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“Article 1.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights...
Article 2.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this
Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status…”
UNICEF
Surabaya, April 2008
Disparities and the cycle of life...
Cambodia: VietNam: Timor Lao PDR: Mongolia:
Proportion of Birth Leste: Net primary Working
Quintiles (wealth) births attended regist- Measles school children
by skilled health ration immun- attendance (%)
personnel (%) (%) ization (%)
(%)
Poorest 21 49 13 45 30
Second 29 72 21 62 20
Middle 40 76 20 68 15
Forth 62 87 37 70 14
Richest 90 97 51 71 7
Ratio: Rich/Poor 4.2 2 4 1.6 4
Decentralization, Poverty & Inequalities
Inequalities: Exclusion Economic and
dimensions processes Legal tools
Form: Economic: Economic – Political
• income • unequal growth • PRSP-SWAp
• service access •income disparities • basic social service
• outcomes • user fees reduce access provision
• contracting NSPs
Frame: Socio-demographic: • social safety nets
• geographic • location
• urban-rural • discrimination Legal Action
• ethnic • access to information • legal reform and
• gender implementation
• vulnerability Legislation - Governance: • anti-discrimination
• multiple risk • corruption • birth registration
• implementation failure • legal representation
Human rights obligations
of State’s to:
Respect Protect Fulfill
UNICEF
Kathmandu, April 2007
The right to free & compulsory basic education
the Law affects the Economics
Parental Contributions Country Security of Right
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Const. Legis. Policy
Cambodia
China
DPRK
Fiji
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
PNG
Philippines
Timor-Leste
Thailand
Viet Nam
State Obligations: Implications for NSPs
Article 4: “…undertake such measures to the maximum
extent of available resources…”
• Obligation to PROTECT
– requires States to take measures that prevent third
parties from interfering with the enjoyment of the right.
• Obligation to FULFILL
– The Obligation to Fulfill requires States to adopt
appropriate legislative, administrative, budgetary,
judicial, promotional and other measures towards the full
realization of the right, or itself directly provide
assistance or services for the realization of that right.
Primary
matter?
Secondary
Expenditure
THAILAND
Secondary
If there is continued
“State failure” to provide
for the poor,
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Vietnam
Papua New
Guinea
Mongolia
Indonesia
Philippines
Tonga
Samoa
Thailand
Marshall
Islands
Malaysia
2000
Cook Islands
Palau
Private expenditures on health:
Korea Rep
% of total in 2000 and 2004…
Brunei
2004
Australia
Japan
0
25
50
75
100
Cambodia
Lao PDR
Viet Nam
Pre-primary
PNG
Mongolia
Primary
Indonesia
Philippines
Tonga
Samoa
Secondary
Thailand
Marshall
Islands
Malaysia
Cook Islands
Palau
Rep. of Korea
Brunei
New Zealand
Percent of students in private schools:
Australia
pre-school, primary, and secondary…
Japan
Unequal markets:
Prices of water from difference sources in Asian cities
Cost of water per cubic meter (US$)
Seoul
Mumbai
Kathmandu
Hanoi
Chonburi
Bangkok
Bangdung
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
- Deng Xiaoping
THANK YOU!!!
15
Complimentarity of Human Rights and
Economics in constructing a just society
• Markets primary focus – Attention to production, distribution and
consumption: to purchasing power, markets, prices, trade,
production and productivity.
• Education: off the tarmac, in slums; where government does not prioritize
building schools, and of minority ethnic groups with own languages. Often
denied by governments or illegal; often similar prices to government fees.
E.g: Beautiful Tree schools in China.
• Health: Rural pharmacies and traditional healers often first point of contact,
especially in remote areas. Charges may be less than health centers. E.g.
Midwife association in Indonesia; the Buddhist monk initiative in Thailand, on
HIV and substance abuse
• WES : municipal supplies, standpipes and private wells selling water, donkey
carts distributing water. E.g: In Indonesia: PLAN international programme
areas likely to have 3 times more access to safe water than the country
average.
Pro poor NSP Policy (cont’d)
• Legal system
– clear regulatory framework
– appropriate tariff regimes; affordability
– appropriate and transparent subsidy mechanisms to allow
access
– open communication channels between public and
private sectors, participation
– clear statement of government roles as provider and
regulator
• In the regulatory front
– satisfy the basic objectives of autonomy, accountability,
transparency, and predictability
• In the political system
– Strengthen public administration and regulatory bodies
Where are we now?
2008 and ongoing:
Pilot Workshop in Mongolia: with CO, EAPRO, UNDP, UNESCAP and
President’s office: An Act was passed the next day, committee, change of law in
process. Urgency due to vast expansion of copper mining in remote areas.
UNICEF CO collaboration with NGOs, FBOs, CSOs and private sector
continues in varied forms in all COs…but more often at operational than at
policy level
Partnership with ADB:
MoU includes: KR3:Regional review of PPP engagement in basic service
delivery; a) Study on PPPs in education; b) workshop in Manila, 15-16, March
2010.
Collaboration with WBI’s Asia Network for Capacity Building in Health
Systems Strengthening (ANHSS)
Regional paper on Private Sector for Health Services Delivery drafted
Upcoming: education, water sectoral papers; HQ: plans for a draft position
paper on PPPs in education; plans for a deeper health analysis;