- LOD is generally chosen for patients with young age,

CC resistance, raised LH levels, and exaggerated

response to gonadotropins and non c
ompliance with
excessive monitoring. It is believed that that ovarian
diathermy works by increasing the sensitivity of ovaries
to endogenous FSH and a minimal amount of thermal
injury is required
It is reported that unilateral drilling of ovary
with cauterisation may be equally effective as bilateral
drilling in inducing ovulation and conception with
potential advantage of less trauma and less pelvic
adhesions.20 Keeping in view of these potential
advantages an alternative procedure of laparoscopic
ovarian multi-needle intervention (LOMINI) has been
- reported with a cumulative pregnancy rate of 35.3%.21

ou may have blood tests to check for:

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), to find out if you are pregnant.

Testosterone, an androgen. Androgens at high levels can block ovulation and cause acne,
male-type hair growth on the face and body, and hair loss from the scalp.

Prolactin, which can play a part in a lack of menstrual cycles or infertility.

Cholesterol and triglycerides, which can be at unhealthy levels with PCOS.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to check for an overactive or underactive thyroid.

Adrenal gland hormones, such as DHEA-S or 17-hydroxyprogesterone. An adrenal

problem can cause symptoms much like PCOS.

Glucose tolerance and insulin levels, which can show insulin

Hypothyroidism can increase testosterone by decreasing the level of sex hormone binding
globulin (SHBG), increasing the conversion of androstenedione to testosterone and
estradiol, and reducing the metabolic clearance of androstenedione (1,5). - See more at:
http://www.pcosnutrition.com/links/blogs/pcos-and-your-thyroid-how-nutrition-plays-arole.html#sthash.F7jjrMfC.dpuf22.5% of women with PCOS had hypothyroidism
compared to 8.75% in controls (3) and TPO antibodies have been shown to be present in
27% of patients with PCOS versus 8% in controls (4). More recently, a study published in
Endocrine Research demonstrated a higher prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT),
elevated TSH, anti-TPO, and anti-Tg levels in PCOS patients (5). The researchers suggest
an increased estrogen and estrogen/progesterone ratio seem to be directly involved in
high anti-TPO levels in PCOS patients. - See more at:

http://www.pcosnutrition.com/links/blogs/pcos-and-your-thyroid-how-nutrition-plays-arole.html#sthash.F7jjrMfC.dpuf
Awalnya, diberikan dosis 50 mg / hari selama 5 hari. Jika ovulasi terjadi tapi tidak terjadi
kehamilan, 50 mg / hari selama 5 hari dilanjutkan untuk siklus berikutnya. Namun, jika tidak
terjadi ovulasi setelah siklus pertama, dosis dapat ditingkatkan sampai 100 mg sehari selama 5
hari setidaknya 30 hari setelah diberikan terapi sebelumnya. Perawatan lebih lanjut biasanya
tidak dianjurkan setelah tiga program terapi; Namun, dapat dicoba sampai enam siklus sebelum
terapi lebih lanjut diberikan. Keberhasilan clomiphene pada kehamilan sekitar 30%. Namun,
20% dari kehamilan ini mengakibatkan terjadinya aborsi spontan atau efek stillbirths. Mungkin
termasuk pembesaran ovarium; sindrom hiperstimulasi ovarium (OHSS); kehamilan kembar; hot
flashes; dan gastrointestinal (GI) distensi, kembung, dan rasa tidak nyaman.

During a transvaginal ultrasound, your doctor or a medical technician inserts a

wand-like device (transducer) into your vagina while you lie on your back on an
exam table. The transducer emits sound waves that generate images of your pelvic
organs, including your ovaries. On an ultrasound image (inset), a polycystic ovary
shows many follicles. Each dark circle on the ultrasound image represents a fluidfilled follicle in the ovary. Your doctor may suspect PCOS if you have 20 or more
follicles in each ovary.

17-ketosteroids are substances that form when the body breaks down male steroid
sex hormones called androgens and other hormones released by the adrenal glands
in males and females, and by the testes in males.
A 24-hour urine sample is needed. You will need to collect your urine over 24 hours.
Your health care provider will tell you how to do this. Follow instructions exactly to
ensure accurate results

Your health care provider will ask you to temporarily stop any medicines that may affect the test
results. Be sure to tell your provider about all the medicines you take. These include:

Antibiotics

Aspirin (if you are on long-term aspirin)

Birth control pills

Diuretics (water pills)

Estrogen

Do not stop taking any medicine before talking to your doctor.

How the Test will Feel

The test involves normal urination. There is no discomfort.

Why the Test is Performed

Your doctor may order this test if you have signs of a disorder associated with abnormal levels of
androgens.

Normal Results
Normal values are as follows:

Male: 8 to 20 milligrams (mg) per 24 hours

Female: 6 to 12 mg per 24 hr

Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Some labs use different
measurements or test different samples. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific
test results.

What Abnormal Results Mean

Increased levels of 17-ketosteroids may be due to:

Adrenal gland problems such as tumor, Cushing syndrome

Imbalance of sex hormones in females (polycystic ovary syndrome)

Ovarian cancer

Testicular cancer

Decreased levels of 17-ketosteroids may be due to:

Adrenal glands not making enough of their hormones (Addison's disease)

Kidney damage

Pituitary gland not making enough of its hormones (hypopituitarism)

Removal of the testicles (castration)

Risks
Prolactin is a hormone that plays a role in fertility by inhibiting follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the hormones that trigger ovulation and
allow eggs to develop and mature.
Prolactin (also called luteotropic hormone) is also associated with the production of breast milk.
It is unclear what role prolactin plays in men, but it is clearly linked to infertility.