-

Page 1

Page 2

" (Man is by nature a social and political animal and a man who is
not a member of a society is either a God or a beast.)

I I

(Key
Words)
,

,
,
,
(City State),
(Nation State),
,
,
(Good
Governance),
,
,
,
,
(Accountability),
,
,
,
,

Page 3

.
Concept and Definition of Civics

ivi s
ivis

ivit s
ity

t t

ity st t

N tion st t

(F. I. Gloud)" ("Civics is the study of institutions, habits, activities and

spirit by means of which a man or woman may fulfil the duties and receive benefits of
m mb rship in
politi l ommunity.

to

,
itiz nship.

(E. M. white)" ("Civics is the subject that deals with everything appertaining
h

philosophy o

itiz nship

" ("Civics is that branch of human knowledge which

deals with everything relating to a citizenpast, present and future; local, national and
human.")

Page 4

Websters International Dictionary-

ivi s is th t department of political science dealing with rights and duties of

citizen.)
Encyclopaedia Britanica-

. . W bst r s Int rn tion l Di tion ry

ond Edition July
. s. En y lop di Brit ni
ol
P g
Fr dri k J m s Gould -

P g

(Civis is the study of institutions, habits and spirits by means of

which a man or woman may fulfil the duties and receive the benefits of memberships in
political community.)

Page 5

.
Scope and Subject-matter of Civics

Page 6

Necessity of Study of Civics

Page 7

Page 8

Significance of the Study of Civics and Good Governance in Bangladesh

Page 9

Concept and Definition of Good Governance

(The State exists to

Promote good life) |
-

W l r st t
(Friend, Philosopher and Guid

Good
Gov rn n

Gov rn n

L nd ll Mills

oll o

nd s r g dino

Ox ord English Di tion ry-Go to o

FI

H l ni

Page 10

D. K u m nn

oth rs

Good Gov rn n
-

Good Gov rn n (G. Bilney)Good Gov rn n

is th
tiv m n g m nt o
ountry s
economic resources in a manner that is open, transparent, accountable and equitable) |

.
o i l

nd

"
o i l En y lop di

It is bro d r on pt th n Gov rnm nt which is

specially concerned with the role of Political authorities in maintaining social order within a defined
territory and the exercise of executive power)
M
orn y
" (Good governance is the relationship between civil society and the state, between
government and governed, the ruler and ruled)
ount bility
L gitim y
ool
r nsp r n y

Elements & Characteristics of Good Governance

.
(G. Bilney), O ED
NDP
J

Page 11

articipatory

rocess

thics or moral values

ransparency
-

(Legitimacy
esponsibility
-

ule of aw
-

ccountibility

fficiency

(Service oriented attitude of Public administration)

Page 12

Independent udiciary

onesty

bsence of

ender disparity

(Decentralisation

ivil society

ublic

cceptability

(Professionalism

ree

edia

ree and lural society

-

Page 13

.
-

N tion t t

w l r st t

Relation of Civics and Good Governance with other branches of knowledge

-

Page 14


Civics, Good Governance and Political Science

ivis

ivit s

ivit s
Polit s -

ivi s

ivis

Politi s
Polis -

Polit s

Polis

ivit s
Politi s
polis

Politi l

ivi si n

ivis
Politi s

Page 15

.
Civics, Good Governance and History

Page 16

.
Civics, Good Governance and Sociology

Page 17

.
Civics, Good Governance and Economics

Page 18


Civics, Good Governance and Ethics
-

Wh t is mor lly wrong

n n v r b

politically right.)

Int rn l

tions

or

Ext rn l

tions

Page 19

- Civics, Good Governance and Geography

G opoliti s

Page 20


Civics. Good Governance and Population, Development Studies

Page 21


Civics, Good Governance and Human Rights, Gender Studies
-

G nd r

s x

Page 22

Civics, Good Governance & Information and Communication Technology

Page 23

Page 24

(MCQ)

.
.
.

. Civics
.

ivis

, Civies
. Civitas
ivi s
.
.

.
8 I Civis

Civitas

.
.

.
.

Page 25

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
-

Page 26

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
Polit s

Polis

.
.

Polit s & Polis'

Page 27

.
.
.
-

.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.

Page 28

.
.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.
.

Page 29

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.
.
.

Page 30


.
.

.
.

.
.
.

Page 31

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.

Page 32


.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. .
-

.
.

.
-

.
.
.

.
.

Page 33

.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
- .
.

i.
ii
iii.
iv.

Page 34

. i

.. ii
. iii
. iv
i
ii.
iii.
. I
.

ii

Iii

. ii

iii

i.
ii
iii.
. i
. ii

. iii
. i. i

iii
ivi s

i.

ivis

ii. Civitas
iii. CivicS
. iii ,
, i

ii

. i

iii

. i. i

iii

Page 35

i
ii.
iii.
. i

ii

. Ii
. i

iii

. i ii

iii

i
ii.
iii.
. i

ii

ii

iii

iii

. i ii

iii

i
ii.
iii.
. i

iii

. ii

iii

. i, ii

ii
iii

i.
ii.
iii.

Page 36

. ii

iii

. ii
. Iii

. i

ii

i.
ii.
iii.
. I
. ii
. ii

iii

. i ii

iii

i.
ii.
iii
. i
. ii
. Iii
. i ii

ii
iii

iii

i.
ii.
iii.

Page 37

. i
. ii
. Iii

. I

iii

i.
ii.
iii.
. i
.ii

. iii
. i

iii

i.
ii
iii.
. i
.. I

iii

. ii

iii

. iii

i.
ii
iii.
. i

ii

. i

iii

. ii
. ii

iii

Page 38

 i
ii.
ii.i
?
. i
. i
.i

iii
ii

.i, ii

iii

i.
ii.
iii.
?
. i
. i

iii

. i

ii

.i ii

iii

.
.

.
.

Page 39

.
.

.
.

.
.

Page 40

.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

ivi s

Page 41

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.
-

Page 42

]
ivi s
ivis

ivit s

. .
.
.
webster's International Dictionary
Encyclopaedia Britanica
-

Page 43

G. Biln y
M

orn y

- .

Page 44

Page 45

Page 46

Gov rn n
Good Gov rn n

(concept)
(Good Governance)

M
ount bility

orn y
L gilim y

r nsp r n y

(rule o l w
(Good Governance)

(Key words):
,

(Rule of Law), offs corruption),

,
(military
,

,
intervention)
,
,

Problems of Good Governance

w l r

st t
Page 47

Lack of Political

tability and violence

(Lack of

bsence or

ccountability of the

ule of
.

ovt

aw
.

(Mismanagement of Govt

Page 48

ailure to

ontrol

orruption
N

Lack of

culture in the

olitical

ommitment

ack of Democratic
olitical arty
-

(Military intervention in

olitics
-

apotism
-

(Absence of Independence of judiciary) :

(Lack of People's

articipation

Disrunctional

arliament
Page 49

(Poverty

(weakness of local

bsence of

overnment

eoples awareness

(Absence of Balance of Power

(Absence of Free

eutral

lection

commission

bsence of reedom or

ack of

ommunal

ress

armony

Page 50

Measures to remove the problems of good governance

Page 51

Page 52

Page 53

Page 54

Role of Citigens in order to establish good Governance

(Unconditional allegiance to the tate

bedience to aw

selection of honest and qualified leadership

egular

ayment of

axes

ublic service
o

ducate the children

articipation in Development

ctivities

Page 55

rotect

ublic

roperty

Publi

Prop rty

(to help law and order and Dicipline

ecome conscious and lert

o abide by constitution

agerness of

ood governance
-

selection of iberal

rogressive

olitical

arty

Importance of Good Governance in Social, Political and Economic Sphere

Page 56

Page 57

(McQ)
(

.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.
.
.

Page 58

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
-

Page 59

Values, Law, Liberty and Equality

on pt

(key words)
(values),
values),

(social
(Democratic

values),

(Rule of Law),
,

Governance)

(Good
,

(Criminal Law),
(Liberty),

,
,

Page 60

-
Values
on ption

nd D inition

.
tu rt

. Dodd
H.D. st in -

M . . willi m -

lyd

Kluokhon -

Ni hol s

s h r -

(Social value embraces arrange of qualities for a place such as spiritual, traditional, economic,
political or national qualities which are valued by the majority or minority group of the place.)
F.E. M ri
(A social value may be
defined as a pattern of belief whose maintenance is considered important to group welfare.)
-

Characteristics of Values
.

Page 61

Bases or Elements of Values

Page 62

. .

. . Di y

Classification of Values
-

social values
.

.
-

Page 63

olitical values
-

kk
kBBB BB B
Democratic values
-

(Religious values)

(Cultural values) :
-

oral values

conomic values
-

Page 64

spiritual values

spiritu l Pow r
odern values

Values and good Government

Page 65

Democratic Values
concept

--

Page 66

- Importance of Democratic Values

--

Page 67

Good Governance and Democratic value

Conception and Definition of Law

L w

L g

L w
-

(Law is the passionl ss r son

Page 68

hom s Hobb s
Pro . Hol nd " (A Law is a general rule of
external action orced by the sovereign political authority.)
John ustin
(Law - the command of the political superior i.e. sovereign to the political inferior.)
vigny

Histori l

hool
Pro .
Pro . G tt

lmond " (Only those rules which the state creates or which as

recognises, enforces become law.)

(Woodrow Wilson)

(Law is that portion of the established thought and habit which has gained distinct and formal
recognition in the shape of uniform rules backed by the authority and power of the government.)

Sources of Law

Page 69

ustom

eligion
-

favors

udicial Dicision or

djudication

Judg -M d

l w

cientific Discussion

- quity

egislature

ublic opinion

dministrative declaration

Page 70

onstitution

Classification of Law

Muni ip l L w

Int rn tion l L w
Publi

L w

dministr tiv

Priv t

L w

L w
onstitution l L w
(Criminal Law) |

unicipal aw
International

aw

Page 71

onstitutional

aw
-

dministrative aw

riminal aw

.
Reasons for Obeying Law

Lord
Bry

-
Morality
Mor lity

Mor lity
virtu

Mor lit s

is knowl dg

knowl dg

ignor n
m s

m s
Mor ls

(Jonathan Haidt)

Mor lity

Page 72

Cambridge International Dictionary of English-

Collins English DictionaryMor lity is concerned

with on negating to human behaviour, esp. the distinction between good and bad and right and
wrong b h viour.
-

L w do s not

nd

n not

ov r

ll grounds o mor lity

-
Law and Morality

Page 73

Page 74


Definition of Liberty
Lib rty

Lib rty

Lib r

John

tu rt Mill

Ess y on Lib rty

H rb rt

p n r

" (Every man is free to do whatever he

wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man.)
H. Gr n
Fr dom onsistsin
enjoying something worth-doing or worth enjoying)
h lly
opposite of over government.)

positive power or capacity of doing or

(Liberty is the

Pro . H. J. L ski " (By liberty I mean the absence of restraints upon the existence of
those social conditions which in modern civilization are the necessary guarantees of individual
happiness.)
g r m int n n

th t

tmosph r

in whi h m n h v

By lib rty I m n th
opportunity to b th ir b st s lv s.

-
Forms of Liberty

Page 75

Individual or

ivil iberty

(Natural

iberty
oo

M n is born

but

v rywh r

is in

h in.
(Legal liberty
social

so o

o oo o tos o

iberty

olitical iberty
Politi l lib rty m ns th

.
pow r to b

bl

in th

irs o st t .

conomic iberty

ational liberty

Page 76


Safeguards of Liberty

aw

(Fundamental rights in the Constitution) ;

esponsible

overnment

(Direct Democratic method)

ule of aw
-

.
separation of

ower

Page 77

Independence of

(Decentralisation of

udiciary

ower

(social ustice

quality

(Organised party System) :

onstitutional

overnment

roper understanding between the

ovt and the

eople

(Exploitation free Social structure)

-

vigilant

ublic opinion

Et rn l

vigilance is the price of liberty and the secret of liberty is courage.)

Page 78

-
Relation between Law and Liberty

(Liberty and law do not quarrel.)

.

.
h mor

th r is o th

on

th

l ss th r

is o th

oth r.

Page 79

-
Definition and Meaning of Equality

qu lity o

opportuniti s

Pro . L ski

Equ lity ...... m ns irst o ll

the absence of special privilege ...... Equality means, an the second place, that adequate
opportuniti s r l id op n to ll
- B rk r

Different Forms or Classification of Equality

(Natural Equality)

Page 80

social

quality

olitical

quality
-

conomic quality
- -

egal

quality

Individual quality

-
Importance of Equality in Liberty

ol

Politi l lib rty in th

bs n

onomi

qu lity is held to be a

mere myth.)
. H.

wn y Pro . Poll rd

Page 81

h r

is only on

solution of problem of liberty. It lies in equality.)

Page 82

(MCQ)

(
L w.
.
.
.
.

L w

.
.
.
.

Low
Lego
Lag
Log

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.
-

Page 83

.
.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

. .

.
.

.
.
.
.

Page 84

.
.
.
.

.
.
Lib rty

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

Page 85


.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.

Page 86

.
.
?
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
?
.

?
.
.
.

Page 87


i
ii.
iii
.
.
.
.

i
ii
i
Iii

iii
iii
ii

i.
ii.
iii.
.
.
.
.

i
i
ii
ii
iii
i ii
iii

i
ii.
iii.
?
.
.
.
.

i
ii
iii
ii

iii
-

i
ii.
iii.
.
.
.
.

i
i
ii
ii
iii
i ii
iii

i
ii.
iii.

Page 88

. iii
. i
iii
. ii
iii
*I. iii
. i, ii
i
ii.
iii,
.
.
.
.

i
ii
iii
i, ii

iii

i
ii
iii
i, ii

iii

i
ii.
iii.
.
.
.
.

i
ii.
iii.
.
.
.
.

i
ii
i
iii
ii
iii
i, ii
iii

Page 89


i
ii.
iii.
.
.
.
.

i
ii
iii
Ii
iii

i.
ii.
iii,

.
.
.
.

i
ii
i
iii

ii

i.
ii.
iii.
?
.
.
.
.

i
iii
Iii
I

iii

Page 90

.
.
.

?
?

?
.
.

.
.
.

Page 91

.
.

.
.

?
.

?
-

?
L g

.
.
.
Lib rty

Lib rty

Page 92

Page 93

Page 94

E-Governance & Good Governance

-

- >
-

,
(transparency),

,
.

(Key Words)
, ,

Concept of E-Governance
Gov rn n -

El troni

int r tion

Page 95

world B nk

" (e-Governance refers to the use by Governmentagencies of

information technologies (such as networking internet, mobile etc.) that have the ability to transform
relations with citizens, businesses and other arms of government.)
N
(e-Governance is
defined as the employment of the internet and the worldwide web for delivering government
information and service to the citizens.)
-

" (The use by the government of web-based internet

application and other information technologies.)
" (Governance refers to the exercise
of political, economic and administrative authority in the management of a country's affairs, including
citizens articulation of their interests and energies of their legal rights and obligations. e-Governnace
may be understood as the performance of this governance via the electronic medium in order to
facititate an efficient, speedy and transparent process of disseminating information to the public and
other agencies and for performing government administration activities.)
.

. .

tr nsp r nt sm rt -Governance with

seamless access, secure and authentic flow of information crossing the interdepeartmental barrier and
providing a fair and unbiased service to the citizen)
-

Page 96

Aims & Objectives of E. Governance

-

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Page 97

Characteristics of E-Governance

El troni

Gov rnm nt

Advantage of Good Governance and E-Governance

Page 98

Page 99

.
.
.

.
.

.
.

Page 100

.
. -

.
.
.
-

.
.
.
-

.
.

.
.
.

Page 101

.
.
.

Page 102

(MCO)
(
.
.
.
.

Governor
Government
Governance
Governing

.
.
.
.

Good
Good
Good
Good
-

Government
Governor
Gang
Governance

.
.

.
.

.
.
.
.

i.
ii.
iii
. i
. ii

Page 103

. I

ii

. iii
-

i
ii.
iii.
.
.
.
.

i
Ii
Iii
I ii

iii

.
.

.
.
.

.M.
-

Page 104

.
.

. .-

.
.

M oM -

Page 105

Page 106

RIGHTS AND DUTIES AND HUMAN RIGHTS

M n

born

nd

lw ys

ontinu

nd

qu l in r sp t to th ir

rights

ey Words
ight
(Legal rights
ivil rights
(Political rights),
Duti s
(Allegiance

to
the
state)
(Human Rights)
(Fundamental rights)

Definition and Meaning of Right

-

Page 107


L . Hobhous (Genuine rights are conditions of social welfare)
Pro . Holl nd ights r on m n s
influencing the acts of another by means of the opinion and force of the society).

p ity o

Pro . E rn st B rk r " (Rights are

those necessaryconditions of the greatest possible development of the capacities of all individuals,
which are secured and guaranteed by the State) |
Pro . L ski
" (Rights are those conditions of social life
without which no man can seek, in general, to be himself at his best.)
(TH. Green)
" (Rights are the outer conditions essential for man's inner development.)
Bos nqu t I" (A right is a claim recognised by society and enforced by the state.)
I

Ev ry st t

is known by th

rightsit

maintains) l

Characteristics of Right

univ rs l
-

Page 108

Classification of Rights

oral

ights
-

Di tion ry o so i l s i n
" (Moral rights which are dependent
on the ethical feelings of man and they are not guaranteed by any legal authority.)

egal

ights

Rights),

E onomi
(Cultural Rights),

ights

)
(Religions Rights)

(Civil
(Political Rights)
(Personal

Rights).
ivil

ights

ight to life

ight to liberty
ight to thought and speech

(Right to association and Meeting):

-

(Right to movement):

Page 109

reedom to ress
(Right to contract
(Right to equality before the eye of law) ;

ight to

roperty

ight to

eligion
ight to organise family

ight to economic and social justice

ight to education

(Right to fame)
conomic

ights

ight to work
(Right to reasonable wages

ight to est
(Right to form trade union):

(Right to economic security in old and incapable

condition) :

Page 110

olitical

ights

ight to residence
(Right to election) ;

(Right to Petition

ight to hold

ublic office

(Right to Protection in abroad)

ight to criticise
cultural

owerment

ights

(Religious

ights

ersonal

ights

Page 111

Safeguard of Rights

aw
Democracy
(Declaration of Fundamental Rights):

ule of

aw

(Independence of fudiciary):

(Eternal vigitance of the People)

Rights to Information of Citizen

ight to in orm tin or

itiz n

Ordinance on Freedom of writing and of the Press'

Page 112

.
.

Page 113

.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

Page 114

IW
Prop rty

Int ll tu l

ight

Page 115

Page 116

Page 117

Glob liz tion

Glob l vill g

ul o L w
H b us orpus

Page 118

Duties of Citizens : Conception and its Importance

should observe.)

" (Duty is one kind of special work which we

. .
rw l duty is n oblig tion to
m mb r o
o i ty or

State.)
Pro . H rold J. L ski

Pro . Hobhous
Page 119

(If I
have the right to walk also the street without being Pashed off the Pavement, yeur duty is to give
me reasonable room.)

-
Classification of Duties

social Duties

(Political Duties

conomic Duties

oral Duty
-

egal Duty

Page 120

-
Duties of Citizens

(Allegiance to the state

bedience to aw

ight to

onest ranchise

foston (Selection of honest and qualified leadership):

egular ayment of axes

ublic service

o ducate the hildren

other Duties

Page 121

Duty towards
-

amily

(Duty towards Society)

(Duty towards International Affairs) ;

Relation Between Rights and Duties

(Rights imply
duti s

Page 122

-
Human Rights
(Rousseau)
M n is born r
-

oot t
NO -

Pro .

. .

pp dori

.P. Huntington

h human right are inherent, producing equal opportunity

makes the humanity a perfect one that never feels dissatisfied at their achievement.)
- -

" (Men are born and always continue free and

equal in respect to their rights.)

Relation between Fundamental Rights and Human Rights

.
.

Page 123

.
.
.
.
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Human Rights

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(MCQ)
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Page 137

Page 138

POLITICAL PARTY, LEADERSHIP AND GOOD GOVERNANCE

(Key Words):
,

,
(BiParty system),
(Multi-Party
system),
,
(Good
Governance),
(Leadership),
,
(Charismatic leadership),

. . .

Political Party : Conception and Definition

Page 139

Jos ph

p rty is
or politi l pow r.

group whos

hump t r -

m mb rs propos

to

t in

on rt in th

omp titiv

struggl

Edmund Burk
(Party is a body of
men, united for the purpose of promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest upon some
particular principle on which they are all agreed.)
E rn st B rk r

p rty is
p rti ul r body o opinion
which is nonetheless concerned with the general national interest and which forms and presents to
the choice of the electorate, a programme of general national scope and width.)
(Gette)
(Disraeli)(A party is a group o m n b nd d tog th r to pursu

rt in prin ipl s.

p rty is

ommunity

with a particular structure.)

" (Political Party is an association organisad in
support of some Principle of Policy which by constitutional means it endeavous to make the
determinant of government.)

Characteristics of Political Parties

Page 140

Political Party and Faction

F tion

(Clique)

.
.
.
.

.
.

Role and Importance of Political Parties in Democracy

Page 141

Int r st group
ssioso
(Interest articulation)

Functions of Political Parties in Democracy.

Page 142

Page 143

Different Forms of Political Party

On -P rty

yst m

so oso

Bi-P rty

yst m

or

o osot

Multi-P rty syst m

(one-Party system

(Merits & Demerits of One Party)

erits

Page 144

(Demerits):

(Bi-Party System or Two-Party System):

(Conservative Party)
-

erits

L bour P rty

(Merits and Demerits of Bi-Party System)

- -

Page 145

Pro . H. J. L ski

Demerits

bin t di t torship

Page 146

ulti- arty system

o lition Gov rnm nt

(Merits & Demerits of Multi-party System)

erits

- -

:
-

Demerits

Page 147

lr d

Gr zi r -

ll n
B li
" (A Pressure group can be defined as a group
whose members hold share attitude.)

Features or Characteristics of Pressure Group

Page 148

ivil

o i ty

Page 149

-
Leadership & Conception and Definition
l d rship
l d

l d r.

L d rship

L d
l d r

H. O. Dun

. W. Gouldn r

Page 150

Kimb l

oung -

L d rship is but on orm o

dominance, in which the followers more or less willingly accept direction and control by another.)
. I B rn rd
(Leadership refers to the quality of the behaviour of the individuals whereby they guide people or
their activities in organized effort.)

-
Classification of Leadership

Page 151

ot lit ri n

-
Essential Qualities of Leadership
-

- -

Page 152

Page 153

. .
. .
. . .-

(N.G.O)

Non-Gov rnm nt l Org nis tion

. .
. . .

. . .
. . .. . .-

. . .. . .G.O.

N.G.O.

Page 154

(MCQ)
(

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Page 155

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.
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iii.
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iii

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. i, ii

iii

i.
ii.
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Page 163

. i, ii

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i
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iii

. ii
. iii
. i
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, ii

iii

. 1, ii

iii

i
ii,
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. i
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. i, ii

iii

i
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Page 164

. i
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. i, ii

iii

i
ii.
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iii

Page 165

ii.
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.
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--

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Page 169

Page 170

Page 171

Page 172

STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT

(Key Words):
Gov rnm nt
D mo r y

publi
onstitution l

Mon r hy
P rli m nt ry Govt.
(Presid nti l Govt.
(Faderation),
(Unitary
Govt.)
(Legislature)
(Executive),
(Judiciary),
(Theory of
Separation of Povers and checks and
Balances) |

Government
.
is a spokesman to the st t

Gov rnm nt

rgo

ssioso

Classification of Government
-

Page 173

onstitution l Mon r hy

publi

P rli m nt ry or

bin t Gov rnm nt

Pr sid nti l Gov rnm nt

(Federal Gov rnm nt

nit ry Gov rnm nt

Page 174

Democracy
Definition and
Kr ti

eaning

D mos

Kr tos

D mo r y oil
Kr ti

Demos

Kr tos

H rodotus

ir John
ly
" (Democracy is a government in which everyone has a share.)
" (Democracy is a system
government by discussion.)

of

Pro . Di y
" (Democracy is a form of government in which the
governing body is a comparatively large fraction of the entire population.)
. F. trong
" (Democracy implies that government which shall reston active consent of the
governed.)

Page 175

br h m Lin oln

(Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people.)
Pro . M lv r D mo r y is not
w y o gov rning wh th r by w y o m jority or
otherwise, but primarily a way of determining who shall govern and broadly, to what ends.)
-

Characteristics of Democracy

Types of Democracy
(Indirector Representative Democracy)

Dir t D mo r y

Page 176

Methods of Direct Democracy in Indirect Democracy

eferendum

Initiative

ecali

lebiscite
-

Merits of Democracy

Page 177

Page 178

Demerits of Democracy

ult o

In omp t n

Page 179

Conditions for the Success of Democracy

, "universal education must precede universal suffrage"

Page 180

Page 181

John

tu rt Mill

.
.
.

The Republic

Dictatorship

Page 182

N wm n
(By dictatorship we understand the rule of a person or group of persons who arrogate to
themselves and monopolise power in the state, exercising it without restraint). A Dictionary of
Politi l hought
og r s ruton

which one person, office, faction or party is

ob di n
rom ll oth r itiz ns-

' (Dictatorship is a system of government in

mpow r d to di t t
ll politi l
tion nd omp l

Characteristics of Dictatorship

" (All within th

outsid

th

st t

non

g inst th

st t

non

st t .

Page 183

Et rn l

W r is to m n wh t m t rnity is to wom n.

nd immut bl

l w o li .

Merits of Dictatorship

Demerits of Dictatorship

Page 184

pow r orrupts bsolut ly.

h s th h bit o orrupting

v n th

nobl st o thos

who

Pow r

x r is

it.

orrupts m n
F

nd

bsolut
Pow r

Comparative Study between Democracy and Dictatorship

Page 185

Page 186


Parliamentary or Cabinet Form of Government and Presidential Form of Government

Parliamentary or Cabinet Form of Government

. .

v. Di y -

Pro . Gr v s (In
Parliamentary system, the government is the master of country and Prime Minister is the master of
the gov rnm nt.

sponsibl

Gov rnm nt

Page 187


Characteristics of Parliamentary Form of Government

.
Merits of Cabinet Form of Government

Page 188

"

Demerits of Cabinet Form of Government

Presidential Form of Government

Pro . J.W.

G rn r
" (Presidential form of
government is a government in which the executive is independent of the legislature as regards its
tenure and to a large extent as regards its policy and acts)

Page 189

Pro . F. .

l y -

h Pr sid nti l
form of government is basically based on the will of the President elected by the people directly or
indirectly in ademocracy.) |
.N. Gil hrist

Characteristics of Presidential Form of Government

.
Merits of Presidential Form of Government

Page 190

Demerits of Presidential Form of Government

Page 191

Comparative Discussion of the Cabinet and Presidential Form of Government

Page 192

Unitary Form of Government

Pro . Di y " (Unitarism is the habitual exercise of supreme legislative

authority by one central power.)
Pro . G tt

nit ry gov rnm nt is

system in which the constitution of the state delegates all government powers to the national
government.)

Page 193

Characteristics of Unitary Form of Government

.

Merits of Unitary Form of Government

Page 194

Demerits of Unitary Form of Government

Federal Form of Government

F d r tion
Fo dus

Page 195

Pro . H. Fin r

Pro . Di y
(A federal state is a political contrivance intended to
reconcile national unity and power with the maintenance of states rights.)
Pro . K.

. Wh r

By th
deral principle, I mean the method of dividing powers so that the general
(central) and regional governments are each within a sphere, coordinate and independent.)

-
Methods of Formation of Federal Government
.
-

Characteristics of Federal Form of Government

Page 196

(They must desire union but must not unity)

Conditions for the Success of Federal Government

Page 197

ntrip t l t nd n y

(Centrifugal tendency)

Page 198

.
Merits of Federal Government

Page 199

Demerits of Federal Government

Comparative study between Unitary and Federal Government

Page 200

Monarchy

Page 201

bsolut

or

o o

ssi

or unlimit d Mon r hy

Limit d or

onstitution l Mon r hy

Characteristics of Monarchy

Page 202

Merits of Monarchy

Demerits of Monarchy

Socialist Government

Page 203

Origin and Development of Socialism

Do trin

o L iss z- ir

Features of Socialist Government

Merits of Socialist Government

Page 204

Demerits of Socialist Government

Page 205

Military Government

hi

M rti l L w dministr tor

ML

(Totalitarian Military Government)

Merits of Military Government

Page 206

Demerits of Military Government

Theocracy
-

Page 207

Characteristics of Theological Government

Page 208

Characteristics of a Best Government

Page 209

Hindrances to the Best Government in Bangladesh

Measures to Remove Hindrances for the Best Government in Bangladesh

Page 210

.
Different Organs of Government : Legislature, Executive and Judiciary
ul
ppli tion Fun tions
djudi tion
.

m king un tions
ul
(Rul
.

Page 211

The Legislature

Organisation of the Legislature

-

Page 212

Unicameral Legislature
-

Arguments in Favour of Unicameral Legislaturee

If the second chamber agrees with the first, it is

superfluous, if it disagrees, it is pernicious.)

h
singl
hamber
assembly seems best to answer the needs of the modern state.)

and

magnificient

legislative

Arguments Against Unicameral Legislature

Page 213

Bi-cameral Legislature

Bi-cameral
legislature is , that which has two house. The first one is known as the lower house and the
second one as the upper house.)

.
.
.
.
Arguments in Favour of Bi-cameralism

Page 214

|"

.
-

.
Arguments Against Bi-cameral Legislature
,
,
,

.
,

,
(If the second chamber agrees with the first, it is superfluous; if
disagrees, it is pernicious.)
.
,
,

Page 215

.
.
.
,

:
,

Organisation of Legislature in Unitary and Federal System

.
Organisation of Legislature in Parliamentary and Presidential of Govt. System
,

Page 216

,
.
Organisation of Legislature in Socialist System

,
,

,
,

,
Nature of Legislature in Dictatorship and Military Government

,
|

.
Powers and Functions of the Legislature

Page 217

.
,
.

.
.

,
.

.
.

Page 218

.
The Executive

( )

(Political

Executive)
( )

(Non-Political Executive)
,

,
,
(reigns but does not govern)

Page 219

.
,

,
,
(Plural executive)
.

,
,

.
Powers and Functions of the Executive

Page 220

,
.

(Department

of External Affairs)
.

(Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces)

,

(ordinace)

,
.

,
,

.
The Judiciary

(Sidgwick)

"

Page 221

, "

" (In
determining a nation's rank in political civilisation, no test is more decisive than the degree in
which justice, as defined by law, is actually realised in its judicial administration.)
.
Organisation of the Judiciary
,
.

( )

( )

"

Page 222

"

.
Methods of Appointment of Judges
;
,( )

( )

( )

.
,

,
" (of all methods of appointment, that of election by the people at large,
is without exception the worst.)
.

.
,

.
Functions of the Judiciary
.

Page 223

,
,

(Judge-made laws)
.

'

,
" (we are under a

,
constitution, but the constitution is what the judges say it is.)
.

,
,

.
Separation of Judiciary from the Executive

,
-

Page 224

.
.

.
Independence of the Judiciary

(Kent)

(A. Hamilton)

(Sidgwick)

,
!" (There is no better test of the
excellence of a government than the efficiency of its judicial system.)
,
;

,
-

Page 225

.
Safeguards of the Independence of Judiciary
.

,
,

(If the judge, lack wisdom, Probity and

freedom of decision, the high purposes for which the judiciary is established can not be
secured.)

.
(Impeachment motion)

Page 226

,
. .
- ( )

,
, ( )

, ( )
,( )

,( )

( )

,
,

,
,

,
,

,
,

,
,

Page 227

'
(Cheaks and Balance)

.
Separation of Power : Theoritical Explanation
,

.
Exponents of Separation of Power Theory and Their Views
,
,

( )

(Deliberative), (

(Magisterial), ( )

(Judicial)
,

,
,
,
The Spirit of Laws
,
,
-

Page 228

,
" (The three powers
then must be separated, exercised by different individuals in such a way as to act as checks
and balances againstone another.)
,
" (When legislative and
executive power are united in the same person or the governing body there can be no
freedom; nor is there freedom where the power to adjudicate is not separated from the
legislative and executive power.)
,
,
(Whenever the
right of making and enforcing the law is vested in the same man or the somebody of men,
there can be no public liberty.)
,

(Madison)

;
.

.
Criticism of Separation of Power Theory
.

.
,
.

Page 229

.
.
,

,
,

.
,
,

"

Evaluation of the Theory of Separation of Powers

,

.
Theory of Separation of Powers and Theory of Checks and Balances
,

Page 230

' (Checks & Balance theory)

(
)

),

.
,

,
,

'

Page 231

' (Checks & Balance theory)

(Act)

Page 232

.
(

(MCQ)
)

?
.
.
.

, ,

?
.
.
,
.

.
,

,
.

,
.
.
.

,
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,
-

Page 233

;
.

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,

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,

,
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,

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,
.

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,
-

Page 234

?
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,
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,
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,
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?
.
,

,
,

?
.
,

.
,
-

Page 235

(Demos)-

.
.

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.

?-

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.

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?
.

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,
?
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,
?
.
,

,
.
?
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,

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-

Page 236

?
.

,
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,

?
.

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,

,
?
,

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?
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,
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,
,
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-

Page 237

?
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,

,
.

?
.

,
,
,

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.

,
?

,
,

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,

,
.
.
.

,
.
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-

Page 238

.
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.

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,

?
.
.

,
.

?
.
.
,

.
?
:
,
,
,

,
.

,
-

Page 239

,
?
.
,

.
.
?
.

,
.
.

?
,

.
.
.
?
.

,
.
,

?
,

.
.
.

?
,

.
.
-

Page 240

.
?

,
.
.
.

?
.
.
,

,
,
.

The Spirit of Laws

.
.

,
.

?
.
.
.

.
?
.
-

Page 241

,
?

,
.
.
,

?
.
.
.
,

,
,

,
.
,

.
,

.
,

.
.
.

,
-

,
Page 242

.
.

.
?
.
,
,

,
,

?
.
.
.

?
.
.
.

.
-

Page 243

.
,

?
.
.
.
.

,
,
.
,

.
?

,
,
:
,

?
.
,

.
.
/

.
-

Page 244

.
,
.

?
.
.

,
,

?
.
.
,

,
.
,
.

?
.
-

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?
,

.
.
.
?
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-

Page 245

,
.
,

?
.
.

,
.

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,
,
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,

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,
,

,
,
,
.

:
-

Page 246

,
.
,

?
.

.
.
.

?
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,
.

?
.
.

,
.

?
.
,
,

i.
ii.
iii.
-

Page 247

?
.i
. ii

iii

.i

ii

.i

iii

i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i

iii

.i

ii

. iii

ii

. i, ii

iii

i,
ii.
iii.
?
.i

iii

. ii

iii

.i

ii

. i, ii

iii
'

i.
ii,
iii.
?
.i

ii

.i
-

Page 248

. iii
. ii

i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i

ii

.i

iii

. ii

iii

. i, ii

iii

i,
ii
iii.
?
.i
. ii
ii

.i

. i, ii, iii

i,
-

Page 249

ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
. i ji
. i, ii iii

.
.

.
,

,
,

.
,
.
.

?
?

Page 250

,
.
,

.
,
.
.

?
?

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,

?
?

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-

Page 251

'

.
,
,

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,

.
,
,
-

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?
.
,

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?
?

Page 252

,
?

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.
,
,
,

,
?

,
,

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,
,

Page 253

.
,

?
?
?
?

?
?
,

?
?

?
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-

Page 254

.
?

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?
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?

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-

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-

Page 255

?
?
?

?
?

?
?

?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?

?
?
?
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Page 256

?
'

?
Page 257

?
?

?
?

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-

?
Page 258

'

Page 259

PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL CULTURE

(Key Words):

(Public opinion),
(Good

Governance),
(Political
culture),
(Political idea),
(Political attitude),
(Inherent expression),
(Cognitive
Orientations)

.
Coception and Definition of Public Opinion
'
,

'

(L, W. Doob),
" (Public opinion refers to peoples attitudes onan issue when
they are members of the same social groups.)
.

Page 260

(Kimbal Young)
,
" (Public opinion consists of the opinions held by a public at a certain time.)
(Lord Bryce)-

(The aggregate of the views men hold regarding matters that affect the interest of the
Community.)
.

(E.M. Sait)-

,
" (In order that an opinion may be public a majority is not
enough and unanimity is not required.)

,
,

(Public

opinion is a social product due to the interaction of many minds.)

-

,
.
Features of Public Opinion
,

.
.

.
.

Page 261

.
.

,
.

,
,
,

.
Methods or Media of Forming Public Opinion

.
,

,
-

Page 262

.
,

.
Public Opinion and Democracy

Page 263

.
,

,
,

,
,

.
Political Culture : Conception and Definition

(G.A. Almond)

Page 264

 (Political culture is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientations toward

polities among the members of a political system.)
.

(Allan R. Bal)-

,
(Apolitical
culture is composed of the attitudes, beliefs, emotions and values of society that relate to the
political system and to political issues.)
,

(Sidney verba)
,

"
,

(Lw. Pye)-

"
(Dennis Kavangh)-

"

.
Characteristics of Political Culture

(Political idea and attitude)

(Political Mirror)

(Inherent and Psychological expression)

8.

(Affective Orientations or Collection of Political Thinking)

Page 265

(Cognitive Orientations) :
,

Public Opinion & Political Culture : Comparison, Relation and Distinction

,

,
,

,
,
,

Page 266

(MCQ)
(

.
.
.
,
,
.
.
,

. . .
. . .
. .
,

,
,
,
,

?
.
,
.
,

,
,
,
.

.
.

Page 267

.
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?
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,
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,

,
,
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,

,
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,
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?
.
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,

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,
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,

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,
,

,
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,

?
-

Page 268

.
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,
,

,
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,
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.

.
,
,
,

?
.
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,

.
,
.
,

i.
ii,
iii.
?
.i
. ii
-

Page 269

. iii
. i, ii

iii

i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
. Iii
. i, ii

iii

i.
ii.
iii.
?
. i iii
. ii iii
. iii
. i ii

i,
ii.
iii.
.i
. ii.
. Iii
. i, ii

iii
,

i,
ii.
iii.
-

Page 270

?
.i
. ii
. iii
. I
iii
?
i,
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
. Iii
. I
ii

.
.
,
,

,
,

.
-

.
.
,

?
-

Page 271

,
,
,

.
,

.
,
,
,
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?
?
?
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,

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.
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,

Page 272

,
,
,

.
?
. .

?
?

?
?
?
?
,
-

?
Page 273

?
?
?

?
?

'

'_

Page 274

PUBLIC SERVICE AND BUREAUCRACY

(Key words):
(Bureaucracy),

(Bureaucrat),
(Hierarchy),
(Appointment and Promotion),
(Training),
(Formality),
(Skill),
(Neutrality),
(Legal & rational model),
(Red Tapism),
(Public Isolation),
(Public
Service),
(Accountability),
(Responsibility)

Bureaucracy : Conception, Definition and Nature

Bureaucracy.
(Bureaucracy)

(Kratein)

' (Bureau)
'

'
(Desk)
Desk Government

,
(Legal and

rational model)

(Ideal Bureaucracy)
(Prof. Priffner and Presthus)-

,
Page 275

R3 I (Bureaucracy is the systematic organization of tasks and individuals into a pattern

which can effectively attain the end of group effort.)
,
(Bureaucracy is inseparable from the
phenomenon of systematic interaction of many persons associated in common and complex
terms.)
.

(Poul. H. Apperby)

(Prof Finer)

(The civil service is a body of officialspermanent, paid and skilled.)

,

(ogg)

(The body of the civil servants is an expert, professional, nonpolitical, permanent and subordinate staff.)
,

.
Characteristics or Features of Bureaucracy

.
,
.

(Hierarchical)

.
.

Page 276

Appointment, Training and Conditions of service of the Bureaucrats

,
(Appointment)

(Public Service Commission)

(Training)
-

(Conditions of service)
(Parliament)
,
,

.
Functions of Bureaucracy
.
.
,

,
Page 277

.
.

.
Public Isolation and Red Tapism in Bureaucracy

"

Red Tapism'
,

(Formal)
-

(Through Proper channel)

,

Page 278

.
Public Service

,
,

,
,

.
Accountability of Bureaucracy and good governance
(

Page 279

(Red Tapism)

(Bad governance)
,

"

The

Civil Service in Britain and France

,
,
(formal)

Page 280

(a heaven born service)

,
,

Page 281

(MCQ)

. Mobocracy
. Bureaucracy
. Bureaucraty
. Bureaucrat
Bureau

.
.
,

,
?
. Desk Government
. Table Government
. Chair Government
. Permanent Government
?
.
,
.
.

,
,
,
,
-

,
,
.
.

?
.
-

Page 282

,
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?
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,

,
,
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.

?
,
,
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,

,
,
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?
.
,
,
.

?
.
,
.
.

?
,
.
.
,

Page 283

,
,
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?
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,
,
.

.
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,

,
,
,
.

?
,
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,

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,
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,
,

.
.

Page 284

,
.
?

,
,
,
,

?
.
.
,
,

.
.
.
.

?
.
,
.

,
i,
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
.i

ii

. ii

iii

i,
ii,
iii,
?
.i

iii
-

Page 285

. ii iii
. i ii
. i, ii iii

i.
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
,i
ii
. i, ii iii

?
i
ii,
iii.
?
.i
. ii
. iii
. i ii

i,
ii.
iii.

. . .
?

. i, ii
. iii
.I
. i, ii

iii

.
-

Page 286

,
.
,
,

?
?

.
,

.
,
,

?
?
?

.
.

.
.
.

?
?

Page 287

.
.

?
?

.
.

?
?

?
(

Page 288

?
?
?

?
?
?
?
?
?

?
?

Page 289

PATRIOTISM & NATIONALITY

' (People)
(Nationality)
' (Nation)

,
(Nation State)

,
,

(Key Words):
(Nation),
(Nationality),
(Nation State),
(Racial unity),
(Spritual
unity),
(Patriotism),
(Language movement)

Nation and Nationality

'
'
Nationality

"Nation
Natio

"Natus

Nationality'.
,

Nation'
born"

Page 290

(one

nation-one state)

.
Conception and Definition of Nation
Nation
,

(zimmern)

(A nation is a body of people united by a corporate sentiment of peculiar intimacy,

intensity and dignity, related to a difinite home country.)
(Lord Bryce)

(A nation is a nationality which has organised itself into a political body

either independent or desiring to be independent.)
,
,

"
(Anation is a body of people who feel themselves to be naturally linked together by certain
affinities which are so strong and real for them that they can live happily together, are
dissatisfied when disunited and can not tolerate subjection to peoples who do not share these
ties.)
,

(Melver),

,
.

(J. H. Hayes)-

,
" (A Nationality by acquiring unity and

sovereign independence becomes a nation.)

(Gilchrist)-

,
" (Nation is a state plus something else; the

Page 291

state looked at from a certain point of view, viz., that of the unity of the people organised in
one state.)
(Stalin),

" (A nation is a historically evolved, stable

community of language, territory, economic life and psychological make-up manifested in a
community of culture.")

.
Conception and Definition of Nationality
,
,
(John Stuart Mill)-

(Apolitically conscious people)

,

,
" (A portion of mankind may be said to constitute a nationality if
they are united among themselves by common sympathis which do not exist between them
and any others which make them cooperate with each other more willingly than with other
pepole desire to be under the same government and desire that it should be government by
themselves, or a portion of themselves exclusively.)
(Renan)
,

.
(H. J. Laski),"

(The idea of nationality is spiritual in character.)

(Hans Kohn),
(Nationalism is first and foremost a state of mind, an act of consciousness.)
(Prof. Zimmern)
,
" (If a people feels itself to be nationality, it is a nationality.)
,
,
,
,
,
,

.
Relation between Nation & Nationality

Natio'

Natus

Page 292

(People)

(J. H. Hayes)

,
,

,
,

.
Growth of Nationalism
,
,

,
,

Page 293

.
Nation State
,

'

(ethnic minorities)
,

,
,

.
Elements of Nationality

(Common Race or Racial Unity)

(Common Language, Literature and Culture):

(Fichte)
-

,
Page 294

,
,
,

,
,

(Common Religion)

,"

"

(Nomadic Group)

(History, Heritage and Culture)

-

,
,

,"

(Burns)
"

Page 295

(Unity of Common Political and

Economic Aspirations)

(Spiritual or Psychological Unity) :

"

(Renan)

(The elment of nationalism is neither biological nor linguistic unity, but a spiritual unity.)
(Prof Zimmern)

,
" (If a people feels itself to be nationality, it is a

nationality)

(Prof. Laski)

" (The idea of nationality is spiritual in character)

,
.
Determining Policy of Nationality : Cultural and Geographical
,
,
,

,
-

Page 296

.
Patriotism

(Conception)
,

,
,
,

.
Relation between Patriotism and Nationality
,
,

,
,

Page 297

(Nation State)
,
,
,

,
,

,
,

Page 298

(MCQ)
(

.
,
.
,

?
,
.
.
,

,
.
.
.

.
.
.
,

.
.
,
,

.
,
.
,

?
-

Page 299

. Nationalism
. National
. Nationality
. Nation
?
,
.
.
,

?
.
.
.
,

,
.
,
.

?
.
.
.
.

?
.
.
.
.

,
.
.
,

?
,
.
.

.)
-

. . .
Page 300

.
Natio
.
,
.
.

Natus

?
,
,
,
,

?
.
.
.
.

?
.
,
.
.

?
.
,
,
,

?
.
,

.
?

,
.
.
?
.
-

Page 301

,
,
,

,
.
.
.

.
,
.
.

?
.
.
.
,

?
.

.
,
,

i.
ii.
iii.

,
,
,
?

. ii
. i iii
. ii iii
. i, ii iii

i,
ii,
iii.

,
,
-

,
Page 302

?
. iii
. iii ii
. I ii
. i. ii iii
,

i.
ii,
iii,

?-

.i
. ii
. ii iii
. i, ii iii

i,
ii,
iii.
?
.i
. ii
.i
. i, ii

ii
iii

i,
ii.
iii.
?
.i
. ii
-

Page 303

. iii
.I

ii

,
?

.
.
.

?
-

?
,

.
.

.
,
,
,

?
?
?
?

. Natio

Natus

Page 304

,
|
.
.

?
?

,
.

.
.
.

?
-

Natio

?
Natus

?
?
?
?
?
?

?
?

Page 305

?
?

?
?

?
?
?

?
?
?
?

"

Page 306

?
?
?

Page 307

Page 308