The differences outlined are discussed in many texts on testing.

The teacher or
administrator who wishes to acquire a more technical knowledge of criterionreferenced test or its norm-referenced counterpart, may find the text from which
this material was adapted particularly helpful.

A criterion-referenced test is one that provides for translating test scores into a
statement about the behavior to be expected of a person with that score or their
relationship to a specified subject matter.

A norm-referenced test (NRT) is a type of test, assessment, or evaluation which

yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined
population, with respect to the trait being measured.

A criterion-referenced test is one that provides for translating test scores into
a statement about the behavior to be expected of a person with that score or
their relationship to a specified subject matter.

Norm-referenced refers to standardized tests that are designed to compare

and rank test takers in relation to one another. Norm-referenced tests report
whether test takers performed better or worse than a hypothetical average
student, which is determined by comparing scores against the performance
results of statistically selected group of test takers, typically of the same age or
grade level, who have already taken the exam.
Norma-direferensikan mengacu pada tes standar yang dirancang untuk
membandingkan dan pengambil tes peringkat dalam hubungannya satu sama
lain. Tes norma-direferensikan melaporkan apakah pengambil tes yang dilakukan
lebih baik atau lebih buruk daripada rata-rata siswa hipotetis, yang ditentukan
dengan membandingkan nilai terhadap hasil kinerja kelompok yang dipilih
secara statistik dari pengambil tes, biasanya dari usia yang sama atau tingkat
kelas, yang telah mengambil ujian.
Norm-referenced scores are generally reported as a percentage or percentile
ranking. For example, a student who scores in the seventieth percentile
performed as well or better than seventy percent of other test takers of the same
age or grade level, and thirty percent of students performed better
Skor norma-direferensikan umumnya dilaporkan sebagai persentase atau
persentil peringkat. Misalnya, seorang mahasiswa yang nilai di persentil ketujuh
puluh dilakukan sebagai baik atau lebih baik dari tujuh puluh persen dari
pengambil tes lain dari usia atau tingkat kelas yang sama, tiga puluh persen
siswa dilakukan lebih baik

Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object

or a system (as in architectural blueprints, engineering drawings, business
processes, circuit diagrams and sewing patterns).[1] Design has different
connotations in different fields (see design disciplines below). In some cases the
direct construction of an object (as in pottery, engineering, management,
cowboy coding and graphic design) is also considered to be design.
Desain adalah penciptaan rencana atau konvensi untuk pembangunan suatu
obyek atau sistem (seperti dalam cetak biru arsitektur, gambar teknik, proses
bisnis, diagram sirkuit dan pola menjahit). [1] Desain memiliki konotasi yang
berbeda dalam berbagai bidang (lihat desain disiplin di bawah). Dalam beberapa
kasus pembangunan langsung obyek (seperti dalam tembikar, teknik,
manajemen, koboi coding dan desain grafis) juga dianggap sebagai desain.

Another definition for design is a roadmap or a strategic approach for someone

to achieve a unique expectation. It defines the specifications, plans, parameters,
costs, activities, processes and how and what to do within legal, political, social,
environmental, safety and economic constraints in achieving that objective.
Definisi lain untuk desain adalah roadmap atau pendekatan strategis bagi
seseorang untuk mencapai harapan yang unik. Ini mendefinisikan spesifikasi,
rencana, parameter, biaya, kegiatan, proses dan bagaimana dan apa yang harus
dilakukan dalam batasan hukum, politik, sosial, lingkungan, keselamatan dan
ekonomi dalam mencapai tujuan tersebut.