Volume 1-Policy 2014: AASHTO Drainage Manual

AASHTO Drainage Manual
Volume 1Policy
2014
American Association of State Highway

and Transportation Officials
444 North Capitol St., NW, Suite 249
Washington, DC 20001
www.transportation.org
2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

All rights reserved.
AASHTO DRAINAGE MANUAL

VOLUME 1TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Legal Aspects
Chapter 3
Data Collection
Chapter 4
Documentation
Chapter 5
Software [Reserved]
Chapter 6
Planning and Location
Chapter 7
Surface Water Environment
Chapter 8
Wetland Creation and Restoration
Chapter 9
Hydrology
Chapter 10
Channels
Chapter 11
Culverts
Chapter 12
Energy Dissipators
Chapter 13
Storm Drainage Systems
Chapter 14
Storage Facilities
Chapter 15
Pump Stations
Chapter 16
Stream Stability
Chapter 17
Bridges
Chapter 18
Channel and Stream Bank Stabilization
Chapter 19
Coastal Zone
Chapter 20
Erosion and Sediment Control
Chapter 21
Construction
Chapter 22
Maintenance
viii


PREFACE
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
Technical Committee on Hydrology and Hydraulics (TCHH) has produced a series of
drainage manuals and guides. The TCHH produced this manual as part of their
continuing work to assist the Standing Committee on Highways, Subcommittee on
Design, in developing guidelines and in formulating policy. This publication supersedes
the 2005 AASHTO publication, Model Drainage Manual. The AASHTO Drainage
Manual provides transportation agencies with guidelines for establishing state-specific
policy and procedures for the design of highway drainage facilities.
SCOPE
The TCHH has incorporated its numerous years of experience into this drainage manual
to provide guidance on most aspects of highway drainage. Design, concepts, practices,
manuals, policies, and procedures are condensed and written for use by the hydraulics
engineer. Where appropriate, relevant existing AASHTO guidelines, including parts of
the Highway Drainage Guidelines, are referenced.
Due to significant topographical, climatological, and political differences throughout
the nation, it is impossible to develop a design manual that is a consensus document.
Policies, criteria, and information that the agency may wish to use in the development
of policy documents are included within each chapter and will require the states review
for alteration or acceptance. Changes in the criteria or other portions of the manual are
encouraged, and the recommended policies and criteria are not meant to be recommended
minimum standards.
This manual has been developed to provide hydraulics engineers with a basic working
knowledge of hydrology and hydraulics. All basic design elements are included such that
the hydraulics engineer can design highway drainage with minimal assistance. However,
this manual cannot provide guidance on complex hydrologic or hydraulic problems, and
it is no substitute for experience or engineering judgment.
MANUAL FORMAT
The manual is divided into two volumes. Volume One provides states with guidelines or
examples for drainage design policies, criteria, and standards. Volume Two provides
ix
hydrologic and hydraulic design procedures that are frequently used by highway
hydraulics engineers.
Volume One chapters can generally be grouped into the five parts listed below:
Part 1, General (Chapters 14). The introduction and chapters on legal aspects, data
collection, and documentation provide recommended policies that apply to all
drainage topics.
Part 2, Planning and Environment (Chapters 68). Chapters on planning and location,
surface water environment, and wetlands provide guidelines for policies and practices
that are normally accomplished with the interaction of a hydraulics engineer before
design.
Part 3, Highway Hydraulic Design (Chapters 915). Chapters pertaining to

hydrology, channels, culverts, energy dissipators, storm drainage systems, storage
facilities, and pump stations provide design policies for facilities typically designed
by highway hydraulics engineers.
Part 4, Bridge Hydraulic Design and Floodplains (Chapters 1619). Chapters on

stream stability, bridges, channel and stream bank stabilization, and coastal zone
provide design policies for facilities typically designed by bridge hydraulics
engineers.
Part 5, Construction and Maintenance (Chapters 2022). Chapters about erosion and
sediment control, construction, and maintenance provide guidelines for hydraulics
engineers to provide assistance in these areas.
Volume One chapters provide the following:
guideline policy, criteria, and standard practices;

reference to procedures in Volume Two; and
overview of the subject.
Volume Two chapters can generally be grouped in the five parts listed below:
Part 1, General (Chapters 15). Introduction, permits and certifications, data

collection, documentation, and software chapters provide recommended guidelines
and procedures that apply to all topics discussed in this Manual.
Part 2, Planning and Environment (Chapters 68). Planning and location, surface
water environment and wetlands provide guidelines for procedures that are normally
accomplished before design with the interaction of a hydraulics engineer.
Part 3, Highway Hydraulic Design (Chapters 915). Hydrology, channels, culverts,

energy dissipators, storm drainage systems, storage facilities, and pump stations
x
chapters provide design procedures for facilities typically designed by highway

hydraulic engineers.
Part 4, Bridge Hydraulic Design and Floodplains (Chapters 1619). Stream stability,
bridges, channel and stream bank stabilization, and coastal zone chapters provide
design procedures for facilities typically designed by bridge hydraulic engineers.
Part 5, Construction and Maintenance (Chapters 2022). The erosion and sediment
control chapter provides guidelines for hydraulic engineers to provide assistance in
these areas.
Volume Two chapters provide the following:
Reference to policy, criteria, and standards in Volume One.
Design Procedures that the TCHH determined were frequently used have either:
step-by-step procedures and design examples that can be worked by hand;
step-by-step procedures and design examples that can be solved with the
FHWA Hydraulic Toolbox, FHWA HY-8, and other public domain software;
or
reference to worked examples for procedures (e.g., storm drain design,

bridge design, and coastal engineering) that are commonly solved with
software that requires substantial expertise.
References to recommended guidelines for less common procedures.
xi
CHAPTER 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section
Page
1.1
PURPOSE ..................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2
SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.3
U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS......................................................................................................... 1-1
1.4
MANUAL FORMAT ................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.5
MANUAL USE ............................................................................................................................ 1-2
1.6
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 1-3
1.7
CONTENT QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................. 1-3
1.8
ERRORS, ADDITIONS, AND UPDATES .................................................................................. 1-3


Section
Page
2.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.3 Order of Authority ........................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.4 Related Publications ........................................................................................................ 2-2
2.2
FEDERAL LAWS ........................................................................................................................ 2-2

2.2.1 General Laws ................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.2.2 Drainage ........................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.2.3 Significant Laws .............................................................................................................. 2-3
2.3
WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES REGULATIONS ........................................................... 2-4

2.3.1 Constitutional Power........................................................................................................ 2-4
2.3.2 Federal Agencies.............................................................................................................. 2-4
2.3.2.1
U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) ............................................................................. 2-4
2.3.2.2
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) ..................................................... 2-5
2.3.2.3
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) ................................................... 2-6
2.3.2.4
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) ..................................... 2-6
2.4
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (U.S. FWS) ........................................................................... 2-7

2.4.1 Requirements ................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.4.2 U.S. FWS Role................................................................................................................. 2-7
2.5
NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM ....................................................................... 2-7

2.5.1 Flood Insurance................................................................................................................ 2-7
2.5.2 Flood Disaster Protection................................................................................................. 2-8
2.5.3 Local Community ............................................................................................................ 2-8
2.5.4 NFIP Maps ....................................................................................................................... 2-8
2.5.5 Coordination with FEMA ................................................................................................ 2-9
2.5.5.1
Consistent with Floodways .......................................................................... 2-10
2.5.5.2
Revisions of Floodway ................................................................................ 2-10
2.5.5.3
Data for Revisions ....................................................................................... 2-11
2.5.5.4
Allowable Floodway Encroachment............................................................ 2-11
2.5.5.5
Highway Encroachment on a Floodplain with a Detailed Study (FIRM) ... 2-12
2.5.5.6
Highway Encroachment on a Floodplain Indicated on an FHBM............... 2-12
2.5.5.7
Highway Encroachment on Unidentified Floodplains................................. 2-12
2.5.6 Levee Systems ............................................................................................................... 2-12
2.5.7 Revisions to NFIP Maps ................................................................................................ 2-13

2-iv
AASHTO Drainage Manual, Volume One Policy
2.6
EXECUTIVE ORDERS ............................................................................................................. 2-13

2.6.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 2-13
2.6.2 EO 11988 ....................................................................................................................... 2-13
2.6.3 EO 11990 ....................................................................................................................... 2-14
2.7
STATE DRAINAGE LAW ........................................................................................................ 2-14

2.7.1 Common and Statutory Law .......................................................................................... 2-14
2.7.2 Classification of Waters ................................................................................................. 2-14
2.8
STATE WATER RULES ........................................................................................................... 2-15

2.8.1 Basic Concepts ............................................................................................................... 2-15
2.8.2 Surface Waters ............................................................................................................... 2-16
2.8.3 Stream Waters ................................................................................................................ 2-16
2.8.4 Floodwaters .................................................................................................................... 2-17
2.8.5 Groundwater .................................................................................................................. 2-17
2.9
STATUTORY LAW ................................................................................................................... 2-17

2.9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 2-17
2.9.2 Eminent Domain ............................................................................................................ 2-18
2.9.3 Water Rights .................................................................................................................. 2-18
2.9.4 Districts .......................................................................................................................... 2-19
2.9.5 Agricultural Drainage Laws........................................................................................... 2-19
2.9.6 Environmental Law........................................................................................................ 2-19
2.10
LOCAL LAWS AND APPLICATIONS .................................................................................... 2-19

2.10.1 Local Laws ..................................................................................................................... 2-19
2.10.2 Municipal Liability ........................................................................................................ 2-19
2.10.3 Acts of Others ................................................................................................................ 2-20
2.10.4 Acts of Developers......................................................................................................... 2-20
2.10.5 Personal Liability ........................................................................................................... 2-21
2.10.6 Drainage Improvements ................................................................................................. 2-21
2.10.7 Financing ..................................................................................................................... 2-21
2.10.8 Special Issues ................................................................................................................. 2-21
2.11
LEGAL REMEDIES .................................................................................................................. 2-21

2.11.1 Common Actions ........................................................................................................... 2-21
2.11.2 Inverse Condemnation ................................................................................................... 2-22
2.11.3 Injunction ..................................................................................................................... 2-22
2.11.4 Tort Claims .................................................................................................................... 2-22
2.11.5 Legislative Claims ......................................................................................................... 2-22
2.12
ROLE OF THE DESIGNER ...................................................................................................... 2-22

2.12.1 Responsibility ................................................................................................................ 2-22
2.12.2 Investigating Complaints ............................................................................................... 2-23
2.12.3 Legal Opinion ................................................................................................................ 2-25
Legal Aspects
2-v
2.12.4 As a Witness .................................................................................................................. 2-25

2.12.5 Witness Conduct ............................................................................................................ 2-26
2.13
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 2-26


Section
Page
3.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 3-1
3.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.3 Accuracy of Data ............................................................................................................. 3-1
3.2
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................ 3-2

3.2.1 Regulatory........................................................................................................................ 3-2
3.2.2 Data Retention Policy ...................................................................................................... 3-2
3.3
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 3-3


Section
Page
4.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.3 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 4-2
4.1.4 Phases .............................................................................................................................. 4-3
4.1.4.1
Preliminary Engineering ................................................................................ 4-3
4.1.4.2
Design ............................................................................................................ 4-3
4.1.4.3
Construction .................................................................................................. 4-3
4.1.4.4
Operation ....................................................................................................... 4-3
4.2
RECORDS AND FILES ............................................................................................................... 4-4

4.2.1 General File...................................................................................................................... 4-4
4.2.2 Hydraulic Site File (Structures) ....................................................................................... 4-4
4.2.2.1
Design Computations .................................................................................... 4-5
4.2.2.2
Site-Specific Correspondence........................................................................ 4-5
4.2.2.3
Hydraulic Site File Checklist ......................................................................... 4-5
4.2.3 Hydraulic Site File (Roadway) ........................................................................................ 4-6
4.2.3.1
General .......................................................................................................... 4-6
4.2.3.2
Rural Drainage............................................................................................... 4-6
4.2.3.3
Storm Drainage Systems ............................................................................... 4-6
4.2.4 Permits File ...................................................................................................................... 4-6
4.2.5 Maintenance of Files ........................................................................................................ 4-6
4.2.6 Documentation of Flood Events (Highwater) .................................................................. 4-7


Section
Page
6.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 6-1
6.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 6-1
6.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2

6.2.1 Planning Highway Drainage ............................................................................................ 6-2
6.2.2 Regulations ...................................................................................................................... 6-2
6.2.3 Data Collection ................................................................................................................ 6-2
6.2.4 Planning-Level Hydrology and Hydraulics Reports ........................................................ 6-3
6.3
DOT PRACTICE .......................................................................................................................... 6-3

6.3.1 Interagency Coordination................................................................................................. 6-3
6.3.2 Legal Aspects ................................................................................................................... 6-4
6.3.3 Environmental Considerations ......................................................................................... 6-4
6.3.4 Permits ............................................................................................................................. 6-5
6.3.5 Location Considerations .................................................................................................. 6-5
6.4
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 6-6


Section
Page
7.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 7-1
7.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 7-1
7.1.2 General Definitions .......................................................................................................... 7-2
7.1.3 Surface Waters ................................................................................................................. 7-3
7.1.4 Sensitive Surface Waters ................................................................................................. 7-3
7.1.5 Functional Values ............................................................................................................ 7-3
7.1.6 Impact and Significance................................................................................................... 7-4
7.1.6.1 Impact .............................................................................................................. 7-4
7.1.6.2 Significance ..................................................................................................... 7-4
7.1.7 Threshold Value ............................................................................................................... 7-5
7.1.8 Reversible Effects ............................................................................................................ 7-5
7.1.9 Practicable ........................................................................................................................ 7-5
7.1.10 Design Alternatives.......................................................................................................... 7-5
7.2
POLICY ........................................................................................................................................ 7-7

7.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7-7
7.2.2 Rules and Regulations ..................................................................................................... 7-7
7.2.2.1 Federal Requirements ...................................................................................... 7-7
7.2.2.2 Federal MOUs and MOAs ............................................................................... 7-8
7.2.2.3 State and Local Requirements ......................................................................... 7-8
7.2.3 Cost-Effectiveness ........................................................................................................... 7-8
7.2.4 Enhancing Functional Values .......................................................................................... 7-8
7.2.5 Environmental Evaluation Complexity............................................................................ 7-8
7.2.6 Surface Water Assessment ............................................................................................... 7-9
7.2.7 Surface Water Analysis ................................................................................................... 7-9
7.2.8 Permit Criteria.................................................................................................................. 7-9
7.2.9 Design Mitigation .......................................................................................................... 7-10
7.2.9.1 Mitigation Alternatives .................................................................................. 7-10
7.2.9.2 Best Management Practices (BMPs) ............................................................. 7-10
7.3
FUNCTIONAL VALUE CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................................... 7-10

7.3.1 Water Quality and Quantity ........................................................................................... 7-11
7.3.2 Channels......................................................................................................................... 7-11
7.3.2.1 Classification ................................................................................................. 7-12
7.3.2.2 Ordinary Highwater (OHW) .......................................................................... 7-12
7.3.2.3 Stability.......................................................................................................... 7-12
7.3.2.4 Channel Control Facilities ............................................................................. 7-13
7.3.3 Lakes or Ponds ............................................................................................................... 7-13
7.3.4 Wetlands ........................................................................................................................ 7-14
7.3.5 Aquatic Organism Passage (AOP) ................................................................................. 7-14

7-iv
7.3.6
7.4
Stream Geometry and Cover .......................................................................................... 7-14

7.3.6.1 Riparian Cover............................................................................................... 7-14
7.3.6.2 In-stream Features ......................................................................................... 7-15
7.3.6.3 Substrate ........................................................................................................ 7-15
7.3.6.4 Bank Geometry .............................................................................................. 7-15
7.3.6.5 Conveyance ................................................................................................... 7-15
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 7-15


Section
Page
8.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.1.3 Wetland Definition .......................................................................................................... 8-2
8.1.4 Wetland Functions ........................................................................................................... 8-3
8.2

8.2.1 Regulatory Considerations ............................................................................................... 8-3
8.2.1.1
Federal ........................................................................................................... 8-4
8.2.1.2
State and Local .............................................................................................. 8-4
8.2.1.3
Permit Criteria ............................................................................................... 8-5
8.2.2 Design Considerations ..................................................................................................... 8-5
8.2.2.1
Wetland Mitigation Alternatives ................................................................... 8-5
8.2.2.2
Wetland Bank ................................................................................................ 8-5
8.2.2.3
Impacts to Wetland Hydrology...................................................................... 8-6
8.3
PROCEDURAL OVERVIEW...................................................................................................... 8-6

8.3.1 Wetland Project Team ..................................................................................................... 8-6
8.3.2 Wetland Project Development Process ............................................................................ 8-7
8.4
WETLAND CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................................. 8-8
8.5
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 8-10


Section
Page
9.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 9-1
9.1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................................ 9-1
9.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 9-1
9.2

9.2.1 Factors Affecting Floods ................................................................................................. 9-2
9.2.2 Sources of Information .................................................................................................... 9-2
9.2.3 Site Data........................................................................................................................... 9-2
9.2.4 Evaluation of Runoff Factors ........................................................................................... 9-2
9.2.5 Flood History ................................................................................................................... 9-3
9.2.6 Design Frequency ............................................................................................................ 9-3
9.2.7 Economics........................................................................................................................ 9-3
9.2.8 Review Frequency ........................................................................................................... 9-4
9.3
HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS METHODS ................................................................................... 9-4

9.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 9-4
9.3.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 9-4
9.3.3 Peak Flow Analyses ......................................................................................................... 9-5
9.3.3.1
Gauged Site Methods..................................................................................... 9-6
9.3.3.2
Ungauged Site Methods................................................................................. 9-7
9.3.4 Hydrograph Methods ....................................................................................................... 9-8
9.3.4.1
NRCS Hydrograph Method ........................................................................... 9-8
9.3.4.2
Unit HydrographsGauge Data and Synthetic .............................................. 9-8
9.3.5 Hydrologic Accuracy ....................................................................................................... 9-9
9.3.6 Calibration ....................................................................................................................... 9-9
9.4
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 9-9


Section
Page
10.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 10-1
10.2
DESIGN STANDARDS ............................................................................................................. 10-2

10.2.1 Stream Channels ............................................................................................................ 10-2
10.2.2 Dikes and Levees ........................................................................................................... 10-3
10.2.3 Roadside Channels ......................................................................................................... 10-3
10.3
GENERAL CHANNEL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS........................................................... 10-4
10.4
CHANNEL HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 10-5

10.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 10-5
10.4.2 Single-Section Analysis (Slope-Area Method) .............................................................. 10-6
10.4.3 Step-Backwater Method................................................................................................. 10-6
10.4.4 Special Analysis Techniques ......................................................................................... 10-6
10.4.4.1 Two-Dimensional Analysis ......................................................................... 10-7
10.4.4.2 Water and Sediment Routing ....................................................................... 10-7
10.4.4.3 Unsteady Flow Analysis .............................................................................. 10-7
10.5
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 10-8


Section
Page
11.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 11-1
11.2
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................................. 11-1
11.3
DESIGN CRITERIA .................................................................................................................. 11-2

11.3.1 Site Criteria .................................................................................................................... 11-2
11.3.1.1 Structure Type Selection ............................................................................. 11-2
11.3.1.2 Slope, Length, and Skewness ...................................................................... 11-2
11.3.1.3 Ice Buildup .................................................................................................. 11-3
11.3.1.4 Debris Control ............................................................................................. 11-3
11.3.2 Design Limitations ......................................................................................................... 11-3
11.3.2.1 Design Flood Frequency .............................................................................. 11-3
11.3.2.2 Review Flood Frequency ............................................................................. 11-4
11.3.2.3 Allowable Headwater .................................................................................. 11-4
11.3.2.4 Allowable Headwater for Temporary On-Site Traffic Diversions .............. 11-4
11.3.2.5 Tailwater Relationship (Channel) ................................................................ 11-4
11.3.2.6 Tailwater Relationship (Confluence or Large-Water Body) ....................... 11-5
11.3.2.7 Maximum Outlet Velocity ........................................................................... 11-5
11.3.2.8 Minimum Culvert Velocity ......................................................................... 11-6
11.3.2.9 Storage (Temporary or Permanent) ............................................................. 11-6
11.4
DESIGN FEATURES ................................................................................................................. 11-6

11.4.1 Culvert Shape and Material Selection............................................................................ 11-6
11.4.2 Culvert Size.................................................................................................................... 11-7
11.4.3 Broken-Back Culverts.................................................................................................... 11-7
11.4.4 Land-Use Culvert ........................................................................................................... 11-7
11.4.5 Multiple Barrels ............................................................................................................. 11-8
11.4.6 Culvert Slopes ................................................................................................................ 11-8
11.4.7 Pipe Length Measurement for Culverts ......................................................................... 11-9
11.4.8 Skewed Installations ...................................................................................................... 11-9
11.4.9 End Treatment (Inlet or Outlet) ..................................................................................... 11-9
11.4.10 Safety Considerations .................................................................................................. 11-10
11.4.11 Median and Entrance Placement .................................................................................. 11-10
11.4.12 Weep Holes .................................................................................................................. 11-10
11.4.13 Performance Curves ..................................................................................................... 11-10
11.5
RELATED DESIGNS .............................................................................................................. 11-11

11.5.1 Erosion and Sediment Control ..................................................................................... 11-11
11.5.2 Environmental Considerations and Fishery Protection ................................................ 11-11
11.5.3 Irrigation Facilities ....................................................................................................... 11-11

11-iv
11.5.4 Outlet Protection .......................................................................................................... 11-12

11.5.5 Relief Opening ............................................................................................................. 11-12
11.6
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 11-12


Section
Page
12.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1.1 Overview........................................................................................................................ 12-1
12.1.2 Definition ....................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1.3 HEC-14 .......................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.2
TYPE SELECTION .................................................................................................................... 12-1

12.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.2.2 DOT Practice (Example) ............................................................................................... 12-3
12.2.3 Guidelines ...................................................................................................................... 12-3
12.3
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................. 12-4

12.3.1 Ice Buildup ..................................................................................................................... 12-4
12.3.2 Debris Control................................................................................................................ 12-4
12.3.3 Flood Frequency ............................................................................................................ 12-4
12.3.4 Culvert Exit Velocity ..................................................................................................... 12-4
12.3.5 Tailwater Relationship ................................................................................................... 12-4
12.3.6 Cost ................................................................................................................................ 12-5
12.3.7 Weep Holes .................................................................................................................... 12-5
12.4
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 12-5


Section
Page
13.1
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 13-1
13.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 13-1
13.1.2 Inadequate Drainage ...................................................................................................... 13-2
13.1.3 General Design Guidelines ............................................................................................ 13-2
13.1.4 Detention Storage .......................................................................................................... 13-2
13.2

13.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 13-3
13.2.2 Hydrology ...................................................................................................................... 13-3
13.2.3 Bridge Decks.................................................................................................................. 13-3
13.2.4 Inlets .............................................................................................................................. 13-3
13.2.5 Storm Drains .................................................................................................................. 13-4
13.2.6 Roadside Channels and Ditches ..................................................................................... 13-4
13.2.7 Flood Hazard.................................................................................................................. 13-5
13.2.8 Property Development Drainage Policy ........................................................................ 13-5
13.2.9 Hydroplaning ................................................................................................................. 13-5
13.2.10 Manholes........................................................................................................................ 13-6
13.2.10.1 Location ....................................................................................................... 13-6
13.2.10.2 Spacing ........................................................................................................ 13-6
13.3
DESIGN FREQUENCY AND SPREAD ................................................................................... 13-7

13.3.1 Selection Considerations................................................................................................ 13-7
13.3.2 Design Frequency .......................................................................................................... 13-7
13.3.3 Review Flood Frequency ............................................................................................... 13-8
13.3.4 Design Spread ................................................................................................................ 13-8
13.4
ROADWAY GEOMETRICS ..................................................................................................... 13-8

13.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 13-8
13.4.2 Roadway Cross Section ................................................................................................. 13-9
13.4.2.1 Width ........................................................................................................... 13-9
13.4.2.2 Cross Slope .................................................................................................. 13-9
13.4.3 Vertical Alignment ...................................................................................................... 13-10
13.4.3.1 Longitudinal Slope .................................................................................... 13-10
13.4.3.2 Sag Vertical Curves ................................................................................... 13-10
13.4.3.3 Crest Vertical Curves................................................................................. 13-10
13.4.4 Pavement Texture ........................................................................................................ 13-10
13.4.5 Curb and Gutter ........................................................................................................... 13-11
13.4.6 Medians........................................................................................................................ 13-11
13.5
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 13-12


Section
Page
14.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 14-1
14.1.1 Overview........................................................................................................................ 14-1
14.1.1.1 Quality ......................................................................................................... 14-1
14.1.1.2 Quantity ....................................................................................................... 14-1
14.1.2 Location Considerations ................................................................................................ 14-2
14.1.3 Detention and Retention ................................................................................................ 14-2
14.1.4 Design Practice .............................................................................................................. 14-2
14.2
POLICY ...................................................................................................................................... 14-3
14.3
DESIGN CRITERIA .................................................................................................................. 14-3

14.3.1 General Criteria.............................................................................................................. 14-3
14.3.2 Release Rate ................................................................................................................... 14-4
14.3.3 Storage Volume ............................................................................................................. 14-4
14.3.4 Grading and Depth Requirements .................................................................................. 14-4
14.3.4.1 General ........................................................................................................ 14-4
14.3.4.2 Detention ..................................................................................................... 14-5
14.3.4.3 Retention...................................................................................................... 14-5
14.3.5 Outlet Works .................................................................................................................. 14-5
14.3.6 Location ......................................................................................................................... 14-5
14.4
NATIONAL DAM SAFETY PROGRAM ................................................................................. 14-6
14.5
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS .......................................... 14-6

14.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 14-6
14.5.2 Sediment Basins ............................................................................................................. 14-7
14.5.3 Design Considerations for Pedestrians .......................................................................... 14-7
14.6
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 14-7


Section
Page
15.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.1.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 15-1
15.1.3 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 15-2
15.1.4 Design Considerations ................................................................................................... 15-2
15.2
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................. 15-3

15.2.1 Location ......................................................................................................................... 15-3
15.2.2 Hydrology ...................................................................................................................... 15-3
15.2.3 Collection Systems ........................................................................................................ 15-4
15.2.4 Station Types ................................................................................................................. 15-5
15.2.4.1 Wet-Pit Stations ........................................................................................... 15-5
15.2.4.2 Dry-Pit Stations ........................................................................................... 15-6
15.2.5 Pump Types ................................................................................................................... 15-7
15.2.6 Submergence .................................................................................................................. 15-8
15.2.7 Water-Level Sensors ...................................................................................................... 15-9
15.2.8 Power ............................................................................................................................. 15-9
15.2.9 Discharge System ........................................................................................................ 15-10
15.2.10 Flap Gates and Valving................................................................................................ 15-10
15.2.10.1 Flap Gates .................................................................................................. 15-10
15.2.10.2 Check Valves ............................................................................................. 15-10
15.2.10.3 Gate Valves ............................................................................................... 15-11
15.2.10.4 Air/Vacuum Valves ................................................................................... 15-11
15.2.11 Trash Racks and Grit Chambers .................................................................................. 15-11
15.2.12 Ventilation ................................................................................................................... 15-11
15.2.13 Roof Hatches and Monorails ....................................................................................... 15-12
15.2.14 Equipment Certification and Testing ........................................................................... 15-12
15.2.15 Monitoring ................................................................................................................... 15-12
15.2.16 Hazardous Spills .......................................................................................................... 15-12
15.3
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION CONSIDERATIONS ............................................... 15-13

15.3.1 Construction ................................................................................................................. 15-13
15.3.2 Maintenance ................................................................................................................. 15-13
15.3.3 Retrofitting Stations ..................................................................................................... 15-13
15.3.4 Safety ........................................................................................................................... 15-14
15.4
DESIGN CRITERIA ................................................................................................................ 15-14

15.4.1 Objective ...................................................................................................................... 15-14
15.4.2 Station Type and Depth ............................................................................................... 15-14
15.4.3 Power ........................................................................................................................... 15-14
15.4.4 Total Dynamic Head and System Curve ...................................................................... 15-15
15-iv
15.4.5 Main Pumps ................................................................................................................. 15-16

15.4.5.1 Number and Capacity ................................................................................ 15-16
15.4.5.2 Final Selection ........................................................................................... 15-17
15.4.6 Standby or Spare Pumps .............................................................................................. 15-19
15.4.7 Sump Pumps ................................................................................................................ 15-19
15.4.8 Storage ......................................................................................................................... 15-19
15.4.9 Wet Well Design .......................................................................................................... 15-20
15.4.9.1 Cycling Sequence and Volumes ................................................................ 15-21
15.4.9.2 Lowest Pump Off Elevation ................................................................... 15-24
15.4.9.3 Pump On Elevation ................................................................................ 15-25
15.4.9.4 Allowable Highwater Elevation ................................................................ 15-25
15.4.9.5 Clearances.................................................................................................. 15-25
15.4.9.6 Intake System Design ................................................................................ 15-25
15.4.10 Stormwater Pump Station Storage ............................................................................... 15-25
15.5
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 15-26


Section
Page
16.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 16-1
16.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 16-1
16.1.2 Location of Stream Crossing ......................................................................................... 16-1
16.2
FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY .............................................................................................. 16-1

16.2.1 Alluvial Streams ............................................................................................................ 16-2
16.2.2 Stream Types ................................................................................................................. 16-5
16.2.2.1 Straight Streams............................................................................................. 16-5
16.2.2.2 Braided Streams............................................................................................. 16-6
16.2.2.3 Meandering Streams ...................................................................................... 16-7
16.2.3 Graded or Poised Streams .............................................................................................. 16-8
16.2.4 Stream System Response ............................................................................................... 16-9
16.3
STREAM STABILITY ASSESSMENT .................................................................................. 16-10

16.3.1 Objective ...................................................................................................................... 16-10
16.3.2 Stream Reconnaissance................................................................................................ 16-10
16.3.3 Levels of Assessment................................................................................................... 16-10
16.3.3.1 Level 1: Qualitative Geomorphic Analyses ................................................. 16-11
16.3.3.2 Level 2: Basic Engineering Analyses .......................................................... 16-11
16.3.3.3 Level 3: Mathematical and Physical Model Studies.................................... 16-11
16.3.4 Factors that Affect Stream Stability ............................................................................. 16-11
16.3.4.1 Geomorphic Factors .................................................................................... 16-12
16.3.4.2 Hydraulic Factors ........................................................................................ 16-14
16.3.5 Stream Response to Change......................................................................................... 16-16
16.3.6 Lateral Migration ......................................................................................................... 16-18
16.4
COUNTERMEASURES FOR STREAM INSTABILITY....................................................... 16-18

16.4.1 Meander Migration ...................................................................................................... 16-19
16.4.2 Channel Braiding ......................................................................................................... 16-19
16.4.3 Degradation .................................................................................................................. 16-19
16.4.4 Aggradation ................................................................................................................. 16-20
16.5
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 16-20


Section
Page
17.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.1 Purpose of Chapter......................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.2 Bridge Definition ........................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.3 Hydraulic Design (Culvert or Bridge) ........................................................................... 17-2
17.1.4 Design Goals .................................................................................................................. 17-2
17.1.5 Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 17-2
17.2
BRIDGE LOCATION ................................................................................................................ 17-3

17.2.1 General Considerations .................................................................................................. 17-3
17.2.3 Auxiliary/Relief Openings ............................................................................................. 17-3
17.3
HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ........................................................................... 17-4

17.3.2 Flood Frequencies .......................................................................................................... 17-5
17.3.2.1 Design Flood (Interstate and State Highways) ............................................ 17-5
17.3.2.2 Design Flood (Non-State Highways)........................................................... 17-6
17.3.2.3 NFIP-Mapped Floodplains .......................................................................... 17-6
17.3.2.4 Review Flood............................................................................................... 17-6
17.3.2.5 Risk Assessment/Analysis ........................................................................... 17-7
17.3.3 Clearance ....................................................................................................................... 17-8
17.3.4 Bridge Deck and Roadway Freeboard ........................................................................... 17-8
17.3.5 Backwater ...................................................................................................................... 17-8
17.4
HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................ 17-9

17.4.2 Analysis Documentation .............................................................................................. 17-10
17.4.3 Waterway Enlargement................................................................................................ 17-10
17.5
BRIDGE SCOUR ..................................................................................................................... 17-11

17.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 17-11
17.5.2 General Considerations ................................................................................................ 17-12
17.5.3 Flood Magnitudes ........................................................................................................ 17-12
17.5.4 Scour Types ................................................................................................................. 17-13
17.5.4.1 Long-Term Profile Changes ...................................................................... 17-13
17.5.4.2 Contraction ................................................................................................ 17-13
17.5.4.3 Local Scour ................................................................................................ 17-13
17.5.5 Natural Armoring ......................................................................................................... 17-14
17.5.6 Scour-Resistant Materials ............................................................................................ 17-14
17.5.7 Cumulative Scour Analysis.......................................................................................... 17-14
17.5.8 Pressure Flow Scour .................................................................................................... 17-15
17-iv
17.5.9 Scour Countermeasures ............................................................................................... 17-15

17.5.10 Dikes and Levees ......................................................................................................... 17-17
17.6
DECK DRAINAGE .................................................................................................................. 17-18

17.6.1 Importance of Bridge Deck Drainage .......................................................................... 17-18
17.6.2 Design Responsibilities................................................................................................ 17-19
17.6.3 Design Considerations (Open Drainage) ..................................................................... 17-19
17.6.3.1 Type of Drainage System .......................................................................... 17-19
17.6.3.2 Deck Slope................................................................................................. 17-19
17.6.3.3 Sag Vertical Curves ................................................................................... 17-19
17.6.3.4 Downspouts ............................................................................................... 17-19
17.6.3.5 Location of Inlets ....................................................................................... 17-20
17.6.3.6 Structural Considerations .......................................................................... 17-21
17.6.3.7 Maintenance Considerations...................................................................... 17-21
17.6.3.8 Bridge End Drainage ................................................................................. 17-21
17.7
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................................. 17-21

17.7.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 17-21
17.7.2 Environmental Considerations ..................................................................................... 17-22
17.7.3 Coordination, Permits, and Approvals ......................................................................... 17-22
17.7.4 Construction and Maintenance .................................................................................... 17-23
17.7.5 Tidal Waterways .......................................................................................................... 17-23
17.8
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 17-23


Section
Page
18.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1
18.1.1 Overview............................................................................................................................. 1
18.1.2 Policy .................................................................................................................................. 1
18.1.3 HEC-23 ............................................................................................................................... 2
18.1.4 Stream Stability................................................................................................................... 2
18.1.5 Bank and Revetment Failure Modes ................................................................................... 3
18.1.6 Hydraulic Analysis ............................................................................................................. 4
18.2
CHANNEL STABILIZATION METHODS ................................................................................... 4

18.2.1 Spurs or Spur Dikes ............................................................................................................ 6
18.2.2 Bendway Weirs ................................................................................................................... 7
18.2.3 Grade Control ..................................................................................................................... 8
18.2.4 Guide Banks ........................................................................................................................ 9
18.2.5 Retardance Structures ....................................................................................................... 10
18.2.6 Bulkheads.......................................................................................................................... 11
18.3
REVETMENT METHODS ........................................................................................................... 13

18.3.1 Rock and Rubble Riprap ................................................................................................... 14
18.3.2 Gabions ............................................................................................................................. 14
18.3.3 Wire-Enclosed Rock ......................................................................................................... 14
18.3.4 Precast Concrete Block ..................................................................................................... 15
18.3.5 Fully and Partially Grouted Rock ..................................................................................... 15
18.3.6 Concrete Slope Protection................................................................................................. 16
18.3.7 Vegetative Plantings and Hybrid Revetments (Biotechnical Engineering) ...................... 16
18.3.8 Filter Requirements........................................................................................................... 17
18.4
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 17


Section
Page
19.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 19-1
19.1.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 19-1
19.1.2 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 19-1
19.1.3 Symbols and Definitions ................................................................................................ 19-1
19.2

19.2.1 Coastal Engineers .......................................................................................................... 19-2
19.2.1.1 Qualifying a Coastal Engineer ..................................................................... 19-2
19.2.1.2 Roles of the Coastal Engineer and the Hydraulics Engineer ....................... 19-3
19.2.2 Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 19-4
19.2.3 Design Storms ................................................................................................................ 19-4
19.2.4 Tsunamis ........................................................................................................................ 19-4
19.2.5 Design Frequencies ........................................................................................................ 19-4
19.2.6 Coastal Roadway Survival via Overtopping .................................................................. 19-5
19.2.7 Design Storm Parameters............................................................................................... 19-5
19.3
COASTAL STORM METEOROLOGY .................................................................................... 19-6

19.3.1 Meteorological Parameters to Characterize a Hurricane ............................................... 19-6
19.3.2 Coastal Storm Rainfall ................................................................................................... 19-7
19.3.2.1 Hurricane Rainfall ....................................................................................... 19-7
19.3.2.2 Pacific Coast Climate Zone ......................................................................... 19-7
19.4
COASTAL STORM SURGE ..................................................................................................... 19-8

19.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 19-8
19.4.2 Design Storm Surge ....................................................................................................... 19-8
19.4.3 Numerical Storm Surge Modeling ................................................................................. 19-9
19.5
WAVES ...................................................................................................................................... 19-9

19.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 19-9
19.5.2 Design Wave Determination .......................................................................................... 19-9
19.5.3 Wave Forces on Bridge Structures .............................................................................. 19-10
19.5.4 Shore Protection against Wave Attack ........................................................................ 19-11
19.6
OTHER COASTAL EVENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS .................................................... 19-12

19.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 19-12
19.6.2 Lake Shore Flooding .................................................................................................... 19-12
19.7
COASTAL BRIDGE SCOUR .................................................................................................. 19-13

19.7.1 Channel Instability ....................................................................................................... 19-13
19.7.2 Contraction Scour ........................................................................................................ 19-13
19.7.3 Local Scour .................................................................................................................. 19-14
19-iv
19.7.3.1
19.7.3.2
19.8
Local Scour from Currents ........................................................................ 19-14

Local Scour from Waves ........................................................................... 19-15
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 19-15


Section
Page
20.1
EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL POLICIES .............................................................. 20-1
20.1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 20-1
20.1.2 Federal Policy ................................................................................................................ 20-1
20.1.3 AASHTO Policy ............................................................................................................ 20-1
20.1.4 State Policy .................................................................................................................... 20-2
20.1.5 State Program ................................................................................................................. 20-3
20.2
PLAN OF ACTION .................................................................................................................... 20-3

20.2.1 Guidelines ...................................................................................................................... 20-3
20.2.2 Control Measures ........................................................................................................... 20-4
20.3
FACTORS INFLUENCING EROSION .................................................................................... 20-4

20.3.1 Principal Factors ............................................................................................................ 20-4
20.3.2 Soil Characteristics ........................................................................................................ 20-4
20.3.3 Vegetative Cover ........................................................................................................... 20-5
20.3.4 Topography .................................................................................................................... 20-5
20.3.5 Climate ........................................................................................................................... 20-5
20.4
TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES ...................................................................................................... 20-5

20.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 20-5
20.4.2 Principles ....................................................................................................................... 20-6
20.5
GENERAL CRITERIA FOR CONTROLLING EROSION ...................................................... 20-6

20.5.1 Application..................................................................................................................... 20-6
20.5.2 General Criteria.............................................................................................................. 20-6
20.5.2.1 Stabilization ................................................................................................. 20-7
20.5.2.2 Permanent Vegetation.................................................................................. 20-7
20.5.2.3 Protection of Adjacent Property .................................................................. 20-7
20.5.2.4 Timing and Stabilization ............................................................................. 20-7
20.5.2.5 Sediment Basins .......................................................................................... 20-7
20.5.2.6 Polyacrylamides........................................................................................... 20-7
20.5.2.7 Cut and Fill Slopes ...................................................................................... 20-8
20.5.2.8 Waterways and Outlets ................................................................................ 20-8
20.5.2.9 Inlet Protection ............................................................................................ 20-8
20.5.2.10 Crossing Watercourses ................................................................................ 20-9
20.5.2.11 Disposing of Measures ................................................................................ 20-9
20.5.2.12 Inspection and Maintenance ........................................................................ 20-9
20.6
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 20-9


Section
Page
21.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 21-1
21.1.1 Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 21-1
21.1.2 Construction Considerations .......................................................................................... 21-2
21.1.3 Cost Considerations ....................................................................................................... 21-2
21.1.4 Effects of Changes to Site Conditions ........................................................................... 21-3
21.1.5 Contract Plans and Construction Meetings .................................................................... 21-4
21.2
PRECONSTRUCTION CONFERENCE ................................................................................... 21-6

21.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 21-6
21.2.2 Other Concerns .............................................................................................................. 21-6
21.3
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................. 21-7

21.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 21-7
21.3.2 Environmental Concerns................................................................................................ 21-8
21.4
HYDROLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 21-8

21.4.1 Low-Flow Discharge ..................................................................................................... 21-8
21.4.2 Timing and Risk............................................................................................................. 21-9
21.4.3 Water Quality ................................................................................................................. 21-9
21.5
EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL............................................................................... 21-10

21.5.1 Construction ................................................................................................................. 21-10
21.5.2 Construction Feedback ................................................................................................ 21-10
21.5.3 Other Considerations ................................................................................................... 21-11
21.6
CULVERTS .............................................................................................................................. 21-11

21.6.1 Preparation ................................................................................................................... 21-11
21.6.2 Installation ................................................................................................................... 21-11
21.6.3 Stream Restoration ....................................................................................................... 21-11
21.6.4 Records ........................................................................................................................ 21-12
21.7
BRIDGES ................................................................................................................................. 21-12

21.7.1 Hydraulic Considerations ............................................................................................ 21-12
21.7.2 Hydrologic Information ............................................................................................... 21-12
21.7.3 Foundation and Scour .................................................................................................. 21-13
21.7.4 Cofferdams, Caissons, and Falsework ......................................................................... 21-13
21.7.5 Crossings and Detours ................................................................................................. 21-13
21.7.6 Environmental Aspects ................................................................................................ 21-14
21.7.7 Stream Restoration ....................................................................................................... 21-15
21.7.8 Feedback ...................................................................................................................... 21-15

21-iv
21.8
OPEN CHANNELS .................................................................................................................. 21-15

21.8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 21-15
21.8.2 Channel Modification .................................................................................................. 21-16
21.8.3 Bank Stabilization ........................................................................................................ 21-16
21.8.4 Excavation ................................................................................................................... 21-16
21.8.5 Access .......................................................................................................................... 21-17
21.8.6 Temporary Stockpiling of Materials in Regulatory Floodway .................................... 21-17
21.9
STORM DRAINAGE ............................................................................................................... 21-17

21.9.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 21-17
21.9.2 Plan Revisions.............................................................................................................. 21-17
21.10
AS-BUILT PLANS ............................................................................................................... 21-18
21.11
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 21-18


Section
Page
22.1
MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................................... 22-1
22.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 22-1
22.1.2 Maintenance Program .................................................................................................... 22-1
22.1.3 Records .......................................................................................................................... 22-2
22.1.4 Problems ........................................................................................................................ 22-2
22.2
INSPECTION ............................................................................................................................. 22-3
22.3
STORAGE FACILITIES ............................................................................................................ 22-4

22.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 22-4
22.3.2 Maintenance Problems ................................................................................................... 22-4
22.3.3 Maintenance Program .................................................................................................... 22-4
22.3.3.1 Inspection Intervals...................................................................................... 22-4
22.3.3.2 Maintenance Tasks ...................................................................................... 22-5
22.3.3.3 Operation Maintenance................................................................................ 22-5
22.3.3.4 Volume Maintenance ................................................................................... 22-6
22.4
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS .............................................................................................. 22-6

22.4.1 Maintenance Problems ................................................................................................... 22-6
22.4.2 Cleaning ......................................................................................................................... 22-7
22.4.3 Stormwater Inlets ........................................................................................................... 22-7
22.5
CULVERTS ................................................................................................................................ 22-7

22.5.1 Culvert Maintenance ...................................................................................................... 22-7
22.5.2 Cleaning ......................................................................................................................... 22-8
22.5.3 Repairing........................................................................................................................ 22-8
22.6
CHANNELS (ROADSIDE) ....................................................................................................... 22-8

22.6.1 Repairing........................................................................................................................ 22-9
22.6.2 Erosion and Vegetation .................................................................................................. 22-9
22.7
SLOPE DRAINS AND WASH CHECKS ................................................................................. 22-9

22.7.1 Slope Drains ................................................................................................................... 22-9
22.7.2 Wash Checks................................................................................................................ 22-10
22.8
ENERGY DISSIPATORS ........................................................................................................ 22-10
22.9
CHANNEL AND STREAM BANK STABILIZATION ......................................................... 22-10

22.9.1 Grouted Riprap ............................................................................................................ 22-10
22.9.2 Concrete Slope Paving ................................................................................................. 22-10
22.9.3 Gunite Slope Paving .................................................................................................... 22-11
22-iv
22.9.4 Retards and Permeable Jetties ...................................................................................... 22-11

22.9.5 Gabions ........................................................................................................................ 22-11
22.10
UNDERDRAINS ...................................................................................................................... 22-11
22.11
BRIDGES ................................................................................................................................. 22-11

22.11.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 22-11
22.11.2 Maintenance Problems ................................................................................................. 22-12
22.11.3 Maintenance Measures ................................................................................................ 22-12
22.12
CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS .............................................................................................. 22-13
22.13
COASTAL FACILITIES .......................................................................................................... 22-13
22.14
PUMP STATIONS ................................................................................................................... 22-14
22.15
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 22-14


VOLUME 2TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 2
Permits and Certifications
Chapter 3
Data Collection
Chapter 4
Documentation
Chapter 5
Software
Chapter 6
Planning and Location
Chapter 7
Surface Water Environment
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Hydrology
Chapter 10
Channels
Chapter 11
Culverts
Chapter 12
Energy Dissipators
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Storage Facilities
Chapter 15
Pump Stations
Chapter 16
Stream Stability
Chapter 17
Bridges
Chapter 18
Channel and Stream Bank Stabilization
Chapter 19
Coastal Zone
Chapter 20
Erosion and Sediment Control
Chapter 21
Construction [Reserved]
Chapter 22
Maintenance [Reserved]
viii


Section
Page
1.1
PURPOSE ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2
SCOPE ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3
U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS............................................................................................................ 2
1.4
MANUAL FORMAT ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.5
MANUAL USE ............................................................................................................................... 3
1.6
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 3
1.7
CONTENT QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................ 3
1.8
ERRORS, ADDITIONS, AND UPDATES ..................................................................................... 3


Section
Page
2.1
ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTS .......................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Environmental Classification ........................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.2 Wetland Finding .............................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1.3 Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)........................................................... 2-2
2.1.4 Dewatering Plan ............................................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.5 Section 7 Biological Opinion ........................................................................................... 2-2
2.2
FHWA FLOODPLAIN EVALUATION AND FINDING ........................................................... 2-3

2.2.1 Review of Floodplain Impacts ......................................................................................... 2-3
2.2.2 Draft Environmental Assessment Document, Floodplain Impacts .................................. 2-3
2.2.3 Final Environmental Assessment Document, Floodplain Finding .................................. 2-4
2.2.4 Regulatory Floodway ....................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.5 Programmatic Floodplain Finding for Categorical Exclusions........................................ 2-4
2.2.6 Legal References.............................................................................................................. 2-4
2.3
NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM (NFIP) ........................................................... 2-5

2.3.1 NFIP Background ............................................................................................................ 2-5
2.3.2 NFIP Maps ....................................................................................................................... 2-6
2.3.3 Flood Insurance Study ..................................................................................................... 2-6
2.3.4 NFIP Participation Phases................................................................................................ 2-6
2.3.5 Regulated Floodplain Components .................................................................................. 2-7
2.3.6 Projects Requiring Coordination with FEMA ................................................................. 2-8
2.3.7 Floodway Revisions and NFIP ........................................................................................ 2-8
2.3.8 Allowable Floodway Encroachment ................................................................................ 2-9
2.3.8.1
General .......................................................................................................... 2-9
2.3.8.2
Floodplain with a Detailed Study (FIRM) ..................................................... 2-9
Floodplain Indicated on a FHBM ................................................................ 2-10
2.3.8.3
2.3.8.4
Unidentified Floodplains ............................................................................. 2-10
2.3.9 Replacing Existing Structures ........................................................................................ 2-10
2.3.10 Applicability of NFIP Criteria to State DOTs ............................................................... 2-10
2.3.11 FEMA/NFIP Map Revisions.......................................................................................... 2-11
2.3.12 Hydrologic Data for FEMA Map Revisions .................................................................. 2-13
2.3.13 NFIP Map Revision Request Procedure ........................................................................ 2-15
2.3.14 Legal References............................................................................................................ 2-15
2.4
NATIONAL PERMITS/CERTIFICATIONS............................................................................. 2-16

2.4.1 Section 401 of the Clean Water Act Certification.......................................................... 2-16
2.4.1.1
Purpose ........................................................................................................ 2-16
2.4.1.2
Applicability ................................................................................................ 2-16
2.4.1.3
Responsible State Agency ........................................................................... 2-16

2-iv
AASHTO Drainage Manual, Volume Two, Procedures
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4.5
2.5
2.4.1.4
Responsible State DOT Unit ....................................................................... 2-16
2.4.1.5
Legal References ......................................................................................... 2-16
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act ............................................................................... 2-17
2.4.2.1
Purpose ........................................................................................................ 2-17
2.4.2.2
Applicability ................................................................................................ 2-17
2.4.2.3
Responsible Federal Agency ....................................................................... 2-17
2.4.2.4
2.4.2.5
Documentation............................................................................................. 2-18
2.4.2.6
Definitions ................................................................................................... 2-18
2.4.2.7
Types of Section 404 Permits ...................................................................... 2-19
2.4.2.8
Nationwide Permits Regional Conditions ................................................... 2-21
2.4.2.9
Nationwide Permits Mitigation Information ............................................... 2-22
2.4.2.10 Application Procedure ................................................................................. 2-23
2.4.2.11 Distribution of Permits ................................................................................ 2-23
2.4.2.12 Legal References ......................................................................................... 2-23
Section 402 of the Clean Water Act ............................................................................... 2-23
2.4.3.1
Purpose ........................................................................................................ 2-23
2.4.3.2
Applicability ................................................................................................ 2-23
2.4.3.3
Responsible State Agency ........................................................................... 2-24
2.4.3.4
Responsible DOT Unit ................................................................................ 2-24
2.4.3.5
Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act of 1899 ................................ 2-24
2.4.4.1
Purpose ........................................................................................................ 2-24
2.4.4.2
Applicability ................................................................................................ 2-24
2.4.4.3
2.4.4.4
2.4.4.5
Section 9 of the Rivers and Harbors Appropriation Act of 1899 .................................. 2-25
2.4.5.1
Purpose ........................................................................................................ 2-25
2.4.5.2
Applicability ................................................................................................ 2-25
2.4.5.3
2.4.5.4
2.4.5.5
STATE/COUNTY/CITY PERMITS/CERTIFICATIONS ......................................................... 2-26

2.5.1 State ............................................................................................................................... 2-26
2.5.1.1
Water Rights ................................................................................................ 2-27
2.5.1.2
Dam Safety .................................................................................................. 2-27
2.5.2 County/City.................................................................................................................... 2-27
APPENDIX 2A SECTION 404 APPLICATION PROCEDURE .......................................................... 2-27


Section
Page
3.1
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.1.2 Data Requirements ........................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2
TYPES OF DATA NEEDED ....................................................................................................... 3-2

3.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 3-2
3.2.2 Watershed ........................................................................................................................ 3-2
3.2.2.1
Watershed Characteristics ............................................................................. 3-2
3.2.2.2
Watershed Land Use ...................................................................................... 3-3
3.2.2.3
Streams, Rivers, Ponds, Lakes, Wetlands, and Detention Basins ................. 3-4
3.2.2.4
Environmental Considerations ...................................................................... 3-4
3.2.3 Site Characteristics .......................................................................................................... 3-5
3.2.3.1
Geomorphological Data ................................................................................. 3-6
3.2.3.2
Roughness Coefficients ................................................................................. 3-6
3.2.3.3
Stream Profile ................................................................................................ 3-6
3.2.3.4
Stream Cross Sections ................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.3.5
Existing Structures......................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.3.6
Acceptable Flood Levels ............................................................................... 3-7
3.2.3.7
Flood History ................................................................................................. 3-7
3.2.3.8
Debris and Ice ................................................................................................ 3-7
3.2.3.9
Scour Potential............................................................................................... 3-7
3.2.3.10 Controls Affecting Design Criteria................................................................ 3-8
3.2.3.11 Downstream Control...................................................................................... 3-8
3.2.3.12 Upstream Control .......................................................................................... 3-8
3.3
SOURCES OF DATA .................................................................................................................. 3-8

3.3.1 Geographic Information Systems .................................................................................... 3-8
3.3.2 National Flood Insurance Program .................................................................................. 3-9
3.3.3 Sources ............................................................................................................................. 3-9
3.4
DATA COLLECTION PROCESSES .......................................................................................... 3-9

3.4.1 Field Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 3-9
3.4.2 Digital and Satellite Data Models .................................................................................... 3-9
3.4.3 Aerial Photogrammetry and Surveys ............................................................................. 3-10
3.4.4 Data Merging ................................................................................................................. 3-10
3.4.5 Accuracy of Data ........................................................................................................... 3-11
3.5
FIELD REVIEWS ...................................................................................................................... 3-11

3.5.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 3-11
3.5.2 Preparation of Preliminary Drainage Data ..................................................................... 3-12
3.5.2.1
Transfer Road Alignment to Quadrangle Map ............................................ 3-12
3-iv
AASHTO Drainage Manual, Volume Two Procedures
3.5.3
3.5.2.2
Determine Drainage Areas .......................................................................... 3-12
3.5.2.3
Determine Channel Slopes .......................................................................... 3-13
Conducting the On-Site Inspection ................................................................................ 3-13
3.6
DRAINAGE SURVEY INFORMATION .................................................................................. 3-13

3.6.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 3-13
3.6.2 Survey Locations ........................................................................................................... 3-14
3.6.3 Drainage Survey Needs ................................................................................................. 3-14
3.6.3.1
General ........................................................................................................ 3-14
3.6.3.2
Drainage Basins ........................................................................................... 3-15
3.6.4 Survey Data Files ........................................................................................................... 3-16
3.7
DATA RELIABILITY................................................................................................................ 3-16

3.7.1 Objective ........................................................................................................................ 3-16
3.7.2 Reliability....................................................................................................................... 3-16
3.7.3 Sensitivity ...................................................................................................................... 3-17
3.8
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 3-17
APPENDIX 3A DATA SOURCES ........................................................................................................ 3-18

APPENDEX 3B CHECKLISTS ............................................................................................................. 3-20


Section
Page
4.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.3 Flood Events .................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2
PROJECT SCHEDULING AND HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS .................................................... 4-1

4.2.1 Project Scoping ................................................................................................................ 4-2
4.2.2 Review/Update Scope ...................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.3 Surveys ............................................................................................................................ 4-2
4.2.4 Preliminary Drainage Data .............................................................................................. 4-2
4.2.5 Final Drainage Data ......................................................................................................... 4-3
4.2.6 Preliminary Hydraulic Design ......................................................................................... 4-5
4.2.7 Preliminary Structure Data .............................................................................................. 4-6
4.2.8 Preliminary Structure Site Inspection .............................................................................. 4-6
4.2.9 Final Hydraulic Design Report ........................................................................................ 4-7
4.2.10 Preliminary Bridge Design .............................................................................................. 4-7
4.3
HYDRAULIC DESIGN REPORT ............................................................................................... 4-7

4.3.1 Overview.......................................................................................................................... 4-7
4.3.2 Draft vs. Final Hydraulic Design Report ......................................................................... 4-8
4.3.3 Distribution ...................................................................................................................... 4-9
4.3.4 Format and Content ......................................................................................................... 4-9
4.3.5 Project Description ........................................................................................................ 4-10
4.3.6 Site Location .................................................................................................................. 4-10
4.3.7 Physical Characteristics of Existing Site ....................................................................... 4-10
4.3.8 Design Elements ............................................................................................................ 4-11
4.3.8.1 Environmental Considerations ...................................................................... 4-11
4.3.8.2 Roadway Elements ........................................................................................ 4-11
4.3.8.3 Right-of-Way Considerations ........................................................................ 4-12
4.3.8.4 Geotechnical Considerations ......................................................................... 4-12
4.3.9 Hydrology ...................................................................................................................... 4-12
4.3.10 Hydraulics ...................................................................................................................... 4-12
4.3.10.1 Overview ....................................................................................................... 4-12
4.3.10.2 Culverts.......................................................................................................... 4-13
4.3.10.3 Bridges ........................................................................................................... 4-14
4.3.10.4 Open Channels............................................................................................... 4-17
4.3.10.5 Storm Drains .................................................................................................. 4-18
4.3.10.6 Pump Stations ................................................................................................ 4-19

4-iv
4.4
ROAD DESIGN HYDRAULIC DESIGN DOCUMENTATION ............................................. 4-19

4.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 4-19
4.4.2 Rural Drainage ............................................................................................................... 4-20
4.4.3 Storm Drainage Systems ................................................................................................ 4-20
APPENDIX 4A HYDRAULIC SITE FILE CHECKLIST ..................................................................... 4-21

APPENDIX 4B EXAMPLE HYDRAULIC DATA FORM .................................................................. 4-23
APPENDIX 4C DOCUMENTATION OF FLODD EVENTS (HIGHWATER) ................................... 4-32


Section
Page
5.1
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 5-1
5.1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.2 Chapter Content ............................................................................................................... 5-2
5.1.3 Coordination with Other Chapters ................................................................................... 5-2
5.2
SOFTWARE ................................................................................................................................. 5-2

5.2.1 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................ 5-3
5.2.1.1
Gauged Watersheds ....................................................................................... 5-3
5.2.1.2
Ungauged Watersheds ................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.2 Channels and Floodplains ................................................................................................ 5-6
5.2.2.1
Roadside Channels (Uniform Flow) .............................................................. 5-6
5.2.2.2
Natural Channels (Gradually Varied Flow) ................................................... 5-7
5.2.2.3
Complex Floodplains (Two-Dimensional Flow) ........................................... 5-8
5.2.3 Culverts ............................................................................................................................ 5-9
5.2.4 Storm Drainage Systems .................................................................................................. 5-9
5.2.5 Storage Facilities............................................................................................................ 5-10
5.2.6 Stream Stability.............................................................................................................. 5-11
5.2.7 Bridge Hydraulics .......................................................................................................... 5-12
5.2.7.1
Analyzing 1-D Flow with Bridges............................................................... 5-12
5.2.7.2
Analyzing 2-D Flow with Bridges............................................................... 5-13
5.2.8 Bank Protection.............................................................................................................. 5-14
5.3
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 5-15


Section
Page
6.1
GENERAL .................................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.1.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 6-1
6.1.2 Flood Hazards .................................................................................................................. 6-1
6.1.3 Stormwater Management ................................................................................................. 6-1
6.1.4 Construction Problems ..................................................................................................... 6-2
6.1.5 Maintenance Problems ..................................................................................................... 6-2
6.2
DOT PRACTICE .......................................................................................................................... 6-3

6.2.1 Interagency Coordination................................................................................................. 6-3
6.2.2 Intragency Coordination .................................................................................................. 6-3
6.2.3 Legal Aspects ................................................................................................................... 6-3
6.2.4 Environmental Review Process ....................................................................................... 6-4
6.2.5 Permits and Certifications ................................................................................................ 6-4
6.2.6 Location Considerations .................................................................................................. 6-5
6.3
STORMWATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY......................................................................... 6-5

6.3.1 Quality ............................................................................................................................. 6-6
6.3.2 Quantity ........................................................................................................................... 6-6
6.4
DATA IDENTIFICATION DURING PLANNING AND LOCATION...................................... 6-7
6.5
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 6-7


Section
Page
7.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 7-1
7.2
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................... 7-1

7.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2.2 Water Quality ................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2.2.1
Soil Erosion ................................................................................................... 7-2
7.2.2.2
Pollutant Loading .......................................................................................... 7-2
7.2.2.3
Management Measures .................................................................................. 7-4
7.2.3 Channels......................................................................................................................... 7-12
7.2.4 Lakes or Ponds ............................................................................................................... 7-13
7.2.5 Wetlands ........................................................................................................................ 7-13
7.2.6 Aquatic Organism Passage (Fish Passage) .................................................................... 7-13
7.2.7 Stream Geometry and Cover .......................................................................................... 7-14
7.3
DESIGN PROCEDURES ........................................................................................................... 7-15

7.3.1 Design Steps .................................................................................................................. 7-15
7.3.2 Design Data.................................................................................................................... 7-16
7.3.2.1
Site-Specific Data ........................................................................................ 7-16
7.3.2.2
Surface Water Data ...................................................................................... 7-17
7.3.3 Water Quality Measures ................................................................................................ 7-18
7.3.3.1
Vegetative Measures.................................................................................... 7-18
7.3.3.2
Detention Basin Measure............................................................................. 7-20
7.3.3.3
Wetland Measure ......................................................................................... 7-21
7.3.3.4
Infiltration Measure ..................................................................................... 7-21
7.3.3.5
De-icing Chemical Application ................................................................... 7-21
7.4
SURFACE WATER ASSESSMENT VS. ANALYSIS CRITERIA .......................................... 7-24

7.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7-24
7.4.2 Criteria Types ................................................................................................................ 7-27
7.4.2.1
General Criteria ........................................................................................... 7-27
7.4.2.2
Specific Criteria ........................................................................................... 7-27
7.5
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR SURFACE WATERS ......................................... 7-27

7.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7-27
7.5.2 Contamination or Polution ............................................................................................. 7-27
7.5.3 Mitigation....................................................................................................................... 7-28
7.5.4 Erosion Control .............................................................................................................. 7-29
7.5.5 Construction Practices ................................................................................................... 7-29
7.6
CHANNEL MITIGATION GEOMETRIES .............................................................................. 7-30

7.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7-30
7-ii
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
7.7
Grade Control Structures ............................................................................................... 7-30

Aquatic Organism Passage Structures ........................................................................... 7-31
Non-Structural Bendway Bank Protection..................................................................... 7-31
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 7-32


Section
Page
8.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 8-1
8.2
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................. 8-1
8.3
WETLANDS AND WETLAND MITIGATION PROJECTS (DEFINITIONS) ......................... 8-2
8.4
WETLAND HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................. 8-3

8.4.1 The Water Budget ............................................................................................................ 8-4
8.4.2 Wetland Soils ................................................................................................................... 8-5
8.4.3 Functions of Wetlands ..................................................................................................... 8-5
8.4.3.1
Plant and Animal Habitat .............................................................................. 8-6
8.4.3.2
Food Chain Support ....................................................................................... 8-6
8.4.3.3
Flood Storage................................................................................................. 8-7
8.4.3.4
Sediment and Pollutant Trapping .................................................................. 8-7
8.4.3.5
Shoreline Protection ...................................................................................... 8-7
8.4.3.6
Groundwater Recharge .................................................................................. 8-7
8.4.3.7
Groundwater Discharge ................................................................................. 8-8
8.4.3.8
Biogeochemical Cycling................................................................................ 8-8
8.5
HYDROLOGIC VARIABLES OF WETLANDS ........................................................................ 8-8

8.5.1 Water Sources and Outflow from Wetlands .................................................................... 8-8
8.5.2 Depth of Water in Impounded or Inundated Wetlands .................................................... 8-9
8.5.3 Velocity of Water............................................................................................................. 8-9
8.5.4 Wave Action .................................................................................................................. 8-10
8.5.5 Ice .................................................................................................................................. 8-10
8.5.6 Dissolved and Suspended Materials in Water, Turbidity, and Temperature ................. 8-10
8.5.7 Size, Shape, and Depth of Wetlands .............................................................................. 8-10
8.5.8 Wetland Vegetation ....................................................................................................... 8-10
8.5.9 Wetland Soils ................................................................................................................. 8-11
8.5.10 Wetland Fauna ............................................................................................................... 8-11
8.6
GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR WETLAND DESIGN ............................................................. 8-11
8.7
WETLAND TYPES FOR DESIGN MODELS .......................................................................... 8-12
8.8
MODELS FOR WETLAND CONSTRUCTION ....................................................................... 8-12

8.8.1 Inline Stream Flow......................................................................................................... 8-13
8.8.2 Offline Stream Flow ...................................................................................................... 8-13
8.8.3 Spring/Seepage Flow ..................................................................................................... 8-14
8.8.4 Surface Water ................................................................................................................ 8-15
8.8.5 Groundwater Interception .............................................................................................. 8-15
8-iv
8.8.6
8.8.7
8.8.8
8.8.9
8.8.10
Shared Water Supply ..................................................................................................... 8-16

Aquatic Bed ................................................................................................................... 8-16
Lakeshore ....................................................................................................................... 8-16
Island Wetlands.............................................................................................................. 8-17
Riparian Rehabilitation .................................................................................................. 8-17
8.9
TIDAL WETLANDS.................................................................................................................. 8-17

8.9.1 Fresh Water Flooding .................................................................................................... 8-17
8.9.2 Seasonal Pulses of Fresh Water ..................................................................................... 8-17
8.9.3 Sedimentation and Erosion ............................................................................................ 8-18
8.9.4 Depth.............................................................................................................................. 8-18
8.9.5 Salinity ........................................................................................................................... 8-18
8.9.6 Soils ............................................................................................................................... 8-18
8.9.7 Hydrologic Conditions ................................................................................................... 8-18
8.9.8 Channel Networks.......................................................................................................... 8-18
8.9.9 Sea Grasses .................................................................................................................... 8-19
8.10
SUCCESS RATES IN WETLAND RESTORATION/CREATION .......................................... 8-19
8.11
FAILURE MECHANISMS FOR WETLAND RESTORATION/CREATION PROJECTS..... 8-21
8.12
WETLAND RESTORATION/CREATION PROJECT DEVELOPMENT TEAM .................. 8-22
8.13
WETLAND RESTORATION/CREATION PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ............ 8-22

8.13.1 Evaluation of Existing Wetlands ................................................................................... 8-23
8.13.2 Establish Goals and Success Criteria ............................................................................. 8-25
8.13.2.1 Success Criteria ........................................................................................... 8-25
8.13.2.2 Timetable for Monitoring ............................................................................ 8-25
8.13.2.3 Hydrology Goals and Criteria...................................................................... 8-26
8.13.3 Selection of Project Site ................................................................................................. 8-26
8.13.4 Detailed Evaluation of Proposed Site ............................................................................ 8-29
8.13.5 Design Process for the Wetlands ................................................................................... 8-30
8.13.5.1 Water Budget ............................................................................................... 8-30
8.13.5.2 Shape, Size, and Contours of the Wetlands ................................................. 8-31
8.13.5.3 Protection of the Wetlands by Treatment of Inflow and Buffer
Strips ............................................................................................................ 8-31
8.13.5.4 Channel Design............................................................................................ 8-31
8.13.5.5 Outlet Control Structure and Outfall Channel ............................................. 8-32
8.14
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................. 8-33
8.15
MONITORING ........................................................................................................................... 8-34

8-v
8.16
WETLANDS WATER BUDGET PROCEDURE ..................................................................... 8-34

8.16.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8-34
8.16.2 Data Requirements ......................................................................................................... 8-35
8.16.3 The Water Budget Equation........................................................................................... 8-36
8.16.3.1 Precipitation ................................................................................................. 8-37
8.16.3.2 Surface Water .............................................................................................. 8-38
8.16.3.3 Groundwater ................................................................................................ 8-38
8.16.3.4 Evapotranspiration ....................................................................................... 8-39
8.16.4 Tidal Wetlands Considerations ...................................................................................... 8-41
8.16.5 Alternative Design Analysis Procedures ....................................................................... 8-42
8.16.6 Water Budget Procedures .............................................................................................. 8-42
8.16.7 Water Budget Case Study .............................................................................................. 8-44
8.17
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 8-60


Section
Page
9.1
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 9-1
9.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................... 9-1
9.1.2 Symbols and Definitions .................................................................................................. 9-1
9.1.3 Concept Definitions ......................................................................................................... 9-1
9.2
HYDROLOGIC PROCEDURE SELECTION ............................................................................. 9-2

9.2.1 Gauged Sites .................................................................................................................... 9-3
9.2.2 Ungauged Sites ................................................................................................................ 9-3
9.2.3 Hydrographs..................................................................................................................... 9-4
9.2.4 Calibration ....................................................................................................................... 9-4
9.3
ANALYSIS OF STREAM GAUGE DATA ................................................................................ 9-5

9.3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9-5
9.3.2 Application....................................................................................................................... 9-6
9.3.3 Skew ................................................................................................................................ 9-6
9.3.4 Transposition of Data....................................................................................................... 9-7
9.3.5 USGS Nationwide Gauged Data Example....................................................................... 9-7
9.4
REGRESSION EQUATIONS ...................................................................................................... 9-8

9.4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 9-8
9.4.2 National Streamflow Statistics Program .......................................................................... 9-8
9.4.3 Rural Regression Equations ............................................................................................. 9-8
9.4.3.1 Watershed Characteristics ............................................................................... 9-9
9.4.3.2 Limitations on Use of Regression Equations................................................... 9-9
9.4.3.3 Watersheds Close to Hydrologic Boundaries .................................................. 9-9
9.4.3.4 Rural Regression Equations Example ........................................................... 9-10
9.4.4 Urban Regression Equations .......................................................................................... 9-10
9.4.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 9-10
9.4.4.2 Application .................................................................................................... 9-11
9.4.4.3 Typical Equations and Characteristics........................................................... 9-11
9.4.4.4 Procedure ....................................................................................................... 9-11
9.4.4.5 Urban Regression Equations Example .......................................................... 9-13
9.5
RATIONAL METHOD .............................................................................................................. 9-14

9.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 9-14
9.5.2 Application..................................................................................................................... 9-14
9.5.3 Characteristics ................................................................................................................ 9-15
9.5.4 Equation ......................................................................................................................... 9-15
9.5.5 Runoff Coefficient ......................................................................................................... 9-16

9-iv
9.5.6
9.5.7
9.5.8
Time of Concentration ................................................................................................... 9-17

9.5.6.1 General .......................................................................................................... 9-17
9.5.6.2 Minimum Time of Concentration .................................................................. 9-18
9.5.6.3 Sheet-Flow Travel Time ................................................................................ 9-18
9.5.6.4 Travel Time ................................................................................................... 9-20
Rainfall Intensity............................................................................................................ 9-21
Rational Method Example ............................................................................................. 9-21
9.5.8.1 Site Data ........................................................................................................ 9-22
9.5.8.2 Land Use ........................................................................................................ 9-22
9.6
NRCS GRAPHICAL PEAK DISCHARGE METHOD ............................................................. 9-25

9.6.1 Runoff Depth Estimation ............................................................................................... 9-25
9.6.2 Cover Complex Classification ....................................................................................... 9-25
9.6.3 Curve Number (CN) Tables ........................................................................................... 9-25
9.6.4 Estimation of CN Values for Urban Land Uses ............................................................. 9-30
9.6.5 Effect of Unconnected Impervious Area on Curve Numbers ........................................ 9-31
9.6.6 Parameter (Ia/P) ............................................................................................................. 9-32
9.6.7 Peak Discharge Estimation ............................................................................................ 9-34
9.6.8 Example ProblemNRCS Graphical Peak Discharge Method .................................... 9-36
9.7
NRCS UNIT HYDROGRAPH ................................................................................................... 9-37

9.7.1 Application..................................................................................................................... 9-37
9.7.2 Equations and Concepts ................................................................................................. 9-38
9.7.3 Procedure ....................................................................................................................... 9-42
9.7.4 Runoff Factor ................................................................................................................. 9-42
9.7.4.1 Time of Concentration ................................................................................... 9-44
9.7.4.2 Triangular Hydrograph Equation................................................................... 9-45
9.7.5 Example ProblemNRCS Unit Hydrograph ................................................................ 9-46
9.8
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 9-46


Section
Page
10.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 10-1
10.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 10-1
10.1.3 Channel Definition ......................................................................................................... 10-1
10.1.4 Symbols ......................................................................................................................... 10-2
10.2
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW DEFINITIONS ................................................................................ 10-4

10.2.1 Overview........................................................................................................................ 10-4
10.2.2 Specific Energy .............................................................................................................. 10-4
10.2.3 Energy Grade Line ......................................................................................................... 10-4
10.2.4 Steady and Unsteady Flow ............................................................................................ 10-5
10.2.5 Uniform Flow and Non-Uniform Flow.......................................................................... 10-5
10.2.6 Gradually Varied and Rapidly Varied Flow .................................................................. 10-5
10.2.7 Flow Classification ........................................................................................................ 10-5
10.2.8 Froude Number .............................................................................................................. 10-5
10.2.9 Critical Flow .................................................................................................................. 10-6
10.2.10 Subcritical Flow ............................................................................................................. 10-6
10.2.11 Supercritical Flow .......................................................................................................... 10-7
10.2.12 Hydraulic Jump .............................................................................................................. 10-7
10.3
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW EQUATIONS .................................................................................. 10-7

10.3.1 Continuity Equation ....................................................................................................... 10-7
10.3.2 Mannings Equation ....................................................................................................... 10-8
10.3.3 Conveyance .................................................................................................................... 10-8
10.3.4 Energy Equation ............................................................................................................ 10-9
10.4
OPEN CHANNEL HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 10-10

10.4.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 10-10
10.4.2 Cross Sections .............................................................................................................. 10-11
10.4.3 Mannings n Value Selection ....................................................................................... 10-12
10.4.4 Calibration ................................................................................................................... 10-13
10.4.5 Single-Section Analysis (Slope-Area Method) ............................................................ 10-13
10.4.6 Water Surface Profiles (Step-Backwater Method)....................................................... 10-14
10.4.6.1 Profile Study Limits................................................................................... 10-15
10.4.6.2 Profile Computation Procedure ................................................................. 10-17
10.4.7 Special Analysis Techniques ....................................................................................... 10-20
10.5
STREAM CHANNEL DESIGN PROCEDURE ...................................................................... 10-20

10-iv
10.6
ROADSIDE CHANNEL DESIGN PROCEDURE .................................................................. 10-22

10.6.1 Design Methodology.................................................................................................... 10-23
10.6.2 Step-by-Step Procedure ............................................................................................... 10-23
10.6.3 Single Section Example ............................................................................................... 10-33
10.7
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 10-36


Section
Page
11.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 11-1
11.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 11-1
11.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 11-1
11.1.3 Culvert Definition .......................................................................................................... 11-1
11.1.4 Concepts......................................................................................................................... 11-2
11.1.5 Symbols ......................................................................................................................... 11-3
11.2
HYDRAULIC DESIGN ............................................................................................................. 11-4

11.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 11-4
11.2.2 Standard Practice ........................................................................................................... 11-4
11.2.2.1 Design Discharge ......................................................................................... 11-5
11.2.2.2 Control Section ............................................................................................ 11-5
11.2.2.3 Minimum Performance ................................................................................ 11-5
11.2.3 Inlet Control ................................................................................................................... 11-6
11.2.3.1 Factors Influencing Inlet Control................................................................. 11-6
11.2.3.2 Hydraulics.................................................................................................... 11-7
11.2.3.3 Inlet Depression ........................................................................................... 11-8
11.2.4 Outlet Control ................................................................................................................ 11-8
11.2.4.1 Factors Influencing Outlet Control .............................................................. 11-9
11.2.4.2 Hydraulics (Full Barrel Flow) ................................................................... 11-10
11.2.4.3 Energy Grade Line..................................................................................... 11-12
11.2.4.4 HDS-5 Nomographs (Full Flow) ............................................................... 11-13
11.2.4.5 HDS-5 Nomographs (Partial Full Flow)Approximate Method ............. 11-13
11.2.5 Outlet Velocity ............................................................................................................. 11-14
11.2.5.1 Inlet Control............................................................................................... 11-14
11.2.5.2 Outlet Control ............................................................................................ 11-14
11.2.6 Roadway Overtopping ................................................................................................. 11-14
11.2.6.1 Roadway Crest Length .............................................................................. 11-15
11.2.6.2 Total Flow ................................................................................................. 11-15
11.2.8 Culvert Design Form ................................................................................................... 11-16
11.3
DESIGN PROCEDURE ........................................................................................................... 11-17
11.4
DESIGN EXAMPLE USING NOMOGARPHS ...................................................................... 11-22

11.4.1 HY-8 Solution .............................................................................................................. 11-28
11.5
DOCUMENTATION ............................................................................................................... 11-28

11.5.1 Draft Hydraulic Design Report .................................................................................... 11-28
11.5.2 Final Hydraulic Design Report .................................................................................... 11-29

11-iv
11.6
STORAGE ROUTING ............................................................................................................. 11-29

11.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 11-29
11.6.2 Design Procedure ......................................................................................................... 11-30
11.7
TAPERED INLETS .................................................................................................................. 11-30

11.7.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 11-30
11.7.2 Side-Tapered Inlets ...................................................................................................... 11-30
11.7.3 Slope-Tapered Inlets .................................................................................................... 11-32
11.7.4 Hydraulic Design ......................................................................................................... 11-34
11.7.4.1 Inlet Control............................................................................................... 11-34
11.7.4.2 Side-Tapered Inlet ..................................................................................... 11-34
11.7.4.3 Slope-Tapered Inlet ................................................................................... 11-34
11.7.4.4 Outlet Control ............................................................................................ 11-35
11.7.5 Design Methods ........................................................................................................... 11-35
11.8
BROKEN-BACK CULVERTS ................................................................................................ 11-36

11.8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 11-36
11.8.2 Guidelines .................................................................................................................... 11-36
11.9
AQUATIC ORGANISM PASSAGE ....................................................................................... 11-37
11.10
DESIGN AIDS ......................................................................................................................... 11-38
11.11
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 11-60


Section
Page
12.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 12-1
12.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 12-1
12.1.3 Definition ....................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.1.4 HEC-14 .......................................................................................................................... 12-1
12.2
DESIGN PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................. 12-2
12.3
DESIGN EXAMPLES ................................................................................................................ 12-5
12.4
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 12-6


Section
Page
13.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 13-1
13.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 13-1
13.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 13-1
13.1.3 Inadequate Drainage ...................................................................................................... 13-2
13.1.4 General Design Guidelines ............................................................................................ 13-2
13.1.5 Detention Storage .......................................................................................................... 13-3
13.2
SYMBOLS, DEFINITIONS, AND UNITS ............................................................................... 13-3
13.3
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ....................................................................................................... 13-5
13.4
GENERAL DESIGN APPROACH ............................................................................................ 13-6

13.4.1 Design Process ............................................................................................................... 13-6
13.4.2 Location and Size Guidelines ........................................................................................ 13-7
13.4.3 Outfall Guidelines .......................................................................................................... 13-7
13.5
HYDROLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 13-8

13.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 13-8
13.5.2 Design Frequency .......................................................................................................... 13-8
13.5.3 Review Frequency ......................................................................................................... 13-8
13.5.4 Rational Method ............................................................................................................ 13-8
13.5.5 Time of Concentration ................................................................................................... 13-9
13.5.5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 13-9
13.5.5.2 Inlet Spacing ................................................................................................ 13-9
13.5.5.3 Pipe Sizing ................................................................................................... 13-9
13.5.5.4 Summary.................................................................................................... 13-10
13.6
ROADWAY GEOMETRICS ................................................................................................... 13-10

13.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13-10
13.6.2 Roadway Cross Section ............................................................................................... 13-11
13.6.2.1 Width ......................................................................................................... 13-11
13.6.2.2 Cross Slope ................................................................................................ 13-11
13.6.3 Vertical Alignment ...................................................................................................... 13-11
13.6.3.1 Longitudinal Slope .................................................................................... 13-11
13.6.3.2 Vertical Curves .......................................................................................... 13-11
13.6.4 Curb and Gutter ........................................................................................................... 13-12
13.6.5 Medians........................................................................................................................ 13-12
13.6.5.1 Flush Medians............................................................................................ 13-12
13.6.5.2 Curbed Medians ......................................................................................... 13-12
13.6.5.3 Median Barriers ......................................................................................... 13-13

13-iv
13.7
WATER SPREAD .................................................................................................................... 13-13

13.7.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 13-13
13.7.2 Selection....................................................................................................................... 13-13
13.7.3 Allowable Water Spread .............................................................................................. 13-13
13.8
GUTTER FLOW CALCULATIONS ....................................................................................... 13-14

13.8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13-14
13.8.2 Capacity Relationship .................................................................................................. 13-14
13.8.3 Uniform Cross Slope Procedure .................................................................................. 13-15
13.8.4 Composite Gutter Section Procedure ........................................................................... 13-16
13.9
INLET TYPES .......................................................................................................................... 13-18

13.9.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 13-18
13.9.2 Types............................................................................................................................ 13-19
13.9.2.1 Grate Inlets ................................................................................................ 13-19
13.9.2.2 Curb-Opening Inlets .................................................................................. 13-19
13.9.2.3 Combination Inlets .................................................................................... 13-19
13.9.2.4 Slotted Drain Inlets .................................................................................... 13-20
13.9.3 Drop Inlets ................................................................................................................... 13-20
13.10
INLET LOCATION, SPACING, AND CAPACITY ............................................................... 13-20

13.10.1 Location ....................................................................................................................... 13-20
13.10.2 Spacing Process ........................................................................................................... 13-21
13.10.3 Grate Inlets on Grade ................................................................................................... 13-21
13.10.4 Grate Inlets in Sag........................................................................................................ 13-25
13.10.5 Curb Opening Inlets on Grade ..................................................................................... 13-28
13.10.6 Curb-Opening Inlets in Sag ......................................................................................... 13-30
13.10.7 Combination Inlet on Grade......................................................................................... 13-33
13.10.8 Combination Inlet on Sag ............................................................................................ 13-33
13.10.9 Flanking Inlets ............................................................................................................. 13-33
13.10.10 Inlet Spacing Computations ....................................................................................... 13-35
13.11
MANHOLES ............................................................................................................................ 13-39

13.11.1 Location ....................................................................................................................... 13-39
13.11.2 Spacing ........................................................................................................................ 13-39
13.11.3 Sizing ........................................................................................................................... 13-40
13.12
INITIAL SIZING OF PIPE ...................................................................................................... 13-40

13.12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13-40
13.12.2 Design Procedures ....................................................................................................... 13-40
13.12.3 Sag Point ...................................................................................................................... 13-41
13.12.4 DOT Practice (Pipe)..................................................................................................... 13-42
13.12.4.1 Minimum Pipe Size ................................................................................... 13-42
13.12.4.2 Pipe Material ............................................................................................. 13-42
13.12.4.3 Minimum Pipe Cover and Clearance ......................................................... 13-42
13-v
13.12.4.4 Joint Seals .................................................................................................. 13-42

13.12.4.5 Pipe-to-Inlet Connections .......................................................................... 13-42
13.12.4.6 Pipe Gradients............................................................................................ 13-43
13.12.5 DOT Practice (Hydraulic Analysis) ............................................................................. 13-43
13.12.5.1 Pipe Flow ................................................................................................... 13-43
13.12.5.2 Minimum Velocity .................................................................................... 13-43
13.12.5.3 Maximum Velocity .................................................................................... 13-43
13.12.5.4 Gradients.................................................................................................... 13-44
13.12.6 HEC-22 Design Method .............................................................................................. 13-44
13.12.7 Minimum Grades ......................................................................................................... 13-45
13.12.8 Curved Alignment........................................................................................................ 13-45
13.13
HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE CALCULATION ..................................................................... 13-46

13.13.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13-46
13.13.2 DOT Practice (HGL) ................................................................................................... 13-47
13.13.3 Tailwater ...................................................................................................................... 13-48
13.13.4 Energy Losses .............................................................................................................. 13-48
13.13.4.1 Exit Losses................................................................................................. 13-48
13.13.4.2 Pipe Friction Losses................................................................................... 13-49
13.13.4.3 Bend Losses ............................................................................................... 13-49
13.13.4.4 Manhole/Inlet Losses Inlet ........................................................................ 13-50
13.13.4.5 Manhole Loss Estimate ............................................................................. 13-50
13.13.4.6 Manhole Losses (HEC-22 Method) ........................................................... 13-50
13.13.5 Hydraulic Grade Line Design Procedure ..................................................................... 13-51
13.14
URBAN WATER QUALITY PRACTICES ............................................................................ 13-52
13.15
INVERTED SIPHONS ............................................................................................................. 13-52
13.16
UNDERDRAINS ...................................................................................................................... 13-53
13.17
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 13-53


Section
Page
14.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 14-1
14.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 14-1
14.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 14-1
14.1.4 Detention and Retention ................................................................................................ 14-2
14.2
SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................. 14-2
14.3
DESIGN PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................. 14-3

14.3.1 Data Needs ..................................................................................................................... 14-3
14.3.2 Stage-Storage Curve ...................................................................................................... 14-5
14.3.3 Stage-Discharge Curve .................................................................................................. 14-6
14.3.4 Routing Procedure ......................................................................................................... 14-7
14.3.5 Preliminary Detention Calculations ............................................................................... 14-8
14.3.5.1 Storage Volume ........................................................................................... 14-8
14.3.5.2 Preliminary Basin Dimensions .................................................................... 14-9
14.3.6 Step-by-Step Routing Procedure.................................................................................... 14-9
14.3.7 Example Problem ......................................................................................................... 14-10
14.4
DRY POND (DETENTION BASIN) ....................................................................................... 14-13

14.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 14-13
14.4.2 Quality ......................................................................................................................... 14-14
14.4.3 Quantity ....................................................................................................................... 14-14
14.4.4 Quantity and Quality Combined .................................................................................. 14-16
14.4.5 Outlets .......................................................................................................................... 14-17
14.5
WET POND (RETENTION BASIN) ....................................................................................... 14-17

14.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 14-17
14.5.2 Quality ......................................................................................................................... 14-18
14.5.3 Quantity ....................................................................................................................... 14-20
14.5.4 Outlet ........................................................................................................................... 14-20
14.6
INFILTRATION AND FILTRATION CONTROLS............................................................... 14-21

14.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 14-21
14.6.2 Site Selection ............................................................................................................... 14-22
14.6.2.1 Infiltration Rate.......................................................................................... 14-22
14.6.2.2 Observation Well ....................................................................................... 14-22
14.6.3 Infiltration Trench ........................................................................................................ 14-23
14.6.3.1 Quality ....................................................................................................... 14-24
14.6.3.2 Quantity ..................................................................................................... 14-24
14.6.3.3 Detention Time .......................................................................................... 14-25
14-iv
14.6.4 Infiltration Basin .......................................................................................................... 14-25

14.6.4.1 Quality ....................................................................................................... 14-26
14.6.4.2 Quantity ..................................................................................................... 14-27
14.6.5 Vegetated Filter Strip ................................................................................................... 14-27
14.6.6 Grassed Swale .............................................................................................................. 14-29
14.6.7 Wetlands ...................................................................................................................... 14-31
14.7
LAND-LOCKED RETENTION .............................................................................................. 14-32

14.7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 14-32
14.7.2 Mass Routing ............................................................................................................... 14-32
14.8
STORAGE WATER BUDGET ................................................................................................ 14-34

14.8.1 Example Water Budget ................................................................................................ 14-34
14.9
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS ........................................ 14-35

14.9.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 14-35
14.9.2 Sediment Basins ........................................................................................................... 14-36
14.10
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 14-37


Section
Page
15.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 15-1
15.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 15-1
15.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 15-1
15.1.3 Design Considerations Overview .................................................................................. 15-1
15.2
SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................. 15-2
15.3
PUMP STATION DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 15-3

15.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 15-3
15.3.2 Design Procedure ........................................................................................................... 15-4
15.4
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 15-25


Section
Page
16.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 16-1
16.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 16-1
16.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 16-1
16.1.3 Stable versus Unstable Stream ....................................................................................... 16-2
16.1.4 Channel Restoration Concepts ....................................................................................... 16-2
16.2
FACTORS THAT AFFECT STREAM STABILITY ................................................................ 16-3

16.2.1 Geomorphic Factors ....................................................................................................... 16-4
16.2.2 Hydraulic Factors ........................................................................................................... 16-6
16.2.3 Stream Response to Change........................................................................................... 16-8
16.2.4 Meander Migration ...................................................................................................... 16-10
16.3
STREAM RECONNAISSANCE ............................................................................................. 16-10

16.3.1 Data Needs ................................................................................................................... 16-10
16.3.2 Field Site Visit ............................................................................................................. 16-11
16.4
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYZING STREAM STABILITY ................................................... 16-12
16.5
LEVEL 1 QUALITATIVE GEOMORPHIC ANALYSIS ....................................................... 16-13
16.6
LEVEL 2: BASIC ENGINEERING ANALYSES ................................................................... 16-19
16.7
LEVEL 3: MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL MODEL STUDIES .................................. 16-27
16.8
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 16-28


Section
Page
17.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 17-1
17.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 17-1
17.1.3 Bridge Definition ........................................................................................................... 17-1
17.1.4 Hydraulic Design (Culvert or Bridge) ........................................................................... 17-2
17.1.5 Design Goals .................................................................................................................. 17-2
17.1.6 Data Collection .............................................................................................................. 17-2
17.2
BRIDGE LOCATION ................................................................................................................ 17-2

17.2.2 Location and Design Considerations ............................................................................. 17-3
17.2.3 Auxiliary/Relief Openings ............................................................................................. 17-3
17.3
HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF STREAM CHANNEL CROSSINGS ...................................... 17-4

17.3.1 Documentation of New and Replacement Bridges ........................................................ 17-4
17.3.2 Documentation of Existing Bridges ............................................................................... 17-6
17.3.3 Hydraulic Nature of Stream Flow .................................................................................. 17-6
17.3.3.1 Typical Assumptions for Natural Channels ................................................... 17-6
17.3.3.2 Cross Sections ............................................................................................... 17-7
17.3.3.3 Mannings n Value Selection ........................................................................ 17-8
17.3.3.4 Calibration ..................................................................................................... 17-9
17.3.4 Bridge Waterway Opening Analysis ............................................................................. 17-9
17.3.4.1 One-Dimensional Modeling ........................................................................ 17-10
17.3.4.2 Two-Dimensional Modeling........................................................................ 17-11
17.3.4.3 Physical Modeling ....................................................................................... 17-11
17.3.4.4 Waterway Enlargement ............................................................................... 17-11
17.3.5 Modeling Existing NFIP Detailed Study ..................................................................... 17-12
17.3.6 Modeling in NFIP Community with No Existing Conditions Model .......................... 17-13
17.3.7 Tidal Situations ............................................................................................................ 17-13
17.4
BRIDGE SCOUR ANALYSIS................................................................................................. 17-13

17.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 17-13
17.4.2 General Considerations ................................................................................................ 17-14
17.4.3 Flood Magnitudes ........................................................................................................ 17-14
17.4.4 Scour Types ................................................................................................................. 17-15
17.4.4.1 Long-Term Profile Changes ........................................................................ 17-15
17.4.4.2 Contraction .................................................................................................. 17-15
17.4.4.3 Local Scour .................................................................................................. 17-15
17.4.5 Natural Armoring ......................................................................................................... 17-16
17.4.6 Scour-Resistant Materials ............................................................................................ 17-16
17.4.7 Cumulative Scour Analysis.......................................................................................... 17-17
17-iv
17.4.8 Pressure Flow Scour .................................................................................................... 17-17

17.4.9 Scour Countermeasures ............................................................................................... 17-17
17.5
DECK DRAINAGE .................................................................................................................. 17-20

17.5.1 Policy ........................................................................................................................... 17-20
17.5.2 Location of Inlets ......................................................................................................... 17-20
17.6
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 17-23
APPENDIX 17A DESIGN FREQUENCY FOR TEMPORARY FACILITIES ................................... 17-24

17A.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 17-24
17A.2 Design Procedures ....................................................................................................... 17-24
17A.3 Selection Factors .......................................................................................................... 17-25
17A.4 Example ....................................................................................................................... 17-28
APPENDIX 17B ROCK RIPRAP AT BRIDGE ABUTMENTS.......................................................... 17-30
17B.1. General ......................................................................................................................... 17-30
17B.2. Design Approach ......................................................................................................... 17-31
17B.3. Sizing Rock Riprap at Abutments................................................................................ 17-32
17B.4. Design Example for Riprap at Bridge Abutments ....................................................... 17-38
17B.5. Specifications for Bridge Abutment Riprap ................................................................ 17-40
17B.5.1. Size, Shape, and Gradation .......................................................................... 17-40
17B.5.2. Recommended Tests for Rock Quality ........................................................ 17-40
17B.6. References .................................................................................................................... 17-41
APPENDIX 17C RISK ASSESSMENT FORM ................................................................................... 17-42
17C.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 17-42
17C.2 Risk Assessment Procedures........................................................................................ 17-42


Section
Page
18.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 18-1
18.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 18-2
18.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 18-2
18.1.3 Symbols and Definitions ................................................................................................ 18-2
18.2
DESIGN CONCEPTS ................................................................................................................ 18-2

18.2.1 Uniform Flow Assumption ............................................................................................ 18-2
18.2.2 Section Geometry .......................................................................................................... 18-3
18.2.3 Flow Resistance ............................................................................................................. 18-3
18.3
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PROTECTION LIMITS ............................................................ 18-3

18.3.1 Longitudinal Extent ....................................................................................................... 18-3
18.3.2 Design Height ................................................................................................................ 18-4
18.3.3 Freeboard ....................................................................................................................... 18-5
18.3.4 Wave Run-Up ................................................................................................................ 18-5
18.3.5 Toe Depth ...................................................................................................................... 18-5
18.3.6 Superelevation in Channel Bends .................................................................................. 18-7
18.4
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR RIPRAP REVETMENT ............................................................ 18-8

18.4.1 Riprap Size ..................................................................................................................... 18-8
18.4.2 Bank Angle .................................................................................................................. 18-10
18.4.3 Thickness of Riprap ..................................................................................................... 18-10
18.4.4 Riprap Gradation.......................................................................................................... 18-10
18.4.5 Riprap Shape ................................................................................................................ 18-11
18.4.6 Riprap Density ............................................................................................................. 18-11
18.4.7 Riprap Weight .............................................................................................................. 18-12
18.4.8 Filter Requirements...................................................................................................... 18-12
18.4.9 Design Example ........................................................................................................... 18-12
18.5
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR GABIONS................................................................................ 18-13

18.5.1 Overview...................................................................................................................... 18-14
18.5.2 Hydraulic Stability Design Procedure ......................................................................... 18-14
18.5.3 Selecting a Target Safety Factor .................................................................................. 18-15
18.5.5 Longitudinal Extent of Gabion Mattress...................................................................... 18-17
18.5.6 Vertical Extent of Gabion Mattress ............................................................................. 18-18
18.5.7 Gabion Mattress Design Example ............................................................................... 18-19

18-iv
18.6
PARTIALLY GROUTED RIPRAP ......................................................................................... 18-22

18.6.1 Riprap Properties ......................................................................................................... 18-24
18.6.2 Grout Properties ........................................................................................................... 18-25
18.6.3 Hydraulic Stability Design Procedure ......................................................................... 18-25
18.7
DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR BENDWAY WEIRS .................................................................. 18-25

18.7.1 Design Concept ............................................................................................................ 18-26
18.7.2 Design Guidelines ........................................................................................................ 18-26
18.7.3 Materials Specifications ............................................................................................... 18-31
18.7.4 Bendway Weir Design Example .................................................................................. 18-31
18.8
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 18-33


Section
Page
19.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 19-1
19.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 19-1
19.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 19-1
19.1.3 General Definitions ........................................................................................................ 19-1
19.1.4 Symbols and Their Definitions ...................................................................................... 19-2
19.1.5 Guidelines for Coastal Zones and Ocean Front Locations ............................................ 19-4
19.1.6 Guidelines for Lakes and Tidal Basins .......................................................................... 19-5
19.1.7 Guidelines for the Pacific Coastlines ............................................................................. 19-6
19.2
TIDES AND STORM SURGES ................................................................................................ 19-6

19.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 19-6
19.2.2 Astronomic Tides ........................................................................................................... 19-7
19.2.3 Tidal Datums................................................................................................................ 19-12
19.2.4 Hurricanes .................................................................................................................... 19-16
19.2.5 Extratropical Storms .................................................................................................... 19-17
19.2.6 Storm Surge ................................................................................................................. 19-17
19.3
DYNAMIC BEACH PROCESSES .......................................................................................... 19-20

19.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 19-20
19.3.2 Normal Conditions ....................................................................................................... 19-21
19.3.3 Storm Conditions ......................................................................................................... 19-22
19.3.4 Beach and Dune Recovery ........................................................................................... 19-25
19.3.5 Modeling of Shoreline Change .................................................................................... 19-25
19.4
DESIGN WAVES..................................................................................................................... 19-26

19.4.1 Linear Waves ............................................................................................................... 19-26
19.4.2 Significant Wave Height and Period............................................................................ 19-28
19.5
METHODS FOR ESTIMATING WAVE CONDITIONS ....................................................... 19-29

19.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 19-29
19.5.2 Hindcasting .................................................................................................................. 19-30
19.5.3 Forecasting ................................................................................................................... 19-30
19.5.4 Wave Transformation .................................................................................................. 19-31
19.5.5 Wave Run-Up .............................................................................................................. 19-33
19.5.6 Riprap Shore Protection ............................................................................................... 19-35
19.5.7 Flooded, Vegetated Land ............................................................................................. 19-37
19.5.8 CEDAS ........................................................................................................................ 19-38
19.6
FLOOD PREDICTION METHODS ........................................................................................ 19-38

19.6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 19-38
19.6.2 Coastal Flooding .......................................................................................................... 19-38
19.6.3 Tidal Flow Restrictions ................................................................................................ 19-39
19-iv
19.6.4 Lakeshore Flooding ..................................................................................................... 19-39

19.7
BRIDGE AND CULVERT DESIGN TECHNIQUES ............................................................. 19-40

19.7.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 19-40
19.7.2 Modeling with Software .............................................................................................. 19-40
19.8
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 19-42


Section
Page
20.1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 20-1
20.1.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................. 20-1
20.1.2 Overview........................................................................................................................ 20-1
20.1.3 Guidelines ...................................................................................................................... 20-1
20.1.4 Control Measures ........................................................................................................... 20-2
20.2
FACTORS INFLUENCING EROSION .................................................................................... 20-2

20.2.1 Principal Factors ............................................................................................................ 20-2
20.2.2 Soil Characteristics ........................................................................................................ 20-2
20.2.3 Vegetative Cover ........................................................................................................... 20-3
20.2.4 Topography .................................................................................................................... 20-3
20.2.5 Climate ........................................................................................................................... 20-3
20.3
TECHNICAL PRINCIPLES ...................................................................................................... 20-4

20.3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 20-4
20.3.2 Principles ....................................................................................................................... 20-4
20.4
EROSION SEDIMENT CONTROL PLAN ............................................................................... 20-6

20.4.1 Control Plan ................................................................................................................... 20-6
20.4.2 Plan Development Procedures ....................................................................................... 20-6
20.4.3 Sample Plan Development ............................................................................................. 20-9
20.5
CONTROL MEASURES AND PRACTICES ........................................................................... 20-9

20.5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 20-9
20.5.2 Vegetation ...................................................................................................................... 20-9
20.5.3 Temporary Slope Drain ............................................................................................... 20-10
20.5.3.1 Use Limitations ........................................................................................... 20-11
20.5.3.2 Design Detailing .......................................................................................... 20-11
20.5.3.3 Construction Guidelines .............................................................................. 20-11
20.5.4 Straw Bale Barrier ....................................................................................................... 20-11
20.5.4.1 Use Limitations ........................................................................................... 20-12
20.5.4.3 Construction Guidelines for Sheet Flow Applications ................................ 20-12
20.5.4.4 Construction Guidelines for Channel Flow Applications ............................ 20-13
20.5.5 Channel Lining ............................................................................................................ 20-13
20.5.5.1 Use Limitations ........................................................................................... 20-13
20.5.6 Outlet Protection .......................................................................................................... 20-15

20-iv
20.5.7 Diversion...................................................................................................................... 20-17

20.5.8 Brush Barrier................................................................................................................ 20-19
20.5.8.1 Use Limitation ............................................................................................. 20-19
20.5.8.3 Construction Guidelines (see Figure 20-7) .................................................. 20-19
20.5.9 Silt Fence ..................................................................................................................... 20-21
20.5.9.1 Use Limitations ........................................................................................... 20-21
20.5.9.2 Design Detailing (see Figure 20-8) ............................................................. 20-21
20.5.10 Check Dams ................................................................................................................ 20-23
20.5.10.1 Use Limitations ........................................................................................... 20-24
20.5.11 Temporary Sediment Trap .......................................................................................... 20-25
20.5.11.1 Use Limitations ........................................................................................... 20-26
20.5.11.2 Design Detailing (Trap Capacity)................................................................ 20-27
20.5.12 Temporary Sediment Basin......................................................................................... 20-28
20.5.12.1 Use Limitations ........................................................................................... 20-28
20.6
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 20-33

GLOSSARY TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section
Page
G.1
OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................... 1
G.2
GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................... 3
G.3
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 165

G.3.1 Cited References ............................................................................................................. 165
G.3.2 Uncited References ......................................................................................................... 172


Volume 1-Policy 2014: AASHTO Drainage Manual

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AASHTO Drainage Manual

American Association of State Highway

2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

AASHTO DRAINAGE MANUAL

Planning and Location

Surface Water Environment

Wetland Creation and Restoration

Storm Drainage Systems

Channel and Stream Bank Stabilization

Erosion and Sediment Control

2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

AASHTO DRAINAGE MANUAL

Part 3, Highway Hydraulic Design (Chapters 915). Chapters pertaining to

Part 4, Bridge Hydraulic Design and Floodplains (Chapters 1619). Chapters on

Volume One chapters provide the following:

guideline policy, criteria, and standard practices;

Part 1, General (Chapters 15). Introduction, permits and certifications, data

Part 3, Highway Hydraulic Design (Chapters 915). Hydrology, channels, culverts,

chapters provide design procedures for facilities typically designed by highway

Volume Two chapters provide the following:

Reference to policy, criteria, and standards in Volume One.

step-by-step procedures and design examples that can be worked by hand;

reference to worked examples for procedures (e.g., storm drain design,

References to recommended guidelines for less common procedures.

CHAPTER 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

CHAPTER 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FEDERAL LAWS ........................................................................................................................ 2-2

WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES REGULATIONS ........................................................... 2-4

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE (U.S. FWS) ........................................................................... 2-7

NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM ....................................................................... 2-7

2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

AASHTO Drainage Manual, Volume One Policy

EXECUTIVE ORDERS ............................................................................................................. 2-13

STATE DRAINAGE LAW ........................................................................................................ 2-14

STATE WATER RULES ........................................................................................................... 2-15

STATUTORY LAW ................................................................................................................... 2-17

LOCAL LAWS AND APPLICATIONS .................................................................................... 2-19

LEGAL REMEDIES .................................................................................................................. 2-21

ROLE OF THE DESIGNER ...................................................................................................... 2-22

2.12.4 As a Witness .................................................................................................................. 2-25

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 2-26

2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

CHAPTER 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................ 3-2

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 3-3

2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

CHAPTER 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS

RECORDS AND FILES ............................................................................................................... 4-4

2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

CHAPTER 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................ 6-2

DOT PRACTICE .......................................................................................................................... 6-3

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 6-6

2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

CHAPTER 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS

POLICY ........................................................................................................................................ 7-7

FUNCTIONAL VALUE CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................................... 7-10

2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.

AASHTO Drainage Manual, Volume One Policy

Stream Geometry and Cover .......................................................................................... 7-14

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 7-15

2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.