BOTANY I

TERM
Free Energy
Endergonic
Exergonic
Dynamic
Equilibrium
Activation
Energy
Closed system
Open system

1st Law of
Thermodynami
cs

2nd Law of
Thermodynami
cs

Entropy
Oxidation
Reduction
Metabolic
Pathway
Anabolic
Pathway
Catabolic
Pathway
Cyclic Pathway
Anabolism
Catabolism

Enzyme
Substrate
Energy of
Activation

THE DEFINITION TABLE

DEFINITION
THE FLOW OF ENERGY
The amount of energy in a molecule available for
doing work.
Reactions that require net input of energy.
Reactions that end with net release of energy.
The rate of change is exactly the same in both
directions. No work is done.
The minimum amount of energy required to get a
reaction started.
No energy is exchanged with the surroundings.
Energy is exchanged with the surroundings.
Energy cannot be crated nor destroyed but can be
transferred and changed in form.
The total energy in the universe is constant.
In all energy exchanges and conversions, the total
energy of the system and its surroundings after the
conversion is equal to the total energy before
conversion.
Disorder in the universe, a closed system, is
continuously increasing.
The total energy available for doing in work in a
closed system decreases over time.
In all energy exchanges and conversions, if no
energy leaves or enters the system under study,
the potential energy of the final state will always be
less than the potential energy of the initial state.
The measurement of randomness or disorder in a
system.
A substance gives one or more electrons.
A substance receives one or more electrons.
Any system of enzyme mediated reaction by
which a cell builds, rearranges, or breaks down an
organic substance.
Builds molecules.
Breaks down molecules.
Regenerates a molecule from the first step.
Series of chemical reactions involved in the
synthesis of organic compounds.
Series of chemical reactions that break down
organic molecules.
ENZYMES
It is a protein molecule specialized as a catalyst
which makes a reaction occur much faster than it
would on its own. It hastens the reaction from 106
to 1020 times faster.
It is a specific substance acted upon by an enzyme.
Energy that must be processed by molecules to
react.

Cellular
Respiration

Respiration
(in general)

RESPIRATION
It is the process by which cells extract energy from food.
It uses bond energy (electrons) to regenerate ATP.
Free energy is released and is incorporated into ATP. It
can readily be used for the maintenance and
development of the plant.
EQUATION:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 40 ADP + 40 Pi 6 CO2 + 6H2O +
40 ATP
Low temperature oxidation of carbohydrates carried out
by living systems and enzymes.
It means to transform carbohydrates into chemical
energy (ATP) for many other plant reactions.
It occurs during the night, in developing and ripening
fruit and in dormant seeds. It occurs in the mitochondria.
It mainly functions for the conversion of potential energy
of food molecules into ATP.

Aerobic
Requires oxygen; involves the complete breakdown of
Respiration
glucose back into CO2 and H2o.
THREE MAIN STEPS IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION
The breakdown of glucose into a 3 carbon
compound called PYRUVATE.
It occurs in the cytosol.
Some storage energy molecules (ATP and NADH)
are also formed.
The synthesis of NADH from NAD involves three
phases:
Glycolysis
1. Energy Investment Phase
2. Cleavage of 6 Carbon sugar into 2 3 Carbon
Sugar
3. Energy Regeneration Phase
Overall reaction:
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2
ATP + 2 H20

Krebs
Cycle/Tricarbo
xylic Acid
Cycle/Citric
Acid Cycle

It occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria.

A cyclic series of reaction that completely
breaks down pyruvate into CO2 and various
carbon skeletons.
o Skeletons are used in other metabolic

Electron
Transport
Chain/Oxidati
ve
Phosphorylati
on

Anaerobic
Respiration

Kind of Cell or
Tissue

Temperature

pathways to produce various

compounds.
o Includes proteins, lipids, cell wall
carbohydrates, DNA, plant hormones,
and plant pigments.
Carbon dioxide is given off by the plant.
10 NADH are generated.
Overall reaction:
Oxaloacetate + Acetyl CoA + 3 H2O + ADP + Pi + 3 NAD
+ FAD
Oxaloacetate + 2 CO2 + CoA + ATP +3 NADH + 3 H+ +
FADH2
Series of proteins in mitochondria helps
transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen.
It releases a lot of energy.
It occurs in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria.
The released energy is used to drive the
reaction ATP ADP + Pi
Oxygen is required and water is produced.
Fermentation
Occurs in low O2 environments
2 ATP is produced from glucose instead
of 4o from aerobic
Same reaction used to produce alcohol
from corn or to make wine.
Plant can soon run out of energy and
can suffer from toxic levels of ethanol
and related compounds.
Overall reaction:
C6H12O6 + O2 2 CH2O3 + 2 H2O + 2 ATP
FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Older and Structural Cells = Low Respiration Rates
Young and Developing Flower, Developing and Ripening
Fruit = High Respiration Rates
Respiration generally has higher optimum and maximum
temperatures than photosynthesis reactions.
Can have net dry matter loss at high temperatures where
respiration exceeds photosynthesis.
It refers to the internal temperature of the plant or
animal, not air temperature.

Oxygen
Light
Glucose
Concentration
CO2
Concentration
ATP
Concentration

Plant Injury

Low levels = reduced aerobic

= increased anaerobic
= reduced photorespiration
Can enhance rate of photorespiration
Does not directly affect other forms
Adequate glucose needed to carry out respiration
Reductions can occur = reduced photosynthesis, reduced
flow of carbohydrates in plants
High levels = reduced respiration rates
- Feedback inhibition
Seldom occurs except when oxygen levels are limited
- Flooded, compacted soils
High levels = reduced respiration rates
= occur when other processes slowed down or stopped
Increased respiration rate
Increased growth rate in plants in an attempt to recover
from
Mechanical Damage
Hail
Mowing, Grazing, Cultivation, Wind
Plants synthesize compounds to fight pests.

ENERGY YIELD FROM GLUCOSE OXIDATION

Cytosol
Matrix
ETC and OP
2 ATP
Glycolysis
2 NADH
4 ATP (net yield)
Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
2 x (1 NADH)
2 x (3 ATP)
2 x (1 ATP)
3 x (3 NADH)
3 x (9 ATP)
Citric Acid Cycle
2 x (1
2 x (2 ATP)
FADH2)
OVARALL TOTAL

TOTAL
2 ATP
4 ATP
6 ATP
2 ATP
18 ATP
4 ATP
36 ATP

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
General Equation
6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Considered as the net product of
the Calvin Cycle of
Triose Phosphate
photosynthesis which is then
utilized for the synthesis of
glucose and starch.
The raw materials for
photosynthesis enter the cells of
the leaf.
Products of photosynthesis are
Leaf and Leaf Structure
transported and are exited
through leaf structures:
Palisade layer
Spongy layer
Vascular tissues
Visible light is part of the EMS of
energy radiating from the sun.
It is organized into photons and
travels in waves.
Wavelength distance between
successive crests and troughs
Photons with shorter wavelengths
have more energy than longer
ones.
Radiation within the visible light
spectrum excites certain
biological molecules, moving
electrons into higher energy
levels.
Light
Visible light wavelengths: 400
700 nm
When light hits an object:
Reflected by the object
Absorbed by the object
Transmitted through object
Colors we see are actually light
reflected from an object.
Plants reflect green but absorbs
other wavelengths. RED and
BLUE wavelengths are the most
important for photosynthesis.
Action Spectrum contains
effective light needed for
photosynthesis.
THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PROCESS
CO2 leaves via stomata.
H2O and CO2 diffuse through
chloroplasts.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light C6H12O6
Photosynthesis
+ 6 O2
30 distinct proteins needed to
synthesize sugar molecules.

NOTES
The amount of energy available for doing work in the universe is
always decreasing.
On Earth, energy flows from the sun, through producers, then through
consumers.
Cells convert potential energy into kinetic energy to carry out
intercellular processes.
The process of photosynthesis converts radiant energy into
chemical energy.
Humans can synthesize 8 out of 20 amino acids.
1 NADH = 3 ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP