Digital Audio Watermarking using Digital wavelet

transform

Abstract:
Digital watermarking is a very recent research area. Digital audio watermarking is a method to
embed or hide the Watermark (Information signal) into a digital signal i.e. Image, audio, text or
video data. The watermark is difficult to remove from the audio signal. If the signal is copied, the
information or watermark is also carried in the copy. A signal may carry several different
watermarks at the same time. It is used to protecting multimedia data from unauthorized copying,
piracy, ownership, inventions,
authentication etc. in this paper we present the watermarking methods and applications.
Many effective watermarking algorithms have been proposed and implemented for digital
images and digital video, however, few algorithms have been proposed for audio watermarking.
This is due to the fact that, the human audio system is far more complex and sensitive than the
human visual system. In this paper, we describe an imperceptible and robust audio
watermarking algorithm based on the discrete wavelet transform
Watermarking is a technique, which is used in protecting digital information like images, videos
and audio as it provides copyrights and ownership. Audio watermarking is more challenging than
image watermarking due to the dynamic supremacy of hearing capacity over the visual field.
Digital watermarking is a very recent research area. Digital audio watermarking is a method to
embed or hide the Watermark (Information signal) into a digital signal i.e. Image, audio, text or
video data. The watermark is difficult to remove from the audio signal. If the signal is copied,
the information or watermark is also carried in the copy. A signal may carry several different
watermarks at the same time. It is used to protecting multimedia data from unauthorized copying,
piracy, ownership, inventions,
authentication etc. in this paper we present the watermarking methods and applications.

Introduction:
Before the invention of steganography and cryptography, it was challenging to transfer secure
information and, thus, to achieve secure communication environment [1]. Some of the
techniques employed in early days are writing with an invisible ink, drawing a standard painting
with some small modifications, combining two images to create a new image, shaving the head
of the messenger in the form of a message, tattooing the message on the scalp and so on [15].
Normally an application is developed by a person or a small group of people and used by many.
Hackers are the people who tend to change the original application by modifying it or use the
same application to make profits without giving credit to the owner. It is obvious that hackers are
more in number compared to those who create. Hence, protecting an application should have the
significant priority. Protection techniques have to be efficient, robust and unique to restrict
malicious users. The development of technology has increased the scope of steganography and at
the same time decreased its efficiency since the medium is relatively insecure. This lead to the
development of the new but related technology called Watermarking. Some of the applications
of watermarking include ownership protection, proof for authentication, air traffic monitoring,
medical applications etc. [1] [5] [21]. Watermarking for audio signal has greater importance
because the music industry is one of the leading businesses in the world [27].
1.1 Background
Globalization and internet are the main reasons for the growth of research and sharing of
information. However, they have become the greatest tool for malicious user to attack and pirate
the digital media. The watermarking technique during the evolution was used on images, and is
termed as Image Watermarking. Image watermarking has become popular; however, the
malicious user has started to extract the watermark creating challenges for the developers. Thus,
developers have found another digital embedding source as audio and termed such watermarking

as Audio Watermarking. It is very difficult to secure digital information especially the audio
and audio watermarking has become a challenge to developers because of the impact it has
created in preventing copyrights of the music [12]. Note that it is necessary to maintain the
copyright of the digital media, which is one form of intellectual property. Digital watermarking is
a technique by which copyright information is embedded into the host signal in a way that the
embedded information is imperceptible, and robust against intentional and unintentional attacks
[14].
1.2 Steganography and Watermarking
1.2.1 Steganography
Steganography is evolved from the ancient technique known as the Cryptography.
Cryptography protects the contents of the message [15]. On the other hand, steganography is a
technique to send information by writing on the cover object invisibly. Steganography comes
from the Greek word that means covered writing (stego = covered and graphy = writing) [3].
Here the authorized party is only aware of the existence of the hidden message. An ideal
steganographic technique conceals large amount of information ensuring that the modified object
is not visually or audibly distinguishable from the original object.
The steganography technique needs a cover object and message that is to be transported. It also
requires a stego key to recover the embedded message. Users having the stego key can only
access the secret message. Another important requirement for efficient steganographic techniques

is that, the cover object is modified in a way that the quality is not lost after embedding the
message.
1.2.2 Watermarking
Watermarking is a technique through which the secure information is carried without degrading
the quality of the original signal. The technique consists of two blocks:

1.3 Differences between Steganography and Watermarking

Although steganography and watermarking both describe techniques used for covert
communication, steganography typically relates only to covert point to point communication
between two parties [1]. Steganographic methods are not robust against attacks or modification
of data that might occur during transmission, storage or format conversion [5]. Watermarking is
one type of steganographic techniques whose primary objective is the security of the object
rather than the invisibility of the object. The significant difference between the two techniques is
the superior robustness capability of watermarking schemes [15]. To summarize, an ideal
steganographic system can embed a large amount of information with no visible degradation to
the cover object, but an ideal watermarking system would embed an amount of information that
cannot be altered or removed without making the cover object entirely unusable. A watermarking
system involves tradeoff between capacity and security [16].
1.4 Image and Audio Watermarking
Watermarking technique has evolved considerably from its origin [21]. Due to evolution of
technology the medium of transmission has been changed. Watermarking is employed in
digital media such as image and audio. The watermarking technique, in which the cover objects
as discussed in Section 1.2.2, is image (audio) then the process is termed as Image (Audio)
Watermarking. Audio watermarking is quite challenging than image watermarking due to the
dynamic supremacy of human auditory system (HAS) over human visual system (HVS) [12].
1.5 Applications of Watermarking
1 Ownership protection and proof of ownership: In ownership protection application,
the watermark embedded contains a unique proof of ownership. The embedded
information is robust and secure against attacks and can be demonstrated in a case of
dispute of ownership. There can be the situations where some other person modifies the
embedded watermark and claims that it is his own. In such cases the actual owner can use
the watermark to show the actual proof of ownership [5] [18] [19].
2 Authentication and tampering detection: In this application additional secondary
information is embedded in the host signal and can be used to check if the host signal is

4
1
2

3
4

tampered. This situation is important because it is necessary to know about the tampering
caused to the media signal. The tampering is sometime a cause of forging of the
watermark which has to be avoided [5] [18] [19].
Finger printing: Additional data embedded by a watermark in the fingerprinting
applications are used to trace the originator or recipients of a particular copy of a
multimedia file. The usage of an audio file can be recorded by a fingerprinting system.
When a file is accessed by a user, a watermark, or called fingerprint in this case, is
embedded into the file thus creating a mark on the audio. The usage history can be traced
by extracting all the watermarks that were embedded into the file [7].
Broadcast monitoring: Watermarking is used in code identification information for an
active broadcast monitoring. No separate broadcast channel is required as the data is
embedded in the host signal itself which is one of the main advantages of the technique
[19].
Copy control and access control: A watermark detector is usually integrated in a
recording or playback system, like in the DVD copy control algorithm [8] or during the
development of Secure Digital Music Initiative (SDMI) [7]. The copy control and access
control policy detects the watermark and it enforces the operation of particular hardware
or software in the recording set [18].
Information carrier: The blind watermarking technique can be used in this sort of
applications. These applications can transfer a lot of information and the robustness of the
algorithm is traded with the size of content [15].
Medical applications: Watermarking can be used to write the unique name of the
patient on the X-ray reports or MRI scan reports. This application is important because it
is highly advisable to have the patients name entered on reports, and reduces the
misplacements of reports which are very important during treatment [19].
Airline traffic monitoring: Watermarking is used in air traffic monitoring. The pilot
communicates with a ground monitoring system through voice at a particular frequency.
However, it can be easily trapped and attacked, and is one of the causes of miss
communication. To avoid such problems, the flight number is embedded into the voice
communication between the ground operator and the flight pilot. As the flight numbers
are unique the tracking of flights will become more secure and easy [31].

Literature survey:
AUDIO WATERMARKING TECHNIQUES BACKGROUND
This chapter provides the features of the human auditory system, which are important while
dealing with the audio watermarking technique. Further, this chapter considers the requirement
of an efficient watermarking strategy and different audio watermarking techniques involving
both time and frequency domain.
2.1 Features of Human Auditory System (HAS)
Note that audio watermarking is more challenging than an image watermarking technique due to
wider dynamic range of the HAS in comparison with human visual system (HVS) [12]. Human
ear can perceive the power range greater than 109: 1 and range frequencies of 103:1 [18]. In
addition, human ear can hear the low ambient Gaussian noise in the order of 70dB [18].
However, there are some useful features such as the louder sounds mask the corresponding slow
sounds. This feature can be used to embed additional information like a watermark. Further,
HAS is insensitive to a constant relative phase shift in a stationary audio signal, and, some
spectral distortions are interpreted as natural, perceptually non-annoying ones [12]. Two
properties of the HAS dominantly used in watermarking algorithms are frequency (simultaneous)
masking and temporal masking [13]:
1 Frequency masking: Frequency (simultaneous) masking is a frequency domain
phenomenon where low levels signal (the maskee) can be made inaudible (masked) by a
simultaneously appearing stronger signal (the masker), if the masker and maskee are
close enough to each other in frequency [13]. A masking threshold can be found and is
the level below which the audio signal is not audible. Thus, frequency domain is a good
region to check for the possible areas that have imperceptibility.
2 Temporal masking: In addition to frequency masking, two phenomena of the HAS in
the time domain also play an important role in human auditory perception. Those are pre1

masking and post-masking in time [13]. However, considering the scope of analysis in
frequency masking over temporal masking, prior is chosen for this thesis. Temporal
masking is used in application where the robustness is not of primary concentration.
2.2 Requirements of the Efficient Watermark Technique
According to IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry) [19], audio
watermarking algorithms should meet certain requirements. The most significant requirements
are perceptibility, reliability, capacity, and speed performance [9].
1 Perceptibility: One of the important features of the watermarking technique is that the
watermarked signal should not lose the quality of the original signal. The signal to noise
ratio (SNR) of the watermarked signal to the original signal should be maintained greater
than 20dB [19]. In addition, the technique should make the modified signal not
perceivable by human ear.
2 Reliability: Reliability covers the features like the robustness of the signal against the
malicious attacks and signal processing techniques. The watermark should be made in a
way that they provide high robustness against attacks. In addition, the watermark
detection rate should be high under any types of attacks in the situations of proving
ownership. Some of the other attacks summarized by Secure Digital Music Initiative
(SDMI), an online forum for digital music copyright protection, are digital-to-analog and
analog-to-digital conversions, noise addition, band-pass filtering, time-scale
modification, echo addition, and sample rate conversion [10].

Capacity: The efficient watermarking technique should be able to carry more

information but should not degrade the quality of the audio signal. It is also important to
know if the watermark is completely distributed over the host signal because, it is

possible that near the extraction process a part of the signal is only available. Hence,
capacity is also a primary concern in the real time situations [19].
2 Speed: Speed of embedding is one of the criteria for efficient watermarking technique.
The speed of embedding of watermark is important in real time applications where the
embedding is done on continuous signals such as, speech of an official or conversation
between airplane pilot and ground control staff. Some of the possible applications where
speed is a constraint are audio streaming and airline traffic monitoring. Both embedding
and extraction process need to be made as fast as possible with greater efficiency [19].
3 Asymmetry: If for the entire set of cover objects the watermark remains same; then,
extracting for one file will cause damage watermark of all the files. Thus, asymmetry is
also a noticeable concern. It is recommended to have unique watermarks to different files
to help make the technique more useful [19].
2.3 Problems and Attacks on Audio Signals
As discussed in Section 2.2 the important requirements of an efficient watermarking technique
are the robustness and inaudibility. There is a tradeoff between these two requirements; however,
by testing the algorithm with the signal processing attacks that gap can be made minimal. Every
application has its specific requirements, and provides an option to choose high robustness
compensating with the quality of the signal and vice-versa. Without any transformations and
attacks every watermarking technique performs efficiently. Some of the most common types of
processes an audio signal undergoes when transmitted through a medium are as follows [11]:
1 Dynamics: The amplitude modification and attenuation provide the dynamics of the
attacks. Limiting, expansion and compressions are some sort of more complicated
1
2
3

applications which are the non-linear modifications. Some of these types of attacks are
re-quantization [20].
Filtering: Filtering is common practice, which is used to amplify or attenuate some
part of the signal. The basic low pass and high pass filters can be used to achieve these
types of attacks.
Ambience: In some situations the audio signal gets delayed or there are situations
where in people record signal from a source and claim that the track is theirs. Those
situations can be simulated in a room, which is of great importance to check the
performance of an audio signal.
Conversion and lossy compression: Audio generation is done at a particular sampling
frequency and bit rate; however, the created audio track will undergo so many different
types of compression and conversion techniques. Some of the most common compression
techniques are audio compression techniques based on psychoacoustic effect (MPEG and
Advanced Audio Codec (AAC)). In addition to that, it is common process that the
original audio signal will change its sampling frequencies like from 128Kbps to 64Kpbs
or 48 Kbps. There are some programs that can achieve these conversions and perform
compression operation. However, for testing purposes we have used MATLAB to
implement these applications. Attacks like re-sampling and mp3 compression provide
some typical examples.

Noise: It is common practice to notice the presence of noise in a signal when

transmitted. Hence, watermarking algorithm should make the technique robust against the
noise attacks. It is recommended to check the algorithm for this type of noise by adding
the host signal by an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) to check its robustness.
In general, the time domain techniques provide least robustness as a simple low pass
filtering can remove the watermark [20]. Hence time domain techniques are not advisable
for the applications such as copyright protection and airline traffic monitoring; however,
it can be used in applications like proving ownership and medical applications.

LITERATURE REVIEW
7
In recent years, various watermarking techniques have been proposed.. But all these techniques
can be used only for specific applications. Most of these techniques take the advantage of
perceptual properties of the human auditory system. Few techniques are discussed in the
literature. Xianghong Tang [10] has discussed audio watermarking algorithm based on DWT &
complex cestrum transform. This method embeds a binary image watermark into the complex
cepstral components of the important coefficients of the audio signal. This method achieves good
SNR about 39 dB & resists common signal processing attacks effectively. Pranab Kumar Dhar
[11] proposed a blind digital audio watermarking Technique based on discrete Fourier Transform.
In this method, input audio signal is divided into non-overlapping frames. The magnitude and
phase spectrum of each frame is calculated using discrete Fourier transform (DFT)., Prominent
peak is determined using a peak detection algorithm & watermark is embedded in an audio
which ensure that the watermark is located at the most significant perceptual components of the
audio. N. V. Lalitha [12] discussed a new Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) & singular value
decomposition based audio watermarking technique. The technique based on DWT SVD shows
good robustness against most of the signal processing opeartions. The proposed approach gives
improved PSNR up to 69 dB & Mean opinion score (MOS) value 5 as compared DCT-SVD
based technique. Neha Baranwal & Kamalika Dutta [13] presented a peak detection based spread
spectrum audio watermarking using DWT. This technique embeds watermark bits into the
highest peak values of the third & fourth level detail coefficients of Audio signal. As compared to
the other existing techniques, this method shows high SNR (15dB to 28 dB) & good robustness
against signal processing attacks. Ali Al-Haj & Ahmed Mohammad [14] proposed a robust
watermarking approach using DWT & singular value decomposition. Inaudibility & better
robustness is achieved by embedding a binary image watermark bits on the elements of singular
values of the DWT sub bands of the audio frames. This approach gives the improved SNR

ranging from 21 dB to 25 dB as compared to traditional Coxs & Benders [1] methods.

Although various watermarking algorithms are proposed but these algorithms can be used for
specific applications & not for any general application. Strong robustness against attacks with
high watermark embedding rate cannot be achieved simultaneously.
Digital Audio Watermarking: An Overview
ISSN 2277-1956/V2N4-1231-1235
Transparency: Watermark should not affect the audio quality.
Robustness: Watermark should not detectable easily against attacks.
Capacity: Watermark should contain large information.
Fidelity: It means that the watermarked audio is same as original audio sound. The watermark
should be able to prevent
unauthorized detection, removal and embedding, unless the quality of audio becomes very poor.
Audio watermark embedding methods:
Time domain (Spatial domain) watermarking: According to this method the watermark is
embedded into original audio signal
using PN sequence noise generation which is added to audio [5]. This watermarking scheme is
easy to implement as compared to
transform domain schemes [1]. Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique is easy to implement to
embedding watermark. In LSB watermark is embedded into the audio by changing the least
significant bits of the audio samples. Watermark can be easilydamaged. Its capacity is low.
In phase coding technique the watermark is embedded having phase shift into phase spectrum of
audio [6]. This type of technique is more effective because phase shift cannot be audible by ear.
In echo-hiding technique, the watermark is embedded into audio signal by introducing an echo.
Spread-spectrum technique: This is a technique in which a signal is transmitted on a bandwidth
considerably larger than the frequency of the original information. In this technique, the bit of
secret information spreads over the audio frequency spectrum [7].
It requires different code for encoding as well as decoding of hidden information [5]. It is more
immune to noise. It also has
improved BER (Bit Error Rate) [8]. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), Frequency
Hopping Spread Spectrum and Chirp

Spread Spectrum (CSS) techniques are used in this. CSS technique is most advantageous in
terms of power consumption, speed,
security and robustness [9].
Patch work technique: Patchwork is a data hiding technique developed by Bender et alii and
published on IBM Systems Journal,
1996. It is based on a pseudorandom, statistical model. It works by invisibly embedding a
specific statistic, with a Gaussian
distribution, into the host audio. Two sets of patches, of the audio. Patchwork has an extremely
low bit rate. Patchwork is its
resistance to cropping.
Transform domain (Frequency domain) watermarking: Transform domain uses several frequency
transforms i.e. Fast
Frequency Transform (FFT), Discrete Cosine Transforms and Discrete Wavelet Transforms and
others. In transform domain
watermarking information (watermark) embedded into the coefficients of audio signal. It is more
robust against signal processing
operations (Low pass filtering, sampling, quantization, compression). Transform domain
technique has large capacity for watermark
insertion. In contrast of robustness DWT technique is most effective [10].
Compressed domain watermarking: Audio compression a type of lossy or lossless compression
in which the amount of data in
a recorded waveform is reduced to differing extents for transmission respectively with or without
some loss of quality, used in CD
and MP3 encoding, Internet radio, and the like. In this technique the watermark is embedded into
bit steam of host audio. No coding
and decoding is required [11] [12]. The distortion becomes inaudible to ear.
PROPOSED WATERMARKING APPROACH:
The watermarking technique is divided into two blocks embedding and extraction. Embedding
block is used to add the additional information into the host signal; whereas, extraction block is
used to extract the watermark embedded in the audio signal. The watermark embedded is a
binary image of dimension 64 64.
A. Watermark Embedding procedure:
The embedding process is divided into the individual blocks such as Watermark formation, wavelet decomposition,
watermark embedding and reconstruction as shown in Fig. 4.
1 i) Wavelet decomposition:

Audio signal is decomposed into Haar wavelet filter. Four frequency sub-bands namely approximation, horizontal,
vertical & diagonal bands. Low frequency coefficients of the decomposed signal are selected. Low frequency
approximate wavelet coefficients are segmented into 2-D matrix blocks Dj, j=1, 2, 3M N. Where M
N is the number of bits in the binary watermark image.
1 ii) Watermark embedding :
The watermark to be embedded is a binary image B of size M N. The binary-image watermark is converted into a
one dimensional vector. Embed the binary image watermark bits into the DWT transformed audio signal. After the
watermark is embedded to the low frequency portion of the input signal, the portion can be recombined with the
high pass filtered part to form the watermarked signal by applying inverse DWT operation. The obtained signal is
the audio signal with watermark also termed as watermarked signal.
F

Original
adio
signal

Wavelet
decomposition

Watermark
embedding

Watermark
Signal

IDWT

Watermark
Audio
signal
B. The watermark extraction process:
The extraction process is illustrated in Fig. 5. The extraction algorithm without using original audio is described as
follows;

IDWT
Watermark
audio signal

Matrix formation

Watermark
image
formation
Original
watermark

The extraction process is divided into blocks wave decomposition, Matrix formation watermark
extraction, Image formation. Watermark can be extracted from a watermarked signal by
procedure similar to the embedding process. The watermarked input is first decomposed by
discrete wavelet transform using Haar wavelet filter. The low frequency approximate wavelet
coefficients into 2-D matrix blocks. The low frequency component of the input is retrieved by
applying inverse wavelet transform to get audio signal. one dimensional watermark is
transformed into two dimensional watermark image & the watermark image is obtained.
experimental Evaluation test
Other than the subjective evaluation of the extracted watermark, robustness against attacks is
measured using Signal to Noise ratio (SNR), Peak signal to noise ratio[18], etc. Watermarked
signal may undergo common signal processing attacks such as resampling, re-quantization, low
pass filtering, Volume scaling, noise addition, etc. Although these attacks may not affect the
perceived quality of the watermarked audio but it may corrupt the watermark image embedded
within the host audio.
i) Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) :
Signal to noise ratio gives the amount by which the signal is corrupted by the noise. It is defined
as the ratio of the signal power to the noise power. The SNR is widely utilized as an objective
measure of audio quality. It is simple to interpret, easy to apply. According to IFPI, when the
SNR is above 20 decibels (dB), audio watermarking should be imperceptible.. SNR can be
calculated by equation below. Where = Original audio Signal &= watermarked audio signal
10110log()()rSNRwiwidBN ()wi ()rwi
ii) Peal Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)
PSNR measures the estimates of the quality of the original & watermarked signal. It is related to
mean square error (MSE).It is measured in decibels as 21025510logPSNRMSE
MSE is the mean square error and defined as Where & are the original & the watermarked
signals respectively with coordinate Position (i, j). *211()MNijijiJIIMSEMN ijI *ijI

Attacks:

Volume Scaling /amplitude scaling

Additive Noise :
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a basic noise model used in Information theory to
mimic the effect of many random processes that occur in nature. The modifiers denote specific
characteristics:

'Additive' because it is added to any noise that might be intrinsic to the information
system.

'White' refers to idea that it has uniform power across the frequency band for the
information system. It is an analogy to the color white which has uniform emissions at
all frequencies in the visible spectrum.

'Gaussian' because it has a normal distribution in the time domain with an average time
domain value of zero.

Low Pass Filtering

Re-sampling
Re-quantization
Applications of digital audio watermarking:
Content Identification: It is used for the proof of ownership and copyrights in music industry.
Such type of watermark is hidden within the digital audio at the last stage of production of
music files.
Ownership Protection: In the ownership protection applications, a watermark containing
ownership information is embedded to the multimedia host signal. The watermark, known only
to the copyright holder, is expected to be very robust and secure, enabling the owner to
demonstrate the presence of this watermark in case of ownership.
Authentication and Tampering Detection: In the content authentication applications, a set of
secondary data is embedded in the host multimedia signal and is later used to determine
whether the host signal was tampered. The robustness against removing the watermark or
making it undetectable is not a concern as there is no such motivation from attacker's point of
view. However, forging a valid authentication watermark in an unauthorized or tampered host
signal must be prevented. In general, the watermark embedding capacity has to be high to
satisfy the need for more additional data than in ownership protection applications. The
detection must be performed without the original host signal because either the original is

unavailable or its integrity has yet to be established. This kind of watermark detection is
usually called a blind detection.
Broadcasting: In this fast changing market, watermarking becomes critical for content
owners, copyright holders, distributors and broadcasters. In a broadcast monitoring technique,
special equipment is used to monitor and track T.V. channels or radio stations.
During watermark detection, data are analyzed and broadcast details confirmed and reported.
Forensic: An agency inserts data into the audio which provides a way to identify the
downloading user, distributor etc. The agency
then extracts hidden information from the pirated copies. This is the real time application.

CONCLUSION
The watermarking technology has wide applications in the future
of data communication. The existing technologies like decoding
are not very user friendly and will soon be replaced by
watermarking. Thus watermarking of audio is going to be the
most wanted technology in the internet enabled age and many
more new and advanced watermarking algorithms will be
developed in the future which will take the watermarking
technology to newer heights.
In this paper, an effective data hiding technique for audio signal is proposed. It is observed that
the characteristic of DWT provides good tradeoff between the computational complexity and
robustness as compared to time domain technique. The performance of proposed method is
evaluated by the MOS, SNR, and PSNR. This approach is useful in copyright protection
applications in which the embedded information is related to the owner of the digital audio .
Performance improvement with respect to existing techniques can also be carried out.

Audio watermarking is an active research area that has been driven by the need to solve the
copyright protection problem of digital audio products. Many
promising audio watermarking techniques have been proposed and proved to be effective,
however, and due to the challenging nature of audio signal processing,

there remains much to do. In this paper, we proposed an effective audio signal watermarking
Algorithm based on the discrete wavelets transform. The
spectrum of the host audio signal was decomposed to locate the most appropriate regions to
embed the

watermark bits, imperceptibly and robustly. Indeed,

our simulation results

demonstrated the audibility and robustness of the proposed audio watermarking algorithm.

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