

559

1038

Though it is very simple and easy to use, the method is very approximate.
The stress strain curve is not linearized appropriately at increased temperature and
the Youngs modulus is not reduced. Hence this method shall be used with caution
for increased temperature.
03 Oct 2012

50

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Maximum allowable temperature as a function of analysis method
Linear Elastic Method
In this method, the allowable stress is
kept below yield stress (Fy). For UR
value of 1.0, the maximum
temperature can be back calculated
using the strength reduction factor (R).
Applied stress = 0.27 Fy at 600oC
Allowable stress = 0.6(RFy)
Where R = Yield strength reduction
factor = 0.27 for 600oC and is the
allowable stress increase factor = 1.67
Hence UC becomes UR=1.00

03 Oct 2012

51

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Maximum allowable temperature as a function of analysis method
Elasto Plastic Method
In this method, the allowable stress is
allowed to go beyond yield stress (Fy).
A nonlinear analysis of the structure
will be used to calculate the response.
Youngs modulus will be calculated
using linearised stress strain curve at
every state of stress using tangent
modulus technique.
The structure will be verified for
collapse and will not fail the
serviceability criteria

03 Oct 2012

52

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

DESIGN FOR BLAST LOAD

03 Oct 2012

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Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Blast
Blast may occur after a fire due to
large inventory of hydrocarbon.
The process of blast is initiated by
venting of un burnt gases (a)
followed by a external explosion
(b).
The explosion may increase the
pressure on the neighboring
obstacles such as equipment or
other structural obstruction.
The process of increase in
pressure is called overpressure.
Hence a good ventilation may
decrease the blast load.
03 Oct 2012

54

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


All-round Pressure Distribution

(a) Zero Net Load


If the distribution of pressure is equal all
around the explosion location due to no
obstruction, then the net load is zero

(b) Non- Zero Net Load


Due to unequal and asymmetric size and
location of objects around the location of
explosion, the pressure distribution will be
unequal resulting in a non-zero net load.

This net load causes the damage to the


structures.

03 Oct 2012

55

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Anticipated Injury due to Overpressure
Peak Overpressure
Anticipated extent of Injury
kPa

Bar

20

.2

Eardrum Rupture

40

.4

Minor Lung Damage

100

1.0

Severe Lung Damage

300

3.0

Low Mortality Rate

700

7.0

High Mortality Rate (90%)

03 Oct 2012

56

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Blast Wave Interaction with Structure
The blast wave propagation
depends on various parameters
such as the distance to wall and
the number and size of obstructive
objects along the path.
The incident blast wave will get
reflected and travel in opposite
direction, thus generating a
complex pressure distribution.
During this process of, the
intermediate structures along the
route will be subjected to
excessive over-pressure due to
the fact that the pressure wave
could not be relieved.
03 Oct 2012

57

This phenomenon is called Blast Over Pressure


and id highly depends on the density of
obstruction or space available for ventilation.
Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Drag Loads
The moving gas particle impose
drag loads on the structures
The drag load can be expressed
as follows:

FD 0.5C D u 2 A proj
where
FD
Aproj
CD

(a) Low Velocity Flows (b) High Velocity Flows

= drag force on structure


= area of structure projected onto plane normal to direction of approach flow
= drag coefficient
= density of gas
= gas particle velocity

03 Oct 2012

58

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Pressure-Time Curve
A typical impulse load during an
explosion is shown in figure.
It has following three parameters
which define the load.
Peak Pressure
Rise Time
Duration
A typical rise time of 50 milli-sec
together with a duration of 150
milli-sec characterize a blast
load.
The peak pressure varies from
0.1 Bar to 10 Bar depending on
the situation.
03 Oct 2012

59

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Nature of Blast Load

Impulsive short
/ T < 0.4
Preserving the exact peak value
is not critical

Dynamic Intermediate
Quasi-static long
0.4 < / T < 2.0
/ T > 2.0
Preserve peak value increase or decrease in this quantity will
result in a similar increase or decrease in response except if the
peak is associated with a very short duration spike.

Duration

Preserving the exact load


duration is not critical

Preserve load duration since in


this range it is close to the
natural period of the structure.
Even slight changes may affect
response.

Load duration is not too


important if response is purely
elastic, but it becomes
significant when response is
plastic.

Impulse

Accurate representation of the


impulse is important, with
negative impulse included in
some cases

Accurate representation of the


impulse is important.
Additionally, the impulse in the
top one third pressure range
should be similar under both
actual and idealized curve

Accurate representation of the


impulse is not important

Rise time

Preserving rise time is not


important
General shape of idealized load
is a right angle triangle.

Preserving rise is very important; ignoring it can significantly affect


response
General shape of idealized load is triangle

Peak value

Idealized pressure/time history

A tri or tetra linear form can be used to represent the rise and
decay of the load more accurately, thus predicting slightly better
response.

T natural Period of structure

03 Oct 2012

60

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Structural Resistance against blast
For design against explosion the following factors may be considered
Design resistance may take account of the enhanced yield strength of steel at
high strain rates.
Design resistance may take account of strain hardening, provided that due
allowance is made for overall and local buckling effects.
Large displacements of structural components may be permitted, providing the
structure does not impinge on critical operational equipment.
Other loads may be reduced in intensity.
There are two predominant loading mechanism by which explosion load is
transferred into the structure
Blast overpressure for large obstruction.
Drag forces induced by blast wind for small objects.

03 Oct 2012

61

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Acceptance criteria
It is necessary to define criteria which could be used to assess the blast loading
performance of a structure. Because explosion is an extreme event these criteria
may differ from those normally adopted. The main acceptance criteria are as
follows:
Strength limit
Deformation limit

Strength limit
Where strength governs design, failure is defined as occurring when the design load
or load effects exceed the design strength in a manner that is similar to
conventional design.
The criterion may be applied in the elastic as well as plastic regimes. The only
difference for explosion design is that modified factors on loading and/or strength
may be adopted in recognition that it is an extreme event.
03 Oct 2012

62

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Deformation Limit
In some cases acceptance of a degree of permanent deformation may not only be
tolerated but may be an essential feature of the design. This criterion may therefore
be applied in a markedly different way for blast loading, compared to the
serviceability consideration that govern deflection limits in conventional design. All
that is required from the design process is a demonstration that:
no part of the structure impinges on critical operational equipment
The deformations do not cause collapse (perhaps in the presence of fire) of any part
of the structure that supports the Temporary Safe Refuge (TSR), escape routes and
embarkation points within the required endurance period.

Appropriate methods of analysis


Loading regime /T
Analysis method
(where is loading duration and T is natural period)
Impulsive /T 0.4

Energy method

Dynamic 0.4 < /T < 2.0

SDOF or MDOF

Quasi-static /T > 2.0

Static energy

03 Oct 2012

63

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Deformation Limit
Deformation limits can be defined in a variety of ways:

Proportion of span
Absolute deformation
Member shrinkage limit
Ductility ratios based on strain limits.

Proportion of Span
The deformation limit may be expressed as a proportion of the span of a plate or
beam. This method is easy to apply. It bears no direct relationship to the actual
failure criteria of the structure, although for simple structures an approximate
correlation will exist.
The method may be useful in defining absolute limits for use in conjunction with
other methods. A typical value would be span/40.

03 Oct 2012

64

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Absolute Deformation
This limit should be adopted where there is a risk of a deforming element striking
some component. Usually process or emergency equipment, leading to a
possibility of event escalation. An absolute deformation limit does not relate to the
failure condition of the structure and could be greater than or less than the
displacement to cause rupture. It is therefore usually necessary to combine an
absolute deformation limit with a deformation limit that relates to structural failure.

Ductility Ratios based on Strain Limits


All structural steel have a minimum strain capacity of 17% at low strain rates.
Modern offshore steel have sufficient toughness against brittle fracture not to limit
strain capacity significantly at the high strain rates associated with blast response.
However, lower values may be appropriate for the following reasons:
Steel sections are limited in the amount of plastic deformation they can sustain
without local collapse occurring.
The attached fire protection may have limited strain capacity

03 Oct 2012

65

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Strain Limits for Different Classes of Steel Section
The strain limits for the calculation of temperature effects may depend on
the class of design. Depending the serviceability requirements, normally
codes classify the structure or part of the structure in to various classes
and accordingly, the limiting strains are specified as shown in the table
Type of section

Strain limit

Tension member

5%

Member in bending or compression that


complies with the criteria
Plastic sections to BS 5950: Part I or
Class I to EC3

5%

Compact sections to BS 5950: Part I or


Class II to EC3

3%

Other sections

1%

03 Oct 2012

66

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Member shrinkage limit
A flexural member subjected to lateral loading will tend to decrease slightly in
length. If there is insufficient stiffness in the supports this will result in an axial
movement of the member ends. For continuous members (e.g., deck plating) these
small movements can build up to result in an unacceptably large total movement
Member shrinkage can be controlled by limiting the lateral deflection of the flexural
members. The limit needs to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. By assuming
shrinkage due to elastic behaviour to be negligible, the following equation may be
used

S 2L

1
=
2 S

0.5

where:

= deflection limit for specified shrinkage


S
= maximum permitted shrinkage
L
= span of each flexural member

03 Oct 2012

67

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Ductility Ratio
The use of a strain limit requires knowledge of the shape of any plastic hinges that
form in order to allow the maximum strain to be calculated. This information will not
usually be available from a structural analysis it is therefore convenient reduce the
concept of strain limit to a limiting deformation. i.e., to a ductility ratio as defined by:

D uctilityratio=

total deform ation


deflection at elastic lim it

The deflection at elastic limit (Yel) is the deflection at which bending behaviour can
be assumed to change from elastic to plastic. In practice, the transition does not
occur at a specific deflection and some assumptions must be made to define Yel
The shape of any plastic hinges will be a function of the following:

Beam fixity
Type of loading
Shape of stress-strain curve
Rate of loading and hence hinge formation
03 Oct 2012

68

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Ductility Ratios

p
y

= plastic strain limit,


= value of strain at elastic limit,
= 0.17% for grade 50 steel

03 Oct 2012

69

Sx
Zx

= Elastic modulus
= Plastic modulus

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


It is possible to develop equations to calculate the ductility ratio for a given beam,
load and strain limit. The equations assume elastic-perfectly plastic material
behaviour. It can be shown that strain hardening and rate of loading effects will
increase the ductility ratio calculated, i.e., the values given by the equations can be
considered conservative.
Ductility Ratios for Grade 50 Steel Beams
Type of
beam

Cantilevered
Pinned ends
Fixed ends

03 Oct 2012

Type of
loading

Classification of beam cross


section

Plate (2 edge
support in
bending)

Plastic
class 1

Compact
class 2

Other

Point load

5.7

3.8

1.9

1.7

Dist. load

7.5

4.9

2.3

22.5

Point load

5.7

3.8

1.9

15.7

Dist. load

12.5

7.9

3.3

21.4

Point load

5.7

3.8

1.9

15.7

Dist. Load
(end)

4.2

2.9

1.6

11.3

Dist. load
(mid)

14.6

9.1

3.7

24.9

70

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Single Degree of
Freedom Idealisation
The systems that can be
idealized using SDOF is shown
in figure.
The SDOF system can be
analyzed to obtain the natural
frequency of the system and
corresponding static, dynamic
responses.
Using the static and dynamic
responses, the Dynamic Load
Factor can be calculated.
The DLF can be applied to the
static responses.
03 Oct 2012

71

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Natural Period
The first step is to determine the natural period of the system. This may be
calculated as follows

Me
2
Natural Period T
2

k
e
where

Me
ke

0.5

= natural circular frequency


= actual mass (Mt) x KM
= effective spring constant (kE x KL)

KM is termed the mass factor and KL the load factor. An alternative form of the
equation is

where
Mt
kE

K LM M t
Natural Period 2

k
E

0.5

= actual mass,
KLM
= load mass factor = (KM/KL)
= effective spring constant
= classical elastic stiffness for a bi-linear resistance function

03 Oct 2012

72

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Characteristic Mass
For an elastic analysis the mass factors, load factors and spring
constants are used to determine the natural period (T).
If there are both concentrated and point masses the following
equation may be used:
Characteristic M ass M e

Mi

Mi

where KMi and Mi are the component mass factors and masses
respectively.
A similar procedure should be applied to load factors and load-mass
factors. The next step is to determine the dynamic load factor.

03 Oct 2012

73

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Idealised Beam Resistance
Blast loads are variable with time and can produce
reaction forces which are greater than the reaction
forces that would be obtained if the load were static.
The ratio between the dynamic and static reaction
forces is termed the Dynamic Load Factor (DLF) and
can be defined as follows:
Bi-linear Stress Strain Curve

Dynamic Reaction Force


DLF=
Static Reaction Force
Using the characteristic time for the load profile (either
td or tr) and the natural period T of the idealised system
can be used to determine the DLF of the system. If the
statically calculated moment multiplied by the system
DLF is less than the plastic moment, Mp then the
beam responds entirely elastically

Idealised Beam Resistance


03 Oct 2012

74

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

75

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


RESPONSE RATIO TO TRIANGULAR PULSE

(,t)

2 sin(t )
t
td

2
(,t)
td

(0<t<0.5t d )

1
td
td t 2sin t sin(t )
2

2
(,t)
t d

td

2sin
t
sin(
t
)
sin
(
t
t
)

(0.5t d <t<t d )

(t>t d )

Natural Frequency Of The Structure


Response ratio (dynamic to static)
t time
td Pulse duration
03 Oct 2012

76

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

76

Design for accidental Loads


RESPONSE RATIO TO TRIANGULAR PULSE
1.2

0.86

0.52
( t )
0.18

0.16

0.5

0.04

0.08

0.12

0.16

03 Oct 2012

77

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

0.2

Design for accidental Loads


DERIVATIVES OF RESPONSE RATIO

1 2
1 cos t
t td

....(1)

2 2
td
cos t cos (t td ) 2 cos t
t
td
2

3 2
td
cos t cos t 1
t
td
2

03 Oct 2012

78

...(2)

.(3)

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

78

Design for accidental Loads


Dynamic Load factor (DLF) for triangular load profiles

03 Oct 2012

79

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Design of Fire/ Blast Wall
Design of fire / blast wall includes the following steps.
Fire scenario and extent
Blast overpressure
Establish response under increased temperature.
Dynamic amplification due to pulse load
Establish deformation limit
Establish strength limit

03 Oct 2012

80

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

80

Design for accidental Loads


Elevation of blast panels in deck

Top
Deck

Panel 1

Panel 2

Panel 3

Panel 4

Panel 5

Bottom
Deck

03 Oct 2012

81

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

81

Design for accidental Loads

Blast wall

BLAST
SIDE
Ymax

03 Oct 2012
01.04.09

82

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


FLAT PLATE PANEL
Thickness t

B
Depth H and
thickness t
B
Structural
Column
Bending Modulus of a
flat plate
03 Oct 2012
01.04.09

Bt 2
Z xx
6
83

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

83

Design for accidental Loads


AVANTAGES OF CORRUGATED PANEL

t
x

2
2 B.t 3
H
t
t
H3

B.t.
Z xx .

H 12
2 2 cos( ) 12

03 Oct 2012

84

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

84

Design for accidental Loads


Rectangular plate ( all edges simply supported)
S
a

Formulas and tabulated specific values for Uniform over entire plate.

At Center

max b

At Center of long sides

Rmax qb

qb 2
t

and ymax

qb 2

Et 3

a/b

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

0.2874

0.3762

0.4530

0.5172

0.5688

0.6102

0.7134

0.7410

0.7476

0.7500

0.0444

0.0616

0.0770

0.0906

0.1017

0.1110

0.1335

0.1400

0.1417

0.1421

0.420

0.455

0.478

0.491

0.499

0.503

0.505

0.502

0.501

0.500

03 Oct 2012

85

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

85

Design for accidental Loads


Rectangular plate (all edges fixed)
Z
a
b
X

Formulas and tabulated specific values for Uniform over entire plate.

At Center

At Center of long edge

max

2 qb 2
2

and ymax

t
1qb 2

t2

a/b

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

0.3078

0.3834

0.4356

0.4680

0.4872

0.4974

0.5000

0.1386

0.1794

0.2094

0.2286

0.2406

0.2472

0.2500

0.0138

0.0188

0.0226

0.0251

0.0267

0.0277

0.0284

03 Oct 2012

86

qb 4
Et 3

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

86

Design for accidental Loads


EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF STIFFENED PLATE
The effective width of a stiffened plate can be estimated suing the following
empirical formula.

E
b
1.9
F
t
y

03 Oct 2012

87

0.5

0.415 E 0.5
1

wlt Fy

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

DESIGN FOR SHIP COLLISION

03 Oct 2012

88

Dr. S. Nallayarasu
Department of Ocean Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Vessels
Passing vessels in the nearby shipping route
Could be large size
Unknown sizes ?
Frequency unknown
Supply boats or vessels
Could be around 100 Tonnes DWT to 1000 DWT
Frequency can be estimated
Installation vessels and barges in the vicinity
Large sizes
Potentially dangerous due to installation operations

03 Oct 2012

89

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


VESSEL IMPACT
Vessel impact could be due to any one or more of the following
reasons.
Worsening weather conditions
Engine failure
Manual error
Combination of the above
Primary importance of Vessel impact is to estimate the following
parameter to assess the risk associated with the event
Size of vessel
Speed of approach
Frequency
03 Oct 2012

90

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


CLASIFICATION OF IMPACT
Impact can be classified into two broad categories
Operational Impact
Accidental impact
Operational impact is associated with known locations such as boat
landing, fenders, barge bumpers etc
Accidental impact is associated with unknown locations on jacket
legs, braces etc
The velocity and vessel size may be higher and sometimes very
severe.

03 Oct 2012

91

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


TYPES OF IMPACT
In order to assess the energy imparted by the vessel on to the
structure, the vessel impact can be classified in to following categories
Stern / Bow impact
Broadside impact
Energy dissipation occurs during the process of impact both in the
vessel side and on the platform side by various mechanisms
Impact can be classified into two broad categories
Operation Impact
Accidental impact

03 Oct 2012

92

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


VESSEL COLLISION
All exposed elements at risk in the collision zone of an installatiom
should be assessed for accidental vessel impact during normal
operations
The collision zone is the area on any side of the platform that a vessel
could impact in an accidental situation during normal operations. The
vertical height of the collision zone should be determined from
considerations of vessel draft, operational wave height and tidal
elevations.
Elements carrying substantial dead load ( that is, knee braces), except
for platform legs and piles, should not be located in the collision zone. If
such elements are located in the collision zone they should be assessed
for vessel impact.

03 Oct 2012

93

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Ship Impact Scenario

Force
during
collision

Dent
caused by
ship impact

03 Oct 2012

94

In the Splash zone the most


likely impact scenarios are:
Broadside impact at one
of the legs of the platform
Bow or stern impact of
one of the braces in the
splash zone.

Dent
geometry
according
to Amdahl

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

95

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


CORNER IMPACT

03 Oct 2012

96

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


BROAD SIDE COLLISION

Approach Velocity (v)

03 Oct 2012

97

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


BOW/STERN COLLISION

Approach Velocity (v)

Vessel mass =m

Added mass factor a=1.1

03 Oct 2012

98

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


IMPACT LOCATIOPNS

03 Oct 2012

99

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

100

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


ENERGY DISSIPATION
P
IMPACT FORCE

SHIP

PLATFORM

COLLISION

ES

03 Oct 2012

EP

INDENTATIONS

101

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


IMPACT ENERGY
The kinetic energy of a vessel can be calculated using the below
equation
E = 0.5 a m 2
Where
E = the kinetic energy of the vessel
a = added mass factor
= 1.4 for broadside collision
= 1.1 for bow/stern collision
m = vessel mass
= velocity of vessel at point.

03 Oct 2012

102

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


ENERGY ABSORPTION
The energy absorption capacity depends on the following
depending on the configuration of the structural system and vessel
Local denting
elastic beam bending
Plastic bending/hinge formation and rotation
Plastic tensile strain
global deflection of the installation
local deformation of the vessel

03 Oct 2012

103

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


API RP 2A RECOMENDATION
For platforms in mild environments and reasonably close to their base
of supply, the following minimum requirements should be used,
unless other criteria can be demonstrated.
Vessel mass = 1,100 short tons (1,000 metric tons)
Impact Velocity = 1.64 feet/second)
The 1100 short ton vessel is chosen to represent a typical 180-200
foot long supply vessel in U.S Gulf of Mexico.
For deeper and more remote locations, the vessel mass and impact
velocity should be reviewed and increased. In shallow areas, it may
be possible to reduce this criteria where access to the platform is
limited to small workboats.

03 Oct 2012

104

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Ship collision

Post impact

During Impact

structures

Structures
integrity

Vessel

Capacity to sustain
further load

Dent formation
Elastic beam bending
Plastic bending / Hinge formation
Global deformation of structure
03 Oct 2012

105

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
Two cases should be considered:
1. Impact (energy absorption and survival of platform).
2. Post-impact (platform to meet post-impact criteria).
Primary framework should be designed and configured to absorb
energy during impact, and to control the consequences of damage
after impact. Some permanent deformation of members may be
allowable in this energy absorption.
The platform should retain sufficient residual strength after impact
to withstand the one-year environmental; storm loads in addition
to normal operating loads. Special attention should be given to
defensible representation of actual stiffness of damaged members
or joints in the post-impact assessment. Damaged members may
be considered totally ineffective providing their wave areas are
modeled in the analyses.
03 Oct 2012

106

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


DURING IMPACT
During impact following shall be considered
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Local Buckling
Denting and Energy absorption capacity
Member strength in bending and axial combined (elastic)
Member strength in bending and axial combined (elasto-plastic)
Global Structural strength against total collapse
Joints capacity against rupture

03 Oct 2012

107

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


AFTER IMPACT
After impact following shall be considered
Adequate global reserve strength
Failed members to be removed from analysis
Joints capacity against rupture
Need to resist 1 year design environmental loads
This allow time to repair if possible

03 Oct 2012

108

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

109

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Plastic stress distribution in pure bending for a dented
tubular

Stress free

Plastic Compression

-y
/2
+y

Plastic tension

d D(1 cos ) / 2

Dent Depth

Plastic Section Modulus


03 Oct 2012

110

sin
Z D .t (1 cos / 2)
2
2

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Dent Geometry according to Amdahl

D
b

Where
d = the dent depth.
D = the diameter of the tubular.
t = wall thickness.
Mp = the section property of the tube wall, given by:

Mp
03 Oct 2012

111

t 2 .Fy
4
Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean
Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


EFFECT OF DENT DEPTH ON SECTION MOUDULUS
Relation between plastic modulus and dent depth

Realtive section modulus

0.8

Zr i

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

dr i

Relative dent depth

03 Oct 2012

112

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


DENTING MODEL
The denting of a tubular is described by the equations by Amdahl or
by Ellinas & Walker. These equations for the impact force (P) and the
impact energy (E), obtained from integration of the impact force as
a function of the depth are:

P 150.M p .

- Ellinas and Walker:

E 100.M p . d

1.5

P 21.M p .

-Amdahl

D
t

E 14.M p . d

1.5

03 Oct 2012

113

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


DENTING FORCE (API RP 2A)
A number of research studies have been performed to evaluate the
force required to locally damage tubular members. O. Furnes,
reported on these experimental test results and the relationship
between force and dent depth to be:

Pd 15M p ( D / t )1/2 ( X / R)1/2


Where

Pd
Mp
D, R
t
X

03 Oct 2012

=
=
=
=
=
=

.(1)

the denting force.


the plastic moment capacity of pipe section plate.
(1/4)Fyt2 with Fy being the yield strength.
the diameter and radius of the tube, respectively.
the wall thickness.
the dent depth.
114

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


The energy used in creating the dent is the integral of the force
applied over the distance or:
x

Ed Pd dx ..(2)
0

Combining equation (1) and (2):

Ed 14.14 M p X 3/2t1/2 (3)


Substitution of Mp yields

Ed 3.54 Fy (tX )3/2

..(4)

And introducing the relationship X = D/B to solve for


various D/t ratios yield:

Ed 3.54 Fy (tD / B)3/2 ..(5)


Where:
03 Oct 2012

B = brace diameter/dent depth.


115

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


RECOMMENDED DESIGN CURVE (NORSOK 1988)

Source : Nonlinear analysis of offshore


structures by Bjorn and Amdahl

03 Oct 2012

116

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Calculate the minimum thickness required for jacket brace to absorb
the impact energy of vessel of size 1000 tonnes approaching the
structure at a velocity of 1m/sec without collapse. The impact shall be
considered to be stern impact. The length and diameter of the brace is
15m and 914mm respectively. The boundary condition for the ends of
the brace shall be assumed to be 70% fixed. The maximum dent depth
shall not exceed 25% of the diameter and the maximum beam
deflection shall not exceed 100mm. Yield strength and modulus of
elasticity of steel shall taken as 345 and 2 x 105 Mpa respectively.

M v 1000tonne
L m 1.5 m

03 Oct 2012

m
sec

D m 914 m m

Av 1.1
Assume

Vv 1.

Dm
2 6 .1 1 4
Tm

T m 35 m m
117

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


E I 0.5. Av .M v .V v
Im

Assume

N
mm 2

D m 4 ( D m 2 T m ) 4
64

N
mm 2

Tm 2
Fy .
4

105.656

1
.kN .m
m

X 228.5 m m

X 0.25. D m
D
Pd 1 5 M p m
Tm

0.5

0
.5
.
D
m

E d 3.54. F y .( X .T m ) 0 .5
03 Oct 2012

E m 2 .1 0 5

Fy 315

118

0.5

Pd 5.727 10 3 kN
E d 873.5 kN .m

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Pd . L m 3
Pd . L m 3
D ef 0.3
0.7

48
E
.
I
192
E
.
I
m
m
m
m

E b D ef . Pd

E b 585.78 kN .m

Ea Ed Eb

E a 1.5 10 3 kN .m

D ef m ax 100 m m
Im

D ef 102.3 m m

T 35 m m

D m 4 ( D m 2.T m ) 4
64

L m3

Lm 3
Y 0.3
0.7

48
.
I
192
.
I
E
E
m
m
m
m

Def max
Pdr
Y
03 Oct 2012

Pd r 5.599 103 kN
119

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


0.5Tm .Pdr 2
Xr
152 M p 2

X r 218.393mm

Xr
0.239
Dm

Ed 3.54 Fy ( X r .Tm )1.5

Ed 816.2kN .m

Eb Def .Pdr

Eb 572.678kN .m

Ea Ed Eb

Ea 1.4 103 kN .m

100mm

X d 0.25.D m

2
3

4
0.5

Tmr
.
.
3
3
15. F y
X d 0.3. L m 0.7 L m T m r 34.5 m m

E
E
48.
.
I
192
.
I

m
m
m
m

03 Oct 2012

120

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

121

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC HINGE CONCEPT

a. Moment

b. Curvature

c. Deflection

03 Oct 2012

122

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC HINGE CONCEPT
-Fy
a. M<My

-Fy

Fy
b. My<M<Mp

Fy
-Fy
c. =Mp

03 Oct 2012

123

Fy
Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean
Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


ELASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY RECTANGULAR SECTION

Fy

h
P b
2 2
03 Oct 2012

2
Fy h 2h
bh
M b Fy
6
2 2 3
124

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY RECTANGULAR SECTION

h
Pp Fy b
2
03 Oct 2012

h h
bh

M p Fy b 2 Fy
2 4
4

125

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY CIRCULAR SECTION

4D
3

Pp Fy
03 Oct 2012

D
8

D3
M z Fy

32

3
D2 4D
D
M p Pa Fy

Fy
8 3
6

126

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION

a tds
ds rd

03 Oct 2012

127

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

D
d
2

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTION

MP 4
0

D
AFy cos
2

D D
M P 4 Fy t d cos
2
2
0
2

M P Fy D t cos d
2

Pp Fy dt
03 Oct 2012

M P =Fy D 2t
128

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


ELASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION
ELASTIC MOMENT
CAPACITY
ELASTIC MOMENT
OF INERTIA
Expand and ignore t2
terms since t << D

M Z FY Z

I
I

64

64

D 4 ( D 2 4t 2 4dt )2

64

Z
03 Oct 2012

( D 2t ) 4

129

64

( D 2 4dt ) 2

( D 16 D t 8 D t )

D t

D/2

2 2

D 2t
4

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

D 3t
8

Design for accidental Loads


SHAPE FACTOR
CICULAR SECTION

RECTANGULAR
SECTION

HOLLOW
CIRCULAR
SECTION
03 Oct 2012

Fy

D3

8 1.70
D3
Fy
32
bh 2
Fy
4 1.5
S
bh 2
Fy
6

Fy D 2t
Fy

130

D t
2

1.27

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


SHAPE FACTORS FOR VARIOUS SECTIONS

03 Oct 2012

131

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


RECTANGULAR SECTION

BENDING MOMENT AXIAL LOAD INTERACTION


03 Oct 2012

132

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


RECTANGULAR SECTION
Plastic Moment in the
presence of axial load

Plastic Moment capacity of


rectangular section (with
no axial load)
Hence the equation
becomes

bh 2
MP
Fy
4

M P,P

Similarly, Axial Load that


can be applied in the
presence of moment
03 Oct 2012

bh 2
be 2
Fy Fy
M P,P
4
4
bh 2 e 2
M P,P
Fy 1 2
4
h

PP , M
133

e2
M P 1 2
h

e
beFy bh Fy
h

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

PP bhFy

Plastic Capacity in axial


Hence the equation
becomes

PP , M

e
PP
h

and hence

Substituting e/h in the moment equation

M P,P

Hence the equation


becomes

MP

PP , M 2

PP

M P ,P
MP
03 Oct 2012

134

PP , M

1
PP

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

e PP , M

h
PP

Design for accidental Loads


BENDING MOMENT AXIAL LOAD INTERACTION
Bending Moment and Axial Force Interaction

M P,P

MP

0.8

M
P
1
Ma
Pa

0.6

M/Mp

PP , M 2

PP

Mr i
Ml i
0.4

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Nr i

P/Pp
03 Oct 2012

135

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION

BENDING MOMENT AXIAL LOAD INTERACTION


03 Oct 2012

136

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION

Pp Fy Dt
M p Fy D 2t

ds rd
03 Oct 2012

D
d
2
137

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


HOLLOW CIRCULAR SECTION
Consider a small element ds for which the moment capacity can be
written as
O

O
D
D D
M 4 AFy cos can be written as M 4 Fy t d cos
2
2
2
0
0

M Fy D 2t cos d and we get

M =Fy D 2t sin o

/2

/2

P 4 AFy

can be written as

and we get

03 Oct 2012

/2

P 2 Fy Dt

P 4 Fy

138

D
td
2

P =2Fy Dt o
2

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


/2

/2

P 4 AFy

can be written as

/2

P 2 Fy Dt

P 4 Fy

D
d
2

P =2Fy Dt o
2

and we get

Plastic Moment and axial load capacity can be written as

Pp Fy Dt

M p Fy D 2t

After substitution, we get a relationship of the form

M
sin o
Mp

and

P
2
o
Pp 2

After substitution for in sin we get a relationship of the form

P 2
M
sin
2 P
Mp
p

03 Oct 2012

and
139

P
M
cos

Mp
2 Pp
Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean
Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


BENDING MOMENT AXIAL LOAD INTERACTION

P
M
cos
2 P
Mp
p

Bending Moment and Axial Force Interaction


1

0.8

M
P
1
Ma
Pa

M/Mp

0.6
Mr i
Ml i
0.4

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Nr i

P/Pp
03 Oct 2012

140

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PROPERTIES OF THIN WALLED TUBULARS
The braces in the splash zone can be considered as thinwalled
tubular. A thin walled tubular is defined by : t<<D, where is the
wall thickness and D the diameter of the tubular.
This implies that simplified equations for the cross sectional area
(A), the elastic section modulus (ZE), the plastic section modulus
(ZP) and the moment of inertia (I) can be used. These are:

A .D.t
2

ZE

.D .t

.D 3 .t

Z P D 2 .t

Using the yield stress (y) the maximum elastic bending moment
and the ultimate, plastic moment of the tubular cross section are:

M el ,max Z E .Fy
03 Oct 2012

M p Z P .Fy
141

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

142

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Simply supported beam with central concentrated load
Elastic

PL
MC
4

PL3

48 EI
Plastic

PC

4M p
L

L

2
03 Oct 2012

143

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC COLLAPSE LOAD

L

2

Central displacement

We PC
Wi 2M p

External work done


Internal work done

Equating and external and internal work done

PC L 2M p
2
PC

Collapse Load
03 Oct 2012

144

4M p
L

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Fixed supported beam with central concentrated load
Elastic

PL
MC
8

PL3

192 EI
Plastic

PC

8M p
L

L

2
03 Oct 2012

145

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC COLLAPSE LOAD
Central displacement
External work done
Internal work done

L

2

We PC

Wi M p 2M p M p

Equating and external and internal work done

PC L 4M p
2
Collapse Load
03 Oct 2012

PC
146

8M p
L
Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean
Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Fixed supported beam with non-central concentrated load
Elastic

8 PL
MC
27

PL3
0.00366
EI
Plastic

PC

9M p
L

L
1
2
03 Oct 2012

147

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC COLLAPSE LOAD
L
3

Central displacement

External work done

We PC

Wi M p1 M p 1 2 M p2

Internal work done

Equating and external and internal work done

PC L
Since

Collapse Load
03 Oct 2012

1
3
1
2

PC
148

2M p 1 2

9M p
L

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Fixed supported beam with non-central concentrated load
Elastic

9 PL
MC
128

PL3
0.0022
EI
Plastic

PC

03 Oct 2012

149

32 M p

3L
L
1
2
Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean
Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC COLLAPSE LOAD
Central displacement

L
1
4

External work done

We PC

Wi M p1 M p 1 2 M p2

Internal work done

Equating and external and internal work done

PC L
Since

4
1

150

2M p 1 2

PC

Collapse Load
03 Oct 2012

32M p
3L

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC COLLAPSE LOAD - SUMMARY
Load Position
L/2

Supports
Simple Support

Collapse Load

PC

4M p

PC

8M p

At Both Ends
L/2

Fixed Support
At Both Ends

L/3

L/4
03 Oct 2012

Fixed Support
At Both Ends
Fixed Support
At Both Ends
151

PC
PC

9M p
L

10.7 M p
L

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

152

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


MARSHALL JOINT ROTATION CRITERIA
Marshal (1977) proposed a criteria based on experimental studies on beam
with axial loads as a lower and upper bound limits

min

t
122
D

2.5

and

max

t
12800
D

The were based on materials and welding technology during mid 70s and it has
been improved drastically over last few decades. Hence a a proposed log-mean
average of the above two will be representative for the current practice

2.75

min 1250

Appropriate D/t ratio shall be used to exhibit good plastic properties and D/t of 38
is suitable based on API RP 2A LRFD code

D
13000 / Fy
t
03 Oct 2012

153

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


STRESS STRAIN CURVE FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL

03 Oct 2012

154

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


STRAIN HARDENING EFFECT
Strain hardening is slowing down of the strain rate or increase in stress after
the initial plastic deformation

Ultimate Strength (Fu)


Ultimate strength (Fu) is the failure load after which the material fails by
unloading with larger strain.

Yield Strength (Fy)


Yield strength (Fy) is the load at which the first yielding occurs after which the
material strains plastically

03 Oct 2012

155

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


IDEALISED STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP

03 Oct 2012

156

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


PLASTIC HINGE : SINGULAIRTY
Refer to the elastic perfectly plastic stress strain material behaviour.

During the transformation from elastic stresses to the plastic deformation, the
stress at the extreme fibre will reach yield. Since the stress strain relationship
is elastic perfectly plastic, this point will undergo infinite strain while the
neighbouring section increases to higher stress or strain levels.

The plastic hinge shall have a finite strain and will extend over a length and it
is not be a point or plane. Hence, for formation of plastic hinge, stress-strain
relationship shall have a strain hardening or non-perfectly plastic.

03 Oct 2012

157

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


IDEALISED ELASTIC-PLASTIC STRESS STRAIN
RELATIONSHIP WITH STRAIN HARDENING

03 Oct 2012

158

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


IDEALISED ELASTIC-PLASTIC STRESS STRAIN
RELATIONSHIP WITH STRAIN HARDENING

In this model the elastic strain are disregarded. This seems acceptable,
because el<< all. More specifically, el approximately 0.2% and all is
approximately 10%.
03 Oct 2012

159

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


MAXIMUM ROTATION ANGLE (KINEMATICALLY ADMISSIBLE)

Using small angle


approximation

L
L

L max max
2
2

Deflection calculated
from change in length

L
L
2
L


2
2

Substituting and
expanding, we get
03 Oct 2012

L
L
L L

2
L 2 . L max
4
2
4 2

160

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Assuming L is small, L2 can be ignored

L2
L2 L2 2
L L max
4
4 4

L
4

L 2 max
Strain can be defined as

Substituting the strain


and rearranging

L
L/2

1 2
max
L/2
2
max 2

03 Oct 2012

161

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Design of boat impact protector member for an impact from vessel size 8000 tonnes
and the velocity of approach is 1.5 m/sec. Assume stern impact. The jacket legs are
spaced at 15m. The yield strength of steel shall be taken as 345 MPa and the
maximum dent depth shall not exceed 25% of diameter. Use approximate method.

03 Oct 2012

162

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


DESIGN OF BOAT IMPACT PROTECTOR

V essel Size (D W T )

M v : 8000 tonne

V elocity

V v : 1.5.

m
sec

Added M ass C oefficient

Av : 1.1

Energy of Im pact

E I :=0.5 Av .M v .V v 2

Length of M em ber

L m :=15 m

Assum ed D iam eter

D m :=1000 m m

Assum ed T hickness

Tm := 25 m m

M odulus of Elasticity

E m := 2.10 5.

03 Oct 2012

163

EI 9900kN .m

N
mm 2

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


Y ield Strength

Fy := 345.

D iam eter to T hickness R atio

Im =

Plastic C apacity of Plate

M p =8.6 10 3 .kN .m

M p =D m 2 .Tm .Fy

Plastic C apacity of Pipe


Assum e D ent D epth

03 Oct 2012

Dm
=40
Tm

D m 4 -(D m -2.Tm ) 4
64
Tm 2
1
m p =Fy .
m p =53.906. kN .m
4
m

M om ent of Inertia

Force due to assum ed dent depth

N
mm 2

X 250 m m

X =0.25D m
D
Pd :=15m p . m
Tm
164

0.5

X
.

0.5 D m

0.5

Pd 3.616 10 3 kN

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


E d :=3.54Fy (X .Tm )1.5

Energy absorbed due to dent

Pd . L m 3
e :=
192E m .I m

Elastic D eflection of Beam

E b :=Pd . e

Energy absorbed due to

E d =603.5kN .m

d =34.9m m

E b =126.222kN .m

elastic deflection of beam


Plastic C ollapse Load

Pc :=

8M

Lm

Pc =4.6 10 3 kN

M axim um elastic stain lim it

y := 0.002

M axim um plastic stain lim it

p := 20 y

03 Oct 2012

165

y = 0.2%
p = 4%

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


= 2 p

M axim um end rotation

D isplacem ent of plastic hinge

c =

Lm
.
2

E c :=Pc .( c - e )

Energy absorbed due to

=16.206. deg

c 2.121m

E c =9597.5kN .m

plastic displacem ent


E a =E d Eb Ec

Energy absorbed -T otal

E a 10327.2 kN .m

Total energy absorbed is greater than the energy of impact and hence it is
acceptable.

03 Oct 2012

166

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

167

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


JOINT STRENGTH CHECK
Joint shall not fail prematurely prior to the failure or collapse of the member.
The joint ultimate capacity shall satisfy the following interaction very similar to
the members.
2
API RP 2A (2005)

API RP 2A (1989)

UK GN
03 Oct 2012

Mu

M
M
u

M
M
u

IPB

Mu

Tu

1.0

OPB

1/ 2

M
T

COS

M
2T
u
IPB u OPB

1/ 2

M
T

M
T
IPB u OPB
u

168

1.0

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


TUBULAR JOINT INTERACTION CURVES (API RP 2A)
1

API RP 2A (1989)
API RP 2A (2005)
0.8

M/Mp

0.6
Mr i
Ml i
0.4

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Nr i

P/Pp
03 Oct 2012

169

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads

03 Oct 2012

170

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Design of jackets against impact loads shall consists of
Adequate individual Brace Capacity
Adequate Joint capacity (higher than the brace capacity)
Sufficient redundancy to alternate load path for failed braces
Overall system shall have capacity to resist required environmental loads
with minimum Reserve Strength Ratio (RSR)

03 Oct 2012

171

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


DESIGN CRITERIA
Design Criteria for vessel impact analysis and design is stated as follows.
a maximum strain of 10%.
a maximum displacement under impact of 1.0m.
the mean value of the Marshall criteria for end rotation.

03 Oct 2012

172

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


END ROTATION CRITERIA
End rotation shall satisfy the following conditions
Member axial and bending load interaction
Joint axial and bending load interaction
Kinematically admissible
Shall not exceed Marshall criteria

03 Oct 2012

173

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


TYPICAL BRACING ARRANGEMENT JACKET PLATFORMS

X BRACE ARRANGEMENT
03 Oct 2012

174

SINGLE BRACE ARRANGEMENT


Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean
Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


MEMBER AND JOINT CAPACITIES

03 Oct 2012

175

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


GLOBAL STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR

03 Oct 2012

176

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


GLOBAL STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR

03 Oct 2012

177

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


RESERVE STRENGTH RATIO (RSR)
OPERATING / STORM CASES
Reserve Strength Ratio
For 1 year storm

Maximum Capacity at collapse


=

Reserve Strength Ratio


For 100 year storm

1 Year storm design load

Maximum Capacity at collapse


=

100 Year storm design load

ACCIDENTAL CASE
Reserve Strength Ratio
For accidental case
03 Oct 2012

Maximum Capacity at collapse without damage


=

Maximum Capacity at collapse with damage


178

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

Design for accidental Loads


ENERGY ABSORBING DEVICES

FENDERS
03 Oct 2012

SHOCK CELLS
179

Dr. S. Nallayarasu Department of Ocean


Engineering Indian Institute of
Technology Madras

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