Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prologue
Geographic location and geological structures caused Indonesia as a fertile nation,
full of potential, but also vulnerable to disaster. Some of them are earthquake,
flood, landslide, storm, tsunami, forest and land burning and also eruption.
Generally, there are some disasters that is always repeated frequently every year.
Even, disasters are occurred and take it turns occassionally. For example, from
drought into forest and land burning, and it followed with floods. As the results,
we thought that it must be happened as a destiny. Whereas all of those are natural
phenomena within our earth.
Diversity of culture, social, ethnic, religion, spititual, and economic condition and
politic are Indonesias wealth. However, this can be potential as a trigger or even
source of disaster in form of horizontal or vertical conflict. As the results conflicts
can make bad impact, material losses, or even casualties, and resulted in great
amount of refuge or communitys social economic distortion.
Until now we are not able to eliminate the risk of disaster because of those
phenomena. However, the difference between our ability to know, to understand,
and to take action will make some variety for the risk in our life. If we know more
on disaster phenomena, we can take action better. Behaviour and response based
on good knowledge and undesrtanding will low te level od disaster risk in our life.
Great damage as the results of earthquake and tsunami in Aceh, North Sumatera,
Special Province of Yogyakarta, and Central Java can reflect our minds and our
ability how to take action on it; our confusion when series of earthquakes occurred
in Palu and Alor showed us how we were not good enough to understand and know
those phenomena. As the results, we were not fully recognized our action. Above
all of that, instead of learning together, it turned out that we enjoyed the events
to make ourselves rich.
Often we heard that disaster is an event that must be destined to be happened.
When disaster occurred, all actors were worked all out implemented emergency
response action for the victims. Then, we were busy to rehabilitate or reconstruct.
Series of disaster management were appropriately made and blatantly with some
reason. We did emergency response as the results of the people who need it.
Rehabilitation and reconstruction were heaviliy needed to continue our daily
routine normally. And, we can always do it.
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About Disaster
Disaster is a phenomena resulted by trigger, hazard, and vulnerability components
that systematically works altogether that create risk5 in the community. Disaster
happen if community has lower ability that hazard level as potential disaster upon
them. Hazard become disaster if the community are vulnerable and having lower
capacity than disaster level or one of disaster sources. Disaster existence should
not be separated that risk reducing efforts can be implemented. Disaster happen if
the community and its higher social system does not have capacity to manage the
disaster upon them. Hazard, trigger, and vulnerability, does not possess single
characteristics but also more than one characteristics, whether it is parallel or
series, therefore can be called as a complex disaster.
Same thing can be happened on conflict. Conflict within community or social unit
can be both directly or indirectly happened on living assets or something that
disturbing the people to process their assets above. The problem on taking those
assets can be influenced by environmental problem. Community activity or social
unit above which emerge environmental problem can be a threat for the other
parties if their living assets and access are obstructed.
Disaster in daily routine can resulted on (1) changing pattern of life from its
normal condition, (2) wealth/items/human life losses, (3) friction within social
community structures, (4) rapidly increasing needs within private/community.
Therefore, disaster tend to be occurred within vulnerable community, and it might
be worse. Communitys vulnerability can be started from the unsafety of physical
environment, social, and economy condition. Those conditions can be influenced
by internal or external dynamic, such as not possessing growing local institution
community and efficient skills. It can be happened because of the roots of
problem within them. Internal problem commonly seen in form of community
unavailable of structure and power to access sources. Meanwhile, external
problem can be seen in form of inappropriateness economical and political system.
Therefore, disaster management should be done wholeheartedly by raising the
capacity and solving the problem to totally reduce the risk.
Total risk reduction initially implement circumspection principle in every step of
disaster risk management. Disaster risk management is an activity to plan and
manage the disaster; before, whilst, and after disaster. Disaster risk management
is a conceptual workplan focus on threat reduction and potential loss and not in its
consequency and results. Disaster risk management aims to develop safe culture
and to create disaster resilient community.
Circumspection principle is started by monitoring every activity that may cause
any threat to human living and human assets. The threat, slowly or suprisingly will
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which can support them within the community. Beliefs, interests, and values
within community memmber can be contradict with each other. Therefore,
community does not need to be homogenous.
In this community based disaster risk management, community can be defined as a
group of people that have one or two similarity (es) such as living in the same
place, exposed by same threat, or expereinced same disaster impact. Community
may have same problem, anxiety. And hopes on disaster risk. The people who live
in a community have different vulnerability and capacity, nevertheless. For
example, men and women, both of them have certain superiority or weakness.
Community participation is a process to give more authority to the community to
solve the problem together. Authority distribution will be implemented based on
coomunity level of involvement within the activity. It is aiming to find better
answer as the problem come, by giving the community more important
contribution that implementation can be more effective, efficient, and
sustainable. Community participation is started from defining a concept,
construction, operational-maintenance, evaluation, and monitoring. There are
seven steps based on interactional mechanism: (1) refusal; (2) sharing information;
(3) no-comment-consultation; (4) concensus and mutual agreement; (5)
collaboration; (6) sharing risk and affirmation; (7) empowerment and partnership;
furthermore, the level of participation can be strengthened from meaningful
participation tendency for community, becomes with community, and in the
end, by community.
There are various stakeholders and actors within community based disaster risk
management process. Generally, stakeholders of disaster maangement can be
categorized into three groups: (i) beneficiaries, community that receives direct or
indirect benefit; (ii) intermediary, community group, institution or private that
may give consideration or facilitation in disaster management, such as: consultant,
expert, NGO, and professionals in disaster field, and (iii) policy makers,
institutions/agency who have authority in making decision and regulation such as
govenrmental institution and council of disaster.
Stakeholders can be decided and chosen through four-steps stakeholder analysis
method; (a) stakeholder identification; (b) stakeholder interest assessment on
disaster management activity; (c) stakeholder impact and benefit assessment, and
(d) plan formulation of participation strategy within every phase of disaster
management. Every process is done through promoting learning activity and raising
community potential to be actively participate, and also providing opportunity to
take action and having authority in decision making process and resources
allocation within disaster management program.
Role of the community in development process is important because there is no
one who can understand more about the problem within local level except the
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community itself, and there is no one who is more interested to understand their
problem and their stake living and welfare as well, except the community itself.
Therefore, local community must be involved in identification and problem solving
related to disaster vulnerability and information must be received by the
community through easy-to-understand language and way. There were more
evidence showed that most of disaster risk management and its top-down program
has never reached specific needs of vulnerable community, neglected resources
potential and local capacity, and in several cases, were raised community
dependence and its vulnerability, as well.
As the result, practitioners of disaster risk managament reached general
agreement to emphasize community based disaster risk management program. It
means that vulnerable community itself will be involved in an implementation and
its planning with all local, province, and national entity in form of partnership.
The goal of disaster risk reduction by the community is to reduce the risk and
strengthening community capacity to face the risk. Their immediate involvement
to apply risk prevention actions are an obligatory. Some writers distinguish the
term between community participation and community involvement. Participation
and involvement will take turns to be done, which means that the comunity is
responsible to do all phases of the program, including involvement and
participation. In the end, the outcom eof the participation in disaster management
is disaster management by community itself.
Experience in implementing community-oriented disaster management will refer
to: (1) the effort to reduce the risk with the community in disaster-prone area, so
that the community is able overcoming disaster risk independently; (2) avoid new
emerged vulnerability and community dependency within disaster-prone area to
outside part; (3) manage disaster risk, which is inseparable part of development
and management for sustainable living within community inside disaster-prone
area; (4) have multisector, multidisciplinary, and multicultural.
Furthermore, it refers to important things as follow: (1) focus of the disaster risk
management is the local community. (2) risk prevention is the objective. The main
strategy is to raise the capacity and vulnerable group of resources and to reduce
their vulnerability in order to prevent disaster in the future. (3) recognition on
connectivity between disaster risk management and development process. This
approach assumes that to handle poverty, discrimination, marginalization, weakgovernance, shabby politics and economics management, are the basic causes of
disaster. Therefore, overcoming them will improve living qualiy and environment.
(4) community is the key source in disaster risk management. Community is the
main actor and beneficiary in process of disaster risk management. (5) applying
multisector and multidisciplinary approaches; uniting lots of local community and
even stakeholders in disaster risk management to extend resource basis. (6) it is a
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dynamic and developing framework. From the learning and practices, theory can
be developed. Sharing experience, methodology, community instrument, and
experts are always continuing to enrich the practice. (7) having recognition that
difference communities have different perceptions about risk, especially between
men and women. They may have various difference experiences and ability to
handle the risk. Therefore, it may influence their perception on how to overcome
the risk. To know the difference between them are important. (8) every
community and group possess different vulnerability and capacity. Those
differences can be influenced by age, gender, class, occupation, ethnicity,
language, religion, and physical location.
CBDRM process
As mentioned above, community based disaster risk management is a process to
encourage community in disaster-prone area in order to be able to handle the
threat in their environment and its vulnerability as well. Therefore, community
must be actively participate in identification, analysis, action, monitoring, and
evaluation in term of disaster risk. It means that community serve as the centre
within the implementation of disaster risk management activity.
There are some trend in overcoming community based disaster risk, based on the
experience. Although not linear and not in chronological order, some steps below
may be used for a reference.
1. Situation and conditional analysis. It is used to predict needs for disaster
management. This must be applied to create suitability between needs and
resources provided. Situation analysis can be started from composing community
profiles to understand disaster risk through participative research on: historical
information of disaster, geo-climate, physical, spatial, and sociopolitical-cultural
characteristics, and economic acitivity within vulnerable groups.
2. Context understanding. Mobilization for understanding context can be
implemented through accurate intervention, doing activities together, deepen the
disaster risk context through training, sharing experience, and the others such as:
disaster management and emergency, emergency sufferer handling, disaster
monitoring and supervising, policy advocacy, microeconomic and the others.
3. Participative risk assessment. It is about whole assessment on community
exposure towards disaster and analysis on their vulnerability and their capacity
within their activity, project, and program to reduce the risk. Risk assessment is a
participative process to determine behavior, scope, and amount of negative impact
of the disaster on household and community in a predicted period. Community
disaster risk assessment also facilitates a process to determine possible or trending
impact (damage or losses) on risky living assets. Community disaster risk
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CBDRM Parameter/Indicators
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CBDRM Principles
The guideline principles on CBDRM implementation are formulated as below:
1. community at disaster risk and stricken is the active subject to build up their
life.
2. implementing disaster risk management program with the community in disaster
prone area, therefore they are able to manage the risk independently.
3. avoiding future vulnerability and community dependance in disaster prone area
with other various parts.
4. disaster risk management is an inseparable process of resources development
and management, in order to create sustainable community within disaster prone
area.
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