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1.Objective
1.1 To study the behavior of flow though a sluice gate in various conditions
1.2 To study the Coefficient of discharge (Cd )
1.3 To construct the Calibration curves of sluice gate.
2. Experimental apparatus
The experimental apparatus for this experiment consists of rectangular flume with the
sluice gate inside, depth gauge, and stop watch.
3. Theory
Sluice gate are used for flow control and discharge measurement.
Pressure at water surface is atmospheric or zero gage pressure Water surface =
piezometric head level. i.e. level registered by manometer with a piezometric tap
Open channel flow, in general, has two possible flow depths for each energy level:
Subcritical and supercritical Sluice gate changes flow from subcritical to supercritical.
Figure3 Flow under sluice gate (Roberson, John & Clayton Crowe,1990)
Like Flow Through Orifice minimum cross-sectional area (vena contracta) is slightly
downstream from the gate
(1)
Q=
(2)
C A
Specific energy: energy in an open channel measured relative to the channel bottom
V2
E = y+2 g
(3)
For two values of y with the same value of E
V 21
V 21
y
+
y
+
1
1
E=
2g =
2g
(4)
Q2
2 q b2
(7)
The subcritical and supercritical flows are two of the three areas for the solution. The
third area of the solution has a negative value of y, which is meaningless for open
channel flow. (Henderson 1966)
Figure 4 Graph is shown relationship between specific energy and flow depth
(Roberson, John & Clayton Crowe,1990)
Vx
(8)
Becomes
Fg
1
2
2
Q ( V 1V 2 ) + b ( y 1 y 2 )
2
(9)
Where
= density of water
g (in the drawing) = gravity constant
Q
= flow rate
v1,y1
= upstream velocity and depth
v2,y2
= downstream velocity and depth
b
= width of rectangular channel
Figure6 Free flow conditions (Thompson 1980; Thompson and Warsi 1982;
Masliyah et al. 1985).
Vena contracta
Figure7 Free flow conditions (Vena contracta)
Figure8 Submerged flow condition (Thompson 1980; Thompson and Warsi 1982;
Masliyah et al. 1985).
Eddy current
Figure9 Submerged flow condition (Eddy current)
Z 1 +
Q1
A1
y 1+
Q2
A2
y 2+
Q2
A2
Z 2 +
(11)
(12)
unit discharge,
q=
Q
B
From (3.1);
2
q
q
2
2 g y 1 2 g y 22
q2
2g
1 1
y 21 y 22
)(
y 2 y 1
(13)
y 2 y 1
(14)
2
q
2g
)(
y 22 y 21
y 21 y 22
y 2 y 1
(15)
q2
2g
( y 2+ y 1 ) ( y 2 y 1)
)(
y 21 y 12
y 2 y 1
(16)
q
( y 21 y 22 ) ( y 2 y 2 ) 2 g
( y 2 + y 1 ) ( y 2 y 1)
(17)
( y 21 y 22 2 g )
( y 2+ y 1 )
(18)
Q=
Q=
2
1
y 22 2 g
y2 + y1
(19)
y 1 y 2 2 g
y 2+ y 1
(20)
Q = C d W 2 g y 1
(21)
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
q (actual)
q(theory)
= Cd 1
(22)
Cd
q
W 2 g y1
Bernoullis Equation
2
y 1+
y 1+
V
2g
q2
2 g y1
y 2+
V
2g
(23)
y 2+
q2
2 g y1
(24)
Momentum Equation
F = ma
y 22 q2
+
2 g y2
(25)
=
y 23 q2
+
2 g y3
(26)
Free Flow
Q=
(27)
Submerged Flow
q = C d W 2 g y 1
(28)
4 Experiment Procedure
4.1 Open the sluice gate for 15 mm.
4.2 Turn on the water pump and then open the valve.
4.3 Wait until the water level does not change, measure the water depth y1 and y2 for a
free flow.