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1 Overview
Inductive charging pad for LG smartphone, using the Qi system,
an example of near-eld wireless transfer. When the phone is
set on the pad, a coil in the pad creates a magnetic eld which
induces a current in another coil, in the phone, charging its battery.
Antennas or
Coupling Devices
Vs
Power
Source
Transmitter
Receiver
Load
Wireless power techniques fall into two categories, nonradiative and radiative.[1][6][8][9][10] In near-eld or nonradiative techniques, power is transferred over short distances by magnetic elds using inductive coupling between coils of wire or in a few devices by electric elds using capacitive coupling between electrodes.[5][8] Applications of this type are electric toothbrush chargers, RFID
In general a wireless power system consists of a transmitter device connected to a source of power such as mains
power lines, which converts the power to a time-varying
electromagnetic eld, and one or more receiver devices
which receive the power and convert it back to DC or
AC electric power which is consumed by an electrical
load.[1][8] In the transmitter the input power is converted
wireless
power
Field regions
Electric and magnetic elds are created by charged particles in matter such as electrons. A stationary charge creates an electrostatic eld in the space around it. A steady
current of charges (direct current, DC) creates a static
magnetic eld around it. The above elds contain energy,
but cannot carry power because they are static. However time-varying elds can carry power.[17] Accelerating
electric charges, such as are found in an alternating current (AC) of electrons in a wire, create time-varying electric and magnetic elds in the space around them. These
elds can exert oscillating forces on the electrons in a receiving antenna, causing them to move back and forth.
These represent alternating current which can be used to
power a load.
The oscillating electric and magnetic elds surrounding
moving electric charges in an antenna device can be divided into two regions, depending on distance D from
the antenna.[1][4][6][8][9][10][18] The boundary between the
regions is somewhat vaguely dened.[8] The elds have
dierent characteristics in these regions, and dierent
technologies are used for transmitting power:
FIELD REGIONS
3.1
Inductive coupling
3.2
Capacitive coupling
5
contamination.[26]
Passive plates
Oscillator
P3
Rectifier
P1 P2
Power
Source
P4
Load
Unipolar
Two types of circuit have been used:
Bipolar design:[45] In this type of circuit, there are
two transmitter plates and two receiver plates. Each
transmitter plate is coupled to a receiver plate. The
transmitter oscillator drives the transmitter plates in
opposite phase (180 phase dierence) by a high
alternating voltage, and the load is connected between the two receiver plates. The alternating electric elds induce opposite phase alternating potentials in the receiver plates, and this push-pull action causes current to ow back and forth between
the plates through the load. A disadvantage of this
conguration for wireless charging is that the two
plates in the receiving device must be aligned face to
face with the charger plates for the device to work.
Unipolar design:[5][42] In this type of circuit, the
transmitter and receiver have only one active electrode, and either the ground or a large inactive capacitive electrode serves as the return path for the
current. The transmitter oscillator and the load
is connected between the electrodes and a ground
connection, inducing an alternating potential on the
nearby receiving electrode with respect to ground,
causing alternating current to ow through the load
connected between it and ground.
This device has been proposed as an alternative to inductive power transfer for noncontact charging of electric vehicles.[14] A rotating armature embedded in a garage oor
or curb would turn a receiver armature in the underside of
the vehicle to charge its batteries.[14] It is claimed that this
technique can transfer power over distances of 10 to 15
cm (4 to 6 inches) with high eciency, over 90%.[14][46]
Also, the low frequency stray magnetic elds produced
by the rotating magnets produce less electromagnetic interference to nearby electronic devices than the high frequency magnetic elds produced by inductive coupling
systems. A prototype system charging electric vehicles
has been in operation at University of British Columbia
since 2012. Other researchers, however, claim that the
two energy conversions (electrical to mechanical to electrical again) make the system less ecient than electrical
systems like inductive coupling.[14]
The Rayleigh criterion dictates that any radio wave, microwave or laser beam will spread and become weaker
and diuse over distance; the larger the transmitter antenna or laser aperture compared to the wavelength of radiation, the tighter the beam and the less it will spread as
a function of distance (and vice versa). Smaller antennae
also suer from excessive losses due to side lobes. However, the concept of laser aperture considerably diers
from an antenna. Typically, a laser aperture much larger
than the wavelength induces multi-moded radiation and
mostly collimators are used before emitted radiation cou-
4.2
Lasers
4.1
Microwaves
4.2 Lasers
In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to the visible region of the spectrum (tens of micrometers to tens
of nanometres), power can be transmitted by converting
electricity into a laser beam that is then pointed at a photovoltaic cell.[59][12] This mechanism is generally known
as power beaming because the power is beamed at a
receiver that can convert it to electrical energy.
Compared to other wireless methods:[60]
HISTORY
5 Energy harvesting
With a laser beam centered on its panel of photovoltaic cells,
a lightweight model plane makes the rst ight of an aircraft
powered by a laser beam inside a building at NASA Marshall
Space Flight Center.
6 History
Conversion between electricity and light is ineIn 1826 Andr-Marie Ampre developed Ampres circient. Photovoltaic cells achieve only 40%50%
cuital law showing that electric current produces a mageciency.[61] (Eciency is higher with monochronetic eld.[77] Michael Faraday developed Faradays law
matic light than with solar panels).
of induction in 1831, describing the electromagnetic
Atmospheric absorption, and absorption and scat- force induced in a conductor by a time-varying magnetic
tering by clouds, fog, rain, etc., causes up to 100% ux. In 1862 James Clerk Maxwell synthesized these and
other observations, experiments and equations of eleclosses.
tricity, magnetism and optics into a consistent theory,
Requires a direct line of sight with the target.
deriving Maxwells equations. This set of partial dierential equations forms the basis for modern electromagLaser powerbeaming technology was explored in netics, including the wireless transmission of electrical
military weapons[62][63][64] and aerospace[65][66] applica- energy.[15][36] Maxwell predicted the existence of elections. Also, it is applied for powering of various kinds tromagnetic waves in his 1873 A Treatise on Electricity
of sensors in industrial environment. Lately, it is devel- and Magnetism.[78] In 1884 John Henry Poynting developed for powering commercial and consumer electron- oped equations for the ow of power in an electromagics. Wireless energy transfer systems using lasers for con- netic eld, Poyntings theorem and the Poynting vector,
sumer space have to satisfy laser safety requirements stan- which are used in the analysis of wireless energy transdardized under IEC 60825.
fer systems.[15][36] In 1888 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz dis-
6.1
Teslas experiments
covered radio waves, conrming the prediction of elec- Teslas magnifying transmitter nearby, powering the light
tromagnetic waves by Maxwell.[78]
bulb at bottom. (right) Teslas unsuccessful Wardenclye
power station.
6.1
Teslas experiments
10
By 1904 his investors had pulled out, and the facility was
never completed. Although Tesla claimed his ideas were
proven, he had a history of failing to conrm his ideas by
experiment,[90][91] and there seems to be no evidence that
he ever transmitted signicant power beyond the shortrange demonstrations above.[15][36][37][80][91][92][93][94][95]
The only report of long-distance transmission by Tesla is
a claim, not found in reliable sources, that in 1899 he
wirelessly lit 200 light bulbs at a distance of 26 miles
(42 km).[80][92] There is no independent conrmation of
this putative demonstration;[80][92][96] Tesla did not mention it,[92] and it does not appear in his meticulous laboratory notes.[96][97] It originated in 1944 from Teslas
rst biographer, John J. O'Neill,[80] who said he pieced
it together from fragmentary material... in a number
of publications.[98] In the 110 years since Teslas experiments, eorts using similar equipment have failed
to achieve long distance power transmission,[38][80][92][94]
and the scientic consensus is his World Wireless system
would not have worked.[15][36][37][85][92][99][100][101][102]
Teslas world power transmission scheme remains today
what it was in Teslas time, a fascinating dream.[15][85]
6.2
Microwaves
HISTORY
11
and by the 1990s were being used in proximity cards and
contactless smartcards.
The proliferation of portable wireless communication devices such as cellphones, tablet, and laptop computers in
recent decades is currently driving the development of
wireless powering and charging technology to eliminate
the need for these devices to be tethered to wall plugs during charging.[108] The Wireless Power Consortium was
established in 2008 to develop interoperable standards
across manufacturers.[108] Its Qi inductive power standard
published in August 2009 enables charging and powering
of portable devices of up to 5 watts over distances of 4
cm (1.6 inches).[109] The wireless device is placed on a
at charger plate (which could be embedded in table tops
at cafes, for example) and power is transferred from a at
coil in the charger to a similar one in the device.
In 2007, a team led by Marin Soljai at MIT used coupled tuned circuits made of a 25 cm resonant coil at 10
MHz to transfer 60 W of power over a distance of 2 meters (6.6 ft) (8 times the coil diameter) at around 40%
eciency.[38][41]
See also
Beam-powered propulsion
Electricity distribution
U.S. Patent 3,933,323, Solid state solar to microwave energy converter system and apparatus,
Kenneth W. Dudley, et al. (1976).
Shinohara, Naoki (2014). Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN
1118862961. Engineering text
Further reading
9 References
[1] Shinohara, Naoki (2014). Wireless Power Transfer via
Radiowaves. John Wiley & Sons. pp. ixxiii. ISBN
1118862961.
[2] Bush, Stephen F. (2014). Smart Grid: CommunicationEnabled Intelligence for the Electric Power Grid. John Wiley & Sons. p. 118. ISBN 1118820231.
[3] Wireless energy transfer. Encyclopedia of terms. PC
Magazine Zi-Davis. 2014. Retrieved December 15,
2014.
[4] Rajakaruna, Sumedha; Shahnia, Farhad; Ghosh, Arindam
(2014). Plug In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids: Integration Techniques. Springer. pp. 3436. ISBN
981287299X.
[5] Gopinath, Ashwin (August 2013). All About Transferring Power Wirelessly (PDF). Electronics For You E-zine
(EFY Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.): 5256. Retrieved January
16, 2015.
12
REFERENCES
[22] Wong, Elvin (2013). Seminar: A Review on Technologies for Wireless Electricity (PDF). HKPC. The Hong
Kong Electronic Industries Association Ltd. Retrieved
January 3, 2015.
[23] "Typically, an inductive coupled system can transmit
roughly the diameter of the transmitter."(p. 4) "...midrange is dened as somewhere between one and ten
times the diameter of the transmitting coil."(p. 2) Baarman, David W.; Schwannecke, Joshua (December 2009).
White paper: Understanding Wireless Power (PDF).
Fulton Innovation. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
[24] "...strongly coupled magnetic resonance can work over the
mid-range distance, dened as several times the resonator
size." Agbinya (2012) Wireless Power Transfer, p. 40
[25] Smith, Glenn S. (1997). An Introduction to Classical Electromagnetic Radiation. Cambridge University Press. p.
474. ISBN 0521586984.
[26] Tan, Yen Kheng (2013). Energy Harvesting Autonomous
Sensor Systems: Design, Analysis, and Practical Implementation. CRC Press. pp. 181182. ISBN 1439892733.
[14] Ashley, Steven (November 20, 2012). Wireless recharging: Pulling the plug on electric cars. BBC website.
British Broadcasting Corp. Retrieved December 10,
2014.
13
[39] Sun, Xie, Wang (2013) Wireless Power Transfer for Medical Microsystems, p. 3
[53] Space Solar Energy Initiative. Space Island Group. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
De-
14
Space-
[74] From Concept to Reality. The Space Elevator. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
Space Elevator Tethers Coming Closer.
Crnano.typepad.com. 31 January 2009. Retrieved 4
June 2009.
[75] Dryden Flight Research Center, Beamed Laser Power
For UAVs. Nasa.gov. 7 May 2008. Retrieved 4 June
2009.
[76] Beeby, Stephen; White, Neil (2010). Energy Harvesting
for Autonomous Systems. Artech House. pp. 12. ISBN
159693719X.
[77] Richard Fitzpatrick (2007). Ampres Circuital Law.
[78] Angelo, Joseph A. (2009). Encyclopedia of Space and
Astronomy. Infobase Publishing. pp. 292293. ISBN
1438110189.
[79] Tesla, Nikola (May 20, 1891) Experiments with Alternate
Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application
to Methods of Articial Illumination, lecture before the
American Inst. of Electrical Engineers, Columbia College, New York. Reprinted as a book of the same name
by. Wildside Press. 2006. ISBN 0809501627.
[80] Cheney, Margaret; Uth, Robert; Glenn, Jim (1999).
Tesla, Master of Lightning. Barnes & Noble Publishing.
pp. 9092. ISBN 0760710058.
REFERENCES
15
10 External links
Howstuworks How Wireless Power Works describes near-range and mid-range wireless power
transmission using induction and radiation techniques.
[100] Curty, Jari-Pascal; Declercq, Michel; Dehollain, Catherine; Joehl, Norbert (2006). Design and Optimization of
Passive UHF RFID Systems. Springer. p. 4. ISBN
0387447105.
[101] Belohlavek, Peter; Wagner, John W (2008). Innovation:
The Lessons of Nikola Tesla. Blue Eagle Group. pp. 78
79. ISBN 9876510096.
[102] Dennis Papadopoulos interview. Tesla: Master of Lightning companion site for 2000 PBS television documentary. PBS.org, US Public Broadcasting Service website.
2000. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
[103] Glaser, Peter E. (November 22, 1968).
Power
from the Sun: Its future (PDF). Science (American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science) 162
Bibcode:1968Sci...162..857G.
(3856):
857861.
doi:10.1126/science.162.3856.857. Retrieved November
4, 2014.
[104] Dickinson, Richard M. (1976). Performance of a
high-power 2.388 GHz receiving array in wireless
power transmission over 1.54 km. (PDF). MTTS Int'l Microwave Symposium Digest:
139141.
doi:10.1109/mwsym.1976.1123672. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
[105] US Patent No. 527857A, Maurice Hutin, Maurice
Leblanc, Transformer system for electric railways, led
November 16, 1892; granted October 23, 1894
16
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11.1
11.2
Images
11.3
Content license
17
File:TeslaWirelessIllustration.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/TeslaWirelessIllustration.png License: Public domain Contributors: Downloaded from http://peswiki.com/index.php/Image:TeslaWirelessIllustration.png. First published
in Nikola Tesla, The Problem of Increasing Human Energy, Century Magazine, The Century Co., New York, June 1900, g. 4. Also
appears in Nikola Tesla, Aleksandar Marini 1978 Colorado Springs Notes, 1899-1900, Nikola Tesla Museum, Beograd, Serbia, g. 25
Original artist: Photo was taken by Dickenson V. Alley, photographer at the Century Magazines
File:TeslaWirelessPower1891.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/TeslaWirelessPower1891.png License: Public domain Contributors: Electrical World, May 20, 1891. Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: ?
File:Tesla_Broadcast_Tower_1904.jpeg Source:
1904.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Tesla_Broadcast_Tower_
11.3
Content license