Profession .

defined as an occupation that requires extensive education or a calling

that requires special knowledge, skill and preparation
Primary characteristics:

requires an extended education, as well as a basic liberal foundation.

has a theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined skills, abilities and norms.
provides a specific service.
autonomy in decision making and practice.
has a code of ethics for practice.

Criteria of a Profession

To provide a needed to service the society

To advanced knowledge on its field
To protect its members and make it possible to practice effectively

Personal Qualities of a Nurse

Must have a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing.

Must be physically and mentally fit.
Must have a license to practice nursing in the country.

Professional Qualities of a Nurse

Professional nurse therefore, is a person who has completed a basic nursing

education program and is licensed in his country to practice professional nursing.

Nursing is an art and science

As a professional nurse, you will learn to deliver care artfully with compassion,
caring, and a respect for each clients dignity and personhood.
As a science, nursing is based on a body of knowledge that is continually
changing with new discoveries and innovations.
A caring profession practiced with an earnest concern for the ART OF CARE and
the SCIENCE OF HEALTH. It involves a humanistic BLEND OF SCIENTIFIC
KNOWLEDGE and HOLISTIC NURSING PRACTICE.

Characteristic of Nursing

is caring.
Pro-patient ,involves close personal contact with the recipient of care.
Care services includes not only physiological, but psychological, and sociological
aspect.
It involves to promote health to individual, family, community, through national
health goals .
It is committed to give its services for all persons without regard to color,
race/nationality, creed, social or economic status treatment
It is committed to observe ethical, legal, and political issues in the delivery of health
care.

Focus= Human Responses

 reactions to actual health problems or illness (health restoring responses)

Re-action to Potential health problems( health supporting response)

Four Major Concepts in Nursing Theories
Person, Environment, Health, and Nursing.

Theorists Concept on Person

1.Rosemarie Rizzo Parse HUMAN BECOMING
influenced by constant interaction of human and ones environment
Human being is an open being in mutual process with the universe,
co-creating patterns of relating with others, lives at multidimensional realms of the
universe all at once, freely choosing ways of becoming, as meaning is given to
situations. The human being and the universe are inseparable in the creation of the
living experience
Co-creating
man and universe are affecting each other
Rhythmical pattern happens when man interacts with another man
Behavior of a person is influenced by ones ancestors
Man has a passive relationship with the environment

2.Florence Nightingale
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
-considers the environment as an important factor
-referred to the person as the patient
-man inherently has the capacity to heal itself, given the right environment
-for most part, the descriptions describe a passive patient

3.Virginia Henderson -DEFINITION OF NURISNG THEORY

-1st theorist to attempt to define what is nursing
-A person is a whole, is complete, & independent being who has 14 fundamental
needs.

4. Martha Rogers UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS AS ENERGY FIELD

-psychic, physical or molecular energy-energy field

fundamental unit of both living & non-living
.-Field is a unifying concept & energy signifies the dynamic nature of the field
-A person is irreducible

 -The person is in continuous exchange with energy (matter & energy)

-Pattern identifies the energy field. It is the distinguishing characteristic of an
energy field & is perceived as a single wave
-In the unitary being, the whole is greater than the individual parts

5. Sister Callista Roy ADAPTATION MODEL

-person is a biopsychosocial being who is in constant interaction with the environment&
that has four models of adaptation based on physiologic needs
-man copes with stressors
Coping mechanisms to stressors
1.Regulator coping subsystem that responds automatically through the neural
&endocrine system inherently responds
2.Cognator control processes related to higher brain functions of perception or
information processing, judgment & emotion
Adaptive Mode
1.Physiologic physical response to environmental stimuli & primarily involves
theregular subsystems. The basic needs met in this mode are physiologic
integrity &is composed of needs associated with oxygenation, nutrition,
elimination, etc
.2.Self-Concept basic need for psychic integrity, its focus is on the
psychological& spiritual aspects of the person.
3.Role-Function Mode defines how the person relates with another as a coping
mechanism
4.Interdependence affectional needs are met. Identifies patterns of human
values,affection, love & affirmation
Coping can be:
1.Adaptive response (Effective Coping) goal is achieved; those that promote
theintegrity of a person
2.Ineffective response goal is not achieve

6. Dorothea B. Orem SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY

-man is a unity of several systems & can be able to do self-care activities
-self-care activities those which are performed by the person for himself that
contribute to health. Self care must be learned & deliberately performed
continuously according to the stages of development
-Universal Self-Care Requisites Activities of Daily Living (ADLs
)-Normalcy that which is essentially human and that which is in accordance
with genetics & constitutional characteristics and talents of individuals
7. Imogene King GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY
-believes that there are 3 interacting systems: Individual (Personal System);
Group(Interpersonal System); and Society (Social System)
8. Betty Neuman HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS MODEL

 -human being is an open system consisting of basic structure or central core of

survival factors surrounded by concentric rings that are bounded by lines of
resistance, a normal line of defense, & a flexible line of defense
-person has a core & outside the core are rings of defenses which can be flexible
at certain times, when the normal defenses are low, the normal person gets sick

9. Patterson & Zderad HUMANISTIC THEORY

-man is related to other man in time and space-a person is beholded to
other person from birth until he becomes capable (from time of birth until
development)

10 .Jean Watson NURSING & HUMAN SCIENCE AND HUMAN CARE

-a person as he/she grows up is confronted with different conflicts-conflicts
are inherent to the growth process-all these conflicts are stress provoking .

11. Ann Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer NURSING AS CARING

-human beings are persons who are caring from moment to moment & are
whole and complete in the moment
-all persons are caring, although not all actions are caring

CONCEPTS ON ENVIRONMENT
Virginia Henderson everything that is outside of the patient but is connected to
the patient is considered the environment & the environment should support the
14 fundamental needs.
Dorothea Orem environment is linked to the individual, forming an integrated &
interactive system. It is any setting in which a patient has unmet self-care needs.A healthy person is one who can do self-care activities-The nurse/caregiver
would have to provide for any deficit in the persons self-care deficits
Rosemarie Parse the environment is viewed as inseparable from the human
being, each element participates in the co-creation of a lived experienced; nurse
is part of the environment.-the universe is inseparable but complementary &
evolves-the nurse is important because the nurse co-creates

 Florence Nightingale cleanliness & good drainage system is also importantstarted to do professional nursing