Poulin 8386-5 F16 Press 2 BW

Evolutionary Biology
Lecture Guide
BIO 200
7th Edition
Jessica Poulin
Department of Biological Sciences
University at BuffaloSUNY
Copyright 2017 by Jessica Poulin

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WELCOME
Dear Students,
Welcome to Bio 200Introduction to Evolutionary Biology! Im excited to be beginning
this course with you, as evolutionary biology and its sister fields are the parts of biology I
love most.
This lecture guide is designed to help you keep on top of all of the material well be discussing this semester. Theres a lot of it, so the most successful students keep on top of the material as we go and are very organized! For each lecture this guide contains an outline, a list of
key terms or concepts, a list of people to know, and a list of organisms to know. These items
will help to make sure that you are taking notes on the correct things and understand all the
parts of lecture I think are most important (i.e., that I will test you on!).
The key terms and concepts are listed in the approximate order that they appear in class.
Many students use the space after the terms to take notes during class. Others take notes
in class and then fill in the guide later to cement the concepts we covered. Please use the
system that works best for you.
The paper guide does not contain copies of the slides I will lecture from. These cannot be
sold due to copyright issues. However, slides will be posted on UBLearns. I STRONGLY
urge you to print the slides before coming to class to take notes on.
As a companion to this guide, you are receiving access to practice questions for the entire
course. These will be posted online (directions for accessing the questions are on UBLearns).
For each lecture you will be able to work through a set of 1014 practice exam questions.
These questions are a very good gauge of the exams I will give in class. I strongly recommend you take your practice test after going over your notes and that you time yourself!
Your midterms will be given during class time, so you have 50 minutes to take a 30 question
test. Thats 1.6 minutes per question. Efficiency is a major key to exam success! As with
most things academic, practice improves performance. Thats why I provide the practice
questions.
There are also two old exams for each section of the course (Evolution, Diversity, and Ecology/Final) available. Wait until you have gone to all the lectures from a given exam, studied
your notes, taken all the practice tests, AND made your cheat sheet. Then take the old exams as if you were taking a real test (with your cheat sheet and under time). This is excellent
preparation for what it will be like to be in the real exam!
Good luckI look forward to working with all of you this term!
Best!
Dr. Poulin
iii
iv Bio 200 Lecture Guide
Table of Contents
Letter to Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evolution Section
Lecture 2 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Lecture 5 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
19
23
27
31
Lecture 10 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Reference Page for Evolution Material (Exams 1 and 3) . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Diversity Section
Reference Page for Diversity (Exams 2 and 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Ecology Section

vi Bio 200 Lecture Guide
Lecture 2
Outline
Time Scales
1. The formation of the Earth
2. What happens next: Four eras
3. A brief tour through the history of time (on Earth)
Origin of Life
1. Extra-terrestrial origins?
2. What is life?
3. The Earth before life originated
4. Four steps
Key Terms/Concepts
Note: You do not need to know details about the formation of the Earth itself, just the basic
terms will be fine here.
1. Protoplanetary disk
2. Formation of our sun
3. Protoplanet
4. Precambrian supereon
5. Paleozoic era
6. Mesozoic era
7. Cenozoic era
1
Lecture
8. Hadean eon (Dont just tell me its the first period of time on Earth; be able to describe it.)
9. Archean eon
10. Unicellular vs. multicellular
11. Cyanobacterial mats/stromatolites
12. Bacterial fossils
13. Archean fossils
14. Earliest multicellular life
15. Trilobites
16. Archeocyathids
17. 1st land plants
18. 1st land animals
19. Permian extinction
20. Age of reptiles
21. 1st mammals
22. KT extinction event
23. KT boundary
24. Geological clock
25. Continental drift and changing geography
26. What is life?
27. Four steps to form life

28. Miller and Ureys experiment
29. Building blocks of life
30. Monomers and polymers
31. The importance of clay
32. Protobionts
33. Four reasons we think there was originally an RNA world
34. Viroids
People to Know

Stanley Miller
Harold Urey
Organisms to Know

Cyanobacteria
Trilobites
Archeocyathids
Dinosaurs
Morganucodon watsoni
Lecture
Student Notes and Questions
Lecture 3
Outline
History of the Theory of Evolution and Mr. Darwin
1. Supernatural vs. scientific explanations for creation
2. History of evolutionary thought
3. Introducing Mr. Darwin
4. Darwins followers
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Features of a divinely inspired creation
2. Common descent
3. Transmutation of species
4. Binomial nomenclature
5. Nested hierarchy of organisms
6. Sedimentation
7. Erosion
8. Gradualism
9. Great Geological Cycle
10. we find no vestige of a beginning [of time], no prospect of an end
Lecture
11. invisible hand

12. Competition and self-interest
13. Lamarckian evolution
14. Acquired traits
15. Populations grow geometrically, while food supplies only grow linearly
16. The role of disasters in keeping the food supply in line with the population
17. Impact of extinction on theories of creation
18. Catastrophism
19. the present is the key to the past
20. Uniformitarianism
21. Atolls
22. Darwins observations on the voyage of the Beagle and their impact on his theory
23. The importance of WHERE the organisms came from on the Galapagos
24. Wallaces line
25. Whats the big idea?
People to Know

Anaximander
Carolus Linnaeus
James Hutton
Adam Smith
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Thomas Malthus
Georges Cuvier
Charles Lyell
Charles Darwin
Alfred Russel Wallace
Gregor Mendel
James Watson
Francis Crick
Organisms to Know

Glyptodon
Mockingbirds
Galapagos tortoises
Finches
Lecture
Lecture 4
Outline
Darwins Evidence
1. Darwins hypothesis of natural selection
2. Evidence for Darwins hypothesis from his lifetime
3. Modern evidence
4. Implications of Darwins hypothesis
5. Evidence to support the implications
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Three factors necessary for natural selection
2. Five factors necessary for natural selection
3. Explain evidence that individuals vary
4. Explain evidence that organisms overbreed given available resources
5. The Grants work on the medium ground finch
6. Daphne Major
7. Can you analyze the graphs from the Grants work?
8. El Nio years and La Nia years
9. Can you explain how the Grants data shows evidence of adaptation to environmental
conditions (better variations have better survival)?
Lecture
10. If I told you about weather conditions on Daphne Major, could you make predictions about what would happen PHYSICALLY to the finches there?
11. Heritability
12. What does heritability say about natural selection?
13. Other issues that made Darwins work hard for people to accept
14. The age of the earth (how does this support Darwin?)
15. Fossil evidence of adaptation (how does this support Darwin?)
16. Percent of living fossils decreases the older the rock strata (how does this support
Darwin?)
17. Archaeopteryx (how does this support Darwin?)
18. Modern examples of transitional forms (how does this support Darwin?)
19. The horse lineages
20. The problem with missing links
21. What did Darwin know about the proof of his hypothesis before his death?
People to Know

Peter Grant
Rosemary Grant
10
Organisms to Know

Archaeopteryx
Ambulocetus natans
Tiktaalik
The Equidae
Hyracotherium
11
Lecture
12
Lecture 5
Outline
What Darwin Didnt Know: Mendel and Basic Genetics
1. Gregor Mendel and the collapse of the blending model
2. Mendels basic process
3. Monohybrid crosses
4. Mendels five element model and the principle of segregation
5. Punnett squares
6. Dihybrid crosses
7. Principle of independent assortment
Extending Mendel
1. Do peas make it too easy?
2. Gene linkage
3. Polygenic inheritance
4. Epistasis
5. Pleiotropy
6. Incomplete dominance and codominance
7. Environmental effects on gene expression
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Blending inheritance
2. Why work with peas?
3. True breeding
4. What does it mean to cross something?
13
Lecture
5. What is a trait?
6. Hybrids
7. The importance of quantification of results
8. Monohybrid crosses
9. P generation
10. Cross fertilization
11. F1, F2, etc., generations
12. Self-crossing
13. Monohybrid ratios
14. Latent traits
15. The meaning of the five element modelwhat conclusions does Mendel draw from
each of his elements?
16. Factors/Genes
17. Allele
18. Homozygote/Homozygous
19. Heterozygote/Heterozygous
20. Dominant
21. Recessive
22. Genotype
23. Phenotype
14
24. Mendels 1st law/Segregation

25. How do you fill in and analyze a Punnett square?
26. Where are the gametes on a Punnett square?
27. Can you determine the parental genotypes from a Punnett square?
28. Phenotype vs. genotype ratios
29. Dihybrid crosses
30. Dihybrid ratios
31. Can you find the gametes and parental genotypes from a dihybrid Punnett square?
32. Mendels 2nd law/Independent assortment
33. Gene linkage
34. Two state cases vs. multi-state cases
35. Polygenic inheritance
36. Epistasis
37. How is epistasis different from polygeneic inheritance?
38. Given a genotype would you know what color a Labrador was?
39. Pleiotropy
40. Why is sickle cell still around?
41. Incomplete dominance
42. Codominance
15
Lecture
43. How does incomplete dominance differ from codominance? Could you tell them
apart?
44. How are blood types determined?
45. Environmental effects on gene expression
People to Know

Gregor Mendel
Organisms to Know

Peas
Labradors
16
17
Lecture
18
Lecture 6
Outline
What Mendel Didnt Know: Chromosomes and Recombination
1. Chromosomes are discovered and come in pairs
2. A brief introduction to mitosis and meiosis
3. Haploidy, diploidy, polyploidy
4. Sex chromosomes: an unusual pair
5. Recombination via crossing over
What Does DNA Do?

1. Understanding how weve gone from factors to DNA
2. Nucleic acids, the double helix, and a quick tour of DNA replication
3. The central dogma (DNA RNA aa Protein)
4. How central is it?
5. Codons and translation: A universal code
6. Closely related species have similar proteins and DNA
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Chromosomes
2. The implications of paired chromosomes
3. Human chromosome counts
4. Karyotype
5. Chromatid
6. Sister chromatids
19
Lecture
7. Centromere
8. Homologous pair
9. Basics of mitosis and meiosis
10. Cell outcomes of mitosis and meiosis
11. Basic differences between mitosis and meiosis
12. Ploidy
13. Sex chromosomes
14. Crossing over/Recombination
15. How do chromosomes explain gene linkage?
16. Does recombination eliminate gene linkage?
17. The basic structure of DNA
18. Nucleotides
19. How does DNA replicate?
20. What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
21. Transcription and translation
22. How are proteins formed?
23. Given a DNA or RNA transcript, can you build a protein?
24. Codons and the amino acid table (do not memorize table)
25. What do comparisons of amino acid sequences (Cytochrome C), gene functions, or
DNA sequences tell us about organism relatedness?
20
People to Know

James Watson
Francis Crick
Organisms to Know

No new organisms for lecture 6
21
Lecture
22
Lecture 7
Outline
Microevolution
1. What causes evolution?
2. Allele frequencies: A critical measure
3. Gene flow
4. Non-random mating
5. Genetic drift
Mutation in Detail
1. How do codons get read?
2. Incorrect readings: a variety of point mutations
3. Chromosome level mutations
4. Aneuploidy and polyploidy
5. Causes and effects of mutations
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Allele frequency
2. Population
3. Can an individual evolve?
4. Microevolution
5. Microevolutionary forces
6. Gene flow
7. Does gene flow increase or decrease genetic variation?
23
Lecture
8. Non-random mating
9. Assortative mating
10. Self-fertilization
11. Does non-random mating increase or decrease genetic variation?
12. Genetic drift
13. Founder effect
14. Bottleneck effect
15. How are founder and bottleneck effects different?
16. Does genetic drift increase or decrease genetic variation? Founder effects? Bottleneck effects?
17. Mutation
18. Where do new genes come from?
19. Crick and Brenners experiments and their results
20. Degenerate code
21. Reading frame and frameshift
22. Silent, missense, and nonsense mutations
23. Chromosome level mutations
24. Nondisjunction
25. Aneuploidy
26. Monosomy
27. Trisomy and common trisomys
24
28. Polyploidy
29. Causes of mutation (mutagens)
30. Outcomes of mutation
People to Know

Francis Crick
Sydney Brenner
Organisms to Know

25
Lecture
26
Lecture 8
Outline
Natural Selection
1. The only adaptive evolutionary force
2. Stabilizing selection
3. Directional selection
4. Disruptive selection
5. Balancing selection
6. Determining fitness
Sexual Selection
1. Males and females have different reproductive strategies
2. Females choose
3. most of the time (when the exception proves the rule)
4. Males compete
5. Females gain by their choosiness
a. Co-parents
b. Territory
c. When males dont stick aroundtheories!
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Natural selection
2. Adaptation
3. Adaptive
4. Selective forces (definition and examples)
5. Fitness
27
Lecture
6. Absolute fitness
7. Relative fitness
8. Stabilizing selection
9. Directional selection
10. Disruptive selection
11. Balancing selection
12. Heterozygote advantage
13. Negative frequency dependent selection
14. Reproductive strategy
15. Parental investment
16. What happens when male and female parental investment is equal or males invest
more?
17. Female choice
18. Male/Male competition
19. Sexual dimorphism
20. Paternal care
21. Territory defense and resource acquisition
22. Good genes hypothesis
23. Handicap principle hypothesis
24. Runaway selection
25. Ghost of selection past
28
People to Know

No new people for lecture 8
Organisms to Know

Fence lizards
Pocket mice
Salmon
Colonial bentgrass, Agrostis tenuis
Elephant seals
Australian riflebirds
Pea fowl
Long-tailed widowbird
29
Lecture
30
Lecture 9
Outline
Species Concepts and Reproductive Isolation
1. What is a species?
2. Morphological species concept
3. Biological species concept
4. Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
5. Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
Species Formation
1. How does one species become two?
2. Allopatric speciation
3. How is allopatry achieved?
4. Is sympatric speciation possible?
5. Neat examples of speciation: Adaptive radiation and ring species
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Morphological Species Concept
2. Biological Species Concept
3. Reproductive isolation
4. Prezygotic vs. postzygotic isolating mechanisms
5. Geographic or ecological isolation
6. Allopatric/allopatry
7. Sympatric/sympatry
31
Lecture
8. Temporal isolation
9. Behavioral isolation
10. Mechanical isolation
11. Gametic isolation
12. Hybrid inviability
13. Hybrid infertility
14. Hybrid breakdown
15. How does allopatric speciation occur?
16. Ways that allopatric isolation can occur (dispersal, vicariance, the third one)
17. How is continental drift related to allopatric speciation and species distributions?
18. How do the different microevolutionary forces affect the chances of speciation?
19. Sympatric speciation
20. Polyploidy
21. How might disruptive selection lead to sympatric speciation?
22. Adaptive radiation
23. Subspecies
24. Ring species
People to Know

32
Organisms to Know

Liger/Tigon (no, you dont have to remember which parents lead to which)
Wild lettuce (Lactuca sp.)
Blue- and red-footed boobies
Abalone
Donkey, Horse, and Mule
Cycads
Anolis lizards
Cichlid fish
Pea aphids
Silverswords and Tarweed
Rat snakes
Salamanders
33
Lecture
34
Lecture 10
Outline
Phylogenetic Trees
1. Introducing trees and tree terminology
2. How to make trees from molecular data
a. Parsimony
3. And if you dont have molecular data?
a. Homology and homoplasy
4. Putting events on trees
5. Does taxonomy reflect phylogeny?
a. Monophyly and paraphyly
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Common descent
2. Common ancestor
3. Phylogeny
4. How is time represented on a phylogeny?
5. Branches
6. Nodes
7. Tips
8. Great chain of being
35
Lecture
10
9. Why is a phylogeny different than a great chain?

10. Sister taxa
11. Outgroup
12. Nodes twist without affecting evolutionary relatedness
13. Making trees with DNA data
14. Parsimony
15. Do mutations in a single species give more or less information for phylogeny building than mutations in multiple species?
16. Non-DNA traits used for making phylogenies
17. Homoplasious traits/Convergent traits
18. Homologous traits
19. Derived traits vs. ancestral traits
20. Making trees with traits tables
21. Placing event tick marks on trees
22. Universal common ancestor
23. Most recent common ancestor
24. Monophyletic
25. Prokaryotes
26. Paraphyletic
27. Why doesnt taxonomy always reflect phylogeny?
36
People to Know

Organisms to Know

37
Lecture
10
38
Reference Page for Evolution

Material (Exams 1 and 3)
The dates for critical time periods in the Earths history:

Precambrian supereon: 4.6 BYA543 MYA
Paleozoic era: 543 MYA250 MYA
Mesozoic era: 250 MYA65 MYA
Cenozoic era: 65 MYAnow
The Amino Acid CodeSquare

Third
position
Second
position
UUU
Phe
UUC
U
UUA
Leu
UUG
UCU
UCC
Ser
UCA
UCG
UAU
Tyr
UAC
UAA Stop
UAG Stop
UGU
Cys
UGC
UGA Stop
UGG Trp
U
C
A
G
AUU
A AUC Ile
AUA
AUG Met/start
ACU
ACC
Thr
ACA
ACG
AAU
Asn
AAC
AAA
Lys
AAG
AGU
Ser
AGC
AGA
Arg
AGG
U
C
A
G
CUU
CUC
C
Leu
CUA
CUG
GUU
G GUC Val
GUA
GUG
CCU
CCC
Pro
CCA
CCG
GCU
GCC
Ala
GCA
GCG
CAU
His
CAC
CAA
Gln
CAG
GAU
Asp
GAC
GAA
Glu
GAG
CGU
CGC
Arg
CGA
CGG
GGU
GGC
Gly
GGA
GGG
Hayden-McNeil, LLC
U
C
A
G
U
C
A
G
Ala = Alanine
Arg = Arginine
Asn = Asparagine
Asp = Aspartate
Cys = Cystine
Gln = Glutamine
Glu = Glutamate
Gly = Glycine
His = Histidine
Ile = Isoleucine
Leu = Leucine
Lys = Lysine
Met = Methionine
Phe = Phenylalanine
Pro = Proline
Ser = Serine
Thr = Threonine
Trp = Tryptophan
Tyr = Tyrosine
Val = Valine
First
position
39
Reference Page for Evolution Material (Exams 1 and 3)
The Amino Acid CodeCircle

3'
Asp
(D)
C A G U C A G
G U
U
A
A
C
U
C
G
Val (V) A
C
U
U
G
Arg (R) A
G
C
Ser (S) U
A
G
A
Lys (K)
C
U
Asn
G
A
(N)
Ser (S)
C
Tyr (Y)
U
eil
t (M
n
de
ay
H
t/Me
40
Star
Remember: AUG codes

for methionine and is the
start codon.
STOP
A
G
A
U Cys (C)
C
G
U
STOP
A
G
Trp
(W)
G
5'
U
C
U
A
C
A Leu (L)
G
C
U
C
A
C
A
G Pro (P)
U
G
U
C
C
A
His
U G
G
U
(H)
Thr (T)
A C U G A C
Gln
(Q)
Arg (R)
cN
Ile (I)
-M
)
3'
Leu
(L)
,L
LC
Ala (A)
Glu
(E)
Phe
(F)
Gly (G)
3'
3'
Lecture 11
Outline
Viruses and the Nature of Life
1. Life or not life?
2. What are viruses?
3. Virus structure and reproduction
4. Slow viruses???
The Tree of Life

1. The real tree of life vs.
2. our view of the tree

a. Our view is biased
3. The three domain model is a better system

4. Diversity is noted in different ways for different organisms
5. Bacteria and Archaea
6. The protists are not monophyletic
7. Plants, fungi, and animals are (slightly) more understood
Key Terms/Concepts
1. What is life?
2. Virus structure
3. Capsid/protein coat
4. Viral hereditary material
5. Virions
6. Helical and Icosahedral shapes
41
Lecture
11
7. Binal
8. Bacteriophage
9. The basics of viral replication
10. Why do some scientists argue that viruses are not alive? Why do other scientists
(and your book) disagree?
11. TSE and some examples
12. How are prions different than viruses?
13. Why were prions originally called slow viruses?
14. Prion replication
15. How is the traditional (5 or 6 kingdom) view of the tree of life biased?
16. Three domain model
17. LUCA
18. Traits shared by all life-forms
19. Key traits common to bacteria and archaea
20. Defining traits of eukaryotes
21. How is the new eukaryotic tree different from older views?
People to Know

42
Organisms to Know

Corona virus
Tobacco mosaic virus
Adenovirus
Influenza
Scrapie
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad-Cow Disease)
Chronic wasting disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
43
Lecture
11
44
Lecture 12
Outline
Prokaryotes
1. 2/3s of the tree of life in 1/2 a lecture!
2. Fundamentally different from eukaryotes
3. Early classification
4. Metabolism
5. Differentiating archaea and bacteria
6. Common bacteria
7. Common archaea
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Why is prokaryotes in quotes?
2. Why do we only spend one day on 2/3s of the tree of life?
3. Differentiate the prokaryotes from the eukaryotes
a. Unicellularity
b. Internal structure
c. Chromosomes
d. Cell division
45
Lecture
12
e. Gene transfer
f. Cell wall
g. Flagella
h. Size?
4. Colonial or filamentous growth
5. Nucleoid
6. Binary fission
7. Bacterial generation time
8. Lateral gene transfer
9. Web of life vs. tree of life
10. Peptidoglycan, Pseudomurein
11. Gram + and Gram bacteria, Archaea?
12. Pre-DNA bacterial classification
a. Shape (bacilli, cocci, spirillum)
b. Metabolism (anaerobes [facultative, obligate, aerotolerant], aerobes, photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs)
c. Other classification topics
13. Can you make tick marks on a phylogeny?
14. Low-GC Gram +
15. High-GC Gram +
16. Hyperthermic bacteria
46
17. Hadobacteria
18. Cyanobacteria
19. Spirochetes
20. Chlamydias
21. Proteobacteria
22. Crenarcheota
23. Extremophiles (Thermophilic, Cryophilic, Halophilic, etc.)
24. Euryarcheota
25. Methanogens
People to Know

Organisms to Know
(Some of these are organisms, and some are the diseases caused by the organisms.)

Thermotoga maritima
Bacillus anthracis
Botulism
Tuberculosis
Actinomyces
Deinococcus
Syphilis
47
Lecture
12
Lyme disease
Escherichia coli
Salmonella
Plague
Cholera
Methanopyrus
48
49
Lecture
12
50
Lecture 13
Outline
Origin of the Eukaryotes
1. Earliest eukaryotes
2. Eukaryotic traits
3. Origin of organelles
4. Endosymbiosis: mitochondria and chloroplasts
Protists
1. Protists are not monophyletic
2. Protist traits
3. Building the bridge to multicellularity
Types of Protists
1. Alveolates
2. Stramenopiles
3. Rhizarians
4. Excavates
5. Amoebozoans
6. Choanoflagellates
51
Lecture
13
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Eukaryote traits
2. How does compartmentalization lead to internal structure?
3. Why is the loss of the cell wall critical to eukaryotic development?
4. Formation of organelles
5. Endosymbiosis leading to mitochondria and chloroplastsknow figures!
6. How are the protists profoundly paraphyletic?
7. Variation in protist traits
a. Locomotion
b. Cell surfaces
c. Nutrition
d. Reproduction
8. The development of multicellularity
9. Protist groups
a. Alveolates
i. Dinoflagellates
ii. Apicomplexa

iii. Ciliates
b. Stramenopiles

52
i. Brown algaes
ii. Diatoms

iii. Oomycetes (water molds and downy mildews)
c. Rhizarians (ex.: Foraminiferans)

d. Excavates

i. Diplomonads and Parabasalids
ii. Euglenids
e. Amoebozoans
i. Loboseans

ii. Plasmodial and cellular slime molds
f. Choanoflagellateswithin Opisthikonts with animals and fungus

10. Origin of chloroplasts (multiple endosymbiotic events)
People to Know

53
Lecture
13
Organisms to Know

Gymnopodium
Plasmodium falciparum
Paramecium
Brown algae (ex.: giant kelp)
Sea otters
Diatoms
White rust
Giardia intestinalis
54
55
Lecture
13
56
Lecture 14
Outline
Origin of Land Plants
1. How do plants evolve?
2. Tactics for land invasion
3. A general plant life cycle
4. Just what is a plant?
5. Red algae: The outgroup to the plants
6. Chlorophytes and stoneworts
Non-Seeded Land Plants

1. Moving to land: Embryophytes
2. Nonvascular plants or Bryophytes: Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts
3. The moss life cycle
4. The next big advance: Tracheid cells
5. Lycophytes and Monilophytes (Horsetails and Ferns)
6. The fern life cycle
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Major ways plants differ from protists
2. Challenges of land living
3. Adaptations to land dwelling
4. Diplontic life cycle
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Lecture
14
5. Haplodiplontic life cycle

Sporangia
Spore mother cells
Spores
Archegonium
Antheridium
Zygote
Embryo
6. Sporophyte
7. Gametophyte
8. How do the events of meiosis and syngamy (fertilization) shape the haplodiplontic
life cycle?
9. Dominant life stages
10. Describe different ways to define plants
11. Rhodophyta (Red algaes)
12. Chloroplast formation
13. Primary and secondary endosymbiosis
14. Chlorophyll types
15. Chlorophytes
16. Stoneworts
17. Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes)
58
18. Seedless vascular plants (Tracheophytes)

19. What does it mean to be nonvascular?
20. Traits of bryophytes
21. Moss life cycle
22. Tracheid cells (xylem and phloem)
23. Benefits of tracheids
24. Lycophytes
25. Microphylls and megaphylls
26. Monilophytes
27. Sori
28. Fern life cycle
People to Know

Organisms to Know

Giant sequoia, Sequoiadendron giganteum
Coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens
Chlamydomonas
Volvox
Red algaes (ex.: the species that makes Nori)
59
Lecture
14
Chara
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
Club mosses
Horsetails
Ferns
60
61
Lecture
14
62
Lecture 15
Outline
Seed PlantsGymnosperms
1. The seed is an important advancement
2. Gymnosperms have naked seeds
3. Gymnosperm life cycle
4. There are four groups of gymnosperms
Seed PlantsAngiosperms
1. Flowers and fruits
2. Dissecting a flower
3. What is a fruit?
4. Angiosperm life cycle
5. Why are angiosperms so successful?
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Parts of a seed
a. Megaspore
b. Nucellus
c. Integument
d. Micropyle
2. Three ways seeds are adaptive
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Lecture
15
3. Homospory vs. heterospory

4. Microspore mother cell, microspores, pollen, sperm
5. Ovules, megaspore mother cell, megaspore, female gametophyte
6. Naked seeds
7. Pollen tube
8. Why arent seed plants dependent on water?
9. Cycads
10. Ginkgos
11. Gnetophytes
12. Conifers
13. Traits of angiosperms (flowers and fruit)
14. Flower parts (sepals, petals, anthers, filaments, stamens, ovary, ovules, style, stigma,
carpel)
15. Types of fruits
16. Egg, Synergids, Antipodals, Polar nuclei
17. Pollen tube, Tube cell, Generative cell
18. Double fertilization, 2N zygote, 3N endosperm
19. How is the angiosperm life cycle different than the gymnosperm life cycle?
20. What do we think makes angiosperms so successful?
64
People to Know

Organisms to Know

Ginkgo biloba
Welwitschia
Ephedra (Mormon tea)
65
Lecture
15
66
Lecture 16
Outline
Touring the Angiosperms
1. A fossil angiosperm: Archaefructus
2. The most ancestral extant group: Amborella
3. Modern groups
4. Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales
5. Chloranthaceae and Ceratophyllum
6. Magnoliidae, Eudicots, and Monocots
Coevolution of Plants and Pollinators

1. Pollination versus fertilization
2. Abiotic vs. biotic
3. Abiotic: Water and wind
4. Biotic: Insects (beetles, bees, butterflies, moths)
5. Biotic: Birds and bats
6. Plant goal achievement: Trap flowers, a case study
Key Terms/Concepts
1. What is the abominable mystery?
2. The nine clades of angiosperms (focus on the seven in your book)
a. Archaefructus
b. Amborella
c. Nymphaeales
d. Astrobaileyales
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Lecture
16
e. Chloranthaceae
f. Ceratophyllum
g. Magnoliids
h. Eudicots
i. Monocots
3. Definition of pollination syndrome
4. Pollination vs. fertilization
5. Abiotic vs. biotic (generally and with regard to pollination)
6. Specific pollination syndromes:
a. Water
b. Wind
c. Beetle
d. Short- vs. long-tongued bee
e. Fly
f. Butterfly
g. Moth
h. Hummingbird
i. Bat
7. Coevolution
8. Nectar guide
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9. UV spectrum and pollination

10. What do flowers get out of these coevolutionary relationships?
11. The example of Aristolochia (trap flowers)
People to Know

Organisms to Know

Archefructus
Amborella trichopoda
Water lily
Star anise
Magnolias
Nutmeg
Rose
Pea
Daffodil
Orchid
Trap flowers
69
Lecture
16
70
Lecture 17
Outline
Whats a Fungus?
1. The fungus hike (Not really testable, right?)
2. Defining traits of fungi
3. General biology of the fungi
Types and Ecology

1. Microsporidia
2. Chytridomycetes
3. Zygomycetes
4. Glomeromycetes
5. Ascomycetes
6. Basidiomycetes
7. Fungal ecology: mutualists, saprobes, and parasites
Key Terms/Concepts
1. How do fungi fit onto the eukaryotic tree?
2. Unifying fungal traits
3. Cell types
4. Fungal body
a. Hyphae
b. Septa
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Lecture
17
c. Septate fungi vs. Coenocytic fungi

d. Mycelium
5. How does the fungal body plan reflect nutrient intake in fungus?
6. Cell walls
7. Fungal nuclei and dikaryons
8. Dikaryon formation
9. Nuclear division
10. Plasmogamy
11. Karyogamy
12. Importance of sexual stages for identification
13. Fungal digestion
14. Microsporidia
15. Mitosome
16. Chytridiomycetes
17. Amphibian decline
18. Zygomycetes
19. Gametangia
20. Zygosporangium and Zygospore
21. Glomeromycetes
22. Mycorrhizae
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23. Ascomycetes
24. Basidiomycetes
25. Mutualists
26. Saprophytes
27. Parasites
28. Why are fungal diseases hard to treat?
People to Know

Organisms to Know
(Again, some of these are species and some are diseases caused by fungi.)

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Cup fungus
Yeast
Penicillin
Truffles and morels
Cheese molds
Chestnut Blight
Dutch Elm Disease
Mushrooms
Athletes foot
Ringworm
73
Lecture
17
74
Lecture 18
Outline
Animal Diversity
1. Traits of all animals
2. The animal body plan evolves through five key transitions
3. The new (DNA-based) animal tree
The Basal Animals

1. Non-symmetric and radially symmetric animals

a. Sponges, Cnidaria (and Ctenophora)
2. Bilaterians

a. Arrow worms
b. Lophotrochozoans: Part 1 (Pretty much, worms)
i. Bryozoans and Entoprocts
ii.
Flatworms
iii.
Rotifers
iv.
Ribbon worms
v.
Annelids
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Traits that unify animals
2. Symmetry
a. Radial
b. Bilateral
3. Dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior
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Lecture
18
4. Cephalization
5. Diploblastic development
6. Triploblastic development
7. Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
8. Benefits of variable tissues
9. Protostome vs. deuterostome
10. Acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, coelomates
11. Segmentation and locomotion
12. How has the DNA-based tree changed from the old morphological tree?
13. Lophotrochozoans
14. Ecdysozoans
15. Sponges
16. Sponge morphology
a. Choanocytes
b. Water pores
17. Cnidarians
18. Polyps
19. Medusae
20. Cnidarian digestion
21. All you need to know about Ctenophorans and Placozoans is that they are other
phyla of radial, diploblastic animals
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22. Bilaterians
23. Arrow worm placement on the protostome tree
24. Bryozoans and Entoprocts
25. Flatworms
26. Rotifers
27. Rotifer corona
28. Ribbon worms
29. Proboscis
30. Annelids
People to Know

Organisms to Know

Sea jellies
Box jellies
Anemones
Corals
Tapeworms
Flukes
Earthworms
77
Lecture
18
Leeches
Polychaetes (ex.: Tube worms)
78
79
Lecture
18
80
Lecture 19
Outline
Lophotrochozoans: Part 2 (Mollusks)
1. Mollusks are highly diverse
2. Mollusk body plan
3. Mollusk reproduction
4. There are four classes of mollusks
Ecdysozoans
1. What is an ecdysozoan?

a. Nematodes (roundworms) and Horsehair worms
b. Water bears and Onychophorans (velvet worms)
c. Arthropods
Key Terms/Concepts
1. What did the common ancestor to mollusks look like?
2. Parts and various roles of the generalized mollusk body plan
a. Visceral mass
b. Foot
c. Mantle
3. Cephalization in the mollusks
4. Radula
5. Mollusk reproduction
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Lecture
19
6. Polyplacophora (Chitons)
7. Gastropods
8. Bivalves
9. Cephalopods
10. What makes an ecdysozoan?
11. Nematodes (Roundworms)
12. Eutely
13. Model organisms
14. Horsehair worms
15. Water bears
16. Onychophorans (Velvet worms)
17. What did the common ancestor of the arthropods probably look like?
18. Species richness (number of species) of arthropods
19. Trilobites
20. Jointed appendages and body segments in arthropods (head, thorax, abdomen)
21. Exoskeletons in arthropods
22. Molting in arthropods
23. Limitations placed on organisms with exoskeletons
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24. Differentiations between arthropod groups

a. Arachnids (Chelicerae, eight legs, etc.)
b. Myriapods (Repeating segments, leg pairs, etc.)
c. Crustaceans (Two antennae, three-part bodies, etc.)
d. Insects (Six legs, antennae, three-part bodies, etc.)
People to Know

Organisms to Know

Slugs
Snails
Nudibranchs
Clams
Mussels
Oysters
Scallops
Octopus
Squid
Nautilus
83
Lecture
19
Horseshoe crab
Hookworms
Pinworms
Caenorhabditis elegans or C. elegans
Grasshopper
Ticks
Spiders
Scorpions
Centipedes
Millipedes
Shrimp
Lobster
Crab
Pill bug
Fly
Dragonfly
84
85
Lecture
19
86
Lecture 20
Outline
Echinoderms and Hemichordates
1. Echinoderms are the first deuterostome
2. Pentaradial symmetry and endoskeleton
3. The water vascular system and tube feet
4. Echinoderm regeneration and reproduction
5. There are three groups of Echinoderms
6. Theres just not a ton to say about hemichordates: Acorn worms
Chordates Traits and Non-Vertebral Chordates

1. What makes a chordate?
2. Lancelets
3. Tunicates
Key Terms/Concepts
1. What makes a deuterostome?
2. Ancestral deuterostomes: homalozoans
3. Echinoderms
4. Pentaradial symmetry
5. Echinoderm larvae
6. Echinoderm skeletons
7. Water vasculature system
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Lecture
20
8. Madreporite and tube feet

9. Oral surface
10. Aboral surface
11. Asexual and sexual reproduction in echinoderms
12. Extinct echinoderms
13. The three groups of echinoderms: Crinoids, Echinozoans, and Asterozoans
14. Can you name and describe defining organisms in each group?
15. Hemichordates
16. Chordate traits
a. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
b. Notochord
c. Pharyngeal gill slits
d. Post-anal tail
17. Chordate segmentation
18. Non-vertebral chordate groups (Lancelets and Tunicates)
19. Non-vertebral chordate larvae and chordate traits
People to Know

88
Organisms to Know

Sea stars
Brittle stars
Sea urchins
Sand dollars
Sea lilies
Feather stars
Sea cucumbers
Acorn worms
Tunicates (Sea squirts)
Lancelets
89
Lecture
20
90
Lecture 21
Outline
What Makes a Vertebrate?
1. Vertebrate traits
2. Hagfish: Sister taxa or the first vertebrates?
3. Lampreys
Fish
1. Fish traits and classes
2. The evolution of jaws
3. Teeth and the sharks
4. Bony fish dominate the fish world
The Invasion of Land

1. Lobed fish led the invasion of land
2. Amphibian traits
3. Terrestrials challenges led to species like Ichthyostega
4. Three classes of amphibians
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Vertebrate traits
a. Head
b. Endoskeleton supported by vertebrae
c. Internal organs
d. Circulatory system
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21
2. Where to put the hagfish?

3. Hagfish and lampreys: Cyclostomes
4. Vertebrate groups
5. Fish diversity (only fully aquatic group)
6. Five traits of all fish
a. Jaws
b. Paired appendages
c. Internal gills
d. Single loop blood circulation
e. Amino acid deficiencies
7. Sharks and rays
8. The importance of teeth
9. Cartilage vs. bone
10. Swim bladders
11. Ray-finned fish vs. Lobe-finned fish (esp. locomotion)
12. Challenges of land invasion
13. Amphibians
14. Traits shared by modern amphibians
a. Legs
b. Lungs
92
c. Cutaneous respiration
d. Pulmonary veins
e. Partially divided hearts
15. Major amphibian groups
16. Age of amphibians
People to Know

Organisms to Know

Sea horses/Leafy sea dragons
Tunas
Eels
Manta rays (rays in general)
Coelacanths
Lungfish
Ichthyostega
Frogs and toads
Salamanders
Mud puppies
Caecilians
Eryops megacephalus
93
Lecture
21
94
Lecture 22
Outline
Reptiles
1. Mastering the art of living on land
2. Traits of modern reptiles
3. Synapsids and diapsids
4. Archosaurs and dinosaurs
5. Modern reptiles
a. Tuataras

b. Lizards and snakes (squamates)
c. Turtles and tortoises
d. Crocodilians
Birds
1. Where did birds come from?
2. Birds share four key traits
3. Beak and foot morphology determine ecology
4. Bird evolution
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Reptile perfect transition to terrestrial life
2. Defining traits of reptiles
3. Who are the amniotes?
4. Benefits of the amniotic egg
5. Internal fertilization
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Lecture
22
6. Reptile skin
7. Thoracic breathing (vs. glottal breathing)
8. Ectothermy vs. endothermy
9. Benefits of reptile jaw
10. Synapsids
11. Therapsids
12. Diapsids
13. Archosaurs
14. Dinosaur adaptations
15. Lepidosaurs
16. Tuataras
17. Lizards and snakes (Squamates)
18. Turtles and tortoises
19. Crocodilians
20. Parental care
21. How did birds evolve from their archosaur ancestors?
22. Theropods
23. What reptile traits do birds lack? Share?
24. Four traits birds share
25. Facts about feathers
96
26. Bird skeletons

27. Bird lungs
28. Endothermy in birds
29. Beak and foot morphology
30. General order of bird evolution
31. Passeriformes (song birds)
People to Know

Organisms to Know

Pelycosaurs
Crocodiles
Alligators
Caimans
Gavials
Velociraptors
Ostriches
Ducks and Geese
Owls
Parrots
Woodpeckers
97
Lecture
22
98
Lecture 23
Outline
Movie: A Winning Design
Mammals
1. The age of mammals
2. Mammals share five traits
3. Certain mammals have some pretty cool derived traits
4. There are two groups of mammals
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Why do mammals have a winning design?
2. How do animals in very cold climates stay warm (two reasons)?
3. Mammals live in highly variable habitats
4. Mammals gain nutrients from many different sources
5. Details about monotreme biologyhow are they different from other mammals?
6. Size variation among mammals
7. Mammalian ancestors
8. Some mammals are extinct
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Lecture
23
9. Five mammalian traits:

a. Hair (including various roles of hair)
b. Mammary glands
c. Endothermy
d. Sweat glands
e. Placentas
10. Mammalian teeth
11. Herbivores gut symbionts
12. Hooves and horns
13. Prototherians (monotremes) vs. therians
14. Marsupials
15. Eutherians
16. Common ancestor to the eutherians
17. Rapid radiation of eutherians after dinosaurs go extinct
18. Eutherian diversity mirrors the break up of the continents
100
People to Know

David Attenborough
Organisms to Know

Echidna
Platypus
Whales and Dolphins
Porcupines
Hedgehogs
Bats
Koalas
Yapok
Wallaby
Wombat
Virginia opossum
101
Lecture
23
102
Lecture 24
Outline
The Primate Lineages
1. What makes a primate?
2. The primate tree
3. Strepsirrhini and Haplorrhini
4. Platyrrhini and Catarrhini
5. Hominoids
6. How are Hominins different from the rest of the Hominoidea?
Hominids
1. Ardipithecus
2. Australopithecus
3. Paranthropus
4. Homo habilis
5. Homo erectus
6. Modern humans
7. Why are we the only ones left?
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Two primate traits
a. Grasping hands (opposable thumbs)
b. Binocular vision
2. Strepsirrhini
3. Haplorrhini
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Lecture
24
4. Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys)

5. Catarrhini
6. Old World Monkeys
7. Hominoids (Gibbons, Great Apes, Humans)
8. Hominins
9. Differentiating humans and apes
10. Bipedalism
11. Ardipithecus
12. Australopithicines (Australopithecus and Paranthropus sp.)
13. Homo species
14. Assimilation hypothesis
15. Out of Africa hypothesis
People to Know

Lucy and Ardi
Organisms to Know

Carpolestes simpsoni
Lemurs
Lorises
Pottos
104
Tarsiers
Tamarins
Marmosets
Squirrel monkeys
Howler monkeys
Capuchin monkeys
Mandrill
Baboons
Rhesus monkeys
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithicus sp. (afarensis)
Paranthropus sp.
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens
105
Lecture
24
106
Reference Page for Diversity

Material (Exams 2 and 3)
Important transitions among the three domains:

Features of the Domains of Life
Feature
Amino acid that initiates
protein synthesis
Introns
Membrane-bounded
organelles
Membrane lipid
structure
Nuclear envelope
Number of different
RNA polymerases
Peptidoglycan in cell
wall
Response to the
antibiotics streptomycin
and chloramphenicol
Archaea
Domain
Bacteria
Eukarya
Methionine
Formyl-methionine
Methionine
Present in some
genes
Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
Present
Branched
Unbranched
Unbranched
Absent
Absent
Present
Several
One
Several
Absent
Present
Absent
Growth not
inhibited
Growth inhibited
Growth not
inhibited
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Reference Page for Diversity (Exams 2 and 3)
108
Lecture 25
Outline
Ecology: Evolution in the Present Moment
1. What is ecology?
2. Why talk about ecology in an evolution course?
3. Adaptations are affected by the biotic and abiotic environment
Large Scale Climate Patterns

1. Global patterns in temperature and precipitation
2. Seasons
Variation in Climate Patterns

1. Local variation in climate
2. Global variation in climate
3. Stochasticity
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Define ecology
2. How is ecology related to evolution?
3. Abiotic
4. Biotic
5. Three factors influence climate
6. Intensity of sunlight on Earth varies
7. Effect of light intensity on temperature
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Lecture
25
8. Effect of light intensity on rain

9. Hadley circulation
10. Hadley cells
11. Main effects of rising and sinking air streams
12. Distribution of rain forests
13. Distribution of deserts
14. Distribution of temperate forests
15. Polar deserts
16. What causes the seasons?
17. Topography or terrain
a. Slope
b. Orientation to other features
c. Elevation
18. Factors that lead to local variation in climate
a. Rain in the southern hemisphere
b. Rain shadows
c. Slope and local drought
d. North- vs. south-facing slopes
e. Elevation and temperature
f. Lake effect snow
110
19. Adiabatic cooling

20. Less predictable global effects on climate
a. El Nio
b. La Nia
c. Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO)
21. Stochasticity
People to Know

Organisms to Know

111
Lecture
25
112
Lecture 26
Outline
Biomes
1. Ecological convergence
2. Temperature and precipitation predict vegetation types
3. There are a variety of names for and ways of noting biomes
4. A quick tour of biomes
Niche Theory
1. An N-dimensional hypervolume???
2. Limited resources niche packing
3. Fundamental niche vs. realized niche
4. MacArthurs warblers
5. Are niches real???
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Convergence in traits and habitats
2. Biomes
3. What two main factors define a biome?
4. Interpret various ways of graphically showing biomes
5. Whittakers biomes
6. Other factors that determine what biome is found in a certain area
7. Tundra
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26
8. Boreal forest
9. Temperate deciduous forest
10. Temperate grassland
11. Hot desert
12. Cold desert
13. Tropical evergreen forest
14. Why dont biome boundaries exactly match species range boundaries?
15. Niche
16. Factors that might be important to a niche
17. Niche partitioning
18. Niche packing
19. Factors affecting density of niche packing
20. Fundamental niche vs. realized niche
21. MacArthurs warblers
People to Know

Robert Whittaker
Joseph Connell
Robert MacArthur
114
Organisms to Know

Cactus
Euphorbia (member of the Poinsettia family)
Honeyeater
Hummingbird
Chthamalus barnacles
Semibalanus barnacles
Warblers
115
Lecture
26
116
Lecture 27
Outline
Species Interactions
1. Biotic interactions can cause strong selective pressures
2. There are lots of ways to interact
a. Competition
b. Predation
c. Symbioses
Competition
1. A defining example: Tansley
2. Types of competition
3. How do competitors coexist?
4. Is coexistence the rule? Gause and Paramecium
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Types of species interactions
a. Competition
b. Predation
c. Symbioses
i. Parasitism
ii. Mutualism

iii. Commensalism
iv. Ammensalism
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27
2. Symbiont
3. Why is competition hard to see?
4. The Ghost of Competition Past
5. How do you study competition?
a. Experiments
b. Comparisons of sympatric and allopatric populations
6. Exploitation competition
7. Interference competition
8. Interspecific vs. intraspecific
9. Resources
10. Resource partitioning
11. Temporal partitioning
12. Character displacement
13. Intraspecific competition can lead to less interspecific competition
14. Predation can limit competition
15. Disturbance can limit competition
16. Intermediate disturbance
17. Competitive exclusion
118
People to Know

Arthur Tansley
G.A. Gause
Organisms to Know

Galium saxatile
Galium pumilum
Stickleback
Bufo woodhousii
Hyla crucifer
Hydrobia sp. (mud snails)
Paramecium caudatum
P. aurelia
P. bursari
119
Lecture
27
120
Lecture 28
Outline
Consumer/Resource Interactions
1. Predation is universal
2. There are many types of predation/consumption
3. Consumer species have major effects on prey species
4. Many predator/prey populations cycle
5. Coexistence between predators and prey
Coevolution among Predators and Prey

1. Prey evolve to avoid predators
2. What if youre sessile?
3. Predators evolve more efficient ways to hunt prey
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Consumer/resource relations
a. True predators
b. Parasitism
c. Herbivores

i. Predatory herbivores
ii. Parasitic herbivores (grazers, browsers)
d. Detritivores
2. Extinction via predation
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3. Predators lower prey abundance

4. Predators can restrict prey distribution
5. Predator/prey cycling
6. Methods of predator and prey coexistence
a. Refuges
b. Cycling
c. Predators at low abundance
d. Generalist predators
7. Prey evolve defenses
a. Crypsis
b. Chemical defense
c. Toxicity
d. Armor
e. Behavioral defense (alarm calling, distraction displays, fleeing, herds)
f. Predator satiation
8. Cryptic coloration
9. Object mimicry
10. Aposematic coloration
11. Batesian mimicry
12. Mllerian mimicry
122
13. How do sessile organisms avoid predation?

14. How do predators respond to prey defenses?
a. Search images
b. Avoid/use toxins
c. Get past armor
15. Types of hunting
a. Ambush
b. Stalking
c. Pursuit
16. Who would you expect to hunt in each way?
People to Know

Organisms to Know

Paramecium
Didinium
Klamath weed
Chrysolina beetle
Megapode
Lynx
123
Lecture
28
Snowshoe hare
Bombardier beetle
Nudibranch
Skunk
Bee
Monarch butterflies
Viceroy butterflies
Armadillos
Clams
Porcupines
Anemones
Cactus
Sea urchins
Vine snake
124
125
Lecture
28
126
Lecture 29
Outline
Symbioses
1. Parasitism

a. Ectoparasites vs. endoparasites
b. Multiple hosts
2. Mutualism

a. Types of mutualism
b. The importance of stress
3. Commensalism and ammensalism

4. Species interactions may change over time or be hard to name
5. Communities are interactions of species interactions
6. Keystone species
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Coevolution
2. Symbiosis
3. Types of symbiosis
a. Parasitism
b. Mutualism
c. Commensalism
d. Ammensalism
127
Lecture
29
4. Examples of ectoparasites
5. Examples of endoparasites
6. Parasites can have complex life cycles
7. Why does parasite spread often decline?
8. Examples of mutualisms
9. Human mutualisms
10. Types of mutualisms
a. Trophic
b. Defensive
c. Dispersive
11. Examples of commensalisms and ammensalisms
12. Nurse plants
13. Species relationships can change over time
14. Species relationships may be unclear
15. Communities are formed from groups of species interactions
16. Keystones species
People to Know

128
Organisms to Know

Lichen
Mistletoe
Indian Pipe
Nematodes
Plasmodium
Dicrocoelium dendriticum, ants, and deer
Cleaner fish and customer fish
Honeyguides and honey badgers
Acacia and Pseudomyrmex ferruginea ants
Tube worms
Saguaro and paloverde
Oxpecker birds
Pisaster (starfish)
129
Lecture
29
130
Lecture 30
Outline
The Latitudinal Gradient in Species Diversity
1. A bit on species richness
2. What is the latitudinal gradient?
3. Hypotheses for the cause of the gradient
So, Which Is It?

1. Energy explains some of the pattern
2. Problems with energy as a hypothesis
3. Evolutionary time and niche conservatism: An experiment
4. Is there ever a simple answer?
Key Terms/Concepts
1. Diversity
2. Species richness
3. Evenness
4. Species richness and area
5. Species richness and habitat number (environmental heterogeneity)
6. Latitudinal gradient in species diversity
131
Lecture
30
7. Hypotheses on the gradient

a. Climate stability
b. More competition
c. More predation
d. Increased energy
e. Evolutionary time
8. Why are incorrect hypotheses incorrect?
9. What makes increased energy an ecological hypothesis?
10. What are the three factors of increased energy that could lead to more species?
11. Historical climate patterns
12. EioceneMiocene climate shift
13. Niche conservatism
14. Evidence for increased energy
15. Problems with the energy hypothesis
16. Support for the evolutionary time hypothesis
17. Which evolutionary force is at work? Do we know for sure?
18. Both ecological and evolutionary forces support the gradient
132
People to Know

Bradford Hawkins
Organisms to Know

Spruces
133
Lecture
30
134
Lecture 31
Outline
The Theory of Island Biogeography
1. The lesson of Krakatau
2. Island biogeography explains species distributions in new environments
3. Immigration and extinction
4. Reaching equilibrium
5. Size and isolation
Why Do We Care?
1. Terrestrial islands: reversing the island model
2. Real life data
3. Protecting the equilibrium
4. Reserve design
5. Charismatic megafauna
Key Terms/Concepts
1. What is Krakatau an example of?
2. Basic outlines of the history of Krakatau
3. Rationales for the new inhabitants of Krakatau (ex.: why are there a lot of birds?)
4. The Theory of Island Biogeography
5. Immigration decreases over time
6. Extinction increases over time
7. Equilibrium species number
135
Lecture
31
8. Time to equilibrium varies by species group

9. Island size
10. Island isolation
11. Terrestrial islands
12. How are terrestrial islands different than oceanic ones?
13. Relaxation
14. Immigration must be possible to prevent extinction
15. Reserve design
16. Corridors
17. Charismatic megafauna
18. Specialists
People to Know

Robert MacArthur
E.O. Wilson
Organisms to know

Coconuts
136
137
Lecture
31
138

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Evolutionary Biology

Copyright 2017 by Jessica Poulin

Printed in the United States of America

iv Bio 200 Lecture Guide

Letter to Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Lecture 25 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

vi Bio 200 Lecture Guide

27. Four steps to form life

Student Notes and Questions

11. invisible hand

Alfred Russel Wallace

Student Notes and Questions

Student Notes and Questions

24. Mendels 1st law/Segregation

Student Notes and Questions

Student Notes and Questions

What Does DNA Do?

No new organisms for lecture 6

Student Notes and Questions

No new organisms for lecture 7

Student Notes and Questions

No new people for lecture 8

Colonial bentgrass, Agrostis tenuis

Student Notes and Questions

No new people for lecture 9

Wild lettuce (Lactuca sp.)

Blue- and red-footed boobies

Donkey, Horse, and Mule

Silverswords and Tarweed

Student Notes and Questions

9. Why is a phylogeny different than a great chain?

No new people for lecture 10

No new organisms for lecture 10

Student Notes and Questions

Reference Page for Evolution

The dates for critical time periods in the Earths history:

The Amino Acid CodeSquare

Reference Page for Evolution Material (Exams 1 and 3)

The Amino Acid CodeCircle

Remember: AUG codes

The Tree of Life

a. Our view is biased

3. The three domain model is a better system

No new people for lecture 11

Tobacco mosaic virus

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad-Cow Disease)

Chronic wasting disease

Student Notes and Questions

No new people for lecture 12

Student Notes and Questions

Student Notes and Questions

iii. Oomycetes (water molds and downy mildews)

c. Rhizarians (ex.: Foraminiferans)

i. Diplomonads and Parabasalids

ii. Plasmodial and cellular slime molds

f. Choanoflagellateswithin Opisthikonts with animals and fungus

No new people for lecture 13

Brown algae (ex.: giant kelp)

Student Notes and Questions

Student Notes and Questions

Non-Seeded Land Plants

5. Haplodiplontic life cycle

Spore mother cells

18. Seedless vascular plants (Tracheophytes)