Lecture 3

Kinematics

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 1:
Two tennis players shown in Figure walk to the net to
congratulate one another.
Find the distance travelled and the displacement of player A
and B.

Solution 1:
player B.
player A
Distance travelled: 5 m Distance travelled: 2 m
Displacement: - 2 m
Displacement: + 5 m
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 2:
The golfer in the figure sinks the ball in 2 putts as
shown. What is the distance travelled and the
displacement of the ball.

Solution 2:
Distance
10 m

2.5 m
2.5 m

Distance travelled:
(10 + 2.5)+(2.5) =15 m
Displacement
10 m

2.5 m
- 2.5 m

Displacement:
+(+ 10)+(+2.5)+(-2.5)
= +10 m
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Example 3:
A kingfisher is a bird that catches fish by plunging into
water from a height of several meters. If a kingfisher
dives from a height of 7.0 m with a average speed of
4.00 m/s, how long would it take for it to reach the
water.

Solution 3:
Average speed =

distance traveled
elapsed time

7.0 m
elapsed time =
4.00 ms -1
elapsed time = 1.75 s

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 4:
A runner runs 200 m, east, then changes direction and runs
300 m, west. If the entire trip takes 60 s, what is the average
speed and what is the average velocity?
Recall that average
speed is a function
only of total
distance and total
time:

s2 = 300 m

s1 = 200 m

start

Total distance: s = 200 m + 300 m = 500 m

total path 500 m

Average speed =
=
time
60 s

Avg. speed
8.33 m/s

The average
Direction
velocitydoes
= 100/60
not matter!
= 1.67 m/s
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Example 5:
An athlete sprints 50.0m in 8.00 s, stops, and then
walks slowly back to the starting line in 40.0 s. If the
sprint direction is taken to be positive, what are
(a) the average sprint
velocity,
(b) the average
walking velocity
and
(c) the average
velocity for the
complete round
trip?

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution 5:
(a)

Average sprint velocity =

x f xi
t f ti

Average sprint vel ocity =

+ 50 m 0 m
8.0 s 0 s

Average sprint velocity = +6.25 ms 1

(b) Average walking velocity =

x f xi
t f ti

Average walking velocity =

(50) 0m
40.0 0 s

Average walking velocity = 1.25 ms 1

(c)

Average velocity for complete round trip =

Average velocity for complete round trip =

( x f xi ) spr int + ( x f xi ) walking

(t f t i ) sprint + (t f t i ) walking

(50m 0m) spr int + (50m 0) walking

(8 0) sprint + (40 0) walking

Average velocity for complete round trip = 0

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 6:
A car is accelerating at 1.8 m/s2. It passes through a 20.0 m
long tunnel in a time of 2.30 s. After the car leaves the tunnel,
how much time is required until its speed reaches 33.0 m/s?

Solution 6:
For the initial velocity entering the tunnel
1 2
s = v0t + at
2

1.80
20.0 = 2.30v0 +
( 2.30) 2
2
v0 = 6.63m / s

Velocity when the car leaves the tunnel,

v = v0 + at

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v = 6.63 + (1.80)( 2.30)

v = 10.8m / s

Past year question

September 2012

Solution 6 (cont):
Hence, the time required to reach 33.0 m/s is
33.0 = 10.8 + 1.80t
t = 12.3s
Alternatively, using v = v0 + at (from the beginning
of the tunnel)
v v0 33.0 6.63
t=
=
a
1.80
t = 14.6 s
And the time required is therefore = 14.6 2.30 = 12.3 s

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 7:
A boat moves slowly inside a marina (so as not to leave a
wave) with a constant speed of 1.50 ms-1. As soon as it
passes the break water, leaving the marina, it throttles up
and accelerates at 2.40 ms-2.
(a) How fast is the boat moving after accelerating for 5.00 s?
(b) How far has the boat travelled in this time?

Solution 7:
(a) v = v0 + at
v = ( +1.50) + ( +2.40)(5.00)
v = +13.5 ms 1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

1 2
(b) x = x0 + v0t + at
2
1
x = (+1.50)(5) + (+2.40)(5) 2
2
x = 37.5 m

Example 8:
A person steps off the end of a 3.00 m high diving board
and drops to the water below.
(a) How long does it take for the person to reach the
water?
(b) What is the persons speed on entering the water?

Solution 8:
(a)

Initial speed, v0 = 0 m/s

and y0 = 0 m
0 1
0

y = y0 + v0t + at 2
2
1
3.00 = + (9.80)t 2
2
t = 0.782 s
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y0 = 0 m

yf = - 3.0 m

Example 8 (cont):
A person steps off the end of a 3.00 m high diving
board and drops to the water below.
(b) What is the persons speed on entering the water?

Solution 8:
0

v = v0 + 2 a y
2

v 2 = +2(9.80)(3.00)
v = 58.8

v = 7.67 ms 1
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Taking upwards as positive, the persons

velocity would be v = - 7.67 ms-1

Example 9:
A ball is thrown straight upward with an initial velocity of
+8.2 ms-1. If the acceleration of the ball under gravity is
9.80 ms-2,what is its velocity after
(a) 0.50 s
(b) 1.0 s?

Step 1. Draw and label a sketch.

Step 2. Indicate + direction and force
direction.
Step 3. Given/find info.

a = -g

a = -9.8 m/s2
t = 0.50 and 1.0 s
vo = + 8.2 m/s v = ?

vo = +8.2 m/s

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 9(cont):
A ball is thrown straight upward with an initial velocity of
+8.2 ms-1. If the acceleration of the ball under gravity is
9.80 ms-2,what is its velocity after
(a) 0.50 s
(b) 1.0 s?

Solution 9:
(a) v = v0 + at
v = ( +8.2) + ( 9.80)(0.50)
v = 3.3 ms 1

+
a = -g

(b) v = v0 + at

v = ( +8.2) + ( 9.80)(1.00)

v = 1.6 ms 1
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

vo = +8.2 m/s

Example 10 :A Moving Spacecraft

In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity
component of +22 m/s and an acceleration of +24 m/s2. In
the y direction, the analogous quantities are +14 m/s and
an acceleration of +12 m/s2. Find
(a) x and vx,
(b) y and vy, and
(c) the final velocity of the spacecraft at time 7.0 s.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution 10:
In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity
component of +22 m/s and an acceleration of +24 m/s2. In
the y direction, the analogous quantities are +14 m/s and
an acceleration of +12 m/s2. Find
(a) x and vx,
(b) y and vy, and
(c) the final velocity of the spacecraft at time 7.0 s.

ax

vx

vox

+24.0 m/s2

+22 m/s

7.0 s

ay

Vy

voy

+12.0 m/s2

+14 m/s

7.0 s

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Solution 10:

ax

vx

vox

+24.0 m/s2

+22 m/s

7.0 s

x = vox t + a x t
1
2

= (22 m s )(7.0 s ) +

1
2

v x = vox + a x t

= (22 m s ) + 24 m s

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

(24 m s )(7.0 s)
2

= +740 m

)(7.0 s ) = +190 m s

Solution 10:

ay

vy

voy

+12.0 m/s2

+14 m/s

7.0 s

y = voy t + a y t
1
2

= (14 m s )(7.0 s ) + 12 m s
1
2

v y = voy + a y t

= (14 m s ) + 12 m s
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

)(7.0 s )

= +390 m

)(7.0 s ) = +98 m s

Solution 10:
v

v y = 98 m s

v x = 190 m s
v =

(190

m s ) + (98 m s )
2

v = 210 m s

= tan 1 (98 190 )

= 27 o

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 11 : Crossing a River

The engine of a boat drives it across a river that is 1800m wide.
The velocity of the boat relative to the water is 4.0m/s directed
perpendicular to the current. The velocity of the water relative
to the shore is 2.0m/s.
(a) What is the velocity of the
boat relative to the shore and
the direction?
(b) How long does it take for
the boat to cross the river?

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

(a)

r
r
r
v BS = v BW + v WS
vBS = v

2
BW

+v

2
WS

vBS = 4.5 m s
4.0
o
= tan
=
63

2.0
1

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(4.0 m s ) + (2.0 m s )
2

DR
(b) t =
vBW
1800 m
t=
4.0 m s
t = 450 s

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example 12:
A car has a velocity of 18.0 m/s relative to the ground
directed due north. Relative to this car, a truck has a velocity
of 23.0 m/s, directed 54.0 north of east (or directed at
54.0). What is the trucks velocity relative to the ground?
Solution 12:

r
r
r
v TG = v TC + v CG
r
r
r
v TGx = v TC x + v CGx
r
v TGx = 23.0 cos 54.0 o + 0 = 13.5m / s
r
r
r
v TGy = v TC y + v CG y
r
v TGy = 23.0 sin 54.0 o + 18.0 = 36.6m / s
r
r 2 r 2
v TG = ( v TGx ) + ( v TG y )
r
v TG = (13.5) 2 + (36.6) 2 = 39.0m / s

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Direction,

36.6
= tan
13.5
o
= 69.8
1

Past year question

September 2014