CH 1 Quantity of Water M.M.PPT 2008

1
CHAPTER ONE:
WATER SUPPLY
TREATMENT
&
DBU, Institute of Technology

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Abraham Atnafu
Course Content
Quantity of water
By:Abraham Atnafu
General
DBU
introduction
Water supply system planning
Population forecasting
Population density
Components of water demands
Variations in water consumption
Design periods for water supply system components
Chapter one: Quantity of Water
Course Content Cont

3
Sources of water supply
By:Abraham Atnafu
The
DBU
water cycle
Types of water sources
Water quality considerations
Source siting and selection
Reservoirs
Catchment
areas and reservoir sites

Volume of reservoirs
Impounded reservoirs
Catchment protection
Course Content Cont

4
Groundwater
By:Abraham Atnafu
Groundwater
DBU
flow
Hydraulics of water wells
Well construction and maintenance
Collection and distribution of water

Surface
water intakes
Water conveyance systems
Pipes and appurtenances
Distribution systems
Course Content Cont

5
By:Abraham Atnafu
Layout
DBU
of distribution systems
Distribution reservoirs
Design of distribution systems
Construction and maintenance of distribution systems
Pumps and pumping stations
Purpose and types of pumps
Centrifugal pumps
Pump
terms
Selection of pumps
Course Content Cont

6
Troubles
By:Abraham Atnafu
Pumping
DBU
and maintenance
stations
Waste water and storm water collection system

General
introduction
Sources and quantities of wastewater
Fluctuations in sewage flow
Sewerage system
Sewer materials and appurtenances
Design of sanitary sewer systems
Course Content Cont

7
By:Abraham Atnafu
Design
DBU
of storm sewers
Sewerage system construction and maintenance
Water Treatment
Coagulation and Flocculation
Filtration
Disinfection
Softening
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
References
Textbook: Elements of water supply Engineering by Tesfaye Nigussie
M.Hammar, Water and Wastewater Technology
E.W.Steel, Water Supply and Sewerage
A.C. Panchdhari, Water Supply and Sanitary Installation
Evaluation Mechanism
Assignments(Group and Individual),Quiz(s),

Attendance(participation) and Project...........................................................35%
Mid exam15%
Final exam...50%
Chapter One:
QUANTITY OF WATER
Introduction
10
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
Water is probably the most important natural resource in the world since
without it life cannot exist and industries cannot operate.
Unlike any other raw materials, there are no substitutes for water in any of its
uses.
Water plays a vital role in the development of communities since reliable supply
of water is an essential prerequisite for the establishment of a permanent
community.
Good quality, easily available, and safe water, makes a tremendous difference to
our quality of life.
Introduction
Body composition
By:Abraham Atnafu
Body,
DBU
65% water; blood, 83%; bones, 25%
Basic requirements for safe water

Drinking:
23 liters/day
Minimum acceptable standard for living (WHO)
2050 liters/capita/day for cooking and basic hygiene
By:Abraham Atnafu
Introduction
DBU
The estimated water supply coverage for Ethiopia is 41.2% for rural
and 78.8 % for urban and the countrys water supply coverage
47.3%.
Access to water-supply services is defined as the availability of at

least 20 liters per person per day from an "improved" source within
1 kilometer of the user's dwelling.
improved source
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
improved source is one that is likely to provide "safe" water, such

as a household connection, a borehole, etc.
An improved water supply is defined as:
Household connection
Public standpipe
Borehole
Protected dug well
Protected spring
Rainwater collection
By:Abraham Atnafu
Water Supply Engineering
DBU
deals with Planning, design, construction, operation and

maintenance of water supply systems.
Planning should be economical, socially acceptable, and

environmentally friendly that meet the present as well as future
requirement.
By:Abraham Atnafu
Water Supply System Objectives
DBU
Safe and wholesome(healthy) water

Adequate quantity
Readily available to encourage personal
and household hygiene
Water Supply System Planning
Water supply system planning involves
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
identification of service needs

evaluation of options
determination of optimal strategy to meet services
development of implementation strategies
The planning exercise involves

collection of pertinent data(Geological data, Hydrological data, Sanitary conditions of
the area, topography of the area, Legal requirements, public openion,Level of water demand
existing water supply system)
consideration of relevant factors, and

preparation of project documents and cost estimates
Factors to be considered
(during preparation of the water supply design project)
By:Abraham Atnafu
Population. Factors affecting the future increase in the population are to be studied.
Per capita Requirement. the various factors and living standard and the number and
type of industries, number and type of the commercial establishments in the town etc.
Public places, parks, institutions etc. Water is required for the development of
parks, fire fighting and so many other purposes at public places.
Industries. existing industries as well as future industries should be thoroughly determined.

Sources of water. Detailed survey of the various sources of water available in the
vicinity of the area should be made.
Conveyance of water. from source to water treatment units depend on the relative levels
of the two points. It may flow directly by gravity, if source is at higher elevation. In case pumping is
required, then the capacity of the pumps should be determined.
DBU
Factors to be considered
Quality of water. The analysis of the raw water quality should be made to know the various
By:Abraham Atnafu
impurities present in it, and to decide on the required treatment processes.
Treatment works. The various sizes and number of treatment units in the water works depend
on the quality and quantity of raw water and the limiting water quality standards.
Pumping units for treated water. The pump-house is designed by considering the future
population water demand. The required number of pumps is installed in the pump house for the
present water pumping requirement, with provision of 50% stand-by pumps for emergency.
Storage. The entire city or town should be divided into several pressure zones and storage facility
should be provided in each zone.
Distribution system. The distribution system should be designed according to the master plan
of the town, keeping in mind the future development.
Economy and reliability. should be economical and reliable. It should draw sufficient quantity
of water from the source at cheapest cost and the purification should meet desired limits.
DBU
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
Population Forecasting
By:Abraham Atnafu
20
DBU
Every country conducts an official enumeration of the population

called census every ten-years time (decennial census).In Ethiopia, all
the available census data are collected from the Central Statistical
Authority (CSA). The data is then used for the projection of the
future population of the area under consideration at the end of the
design period.
By:Abraham Atnafu
21
DBU
Following are factors responsible for changes in population:

Birth rate
Death rate
Migration rate
There are various methods of projecting population. The methods utilize

different assumption and give different results Selection of method depends on
amount of data available, past population history and length of design periods.
Arithmetic method:
By:Abraham Atnafu
the rate of population growth is constant. Mathematically the hypothesis may be expressed as
dP
k
dt
k is determined graphically of from successive population figures.
And the future population is given by
Pt Po K * t
Where Pt = Future Population after t years
Po = Present Population (Base Population)

K = Arithmetic Growth constant
t= Period of Projection
DBU
dP P2 P1
K
dt t2 t1
By:Abraham Atnafu
Geometric or uniform percentage method:

rate of increase which is proportional to the population.
dP
kP
dt
Integrating yields
ln Pt ln Po K * t
Where Pt = Future Population after t years
Po = Present Population (Base Population)
K = Geometric Growth constant
dP
ln P2 ln P1
K * P, K
dt
t2 t1
t= Period of Projection
DBU
24
Simple Graphical Method
By:Abraham Atnafu
In this method, a graph is plotted from the available data, between time and population. The curve
is then smoothly extended up to the desired year.
DBU
Comparative Graphical Method

In this method, the cities having conditions and characteristics similar to the city whose future
population is to be estimated are selected. It is then assumed that the city under consideration
will develop, as the selected similar cities have developed in the past.
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
Ratio Method
In this method, the local population and the country's population for the last four to five decades
is obtained from the census records.
Geometric Increase Method
the average percentage of the last few decades/years is determined, and the forecasting is done on
the basis that percentage increase per decade/year will be same. Thus, the population at the
end of n years or decades is given as
Pn Po 1
100
Where, i = growth rate of the population

Pn = population at time n in the future
Po = present population
n = periods of projection
26
By:Abraham Atnafu
Decreasing Rate of Increasing

Population is assumed to reach some limiting value or saturation point
dP
K * Z P
dt
Following formula is used to estimate the population
Pt P2 Z P2 * 1 e K t t2
Where: Z = Saturation Population and is calculated as:
2 Po P1P2 P1 Po p2
2
Po P2 P1
2
P1, P2 and P3 = Population at times t1, t2 and t3 respectively.

K = Rate and calculated as: K
DBU
Z P2
1
ln
t 2 t1
Z
P
1
By:Abraham Atnafu
27
DBU
Logistic Curve Fitting Method

Population growth follows a logistic or mathematical relationship .the most common relationship is an
S-Curve.
Following formula is used to estimate the population
Pt
Z
1 a eb t to
Where: Z = Saturation Population and calculated as above

a, b = Constants and are calculated as follow
Z Po and
a
Po
P Z P1
1
b
ln o
n
P1 Z P o
n = Constant interval b/n years
Example 1.1.
The census figure of a city shows population as follows
By:Abraham Atnafu
Present
DBU
population
Before one decade
Before two decades
Before three decades
50000
47100
43500
41000
Work out the probable population after one, two and three decades
using arithmetic increase and geometric increase method.
Solution
Arithmetic Increase
Increase in present and first decade
By:Abraham Atnafu
47100 - 43500= 3600
Increase in second and third decade
DBU
Increase in first and second decade
50000 47100 = 2900
43500 41000 = 2500
Average increase = (2900+3600+2500)/3 = 3000

Population after 1st decade = 50000 + 3000 = 53000
Population after 2nd decade = 50000 + 6000 = 56000
Population after 3rd decade = 50000 + 9000 = 59000
Solution
Geometric Increase
Percent increase in present and first decade
By:Abraham Atnafu
(3600/ 43500 )*100 = 8.26 %
Percent increase in second and third decade
DBU
Percent increase in first and second decade
(2900/ 47100)*100 = 6.16 %
(2500/ 41000)*100 = 6.09 %
Average increase = (6.16 + 8.26 + 6.09)/3 = 6.84 %

P after 1st decade = 50000 (1 + 6.84/100)1 = 50342
P after 2nd decade = 50000 (1 + 6.84/100)2 = 53786
P after 3rd decade = 50000 (1 + 6.84/100)3 = 57465
Example 1.2.
The Annual Growth Rate of a town in Ethiopia is 3.5%. Assuming
the present population of the town (in 2015) is 4500, what would
be the population in 2030?
Solution:
AGR = 3.5%; Po = 4500
n = 2030-2015 = 15
Pn = Po(1+AGR/100)n
P15 = 4500(1+3.5/100)15=7540
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
Example 1.3.
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
The following data shows the variation in population of a town

from 1944 to 2004. Estimate the population of the city in the year
2014 and 2019 by arithmetic and geometric increase methods.(Do
arithmetic increase method by your own.)
Year
1944
1954
1964
1974
1984
1994
2004
Population
40185
44522
60395
75614
98886
124230
158800
By:Abraham Atnafu
Solution 1.3.
Year
1944
1954
1964
1974
1984
Population
40185
44522
60395
75614
98886
124230 158800
4337
10.79
15873
35.65
15219
25.20
23272
30.78
25344
25.63
Change
% Change
1994
2004
34570
27.83
Average change = (4337+15873+15219+23272+25344+34570)/6 =19770 per decade

Average % change = (10.79+35.65+25.20=30.78+25.63+27.83)/6 = 25.98 % per decade
Using Arithmetic Method

P2014 = P04 + 1 x 19770 = 158800 + 19770 = 178570
P2019 = P04 + 1.5 x 19770 = 158800 + 1.5 x 19770 =188455
Using Geometric Method
P2014 = P04(1 + i/100)1 = 158800 (1 + 25.98/100)=200057
P2019 = P04 (1+ i/100)1.5=158800 (1 + 25.98/100)1.5=224545
DBU
Exercise
34
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
Estimate the population at 2000 using the following census results

Year
Population
1970
10,000
1980
15,000
1990
18,000
By:Abraham Atnafu
Population Density
DBU
It is information regarding the physical distribution of the

population.
It is important to know in order to estimate the flows and to design

the distribution network.
Population density varies widely within a city, depending on the

land use.
May be estimated from zoning master plan.
By:Abraham Atnafu
Components of Water Demands
DBU
Water demand is defined as the volume of water required by users

to satisfy their needs.
Demand is the theoretical while consumption is actual.
Design of a water supply scheme requires knowledge of water

demand and its timely variations.
Various components of a water demand are
residential, commercial, industrial, public water uses, fire demand

and unaccounted for system losses.
Water Demand
Components
By:Abraham Atnafu
Domestics
Non domestic
Public uses
Losses and
leakage
Fire fighting
Commercial
Industrial
Institutional
Agricultural
DBU
Residential (Domestic)Water Demand
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
This includes the water required in residential buildings for

drinking,cooking, bathing, lawn sprinkling, gardening, sanitary
purposes, etc.
The amount of domestic water consumption per person varies
according to the living standards of the consumers.
In most countries the residential demand constitutes 50 to 60% of
the total demand.
By:Abraham Atnafu
Typical Average Domestic Water Demand
DBU
Town
House Connection
Unit
lpcd
Own Yard Connection
lpcd
Shared Yard Connection
lpcd
Public Tap
lpcd
2007
2017
2027
90
100
110.0
25.4
31.7
38.0
16.9
18.9
21.0
11.3
12.6
14.0
Commercial and Industrial Water Demand

By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
Commercial water demand: as hotels, shopping centres, service

stations, movie houses, airports, etc.
The commercial water demand may vary greatly depending on the
type and number of establishments.
Industrial water demand: tanning, brewery, dairy, etc.
The quantity of water required for commercial and industrial
purposes can be related to such factors as number of
employees, floor area of the establishment, or units produced.
Public Water Use
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
The quantity of water required for public utility purposes

Includes water for public institutions like schools, watering of
public parks, washing and sprinkling of roads, use of public
fountains, clearing wastewater conveyance, etc.
Usually the demand may range from 2-5% of the total demand.
Typical Public Water Demands
By:Abraham Atnafu
Category
DBU
Day schools
Boarding schools
Hospitals
Hostels
Mosques
Cinema houses
Offices
Public baths
Hotels
Restaurant/Bar
Camp
Prison
Typical rate of water use

per day
5
l/pupil
50
l/pupil
100
l/bed
80
l/bed
5
l/visitor
5
l/visitor
5
l/person
100
l/visitor
100
l/bed
10
l/seat
60
l/person
30
l/person
Fire Fighting Water Demand

43
This is the quantity of water required for extinguishing fires and is

always stored in storage reservoirs.
This demand is, therefore, taken care of by increasing the volume of
the storage tanks by 10%.
Quantity of water required for fire fighting can be calculated based
on the following formula.
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
Fire Fighting Demand
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
National Board of Fire Underwriters (NBFU) (For communities less

than 200, 000)
QF 231.6 P (1 0.01 P )
Where, QF = is fire demand (m3/hr); P = Population in 1000s.
45
By:Abraham Atnafu
Freemans Formula
P
Q f 57 * 10
5
Where: Qf = Fire flow rate in m3/hr

P = Population in thousands
Kuichlings Formula
Q f 159 P
Where: Qf = Fire flow rate in m3/hr

P = Population in thousands
DBU
46
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
All the above formula are literature recommendations based on the

standard of the concerned country and they are not recommended
to be applied for Ethiopian case.
This demand is generally taken care of by increasing the volume of
the storage tanks by 10%.
Considered to be met by stopping supply to consumers and
directing it for fire fighting purpose.
Unaccounted system losses and leakage

47
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
This includes water losses in the water supply system due to bad
plumbing, illegal connections and others.
The amount is usually expressed in percentage of the sum of
domestic demand, public demand and the industrial demand
covered from the water supply system. And it usually varies from
15% to 50% depending on the age of the pipelines in the systems
and the size of the distribution network.
By:Abraham Atnafu
Example 1.4
DBU
For a town having population of 60,000 estimate average daily

demand of water. Assume industrial use 10%, institutional &
commercial use 15 %, public use 5% and live stock 10% of domestic
demand. Take per capita domestic consumption of 50 l/day and
leakage to be 5%.
Solution 1.4
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
P = 60,000
Domestic = 50 x 60,000 = 3000000 l/day= 3000 m3/day
Industrial = 0.10 x 3000 m3/day = 300 m3/day,
Inst & com. = 0.15 x 3000 m3/day = 450 m3/day
public = 0.05 x 3000 m3/day = 150 m3/day
live stock = 0.10 x 3000 m3/day = 300 m3/day
leakage = 0.05 x 3000 m3/day = 150 m3/day
Total average daily demand = 4350 m3/day
Factor Affecting Water Use
Climatic conditions:Rate of water consumption increases with the increase in temperature-
By:Abraham Atnafu
consumption in summer is higher than in winter.
Cost of water:The existence of meters and high costs of water limits the water consumption.
Living Standards: Rate of water consumption increase with higher standard of living.
Industries:
Metering water lines
Quality of water supply:water is consumed when quality of water is better.
Size of city: The bigger size of community makes an in-increase in industrial and municipal demands which
Increase rate of water consumption.
DBU
Water Use Variation

4000
3500
Sunny day
By:Abraham Atnafu
3000
2500
Rainy day
2000
average
1500
1000
500
0
0
DBU
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Variations in water demand
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
Annual average day demand (Qday-avg) the average daily demand over a
period of one year. For economical calculations and fire fighting.
Maximum day demand (Qday-max) the amount of water required during
the day of maximum consumption in a year. Important for water
treatment plants and water storages.
Peak hour demand (Qhr-max) the amount of water required during the
maximum hour in a given day. Important for design of distribution
systems.
Coincident draft (Qcd). the sum of maximum daily demand, Qday-max, and
the fire demand (QF).
By:Abraham Atnafu
Typical Peak Factors
DBU
Population
Maximum Day
Factor
Peak Hour Factor
0 to 20,000
1.30
2.00
20,001 to 50,000
1.25
1.90
50,001 and above
1.20
1.70
Water Supply Components

The system comprises the following major elements:
Source (groundwater or surface water)
Raw water collection structures (intake
structure, transmission line)
Treatment plant
Distribution systems (pipes, pumps, reservoir, different
appurtenances)
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
By:Abraham Atnafu
Water Supply Components
Source
Pipe I
LLP
Treatment
Plant
Pipe II
Storage
HLP
Pipe III
Distribution system
DBU
Water Supply System Components
By:Abraham Atnafu
Component
DBU
Source:
Groundwater
Surface sources
Special
characteristics
Easy to expand
Design period
Design capacity
5-10
Qday-max
Uneasy to expand 20-50
Long life
Cost of material
Pipe mains (Type I
is only a small
and Type II)
portion of the
cost of
construction
Expansion is
Treatment plant
simple
>25
10-15
Qday-max
Suitable velocities under
all anticipated flow
conditions
Qday-max or 1.6Qday-avg whichever

is greater
Water Supply System Components
By:Abraham Atnafu
Component
DBU
Special
characteristics
Design
period
Pumping units
Easy to modify
and expand
10
Service reservoir
Long life
Easy to construct
Relatively
inexpensive
Very long
Long life
Type III pipe and
Replacement
is
distribution pipes
very expensive
Indefinite
Design capacity
LLP:
2Qday-avg or 4/3Qday-max
whichever is greater
HLP: 3Qday-avg or 4/3Qday-max,
whichever is greater
Design should consider:
Hourly fluctuations of flow
The emergency reserve
The provision required when
pumps satisfy the entire days
demand in less than 24 hrs.
The fire demand.
Qhr-max or Qday-max+QF , whichever is
greater (calculated for anticipated
maximum growth)
58
By:Abraham Atnafu
DBU
The pumping station is called low-lift or low-service because the

function of the pumps is to raise the water from the surface water
supply to the treatment facility. High-service pumps that supply
water to the distribution system are selected with the objective of
providing a high enough pressure to make water flow at a high rate
through service connections at various elevations throughout the
distribution system.
Design Period
By:Abraham Atnafu
59
DBU
Water supply system is generally designed to serve the needs of future population
Design Year: year when the facility is expected to reach its full design capacity and the
year at which future expansion may become necessary.
Selecting design period needs sound judgment and skills in developing future population
growth estimate from the past social and economic trends
Different factors considered to decide a design period for a water supply project
1.
useful time of different units
2.
convenience of future expansion
3.
anticipated changes in drinking water quality requirements
4.
anticipated changes in raw water quality
5.
growth pattern of the community, service area and region
6.
trends in interest rate
7.
present and future construction costs
8.
availability of funds
By:Abraham Atnafu
Example 1.5
DBU
Calculate the water requirements for a community that will reach a

population of 120,000 at the design year. The estimated municipal
water demand for the community is 300 l/c/d. Calculate the fire
flow, design capacity of the water treatment plant, and design
capacity of the water distribution system. Use NBFU formula for fire
flow.
Solution 1.5
By:Abraham Atnafu
P = 120,000
Qday-avg = 300 x 120,000 =36000000 L/d = 36000 m3/d
Take PF for Q day-max = 1.6 and 2.0 for Qpeak-hr
Q day-max =1.2 x 36000= 57,600 m3
Qpeak-hr= 1.7 x 36000 = 72,000 m3
Fire flow rate = QF 231.6 P (1 0.01 P )
QF 231.6 120(1 0.01 120) 2259.13 m3/hr = 54219 m3/day

Design capacity of treatment plant = 57,600 m3/day
Distribution system Design capacity = max(72,000 or 57600 + 54219) = 111819 m3/day
DBU
END of
chapter
By:Abraham
1:Quantity
Atnafu
of Water
By:Abraham Atnafu
Visit aaucivil.wordpress.com/water-supply
DBU
END of Chapter 1
By:Abraham Atnafu
63
DBU
Visit aaucivil.wordpress.com/water-supply
END of
By:Abraham
chapter 1
Atnafu
END of Chapter 1

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1

DBU, Institute of Technology

Course Content Cont

Sources of water supply

areas and reservoir sites

Course Content Cont

Well construction and maintenance

Collection and distribution of water

Course Content Cont

Course Content Cont

Waste water and storm water collection system

Course Content Cont

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Textbook: Elements of water supply Engineering by Tesfaye Nigussie

M.Hammar, Water and Wastewater Technology

E.W.Steel, Water Supply and Sewerage

A.C. Panchdhari, Water Supply and Sanitary Installation

Assignments(Group and Individual),Quiz(s),

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

65% water; blood, 83%; bones, 25%

Basic requirements for safe water

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Access to water-supply services is defined as the availability of at

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

improved source is one that is likely to provide "safe" water, such

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Water Supply Engineering

deals with Planning, design, construction, operation and

Planning should be economical, socially acceptable, and

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Water Supply System Objectives

Safe and wholesome(healthy) water

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Water Supply System Planning

Water supply system planning involves

identification of service needs

The planning exercise involves

consideration of relevant factors, and

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Industries. existing industries as well as future industries should be thoroughly determined.

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

impurities present in it, and to decide on the required treatment processes.

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Every country conducts an official enumeration of the population

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Following are factors responsible for changes in population:

There are various methods of projecting population. The methods utilize

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

And the future population is given by

Where Pt = Future Population after t years

Po = Present Population (Base Population)

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Geometric or uniform percentage method:

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Simple Graphical Method

Comparative Graphical Method

Chapter one: Quantity of Water

Where, i = growth rate of the population

Decreasing Rate of Increasing

Following formula is used to estimate the population

Where: Z = Saturation Population and is calculated as:

P1, P2 and P3 = Population at times t1, t2 and t3 respectively.