Document no : 01 - 42 08 071 -ES

Displacement, LWT and

DWT

Attachment
Number of pages

rev.

date

Document
Title

Miftahuddin
nur
Prepared by

Ir. Dwi
Priyanta
,MSE by
Reviwed

Ir.
Hari
Prastowo,
Approved
by

Electrical Systems and Engine

Room

Displacement, LWT
and DWT

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: DESIGN IV
: 01 - 42 08 071 ES
:
: II

Table of contents
1. Introduction...
.. 1
2. Objective...
. 1
3. Reference...
1
4. Abbreviation...
. 1
5. Description of calculation.....
.. 2
6. Summary ............................
.. 7
List of attachments
attachments 1 Detail Equipment list
code..

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1. Introduction
1.1. Displasement
Displasemen volume is the total volume of water displaced by
the weight of an object. There are two factors that affect the
displacement of the ship, the weight of the ship components
that can be transformed (DWT) and the weight of the ship
components that can not be changed (LWT).
1.2. Light Weight
Tonnage
Based on the book "Practical ship design chapter 4" LWT ship
explained that consists of several components:
1.Weight of ship's structural
2.Weight of outfitting
3.Weight of Machinery
4.Recidual Weight

1.3. Dead Weight

Tonnage
Is the weight that come from the value of weight displacement
minus the light weight tonnages. That consist of cargo's weight,
fuel oil, fresh water, ballast water, provision and ship's crew
weight
2. Objective
The objective of this document is to determine the estimation of
displacement, light weight tonnage, and dead weight tonnage in
order to fnd the relation between
3. Reference
Practical Ship Design, Chapter 4 Weight-Based Designs, D.G.M. Watson

4. Abbreviation
Lpp
= Length of between perpendicular
Lwl
= Length of waterline
B
= Breadth of ship
H
= Height of ship
T
= Draught of ship
Vs
= Ships velocity
Cb
= Block coefficient
sea water = Sea water density
K
= Wet steel weight's constant
SFOC
= Specifc Fuel Oil Consumption

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W res =
Reserve
weight

=
Displacement
volume

=
Ships
displacement
Wst
= Wet steel
weight
E
=
Steel
weights
parameter l1 =
Length of
forecastle deck l2
= Length
of poop deck
h1
= Height of forecastle
deck h2 = Height of poop
deck
Woa
= Weight of outft and
accomdation
Wm
=
Machineriy
weight
Wd
= Main engines weight
MC
= Maximum continous rating (kW)
R
= Engine RPM
RP
M
Wr
= Auxiliary engines
weight
Wres
= Reserve weight
5. Description of calculation
5.1 Displacement
Calculation a.
Displacement
Volume
= Lwl x B x T
x Cb
where :
= Displacement volume
Lwl = Ships length on the water line
B = Ship width in the middle of ship
T = Draft on fully
cargo
Cb = Block
coefficients b. Weight Displacement
= x sea

water
where :

sea
water

= ships displacement
= ships displacement
= volume
the density of sea

5.2 Light Weight Tonnage

a. Weight of ship's structural
According to the book "Practical Ship Design chapter
4/4.2.4"by DGM Watson, to calculate the weight of the
structure of the ship can use the formula :

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Wst = K x E

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1,36

where : K = Coefisien, depend on ship type

E = Equipment Numerical

According the value of the number of equipment (E) Lyold

appropriate as written in the book "Practical Ship Design"by
DGM Watson, referring to the
1877 RINA (Lecure Ship Design and Ship Theory, Poels
Herald p. 69A) with the following formula:
E = L ( B +T ) + 0.85 L ( D -T ) + 0.85 ( l1 h1 ) + 0.75 ( l2 h2 )
Where :
L = legth between perpendicular
B = breadth
T = draft
D = depth
l1 = length of full width erection
h1 = height of full width erection
l2 = length of houses
h2 = height of houses
Calculation above,is for ship having Cb = 0.70 to 0.8 H. But, this ship have a
Cb = 0,615, so that needed to do a correction .

b. Weight Outft and accommodation (Woa)

For heavy outfit and accommodation according to Practical Ship Design,
page 99 chapter 4.4, it can be seen the value of Wo/L xB.For container
ships withLpp 112 m = 0,3

c. Weight of Machinery
Divided into two components: propulsion machinery and remainder.

c.1. Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM

Watson page 108
Chapter 4.5.4, Main Engine weight can be estimated with
the following formula :
Wd = 12 (MCR/RPM)

0,84

c.2 Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM

Watson page 110
Chapter 4.5.5, weight of remainder can be estimated with
the following formula :
Wr = K x (MCR)^0.70

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So the result of Machinery Weight is Wd+Wr,

Wm = Wd+Wr

d. Recidual Weight
According to Practical Ship Design on page 114, for the
calculation of reserves it is necessary to add weight.
Weight by 2-3% due to avoid mistakes in planning and
things that might not been included in previous calculations.
So the formula of recidual weight is :
Wres = 2% (Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt)

Now we know the value - the value of weight above in

accordance with the previous explanation, then we can calculate
the value of LWT by summing the weight calculation remains the
ship:
LWT = Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt + Wres

5.3 Dead Weight Tonnage

According to the book "Ship Knowledge A Modern Encyclopedia"
page 28, Deadweight is the weight of that load cargo ship laden
water up to a maximum allowable. This can be formulated with
the formula:
DWT = LWT
5.4 Payload
Payload is the total weight of cargo that can be transported
by ship to the income (proft) of a ship. Here are steps in
determining the payload.
Payload = DWT Wtotal
where,
DWT = Dead Weight Tonnage
Wtotal =Weight of fuel oil, diesel oil, lubricating
oil, crews and provision, fresh water
i. HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil)
a. HFO's
weight
The formula, as follows :
WHFO = SFOC x BHP x time to voyage x constants addition
of fuel
Where,
WHFO
= weight of heavy fuel oil

SFOC
= specific fuel oil consumption (project guide)
BHP
= break horse power of main engine (project
guide)
constants addition of fuel = 1.3 - 1.5

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b. HFO's tank
volume
We should consider about the increasing temperature
inside the tanks of HFO, so we add some alocation of
expansion margins approximately 2% - 3%.
The formula, as
follows :
VHFO
((100%
=
+3%)*WHFO)/ HFO
Wher
e,
VHFO
= HFO's tanks volume
WHFO

= weight of heavy fuel oil

Alocation of expansio = 3%
3
HFO
=
0.991ton/m ii. DO (Diesel Oil)
a. DO's weight
estimation of diesel oil's weight is 10%-20% of
hfo weight for the result :
WDO = 20% x WHFO
b. DO's tanks volume
We should consider about the increasing temperature
inside the tanks of DO, so we add some alocation of
expansion margins approximately
2% - 3%.
The formula, as follows :
VDO = ((100%+3%)*WDO)/ DO
Where,
VDO = DO's tanks
volume
WDO = weight of heavy fuel oil
Alocation of expansion
= 3%
3
0.85
ton/m
DO =
iii. LO (Lubricating
Oil)
a. LO's
weight
The formula, as follows :
WLO = SLOC x BHP x time to voyage x constant addition of
fuel

where,
SLOC = Specifc Lubricating Oil Consumption = 0.95
g/BHPh
Constants of fuel = 1.3 - 1.5, take 1.4

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b. LO's tanks volume

We should consider the increasing temperature inside
the tanks of
LO,so we add some alocation of expansion margins
approximately 2% 3%.
The formula, as follows :
VL
= WLO / LO
O

where,
3
LO = 0.9 ton/m
iv. Fresh Water
a. Consumption for crew
fresh water needs
estimation =
b. Bath and laundry needs
fresh water needs
estimation =
c. Cooking needs
fresh water needs
estimation =
d. Machinery needs
1. main engine

20

kg/persons/d

20
0

ay
kg/persons/d

4
ay
kg/persons/d
ay

fresh water needs estimation = 7

gr/kWh
2. auxiliary engine
fresh water estimation = 0.2 from main engine's fresh
water
Total fresh water machinery =
fw
ME + fw AE Total Weight of Fresh Water
= consumption for crew + bath and laundy + cooking +
machinery
Total Volume of Fresh Water
= divide the total weight of fresh water by
its density. v. Crew and Provision
a. crew's weight
total crews
= 20
persons average weight of crews
=
70 kg
b. provision's weight

average provisions needs =

5 kg/person/day

Weight Total of Ship Supplies

W total = WHFO+WDO+WLO+Wfreshwater+Wcrews+Wprov
PAYLOAD = DWT - W supplies total

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6. Summary
NO

CALCULATION

1 Displacement Volume
2 Weight Displacement
3 Light Weight Tonnage
4 Dead Weight Tonnage
5 Payload

SYMBOL

RESULT

9402,12

9637,17

m
ton

LWT

3953,68

ton

DWT

5683,49

ton

5538,85

ton

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Attachmen
t1
Detail Calculation of
Displasement, LWT
dan
DWT

Estimation of
Displasement,
LWT dan DWT

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1. Calculation
Details
Principal Dimension
Container Ship
Lpp = 112,00 meter
Lwl = 117,60 meter
B = 20,00 meter
H=
T=
Cb =

8,30
6,50

meter
meter

h deck = 2,50
Power Engine = 3900
= 5230
Sailing distance = 1487
Sailing time = 12

0,62
Vs = 16,50 knots
= 8,49 m/s
> Calculation of Ship's Displacement
Volume Displacement

meter
kW
HP
n mile
Hours

= Lwl x B x T x Cb
=

9402 m

Weight Displacement

Because the ships operating at sea, then the value of

rho(density) was used sea water rho(density) :
= 1,025 ton/m
= x
= 9637,2 ton
Determination of the number of crew

In determining the number of the crew should be as efficient as

possible, as this affects the size of the room and the limited
amount of supplies of food and fresh water. Factors that infuence
the type of ship, large ship, the number of jobs served by the
crew, sailing routes, sisitem existing automation on ships, and
regulations of the country concerned.In determining the number
of crew that is used is 20 people.
Payloa
d

The payload is the cargo on board and pay (making money). The
formula can be used to determine the payload is :
Payload = DWT - WProvision

So to be able to know the payload on the vessel which is

designed we must calculate the frst (LWT), which brought
supplies and Weight Lightweight

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LWT dan DWT

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> Light weight (LWT)

~ Weight of ship's structural
According to the book "Practical Ship Design chapter 4/4.2.4"by DGM
Watson, to calculate the weight of the structure of the ship can use the
formula perndekatan as follows:
1,36

Wst = K x E
where : K = Coefisien, depend on ship type
E = Equipment Numerical
According the value of the number of equipment (E) Lyold appropriate as
written in the book "Practical Ship Design"by DGM Watson, referring to the
1877 RINA (Lecure Ship Design and Ship Theory, Poels Herald p. 69A) with
the following formula:

E = L x (B + T) + 0,85L x (H - T) + 0,85 (l1 x h1) +

0,75 (l2 x h2)
L = Lpp
=
H=

112

Lfore =

8,3

7,85

(the length of forecastle)

Hfore =

2,5

(the height forecastle)

L MAIN DECK =

29,5

(the length of MAIN DECK )

H MAIN DECK =

3,0

(the height of MAIN DECK)

LDECK A =

8,0

(the length of DECK A )

2,5

(the height of DECK A)

LDECK B =

8,0

(the length of DECK B)

2,5

(the height of DECK B)

8,0

(the length of DECK C)

2,5

(the height of DECK C)

8,0

(the length of DECK D)

2,5

(the height of DECK D)

7,0

(the length of navigation)

2,5

(the height of navigation)

H
H
L
H
L

DECK A

DECK B=
DECK C

DECK C=
DECK D

H DECK D=
Lnav =
Hnav =

l1 x h1 = the length and height of full width erections

l2 x h2 = the length and height of houses
l1 x h1 = Lfore x Hfore
2

= 20 m

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l2 x h2 = (LDECK A x HDECK A)+(LDECK B x HDECK B)+(LDECK C x HDECK C)+

(LDECK D x HDECK D)+ (Lnav x hnav)+(L MAIN DECK x H MAIN DECK)
=

186

E = L x (B + T) + 0,85L x (H - T) + 0,85 (l1 x h1) + 0,75 (l2 x h2)

= 3295,5

K=
(for container ship)
0,036
Wst = k x E1.36
= 2191 Ton
Calculation above,is for ship having Cb = 0.70 to 0.8 H. But,
this ship have a
Cb = 0,615, so that needed to do a correction :
correction of Cb = Cb + ( 1 - Cb x (0,8H - T) / 3T
=
6,662
Thus obtained the weight of steel :
Wst = Wst x [1 + 0,05 (Cb0,8H 0,7)]
= 2844,4 Ton
~ Weight Outft and accommodation (Woa)
For heavy
outft and accommodation according
to
Practical Ship Design, page 99 chapter 4.4, it can be seen
the value of Wo/L xB. For container ships with Lpp 112 m=
0,3
Woa = the value of(Wo / L xB) x Lpp x B
= 672,00 Ton
~ Propulsion machinery weight
Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson
page 108 Chapter

4.5.4, Main Engine weight can be estimated with the following

formula :

Estimation of
Displasement,
LWT dan DWT
Wd = 12 (MCR/RPM)

0,84
MCR

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: DESIGN IV
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kW

=
BHP
= 139,6 ton

210

rpm=
~ Calculation weight of remainder (Wr)
Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM
Watson page 110
Chapter 4.5.5 , weight of remainder can be estimated with
the following formula :
Wr = K x
(MCR)^0.70
= 225,2 ton
K=
(for bulk carriers and general cargo ship)
0,69
~ Weight of generator set (Wmt)
Based on the book "Principal Ship Design"by DGM Watson
page 111 Chapter
4.5.6 Generator weight can be estimated with the following
formula :
Wmt = 0.72(MCR)^0.78

where is : MCR
Maximum

Continous Rating
genset However, because of the power generator to be installed is not
known, it is assumed that the generator will be installed is with the power
of 120 kW of
3 sets. So the value can be calculated as follows wmt :
0.78

Wmt = 0.72(MCR)
= 71,00 ton

~ Calculation of Recidual weight

According to Practical Ship Design on page 114, for the calculation of
reserves it is necessary to add weight. Weight by 2-3% due to avoid mistakes
in planning and things that might not been included in previous calculations.
Wres = 2% (Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt)
=

1,42

ton

~ Calculation of LWT
Now we know the value - the value of weight above in accordance with the
previous explanation, then we can calculate the value of LWT by summing
the weight calculation remains the ship:
LWT = Wst + Woa + Wd + Wr + Wmt + Wres
= 3953,7 ton

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LWT dan DWT

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> Dead weight (DWT)

According to the book "Ship Knowledge A Modern Encyclopedia"
page 28, Deadweight is the weight of that load cargo ship laden
water up to a maximum allowable. This can be formulated with
the formula:
DWT = - LWT
=

ton

5683,5

> Payload Calculation

Payload is the total weight of cargo that can be transported by ship to the
income (profit) of a ship.Here are the steps in determining the payload weight.
Payload = DWT - Wconsumable
Where :
Wconsumable = WHFO + WMDO + WLO + WFW + WP + WCP

~ Calculation of Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO)

Unknown: SFOC =
P=

177

g/kWh

3900 kW

Constanta addition of fuel oil =

1,3-1,5 taken =

1,3

WHFO = SFOC x P x (S/Vs) x constanta addition of fuel oil x 10

= 107,7

-6

ton

Calculation of Volume HFO Tank

VHFO = WHFO/ HFO

HFO = 1 Ton/m3

= 108,66 m

According to the book "Ship Design and Construction section

5" page 65, in the calculation of the volume of the fuel
tank (HFO) will need to add a margin of 2% ~ 4% to
anticipate

expansion

of

fuel

because

of

increases

in

temperature in the tank, so that the volume of HFO tanks

required:
VHFO = (1+4%) x WHFO)
3
= 111,99 m

~ Calculation of Marine Diesel Oil (DO)

Diesel oil is usually used as fuel for generators and motor
process of fushing the mains when not operated in the long
term. Heavy Diesel Oil which is carried in shipping
approximately 0.1 ~ 0.2 of weight carried HFO, in this case
tken 0,2

Weight of Marine Diesel Oil

(WMDO)
WMDO = 0.2 x
WHFO
= 21,54 ton

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LWT dan DWT

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Calculation of tank
volume MDO Selected :
type of DO = DM-A
DO (at 15 C) = 1 ton/m3
VMDO = WMDO/ MDO
3

= 24,20 m
According to the book "Ship Design and Construction section
5" page 65, in the calculation of the volume of the fuel tank
(DO) should be added margin of 2% ~ 4% to anticipate if fuel
(DO) terekspansi because of increases in temperature in the
tank, so that the volume of tank DO required:
V MDO = (1+4%)x
VMDO
3

= 25,17 m
~ Calculation Lubricating Oil (LO)
Based on data from "Project Guide Engine (MAN B & W
L35MC) " on the condition of maximum obtained the
following data:
unknown :
Lubricating Oil Consumption
System Oil Approximate
Cylinder Oil
kg/cyl.24hours
2
0,8-1,2 g/kWh
taken = 0,
g/kWh
8
-6
WLO = P x SLOC x (S/Vs) x 10
= 0,5 ton
Calculation of Volume LO Tank
Selected :
LO =

ton/m
0,
9
VLO = WLO / LO
3
= 0,52 m
need increase 4% for construction and
expansion, so loss volume = 1,04 x Vlo
3
= 0,541 m
~ Weight of Crew and Provision
Weight provision = Total crew x provision needed per day x Longest trip

Total

crew = Weight per crew =

20

man

70

kg

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LWT dan DWT

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Wcrew =

1,
ton
4
weight of total crew = total crew x the average weight of
crew
where :
porvision need = 3.5 kg ~ 5 kg
/man/day porvision need =
5
kg/man/ day
S
5,0 da
0
e
y
0,5 ton
a
0
t
i
m
e
=
W
p
r
o
v
=
~ Freshwater needs
Supplies of fresh water on the ship in this case is
calculated on the maximum demand conditions, namely
when the ship set sail and when the ship was doing loading
and unloading. The need for fresh water on board is divided
over the need:
a. Eat and drink of
crew b. Washing
and
sanitary
c.
Cook
d.
Cooling
Engine
In the design of
planned:
Sea time
5 day
=

Loading and unloading

2 day

Based on data used to determine the need is :

a. Eat and drink of crew
(Wfwd) Consumption =
10 kg/man/day
(estimation between 10 - 20
kg/man/day) Total time = Sea time +
loading unloading
= 7
day
Water Needs =
1,4 ton
b. Shower and wash (WFS)
Consumption = 60 kg/man (estimation between 60 200 kg/man/day) Total time = Sea time + loading
unloading
= 7,0
day
Water Needs =
8,4 ton c. Cooking
(Wfwc)
Consumption =
4 kg/man (estimation between 3 4 kg/man/day) Totalize time = Sea time + loading
unloading

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= 7,0
day
Water Needs = 0,6 ton
d. Cooling engine
- Cooling main engine
(Wfwj) Taken (c) =
5 kg/kWh
(cooling requirement estimated between 5 - 7 kg/kWh)
-6

Wfwj = P x c x (S/Vs) x 10
= 2,34 ton
- Cooling auxiliary engine (Wfwae)
Taken (c) 0,1 kg/kWh
=
5
(cooling fresh water requirement estimated between 0,1 0,2 Wfwj)
Wfwae = Wfwj x c
= 0,35 ton
After knowing the weight of fresh water for each - each
needs it, can know the total requirement of fresh water
during travel and handling that is equal
to:
Wfw = Wfwd + Wfws + Wfwc + Wfwj + Wfae
= 13,05 ton
From the calculations above requirement can be further
calculated the total weight by using the following calculation:
W total provision = WHFO + WMDO + WLO + Wcrew +
Wprov + Wfw
= 144,64 ton
Calculation of Payload
After knowing the total weight of supplies and deadweight
ship, the vessel can be calculated the amount of payload:
Payload = DWT - W total provision
= 5538,8 ton
Type of container carried = @18
ton (20') Jumlah kontainer =
Payload
/container
= 308 Container

So,total 20' container which can be carried is 308 TEUS