09b Eurocodes Steel Workshop LANDOLFO

Seismicdesign
ofsteelstructures
RaffaeleLandolfo
DepartmentofStructuresfor
EngineeringandArchitecture
UniversityofNaplesFedericoII
Eurocodes Designofsteelbuildingswithworkedexamples
Brussels,16 17October2014
Contents:
PART2
PART1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
CHAPTER 6:
SEISMIC DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
General
Benefits of steel structures
Performance requirements
and compliance criteria
Design criteria for steel structures

Detailing rules for steel structures
Ground conditions and seismic

action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity zones
MRF, CBF, EBF

Worked examples
PART1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance requirements
and compliance criteria
Ground conditions and seismic
action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity zones
3
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground conditions
and seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
Eurocode 8
Designofstructuresforearthquake
resistance.
Part1.Generalrules,seismicactionsand
rulesforbuildings
CONTENTS
1
General
Performancerequirementsandcompliancecriteria
Groundconditionsandseismicaction
Designofbuildings
Specificrulesforconcretebuildings
Specificrulesforsteelbuildings
Specificrulesforcompositesteel concretebuildings
Specificrulesfortimberbuildings
Specificrulesformasonrybuildings
10
Baseisolation
EN19981tobeappliedincombinationwithotherEurocodes
GENERALOBJECTIVES
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
1. GENERAL
1.1SCOPE
THEmaingoalsintheDESIGNOFSEISMICRESISTANTSTRUCTURES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground conditions
and seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
Intheeventofearthquakes:
Humanlivesareprotected
Damageislimited
Structuresimportantforcivilprotectionremainoperational
CONTENTS
1
General
Designofbuildings
10
Baseisolation
LIMIT STATES
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
2. PERFORMANCEREQUIREMENTSANDCOMPLIANCECRITERIA
2.1FUNDAMENTALREQUIREMENTS
Twodifferentlimitstatesaredefinedfortheachievementoffundamentalrequirements
DamageLimitationRequirement
NoCollapseRequirement
DamageLimitationState(DLS)
UltimateLimitState(ULS)
Forordinarystructuresthis
requirementshouldbemetfora
seismicactionwith10%probability
ofexceedancein10years
ReturnPeriod=95years
Performancelevelrequired:
Withstandthedesignseismicaction
withoutdamage
Avoidlimitationsofuseandhigh
repaircosts
Forordinarystructuresthis
requirementshouldbemetfora
referenceseismicactionwith10%
probabilityofexceedancein50years
ReturnPeriod=475years
Performancelevelrequired:
Withstandthedesignseismicaction
withoutlocalorglobalcollapse
Retainstructuralintegrityand
residualloadbearingcapacityafter
theevent
Eurocode 8
General
PerformanceBasedDesign
Baseshear
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
2.
3.
1.
4.
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
Structuraldisplacement
1.Fullyoperational:
Continuousservice.Negligiblestructuralandnonstructuraldamage.
2.Operational:
Mostoperationsandfunctionscanresumeimmediately.Structuresafeforoccupancy.
Essentialoperationsprotected,nonessentialoperationsdisrupted.Repairrequiredto
restoresomenonessentialservices.Damageislight.
3.LifeSafety:
Damageismoderate,butstructureremainsstable.Selectedbuildingsystems,features,or
contentsmaybeprotectedfromdamage.Lifesafetyisgenerallyprotected.Buildingmay
beevacuatedfollowingearthquake.Repairpossible,butmaybeeconomicallyimpractical.
4.NearCollapse:
Damagesevere,butstructuralcollapseprevented.Nonstructuralelementsmayfall.Repair
generallynotpossible
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
PerformanceBasedDesign
Earthquake Performance Level
Eurocode 8
Fully Operational
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
Earthquake Design Level
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Operational
Life Safe
Near Collapse
Frequent
95 years
Unacceptable
Performance
Occasional
225 years
Rare
475 years
Very Rare
2475 years
(for New Constructions)
CONTENTS
1
General
Designofbuildings
10
Baseisolation
DEFINITION OF SEISMIC ACTION
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
3. GROUNDCONDITIONSANDSEISMICACTION
3.1GROUNDCONDITIONS
Identificationofgroundtypes
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
3.2SEISMICACTION
Seismiczones
NationalterritoriesshallbesubdividedbytheNationalAuthoritiesintoseismiczones,
dependingonthelocalhazard.
ThehazardisdescribedbyagR ,thevalueofthereferencepeakgroundacceleration
ontypeA,derivedfromzonation mapsinNationalAnnex;
TheparameteragR correspondstothereferencereturnperiodTNCR oftheseismic
actionforthenocollapserequirement;
TheparameteragR ismodifiedbythe
ImportanceFactorI tobecomethedesign
groundacceleration(ontypeAground)ag=agR.I
Low seismicity
zones
theItaliancase
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
3.2SEISMICACTION
Importancefactors
Targetreliabilityofrequirementdependingonconsequencesoffailure:
Classifythestructuresintoimportanceclasses
Assignahigherorlowerreturnperiodto thedesignseismicaction
InoperationaltermsmultiplythereferenceseismicactionbytheimportancefactorI
I
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
3.2SEISMICACTION
Basicrepresentationoftheseismicaction
Theearthquakemotionatagivenpointonthesurfaceisrepresentedbyanelastic
groundaccelerationresponsespectrum,calledELASTICRESPONSESPECTRUM.
CommonshapefortheULSandDLSverifications
Twoorthogonalindependenthorizontalcomponents
Verticalspectrumshapedifferentfromthehorizontalspectrum
(commonforallgroundtypes)
Possibleuseofmorethanonespectralshape
(tomodeldifferentseismogeneticmechanisms)
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
3.2SEISMICACTION
ELASTICRESPONSESPECTRUM
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
3.2SEISMICACTION
TheELASTICRESPONSESPECTRUMisdividedin4different
branchesdefinedbythefollowingexpressions:
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
3.2SEISMICACTION
TheELASTICRESPONSESPECTRUMisdifferentforthedifferentgroundstypes:
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
3.2SEISMICACTION
VERTICALELASTICRESPONSESPECTRUM
Theverticalcomponentoftheseismicactionshallberepresentedbyanelastic
responsespectrum,Sve(T),derivedusingexpressions:
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
3.2SEISMICACTION
DESIGNRESPONSESPECTRUM
Thecapacityofstructuralsystemstoresistseismicactionsinthenonlinearrange
generallypermitstheirdesignforresistancetoseismicforcessmallerthanthose
correspondingtoalinearelasticresponse.
Thecapacityofthestructuretodissipateenergyistakenintoaccountbyperformingan
elasticanalysisbasedonareducedresponsespectrum,called''DESIGNSPECTRUM'
Thisreductionisaccomplishedbyintroducingthebehaviour factorq.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
3.2SEISMICACTION
BEHAVIOURFACTORq
Thebehaviour factorqisanapproximationoftheratiooftheseismicforcesthatthe
structurewouldexperienceifitsresponsewascompletelyelasticwith5%viscous
damping,totheseismicforcesthatmaybeusedinthedesign,withaconventional
elasticanalysismodel,stillensuringasatisfactoryresponseofthestructure.
Thevalues ofthebehaviour factorq,whichalsoaccountfortheinfluenceofthe
viscousdampingbeingdifferentfrom5%,aregivenforvariousmaterials and
structuralsystems accordingtotherelevantductilityclasses.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
3.2SEISMICACTION
BEHAVIOURFACTORq
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
q e u
q0 q i e u e
u 1
i u 1
1
K
1
u=ui=ue
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
3.2SEISMICACTION
BEHAVIOURFACTORq
Thebehaviour factortakesintoaccountthedissipativecapacityofthestructural
systems.Hence,itvarieswiththestructuraltypology.
Sa
Elastic spectrum
q1
q2
Design spectra
Low seismicity
zones
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
3.2SEISMICACTION
COMBINATIONSOFSEISMICACTIONSWITHOTHERACTIONS
ThedesignvalueEd oftheeffectsofactionsintheseismicdesignsituationshall
bedeterminedinaccordancewithEN1990:2002
Theinertialeffectsofthedesignseismicactionshallbeevaluatedbytakinginto
accountthepresenceofthemassesassociatedwithallgravityloadsappearinginthe
followingcombinationofactions:
E,i isthecombinationcoefficientforvariableactioni, ittakesintoaccountthe

likelihoodoftheloadsQk,i notbeingpresentovertheentirestructureduringthe
earthquake.Thesecoefficientsmayalsoaccountforareducedparticipationofmasses
inthemotionofthestructureduetothenonrigidconnectionbetweenthem.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
3.2SEISMICACTION
COMBINATIONSOFSEISMICACTIONSWITHOTHERACTIONS
ThecombinationcoefficientsEi forthecalculationoftheeffectsoftheseismic
actionsshallbecomputedfromthefollowingexpression:
CONTENTS
1
General
Designofbuildings
10
Baseisolation
GENERAL DESIGN RULES
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design
of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
4. DESIGNOFBUILDINGS
4.2CHARACTERISTICSOFEARTHQUAKERESISTANTBUILDINGS
BASICPRINCIPLESOFCONCEPTUALDESIGN
Inseismicregionstheaspectofseismichazardshallbetakenintoaccountinthe
earlystagesoftheconceptualdesignofthebuilding.
Theguidingprinciplesgoverningthisconceptualdesignare:
structuralsimplicity;
uniformity,symmetryandredundancy;
bidirectionalresistanceandstiffness;
torsionalresistanceandstiffness;
diaphragmaticbehaviouratstoreylevel;
adequatefoundation.
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design
of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
4.3STRUCTURALANALYSIS
Modelingandmethodsofanalysis
Themodelofthebuildingshalladequatelyrepresentthedistributionofstiffness
andmassinitsothatallsignificantdeformationshapesandinertiaforcesare
properlyaccountedforundertheseismicactionconsidered.Inthecaseofnon
linearanalysis,themodelshallalsoadequatelyrepresentthedistributionof
strength.
Accidentaltorsionaleffects
Methodsofanalysis
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design
of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
4.4SAFETYVERIFICATIONS
Forthesafetyverificationstheultimatelimitstate(ULS)andthedamagelimitation
state(DLS)shallbeconsidered
ULTIMATELIMITSTATE(4.4.2)
Thenocollapserequirement(ultimatelimitstate)undertheseismicdesign
situationisconsideredtohavebeenmetifthefollowingconditionsregarding
resistance,ductility,equilibrium,foundationstabilityandseismicjointsaremet.
Resistancecondition(includingP effects)
Globalandlocalductilitycondition(includingcapacitycriteriaforMRF)
Equilibriumcondition
Resistanceofhorizontaldiaphragms
Resistanceoffoundations
Seismicjointcondition
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground
conditions and
seismic action
Design
of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
4.4SAFETYVERIFICATIONS
DAMAGELIMITATIONSTATE(4.4.3)
Limitationofinterstorey drift
Thefollowinglimitsshallbeobserved:
a)forbuildingshavingnonstructuralelementsofbrittlematerialsattachedtothe
structure:
b)forbuildingshavingductilenonstructuralelements:
c)forbuildingshavingnonstructuralelementsfixedinawaysoasnottointerfere
withstructuraldeformations,orwithoutnonstructuralelements:
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Buildings in low seismicity zones

DEFINITION OF LOW SEIMICITY
General
It is recommended to consider as low seismicity zones either those in which the

design ground acceleration on type A ground, ag, is not greater than 0,08 g (0,78
m/s2), or those where the product agS is not greater than 0,1 g (0,98 m/s2).
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
The selection of whether the value of ag, or that of the product agS will be used in a
country to define the threshold for low seismicity cases, may be found in the
National Annex.
Eurocode 8
Ground conditions
and seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
DESIGN OF BUILDINGS
In cases of low seismicity, reduced or simplified seismic design procedures for
certain types or categories of structures may be used.
The selection of the categories of structures for which the provisions of low
seismicity apply may be found in the National Annex
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
Eurocode 8
General
Performance
requirements and
compliance criteria
Ground conditions
and seismic action
Design of buildings
Low seismicity
zones
Buildings in very low seismicity zones

DEFINITION OF VERY LOW SEIMICITY
It is recommended to consider as very low seismicity zones either those in which
the design ground acceleration on type A ground, ag, is not greater than 0,04 g (0,39
m/s2), or those where the product agS is not greater than 0,05 g (0,49 m/s2).
The selection of whether the value of ag, or that of the product agS will be used in a
country to define the threshold for low seismicity cases, may be found in its National
Annex.
DESIGN OF BUILDINGS
For building inverylowseismicityzones,theprovisionsofEN1998neednotbe
observed.Basicallywecanjustforgetaboutseismicdesign(EXCLUSIONCRITERIA)
TheselectionofthecategoriesofstructuresforwhichEN1998provisionsneednot
beobservedmaybefoundintheNationalAnnex
PART2
CHAPTER 6:
SEISMIC DESIGN OF STEEL
STRUCTURES
Design criteria for steel structures
Detailing rules for steel structures
MRF, CBF, EBF
Innovative solutions
33
Eurocode 8: Steel Buildings
Eurocode 8:SteelBuildings
GenesisofEUseismiccodeforsteelbuildings
Thedevelopmentofseismicdesignprovisionsforsteelstructuresisongoingforover
thirtyyearsintheframeworkofECCS.
Firstactivitiesstartedin1980s
FirstEUseismiccode:
ECCScode1991
EuropeanforRecommendations
forSteelStructuresinSeismicZones.
Eurocode 8: Steel Buildings
CONTENTS
6.1
General
6.2
Materials
6.3
Structuraltypesandbehaviorfactors
6.4
Structuralanalysis
6.5
Designcriteriaanddetailingrulesfordissipative
structuralbehaviorcommontoallstructuraltypes
6.6
Designanddetailingrulesformomentresistingframes
6.7
Designanddetailingrulesforframesconcentricbracings
6.8
Designanddetailingrulesforframeswitheccentricbracings
6.9
Designrulesforinvertedpendulumstructures
6.10
DESIGN CONCEPT AND SAFETY VERIFICATIONS

REQUIRED STEEL PROPERTIES
DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS:
RULES FOR DISSIPATIVE
MEMBERS AND FOR
CONNECTIONS
RULES FOR GLOBAL
HIERARCY AND LOCAL

CAPACITY DESIGN
Designrulesforsteelstructureswithconcretecoresorconcrete RULES FOR THE
andformomentresistingframescombined
SPECIFIED DISSIPATIVE
withconcentricbracingsorinfill
STRUCTURAL TYPES
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
6.1
General
6.2
Materials
6.3
6.4
Structuralanalysis
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
Designrulesforsteelstructureswithconcretecoresorconcrete
DESIGN CONCEPT AND SAFETY VERIFICATIONS
EN199816
2DESIGN CONCEPTS
3DUCTILITY CLASSES
SEVERAL BEHAVIOUR
FACTORS
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
Specificrulesfor
steelbuildings*
Lowdissipative
structural
behaviuor
DCL(low)
DCM(medium)
Dissipative
structural
behaviuor
DCH(high)
q1.5 2
q=f (structural type)

andq4
q=f (structural type)
Rules for Dissipative Structures

Design criteria for low dissipative structures
CHAPTER 6
Structures with low dissipative behaviour con be designed according to Low

Ductility Class concept (DCL)
Design criteria for

steel structures
The DCL concept is a design approach where the strength assigned to the
structure is sufficiently large to make the plastic deformation demand from the
design earthquake sufficiently small. This implies that some detailing rules for
ductility can be waived.
Detailing rules for

steel structures
Thereisalwayslargeuncertaintyabouttheseismicactions.Therearechances
thattheintensityofarealearthquakeoccurringatthebuildingsiteisexceeding
thedesignvalue.Iftherealearthquakeintensityisexceedingthedesignvalue,the
demandisbeinglargerthanassumedforthedesign.
Becauseofthepreviousargumentregardingtheuncertainties,theDCLconcept
shouldbeusedwithcaution(EC8suggestsonlyincaseoflowseismicityzone)

Design criteria for dissipative structures
CHAPTER 6
Structures with dissipative zones shall be designed such that yielding or local
buckling or other phenomena due to hysteretic behaviour do not affect the overall
stability of the structure
Design criteria for

steel structures
Dissipative zones shall have adequate ductility and resistance. The resistance
shall be verified in accordance with EN 1993
Detailing rules for

steel structures
Dissipative zones may be located in the structural members or in the connections

If dissipative zones are located in the structural members, the nondissipative
parts and the connections of the dissipative parts to the rest of the structure shall
have sufficient overstrength to allow the development of cyclic yielding in the
dissipative parts
When dissipative zones are located in the connections, the connected members
shall have sufficient overstrength to allow the development of cyclic yielding in the
connections
CONTENTS
6.1
General
6.2
Materials
6.3
6.4
Structuralanalysis
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
REQUIRED STEEL PROPERTIES

Material Properties
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
Estimate the actual yield strength of dissipative

members/connections, which can be substantially
larger than the nominal one.
fy,max 1,1ov fy
RECOMMENDED EC8VALUE
OV =1.25
fy,max :Actualmaximumyieldstrengthofthesteelofdissipativezone
fy :Nominalyieldstrengthspecifiedforthesteelgrade
ov :Overstrenghtfactor

Material Toughness
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
The choice of material to avoid brittle

fracture in view of toughness is
another key issue in the seismic
design of steel structures .
EC8 requires that the toughness of the

steels should satisfy the requirements
for the seismic action at the quasi
permanent value of the service
temperature according to see EN
19931 10.
Recent studies have shown that the

limitation given in Eurocode 8 is safe
sided for European earthquakes.
CONTENTS
6.1
General
6.2
Materials
6.3
6.4
Structuralanalysis
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures

Structural typologies and behaviour factors
Code behaviour factors are mostly empirical,
and are supposed to account for ductility,
redundancy and overstrength of different
structural typologies.
MomentResisting Frames (MRF)
Diagonalbracedframes(CBF)
MRF
CBF
Eccentricbracedframes(EBF)
EBF
Concrete cores/walls
MRF + CBF
MRF + infills
Unconnected infills
Connected infills
Isolated infills
VBracing(CBF)
MRF+CBF
CONTENTS
6.1
General
6.2
Materials
6.3
6.4
Structuralanalysis
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS:
RULES FOR DISSIPATIVE
MEMBERS AND FOR
CONNECTIONS

Element in compression of dissipative zones
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
Sufficient local ductility of members which dissipate energy in compression or

bending shall be ensured by restricting the widththickness ratio b/t according to
the crosssectional classes specified in EN 199311
Localslendernessb/tandlocalductility

Element in tension of dissipative zones
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
For tension members or parts of members in tension, the ductility requirement of

EN 199311 should be met.
Where capacity design is requested, the design plastic resistance Npl,Rd should be
less than the design ultimate resistance of the net section at fasteners holes Nu,Rd
so the following expression should be satisfied:
f
Ares
1,1 M 2 yk
M 0 ftk
A
Ares :netresistantarea
A:grossarea
M0 : safetyfactorfortheresistanceofthememberswithoutholes
M2 :safetyfactorfortheresistanceofthememberswithholes

Connections
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CAPACITYDESIGN
PRINCIPLES
Dissipative zones may be located in the structural

members or in the connections.
If dissipative zones are located in the structural

members, the connections of the dissipative parts to
the rest of the structure shall have sufficient
overstrength to allow the development of cyclic
yielding in the dissipative parts.
CourtesyofPiluso
When dissipative zones are located in the connections,

the connected members shall have sufficient
overstrength to allow the development of cyclic
yielding in the connections
CourtesyofPiluso
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
Thehardening factor is assumed constant
Connection
overstrength
Column
CHAPTER 6
Non dissipative connections in dissipative zones

The design of connections shall be such as to satisfy
the overstrength criterion.
For fillet weld or bolted non dissipative connections,
the following expression should be satisfied:
Beam
Rd 1,1ov Rfy
Rd :resistanceoftheconnectioninaccordancewithEN1993
Rfy :plasticresistanceoftheconnecteddissipativemember
ov :overstrenghtfactor
Thehardeningfactor
shouldberelatedtocross
sectionclassification
WELDEDCONNECTION
BOLTEDCONNECTION

Provisions for dissipative connections
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
EN1998allowstheformationofplastichingesintheconnectionsincaseofpartial
strengthand/orsemirigidjoints,providedthat:
Jointcyclicrotationcapacityshouldbeatleast0.035radincaseofDCHor0.025
radincaseofDCM
Detailing rules for

steel structures
Weldedjoint
Endplatejoint
Anglecleatjoint
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures

Dissipativeconnections
HowcomputingJointcyclicrotationcapacity?
EN 19981 (2004) requires design supported by specific experimental testing,
resulting in impractical solutions within the typical time and budget constraints of
reallife projects.
Jointmodelling
cwt-c
Detailing rules for

steel structures
Experimentaltests
cfb
epb
cfb
epb
cfb
epb
cfb
epb
M
cws
cwt-c
CourtesyofPiluso

Dissipativeconnections
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
Potential upgrade
It is clear that this procedure is unfeasible from the designers
point of view
As an alternative to design supported by testing, the code
prescribes to find existing data on experimental test
performed on similar connections in the scientific literature,
matching the typology and size of to the project.
In US and Japan this issue has been solved adopting pre
qualified standard joints.
Unfortunately, the standard joints adopted in the current US
and Japan practice cannot be extended to Europe (different
materials, section shapes and welding process)
Europeanprequalifiedsteeljoints(EQUALJOINTS)projectis
currentlyongoingtosolvethisissue
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
6.1
General
6.2
Materials
6.3
6.4
Structuralanalysis
6.5
6.6
RULES FOR GLOBAL

HIERARCHY AND LOCAL
CAPACITY DESIGN
RULES FOR THE
SPECIFIED DISSIPATIVE
STRUCTURAL TYPES
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
Structural Typologies for Steel Buildings

Steelbuildingsshallbeassignedtooneofthefollowingstructuraltypologies
accordingtothebehaviour oftheirprimaryresistingstructureunderseismicactions:
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
MomentResistingFrames(MRF)
FrameswithConcentricBracings(CBF)
FrameswithEccentricBracings(EBF)
Detailing rules for

steel structures
InvertedPendulumstructures
Structureswithconcretecoresorconcretewalls
MomentResistingFramescombinedwithconcentricbracings
MomentResistingFramescombinedwith infills
Structural Typologies for Steel Buildings
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MomentResistingFrames(MRF)
horizontalforcesareresistedbymembersactinginan
essentiallyflexuralmanner
FrameswithConcentricBracings(CBF)
horizontalforcesaremainlyresistedbymembers
subjectedtoaxialforces
FrameswithEccentricBracings(EBF)
horizontalforcesaremainlyresistedbyseismiclinks
bycyclicbendingorcyclicshear
InvertedPendulumstructures
dissipativezonesarelocatedatthebasesofcolumns
Structureswithconcretecoresorconcretewalls
arethoseinwhichhorizontalforcesaremainly
resistedbythesecoresorwalls
Detailing rules for MRF

MomentResistingFrames
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
Thehorizontalforcesaremainlyresistedby
membersactinginessentiallyflexuralmanner.
Energyisthusdissipatedbymeansofcyclic
bending.
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF

DesignConcept
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
Globalmechanism:
Plastichingesinbeams notincolumns
Thedissipativezonesshouldbemainly
locatedinplastichingesinthebeams
orinthebeamstocolumnsjoints
Dissipativezoneincolumnsmaybe
located:
atthebaseoftheframe
atthetopofthecolumninthe
upperstoryofmultistorey building
OVERSTRENGTH
(LocalHierarchy)
BasicPrinciples
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
Globalcapacitydesign:
Allowstheformationoftheglobal
dissipativemechanisms
Localcapacitydesign:
Allowstheformationoflocalplastic
mechanismsandensuresthetransfer
offullplasticforces
Concernsmainlyconnections
Rd 1,1 M b , Rd
OVERSTRENGTH
(GlobalHierarchy)
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures

Beams
Forplastichingesinthebeamsitshouldbeverifiedthatthefullplasticmoment
resistanceandrotationcapacityarenotdecreasedbycompressionandshearforce.
Atthelocationoftheexpectedplastichingeit
shouldbeverified:
Ed
/M
N Ed / N
Ed , G
pl , Rd
pl , Rd
1, 0
0 ,15
V Ed , M / V pl , Rd 0 , 50
MRF
where:
MEd ,NEd ,VEd designvaluesofbendingmoment,axialforceandshearforce
Mpl,Rd ,Npl,Rd ,Vpl,Rd designplasticmoment,axialforces,andshearresistance
VEd,G designvalueofshearforceduetononseismicactions
VEd,M isthedesignvalueoftheshearforceduetotwoplasticmomentsMpl,Rd withthesamesign
atthelocationofplastichinges
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF

Columns
Columnsshallbeverifiedconsideringthemostunfavourable
combinationoftheaxialforceandthebendingmoment
assumingthefollowingdesignvalues:
N E d N E d , G 1,1 0 V N E d , E
M E d M E d , G 1,1 0 V M E d , E
V E d V E d , G 1,1 0 V V E d , E
Thecolumnshearforceshallsatisfytherelation:
V E d / V p l , R d 0, 5 0
where:
MEd,G ,NEd,G ,VEd,G arethedesignvaluesoftheeffectofthenonseismicactions

MEd,E ,NEd,E ,VEd,E arethedesignvalueoftheeffectsofseismicactions
0Vistheoverstrengthfactor
istheminimumvalueofi =Mpl,Rd,/MEd,i ofallbeamsinwhichdissipativezonesarelocated
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CapacityDesign(BeamColumn)
Inordertoallowthedevelopmentoftheglobal
collapsemechanismithastobeensuredthe
localcapacitydesign.
Inframebuildingsthefollowingcondition
shouldbesatisfiedatallbeamtocolumnjoints:
Rc
1, 3 M
Rb
MRF
where:
MRcisthesumofthedesignvaluesofthemomentsofresistanceofthecolumnsframingthe
joint.Theminimumvalueofcolumnmomentsofresistancewithintherangeofcolumnaxial
forcesproducedbytheseismicdesignsituationshouldbeusedinthepreviousexpression
M,Rb isthesumofthedesignvaluesofthemomentsofresistanceofthebeamsframingthe
joint.Whenpartialstrengthconnectionsareused,themomentsofresistanceofthese
connectionsaretakenintoaccountinthecalculationofM,Rb
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
BeamColumnconnections
Ifthestructureisdesignedtodissipateenergy
inthebeams,thebeamtocolumnconnections
ofthewholeframemustprovideadequate
overstrength topermittheformationofthe
plastichingesattheendsofthebeams.
Sothefollowingrelationshipmustbeachieved:
j ,Rd
1,1 0 V M b , p l , R d
MRF
where:
Mj,Rd isthebendingmomentresistanceoftheconnection
Mb,pl,Rd isthebendingmomentresistanceoftheconnectedbeam
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
NodalWebPanels
Inbeamtocolumnconnectionsthewebpanels
ofthecolumnsmustprovideadequate
overstrength topermitthedevelopmentofthe
expecteddissipativemechanism,avoidingtheir
plasticizationorshearbuckling.
Thisrequirementissatisfiedif:
V vp , Ed / min V vp , Rd ; V vb , Rd 1
where:
Vvp,Ed isthedesignshearforceinthewebpanelduetotheactioneffects
Vvp,Rd istheshearresistanceofthewebpanel
Vvb,Rd istheshearbucklingresistanceofthewebpanel
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
ColumnFoundationconnections
ThebeamtoFoundationconnectionhastobedesignedinsuch
awaytohaveadequateoverstrength withrespecttothe
column.
Inparticular,thebendingmomentresistanceoftheconnection
mustachievethefollowingrelationship:
M C , R d 1,1 0 V M c , p l , R d N E d
MRF
where:
Mc,pl,Rd isthedesignplasticbendingmomentofthecolumn,takingintoaccounttheaxial
forceNEd actinginthecolumn,thatgivetheworstconditionforthebaseconnection
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
Calculation example
Characteristic values of vertical persistent and transient actions

Gk (kN/m2)
Qk (kN/m2)
Storey slab
4.20
Roof slab
3.60
Stairs
Claddings
1.68
2.00
2.00
0.50
1.00 (Snow)
4.00
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
Calculation example
Seismic action:
Elastic and design response spectra
8
CHAPTER 6
Elastic spectrum
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
Se, Sd (m/s2)
Design spectrum for MRFs
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.00
lower bound = 0.2ag

0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
T (s)
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
behaviour factor q was assigned according to EN 1998-1

(6.3.2) as follows:
qo 1.3 5 6.5
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
Combination of actions
In case of buildings the seismic action should be combined with permanent
and variable loads as follows:
k,i
" " 2,i Qk,i " " AEd
Type of variable actions
2i
Category A Domestic, residential areas

Roof
Snow loads on buildings
Stairs
0.30
0.30
0.20
0.80
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
Masses
In accordance with EN 19981 3.2.4 (2)P, the inertial effects in the seismic
design situation have to be evaluated by taking into account the presence of
the masses corresponding to the following combination of permanent and
variable gravity loads:
k,i
" " E,i Qk,i
Type of variable actions
2i
Ei
Category A Domestic, residential areas

Roof
Snow loads on buildings
Stairs
0.30
0.30
0.20
0.80
0.50
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.15
0.30
0.20
0.40
Calculation example
Seismic weights and masses in the worked example

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Storey
Detailing rules for

steel structures
VI
V
IV
III
II
I
MRF
Gk
(kN)
3256.27
3992.08
3994.08
4020.54
4034.87
4092.99
Qk
(kN)
1326.00
1608.00
1608.00
1608.00
1608.00
1608.00
Seismic Weight
(kN)
(kN/m2)
3579.67
4.81
4233.28
5.69
4235.28
5.69
4261.74
5.73
4276.07
5.75
4334.19
5.83
Seismic Mass
(kN s2/m)
364.90
431.53
431.73
434.43
435.89
441.81
Calculation example
Verifications
HEA 600
HEA 600
IPE 600
IPE 600
HEA 600
HEA 600
HEM 600 HEM 600 HEM 600 HEM 600 HEM 600
IPE 600
IPE 550
HEM 600
IPE 600
HEA 600
IPE 550
IPE 550
HEM 600
HEA 600
HEA 600
IPE 600
HEM 600
HEA 600
IPE 600
IPE 600
IPE 550
HEM 600
IPE 600
MRF
IPE 550
HEM 600
Detailing rules for

steel structures
Design criteria for

steel structures
HEM 600
CHAPTER 6
IPE 550
IPE 550
IPE 550
Calculation example
Verifications
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
Calculation example
the coefficient ranges within 0.10.2 at the lower storeys (namely

those indicated in bold, which are from storey 1 to 4). Hence, to take
CHAPTER 6 into account second order effects the seismic effects were magnified
through the relevant multiplier a , which is calculated at each storey
Design criteria for
having > 0.1
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
Calculation example
Storey
flexural checks for beams belonging to MRF in X direction:

CHAPTER 6
MRF
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
MEd,G
min
(kNm) (kNm) (kNm)
Span A-B
Detailing rules for

steel structures
Right end
MEd,E MEd
VI 59.39 110.45 169.84 4.51 55.86 102.81 158.67 4.83

V 82.89 156.86 239.75 3.20 74.49 152.34 226.84 3.38
IV 82.60 252.84 369.95 2.61 74.68 240.38 347.87 2.78
M Ed III
M Ed,G
283.28
M Ed,E412.43
76.72
kNm
1.13
339.87
kNm
460.10kNm
81.65
2.34
75.62
270.44
391.40
2.47
II 81.62 381.72 531.76 2.77 77.92 354.88 496.41 2.96
I
76.72 339.87 460.10 3.20 81.50 312.77 434.31 3.39
2.32
VI 46.19 106.74 152.93 5.01 41.96 115.27 157.23 4.87
V 57.96 163.18 221.14 3.47 58.59 168.04 226.63 3.38
Span B-C
Design criteria for

steel structures
MEd,G
Left end
MEd,E MEd
IV
III
II
I
60.56
59.83
62.30
65.58
258.75
294.20
383.11
340.87
354.62
403.36
514.09
450.09
2.72
2.39
2.86
3.27
59.52
57.45
56.59
52.92
272.17
307.83
411.86
369.45
368.82
416.89
542.27
469.66
2.62
2.32
2.71
3.13
Calculation example
Detailing rules for

steel structures
MRF
MEd,E
MEd
NEd,G
NEd,E
(kNm) (kNm)
(kNm)
(kN)
(kN)
NEd
(kN)
MNRd
(kNm)
M N , Rd
M Ed
12.06
kNm 1.13 1.1 1.25 2.32 509.64kNm 1843.28kNm
VI 59.39 110.28 410.69 65.56 30.47 162.60 3114.06 7.58
V 38.24 164.55 562.40 167.59 74.53 405.00 3114.06 5.54
N EdIV N41.79
1.1733.11
ov
N Ed,E
791.82 3114.06 4.25
270.15
144.11
Ed,G 190.97
III 40.52 173.68 686.50 372.43 221.10 1194.82 3114.06 4.54
590.11
kN 1.13 1.1 1.25 2.32 410.72kN 2065.89kN
II 41.54 189.13 751.98 476.27 322.09 1686.15 3114.06 4.14
I
31.91 115.02 445.20 578.91 410.72 2054.69 3114.06 6.99
VI 44.65 45.37 189.17 75.37 30.47 172.41 3114.06 16.46
V 40.81 97.71 352.04 177.40 74.53 414.80 3114.06 8.85
IV 41.13 142.34 556.43 279.95 144.11 801.63 3114.06 5.60
III 40.08 213.96 835.91 382.24 221.10 1204.62 3114.06 3.73
II 44.81 240.19 947.06 486.08 322.09 1695.95 3114.06 3.29
I
12.06 509.64 1843.28 590.11 410.72 2065.89 3114.06 1.69
top end
Design criteria for

steel structures
MEd,G
M Ed M Ed,G 1.1 ov M Ed,E
bottom end
CHAPTER 6
storey
flexural checks for columns belonging to MRF in X direction:
Calculation example
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MRF
M 2 M 2 3114.06kNm 6228.12kNm
2 M 2 1471.25kNm 2942.5kNm
M External
joints (Vertical A)
Inner joints (Vertical B)
M M 2.12M 1.3 M M M
M
M
M (kNm) (kN) M (kNm) (kNm) (kNm) M
storey
CHAPTER 6
Local hierarchy criterion for external and inner columns in X

direction:
Rc
Rc
Rb
Rb
Rc
Rc
Rb
Rb
VI
766.43
V
766.43
IV
965.80
3114.06
III
965.80
II
1471.25
I
1471.25
Rc
Rc
Rb, left side
Rb, right side
Rb
4.06
8.13
6.45
6.45
4.23
4.23
766.43
965.80
1471.25
3114.06
766.43
965.80
1471.25
766.43
965.80
1471.25
766.43
965.80
1471.25
Rc
Rb
2.03
4.06
3.22
3.22
2.12
2.12
Detailing rules for CBF

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
ConcentricBracedFrames
Thehorizontalforcesareresistedbydiagonal
membersactingintension.

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
DesignConcept
Globalmechanism:
Thedissipativeelementsarethe
bracingsintension.
Concentricbracedframesshallbe
designedsothatyieldingofthe
diagonalsintensionwilltakeplace
beforefailureoftheconnectionsand
beforeyieldingorbuckling
ofthebeamsorcolumns.
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures

BasicPrinciples
Detailing rules for

steel structures
CBF
Npl
Npl

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
BasicPrinciples
offullplasticforces
OVERSTRENGTH
(GlobalHierarchy)
OVERSTRENGTH
(LocalHierarchy)
Rd 1,1 N pl , Rd
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF

Diagonalmembers
Instructuresofmorethantwostoreys
thenondimensionalslendernessof
diagonalmembersshouldbe:
1, 3 2
in frames with X bracings.
Theoverstrength factortoapplythe
capacitydesigncriteriais:
pl , Rd , i
N Ed , i
Calculatedoverallthediagonalsofthe
bracedsystem.Inordertosatisfya
homogeneousdissipativebehaviourof
thediagonals,itshouldbecheckedthat
themaximumvaluedoesnotdifferfrom
theminimumvaluebymorethan25%.

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
BeamsandColumns
Beamsandcolumnswithaxialforces
shouldmeetthefollowingminimum
resistancerequirement:
N Ed / N
pl , Rd
M Ed 1
where:
N E d N E d , G 1,1 0 V N E d , E
andNpl,Rd isthedesignbucklingresistanceofthebeamorthecolumninaccordance
withEN1993,takingintoaccounttheinteractionofthebucklingresistancewiththe
bendingmomentdefinedasitsdesignvalueintheseismicdesignsituation:
Ed
E d ,G
1,1 0 V M
Ed ,E

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
Connections
Theconnectionsofdiagonalmemberstothe
structurehavetoprovideadequate
overstrength topermitthedevelopmentof
theexpecteddissipativemechanism.
Forfilletweldorboltednondissipative
connections,thefollowingexpressionshould
besatisfied:
R j , d 0 V 1,1 R p l , R d RU , R d
where:
Rj,d isthedesignresistanceoftheconnection;
Rpl,Rd istheplasticresistanceoftheconnecteddissipativememberbasedonthedesignyieldstressof
thematerial
RU,Rd istheupperboundoftheplasticresistanceoftheconnecteddissipativemember;
0V istheoverstrengthfactor
Detailing rules for CBF -V bracing

CHAPTER 6
Thehorizontalforcesareresistedbydiagonal
membersactingintension.
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
DesignConcept
Globalmechanism:
Thedissipativeelementsarethe
bracingsintension.
Concentricbracedframesshallbe
designedsothatyieldingofthe
diagonalsintensionwilltakeplace
beforefailureoftheconnectionsand
beforeyieldingorbuckling
ofthebeamsorcolumns.

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
BasicPrinciples
offullplasticforces
CHAPTER 6

DiagonalBracings
Modeling:
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
Sincehorizontalforcesareresistedbydiagonalmembers
actingintension,applyingthecapacitydesigncriteria,the
contributionoftheresistanceofthecompresseddiagonals
hastobeneglected.
InframeswithVbracings,boththetensionandcompression
diagonalsshallbetakenintoaccount.
Moreover,thebeamsshouldbedesignedtoresistallnon
seismicactionswithoutconsideringtheintermediatesupport
givenbythediagonals.

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
DiagonalBracings
Npl
Duringthedesignitshouldbetakenintoaccount
boththetensionandcompressiondiagonals.
0,3 Npl
Duringthesafetychecks,shouldbeconsidered
thebucklingofthediagonalincompression.
Theunbalancedverticalseismicactioneffect
appliedtothebeambythebracesafterthe
bucklingofthecompressiondiagonaliscalculated
considering:
Npl
0,3 Npl
Npl,Rd intensiondiagonals
pb Npl,Rd incompressiondiagonals
withpb =0,30isthefactorusedfortheestimationofthepostbucklingresistance
ofdiagonalsincompression.

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
Diagonalmembers
Instructuresofmorethantwostoreys
thenondimensionalslendernessof
diagonalmembersshouldbe:
2
inframeswithVbracings
CBF
Theoverstrength factortoapplythe
capacitydesigncriteriais:
pl , Rd , i
N Ed , i
Calculatedoverallthediagonalsofthe
bracedsystem.Inordertosatisfya
homogeneousdissipativebehaviourof
thediagonals,itshouldbecheckedthat
themaximumvaluedoesnotdifferfrom
theminimumvaluebymorethan25%.

CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
BeamsandColumns
Beamsandcolumnswithaxialforces
shouldmeetthefollowingminimum
resistancerequirement:
N Ed / N
pl , Rd
M Ed 1
where:
N E d N E d , G 1,1 0 V N E d , E
andNpl,Rd isthedesignbucklingresistanceofthebeamorthecolumninaccordance
withEN1993,takingintoaccounttheinteractionofthebucklingresistancewiththe
bendingmomentdefinedasitsdesignvalueintheseismicdesignsituation:
Ed
E d ,G
1,1 0 V M
Ed ,E
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF

Connections
Theconnectionsofdiagonalmemberstothe
structurehavetoprovideadequate
overstrength topermitthedevelopmentof
theexpecteddissipativemechanism.
Forfilletweldorboltednondissipative
connections,thefollowingexpressionshould
besatisfied:
R j , d 0 V 1,1 R p l , R d RU , R d
where:
Rpl,Rd istheplasticresistanceoftheconnecteddissipativememberbasedonthedesignyieldstressof
thematerial
RU,Rd istheupperboundoftheplasticresistanceoftheconnecteddissipativemember;
0V istheoverstrengthfactor
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
31
5
CBF
6
6
24
Detailing rules for

steel structures
Design criteria for

steel structures
2.33 2.34 2.33 2
2.5 2.5
X Bracings
Direction X
V Bracings
Direction Y
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Seismic action
Elastic and design response spectra
8
Design criteria for

steel structures
CBF
Design spectrum-X braces
6
2
S e, S d (m/s )
Detailing rules for

steel structures
Elastic spectrum
Design spectrum-Inverted-V braces
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.00
lower bound = 0.2a g

0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
T (s)
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
behaviour factor q was assigned according to EC8 (DCH

concept) as follows:
q4
for X-CBFs
q 2.5 for inverted V-CBFs
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
Verification of Braces: XCBF

The circular hollow sections are suitable to satisfy both the slenderness limits
(1.3 < 2.0) and the requirement of minimizing the variation among the
diagonals of the overstrength ratio i, whose maximum value (max) must not
differ from the minimum one (min) by more than 25%. .
Brace cross
section
Storey
(d x t)
(mm x
mm)
VI
114.3x4
V
121x6.3
IV
121x8
III
121x10
II
133x10
I
159x10
178.10
171.08
173.22
176.29
159.31
136.57
1.90
1.82
1.85
1.88
1.70
1.45
Npl,Rd
NEd
(kN)
(kN)
326.65
533.45
667.40
820.15
907.10
1099.80
180.65
325.70
430.74
517.46
576.19
650.07
i = Npl,Rd
NEd
1.81
1.64
1.55
1.58
1.57
1.69
i min (x 100)
min
16.70
5.71
0.00
2.29
1.61
9.19
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Verification of beams: XCBF

Storey Section
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
VI
V
IV
III
II
I
NRd
(kN)
NEd,G
(kN)
IPE 360
IPE 360
IPE 360 2580.85 0.00
IPE 360
IPE 360
IPE 360
NEd,E
(kN)
156.05
281.34
372.07
446.98
497.72
540.90
NEd=
Storey NEd,G NEd,E NEd,G+1.1ovNEd,E
(kN) (kN)
(kN)
VI
78.02
132.98
V
218.70
372.74
IV
326.71
556.83
0.00
III
409.53
697.99
II
472.35
805.06
I
510.16
869.51
NEd=NEd,G+1.1ovNEd,E
(kN)
265.96
479.51
634.15
761.82
848.29
921.90
MEd=
MEd,G MEd,E MEd,G+1.1ovMEd,E
(kNm) (kNm)
(kNm)
64.28
64.28
86.27
86.27
86.27
86.27
0.00
86.27
86.27
86.27
86.27
86.27
86.27
NRd
NEd
9.70
5.38
4.07
3.39
3.04
2.80
MN,Rd
(kNm)
361.75
361.75
355.97
331.14
312.31
300.98
MRd
MEd
5.63
4.19
4.13
3.84
3.62
3.49
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Verification of columns: XCBF

column type a
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
Storey Section
A
2
VI HE180A
V HE180A
IV HE240B
III HE240B
II HE240M
I HE240M
(mm )
4530
4530
10600
10600
19960
19960
0.59
0.59
0.75
0.75
0.77
0.71
VI HE180A 4530 0.59

V HE180A 4530 0.59
IV HE240B 10600 0.75
III HE240B 10600 0.75
II HE240M 19960 0.77
I HE240M 19960 0.71
Npl,Rd
NEd,G
NEd,E
(kN)
(kN)
(kN)
1608.15 103.77
0.00
1608.15 237.62
91.03
3763.00 372.52 253.90
3763.00 507.15 465.92
7085.80 646.06 716.86
7085.80 786.00 994.39
column type b
1608.15 92.33
91.03
1608.15 214.20 253.90
3763.00 338.31 465.92
3763.00 461.08 716.86
7085.80 586.39 994.39
7085.80 710.44 1341.94
NEd=
NEd,G+1.1ovNEd,E Npl,Rd
(kN)
NEd
103.77
9.12
392.76
2.41
805.26
3.52
1301.24
2.18
1867.85
2.94
2480.80
2.03
247.47
646.94
1132.41
1682.87
2281.19
2997.59
3.82
1.46
2.50
1.68
2.40
1.68
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Verification of Braces: inverted VCBF

design checks in tension
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
Storey
VI
V
IV
III
II
I
Brace cross
section (d x t)
(mm x mm)
127x6.3
193.7x8
244.5x8
244.5x10
273x10
323.9x10
Npl,Rd
NEd, D1
(kN)
561.65
1097.45
1395.90
1722.55
1941.10
2317.10
(kN)
245.60
461.96
622.87
756.68
843.92
986.84
i =
Npl,Rd
i
(x 100)
NEd d,D1
2.29
2.38
2.24
2.28
2.30
2.35
2.04
6.00
0.00
1.58
2.63
4.77
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Verification of Braces: inverted VCBF

design checks in compression
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
Storey
VI
V
IV
III
II
I
Brace cross
section (d x t)
(mm x mm)
127x6.3
193.7x8
244.5x8
244.5x10
273x10
323.9x10
Nb,Rd
(kN)
NEd, D1
(kN)
Nb,Rd
NEd,D1
107.94
70.15
55.07
55.53
49.51
45.05
1.15
0.75
0.59
0.59
0.53
0.48
0.56
0.82
0.89
0.89
0.92
0.93
315.86
904.70
1249.31
1538.50
1777.16
2155.83
245.60
461.96
622.87
756.68
843.92
986.84
1.29
1.96
2.01
2.03
2.11
2.18
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Verification of beams: inverted VCBF
Design criteria for

steel structures
Npl
0,3 Npl
Detailing rules for

steel structures
CBF
Storey
Section
VI
V
IV
III
II
I
HE320 B
HE320 M
HE360 M
HE450 M
HE500 M
HE550 M
NEd
(kN)
475.25
928.63
1181.17
1457.57
1642.50
1807.34
MEd,G
(kNm)
41.90
58.13
58.35
58.62
59.24
61.28
MEd,E
(kNm)
447.83
875.05
1113.02
1373.48
1547.74
1946.36
MEd
(kNm)
489.73
933.19
1171.38
1432.10
1606.98
2007.64
MRd
(kNm)
762.90
1574.43
1771.10
2247.51
2518.37
2816.22
MRd
MEd
1.56
1.69
1.51
1.57
1.57
1.40
Calculation example
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
CBF
Verification of columns: inverted VCBF
Storey
Section
A
2
VI
V
IV
III
II
I
HE180A
HE180A
HE240M
HE240M
HE320M
HE320M
(mm )
4530
4530
19960
19960
31200
31200
0.59
0.59
0.77
0.77
0.85
0.81
Npl,Rd
(kN)
1608.15
1608.15
7085.80
7085.80
11076.00
11076.00
NEd,G
(kN)
94.72
225.44
384.77
534.95
694.41
847.88
NEd,E
(kN)
0.00
182.06
527.24
984.00
1535.70
2139.46
NEd= NEd,G+1.1ovNEd,E
(kN)
94.72
674.27
1684.50
2960.71
4480.22
6122.07
Npl,Rd
NEd
9.99
1.40
3.26
1.85
2.10
1.46
Detailing rules for EBF

EccentricBracedFrames
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
EBF
Thehorizontalforcesareresistedbyspecificelements
calledseismiclinksactinginbendingand/orshear.
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
EBF

DesignConcept
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
EBF
Globalmechanism:
Thedissipativeelementsaretheseismic
links.
Frameswitheccentricbracingsshallbe
designedsothatspecificelementsor
partsofelementscalledseismiclinks
areabletodissipateenergybythe
formationofplasticbendingand/or
plasticshearmechanisms,beforefailure
oftheconnectionsandbeforeyielding
orbucklingofthebeams,columnsand
diagonalmembers.

BasicPrinciples
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
EBF
Nondissipativeelementsand
connectionsaredesignedwith
adequateoverstrength respectto
dissipativezones(link)
SHORTLINKS
dissipateenergybyyielding
essentiallyinshear
Classificationofseismiclinks
CHAPTER 6
Seismiclinksareclassifiedinto3categories
accordingtothetypeofplasticmechanism
developed:
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
EBF
LONGLINKS
dissipateenergybyyielding
essentiallyinbending
Link corti
Link lunghi
INTERMEDIATELINKS
theplasticmechanisminvolves
bendingandshear
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
EBF
Indesignswhereequalmomentswouldformsimultaneouslyatbothendsofthe
link(seeFigure),linksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothelengthe.
ForIsections,thecategoriesare:
SHORTLINKS:
e 1, 6
p , lin k
V p , lin k
LONGLINKS:
e 3, 0
whereMp.link andVp,link arethe

designbendingmomentandshear
resistanceofthelinksandtheyare
calculatedhereforIsections:
p , lin k
V p , lin k
INTERMEDIATELINKS:
1, 6
p , lin k
V p , lin k
e 3, 0
M
p , lin k
V p , lin k
p , lin k
f y b t f d t f
V p , lin k
fy
3
tw d t f
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
EBF
Indesignswhereonlyoneplastichingewouldformatoneendofthelink(see
Figure),linksmaybeclassifiedaccordingtothelengthe.
ForIsections,thecategoriesare:
SHORTLINKS:
e 0, 8 1
p , lin k
V p , lin k
LONGLINKS:
e 1, 5 1
where
istheratiobetweenthesmallerand
thegreaterbendingmomentsatthe
endsofthelinkintheseismicdesign
situation;
p , lin k
V p , lin k
INTERMEDIATELINKS:
0, 8 1
p , lin k
V p , lin k
e 1, 5 1
p , lin k
Mp.link andVp,link arethedesign
V p , lin k bendingmomentandshearresistance
ofthelinksandtheyarecalculated
hereforIsections:
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
EBF
SeismicLinks
IfNEd/Npl,Rd 0,15thedesignresistanceofthelinkshouldsatisfybothofthefollowing
relationshipsatbothendsofthelink:
V E d V p , lin k
M
Ed
p , lin k
IfNEd/Npl,Rd >0,15thedesignresistanceofthelinkshouldsatisfybothoftheprevious
relationshipsatbothendsofthelinkwiththereducedvaluesVp,link,r andMp,link,r
V p , lin k , r V p , lin k 1 N E d / N p l , R d
p , lin k , r
p , lin k
0 ,5
1 N E d / N p l , R d
CHAPTER 6
WebStiffeners
Ductilityofseismiclinksisguaranteedbythedisposalofwebstiffeners.
Forrotationangleshouldnotexceed:
ForShortLinksForLongLinks
Design criteria for

steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
EBF
0 , 08 rad
0 , 02 rad
Linksshouldbeprovidedwithintermediatewebstiffenersasfollows:
intermediatewebstiffenersspacedatintervalsnotexceeding(30tw d/5)fora
rotationanglep of0,08radiansor(52tw d/5)forrotationanglesp of0,02radians;
forLongLinksoneintermediatewebstiffenerplacedatadistanceof1,5timesb
fromeachendofthelinkwhereaplastichingewouldform;
theintermediatewebstiffenersshouldbefulldepth,ononlyonesideofthelink
webforlinksthatarelessthan600mmindepth,andonbothsidesofthewebfor
linksthatare600mmindepthorgreater.
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
MembersnotcontainingSeismicLinks
Columnsanddiagonalmembers,ifhorizontallinksinbeamsareused,andalsothe
beammembers,ifverticallinksareused,shouldbeverifiedincompression
consideringthemostunfavourable combinationoftheaxialforceandbending
moments:
N Rd M
Ed
, V E d N E d , G 1,1 0 V N E d , E
Theoverstrength factorscalculatedforeachmembernotcontainingseismiclinksare:
forShortLinkstheminimumvalueof
i 1, 5 V p , lin k , i / V E d , i
forLongLinkstheminimumvalueof
i 1, 5 M
EBF
p , lin k , i
/M
E d ,i
Inordertoachieveaglobaldissipativebehaviour ofthestructure,itshouldbe
checkedthatthemaximumvaluedoesnotdifferfromtheminimumvaluebymore
than25%.
CHAPTER 6
Design criteria for
steel structures
Detailing rules for
steel structures
Connections
Theconnectionsoflinkstotheothermembershavetoprovideadequateoverstrength
topermitthedevelopmentoftheexpecteddissipativemechanism,avoidingtheir
plasticizationorbuckling.
Nondissipativeconnectionsofdissipativemembersmadebymeansoffull
penetrationbuttweldsmaybedeemedtosatisfytheoverstrength criterion.
R j , d 0 V 1,1 R p l , R d RU , R d
EBF
where:
Rpl,Rd istheplasticresistanceofthedissipativemember;
RU,Rd istheupperboundoftheplasticresistanceof
thedissipativemember;
0V istheoverstrengthfactor.
FutureofEUseismiccodes
European Convention for Constructional Steelwork
Technical Committee n.13Seismic Design TC13

TC13 MISSION
TC13 is devoted to the topic of seismic design with the mission to promote the use of
steel in seismic regions.
TC13 CHAIRMAN
Raffaele Landolfo
TC13PUBLICATIONS
References
EN 1998-1-1. Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
Part 1:General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. CEN; 2004.
EN 1998-3. Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings. CEN; 2005.
EN 1993-1. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structuresPart 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings. CEN; 2005.
Landolfo Raffaele, editor. Assessment of EC8 provisions for seismic design of
steel structures. Technical Committee 13Seismic Design, No 131/2013.
ECCSEuropean Convention for Constructional Steelwork; 2013.
R. Landolfo, F. M. Mazzolani, D. Dubina, L. da Silva, M. DAniello. DESIGN OF
STEEL STRUCTURES FOR BUILDINGS IN SEISMIC AREAS. ECCSEuropean
Convention for Constructional Steelwork; (in preparation)
118
Thanks for your kind attention

landolfo@unina.it
119

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Seismicdesign

Benefits of steel structures

Design criteria for steel structures

Ground conditions and seismic

MRF, CBF, EBF

Earthquake Design Level

(for New Constructions)

DEFINITION OF SEISMIC ACTION

E,i isthecombinationcoefficientforvariableactioni, ittakesintoaccountthe

GENERAL DESIGN RULES

Buildings in low seismicity zones

It is recommended to consider as low seismicity zones either those in which the

Buildings in very low seismicity zones

Eurocode 8: Steel Buildings

Eurocode 8: Steel Buildings

DESIGN CONCEPT AND SAFETY VERIFICATIONS

RULES FOR GLOBAL

HIERARCY AND LOCAL

DESIGN CONCEPT AND SAFETY VERIFICATIONS

Design criteria for

q=f (structural type)

q=f (structural type)

Rules for Dissipative Structures

Structures with low dissipative behaviour con be designed according to Low

Design criteria for

Detailing rules for

Rules for Dissipative Structures

Design criteria for

Detailing rules for

Dissipative zones may be located in the structural members or in the connections

REQUIRED STEEL PROPERTIES

Rules for Dissipative Structures

Estimate the actual yield strength of dissipative

Rules for Dissipative Structures

The choice of material to avoid brittle

EC8 requires that the toughness of the

Recent studies have shown that the

DEFINITION OF SEISMIC ACTION

Rules for Dissipative Structures

MomentResisting Frames (MRF)

Rules for Dissipative Structures

Sufficient local ductility of members which dissipate energy in compression or

Rules for Dissipative Structures

For tension members or parts of members in tension, the ductility requirement of

Rules for Dissipative Structures

Dissipative zones may be located in the structural

If dissipative zones are located in the structural

When dissipative zones are located in the connections,

Rules for Dissipative Structures

Design criteria for

Thehardening factor is assumed constant

Non dissipative connections in dissipative zones

Rules for Dissipative Structures

Detailing rules for

Rules for Dissipative Structures

Detailing rules for

Rules for Dissipative Structures

RULES FOR GLOBAL

Structural Typologies for Steel Buildings

Detailing rules for

Structural Typologies for Steel Buildings

Detailing rules for MRF

Detailing rules for MRF

Detailing rules for MRF