Power Systems I

Lecture 1

06-88-590-68
Electrical and Computer
Engineering
University of Windsor
Dr. Ali Tahmasebi

Review of Phasors
Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the analysis of
constant frequency ac systems
v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv)
i(t) = Imax cos(wt + qI)
Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid
1T
Vmax
2
v(t ) dt =

T0
2
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Phasor Representation
Euler's Identity: e jq = cosq + j sin q
Phasor notation is developed by rewriting
using Euler's identity
v(t ) = 2 V cos(wt + qV )
v(t ) = 2 V Re e j (w t +qV )
(Note: V is the RMS voltage)

Phasor Representation, contd

The RMS, cosine-referenced voltage phasor is:
V

= V e jqV = V qV

v(t )

= Re 2 Ve jw t e jqV

= V cosqV + j V sin qV

= I cosq I + j I sin q I

(Note: Some texts use boldface type for

complex numbers, or bars on the top)
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Advantages of Phasor Analysis

D evice
R esistor

T im e A n aly sis
v (t ) = R i (t )

Inductor

v (t ) = L

C ap acitor

1
i ( t ) dt + v (0)

C0

di ( t )
dt

P h asor
V = RI
V = jw L I
1
V =
I
jw C

= Im pedan ce = R + jX = Z f

R = R esistance
X = R eactan ce
Z =

R2 + X

(Note: Z is a
complex number but
X
f =arctan ( ) not a phasor)
R
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RL Circuit Example

V (t ) =

2 100cos(w t + 30)

= 60Hz

= 4W

i(t)

X = wL

= 3

42 + 32 = 5 f = 36.9

V
10030
=
=
Z
536.9
= 20 - 6.9 Amps
= 20 2 cos(w t - 6.9)
5

Complex Power
Power
p (t ) = v(t ) i (t )
v(t)

= Vmax cos(w t + qV )

i (t)

= I max cos(w t + q I )

1
cosa cos b = [cos(a - b ) + cos(a + b )]
2
1
p (t ) = Vmax I max [cos(qV - q I ) +
2
cos(2w t + qV + q I )]
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Complex Power, contd

Average Power
1
p (t ) = Vmax I max [cos(qV - q I ) + cos(2wt + qV + q I )]
2
T

Pavg

1
=
p (t )dt

T0
1
= Vmax I max cos(qV - q I )
2
= V I cos(qV - q I )

Power Factor Angle = f =qV - q I

7

Complex Power
S = V I [ cos(qV - q I ) + j sin(qV - q I ) ]
= P + jQ
= VI

(Note: S is a complex number but not a phasor)

P = Real Power (W, kW, MW)

Q = Reactive Power (var, kvar, Mvar)
S = Complex power (VA, kVA, MVA)
Power Factor (pf) = cosf
If current leads voltage then pf is leading
If current lags voltage then pf is lagging
8

Complex Power, contd

Relationships between real, reactive and complex power
P = S cos f
Q = S sin f

= S 1 - pf

Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85.

What are f (power factor angle), Q and S ?

f = -cos -1 0.85 = -31.8

100kW
S =
= 117.6 kVA
0.85
Q = 117.6sin(-31.8) = -62.0 kVar
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Conservation of Power
l

At every node (bus) in the system

Sum of real power into node must equal zero

Sum of reactive power into node must equal zero

This is a direct consequence of Kirchhoffs current

law, which states that the total current into each
node must equal zero.

Conservation of power follows since S = VI*

10

Conversation of Power Example

Earlier we found
I = 20-6.9 amps

S = VI

= 10030 206.9 = 200036.9 VA

f = 36.9

pf = 0.8 lagging

SR = VR I = 4 20 - 6.9 206.9
*

PR = 1600W

= I R

(QR = 0)

SL = VL I * = 3 j 20 - 6.9 206.9
2

QL = 1200var = I X

(PL = 0)
11

Power Consumption in Devices

Resistors only consume real power
2

PResistor = I Resistor R
Inductors only consume reactive power
2

Q Inductor = I Inductor X L
Capacitors only generate reactive power
2

QCapacitor = - I Capacitor X C
QCapacitor = -

VCapacitor
XC

1
XC =
wC

(Note-some define X C negative)

12

Example
First solve
basic circuit
400000 V
I =
= 4000 Amps
1000 W
V = 400000 + (5 + j 40) 4000
= 42000 + j16000 = 44.920.8 kV
S = V I * = 44.9k20.8 4000
= 17.9820.8 MVA = 16.8 + j 6.4 MVA
13

Example, contd
Now add additional
reactive power load
and resolve
Z Load = 70.745
I

pf = 0.7 lagging

= 564 - 45 Amps

V = 59.713.6 kV
S = 33.758.6 MVA = 17.6 + j 28.8 MVA

14

Power System Notation

Power system components are usually shown as
one-line diagrams. Previous circuit redrawn
17.6 MW

16.0 MW

28.8 MVR

-16.0 MVR
59.7 kV

17.6 MW
28.8 MVR

40.0 kV

16.0 MW
16.0 MVR

Generators are Transmission lines

shown as circles are shown as a
single line

Arrows are
used to
show loads
15

Reactive Compensation
Key idea of reactive compensation is to supply reactive
power locally. In the previous example this can
be done by adding a 16 Mvar capacitor at the load
16.8 MW

16.0 MW

6.4 MVR

0.0 MVR
44.94 kV

16.8 MW
6.4 MVR

40.0 kV

16.0 MW
16.0 MVR

16.0 MVR

16

Reactive Compensation, contd

l

Reactive compensation decreased the line flow from

564 Amps to 400 Amps. This has advantages

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Lines losses, which are equal to I2 R decrease

Lower current allows utility to use small wires, or
alternatively, supply more load over the same wires
Voltage drop on the line is less

Reactive compensation is used extensively by

utilities
Capacitors can be used to correct a loads power
factor to an arbitrary value.
17

Power Factor Correction Example

Assume we have 100 kVA load with pf=0.8 lagging,
and would like to correct the pf to 0.95 lagging
S = 80 + j 60 kVA

f = cos -1 0.8 = 36.9

PF of 0.95 requires fdesired

= cos -1 0.95 = 18.2

Snew = 80 + j (60 - Qcap )

60 - Q cap
80

= tan18.2 60 - Qcap = 26.3 kvar

Qcap = 33.7 kvar

18

Distribution System Capacitors

19

Balanced 3 Phase (f) Systems

l

A balanced 3 phase (f) system has

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three voltage sources with equal magnitude, but with an

angle shift of 120
equal loads on each phase
equal impedance on the lines connecting the generators to
the loads

Bulk power systems are almost exclusively 3f

Single phase is used primarily only in low voltage,
low power settings, such as residential and some
commercial
20

Balanced 3f -- No Neutral Current

I n = I a + Ib + I c
V
In =
(10 + 1 -120 + 1120) = 0
Z
*
*
*
*
S = Van I an
+ Vbn I bn
+ Vcn I cn
= 3 Van I an
21

Advantages of 3f Power
l
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Can transmit more power for same amount of wire

(twice as much as single phase)
Torque produced by 3f machines is constrant
Three phase machines use less material for same
power rating
Three phase machines start more easily than single
phase machines

22

Three Phase - Wye Connection

l

There are two ways to connect 3f systems

Wye (Y)
Delta (D)

Wye Connection Voltages

Van

= V a

Vbn

= V a -120

Vcn

= V a +120

23

Wye Connection Line Voltages

Vca

Vcn

Vab
-Vbn
Van

Vbn
Vbc
V ab

( = 0 in this case)

= V an - Vbn = V (1 a - 1 a + 120 )
=

3 V a + 30

Vbc

3 V a - 90

Vca

3 V a + 150

Line to line
voltages are
also balanced
24

Wye Connection, contd

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Define voltage/current across/through device to be

phase voltage/current
Define voltage/current across/through lines to be
line voltage/current
VLine = 3 VPhase 130 = 3 VPhase e

jp
6

I Line = I Phase
S 3f

*
= 3 VPhase I Phase

25

Delta Connection
For the Delta
phase voltages equal
line voltages
For currents

Ica

Ia = I ab - I ca

Ic

Ib

Ibc

Iab
Ia

3 I ab - 30

Ib = I bc - I ab
Ic = I ca - I bc
S3f =

*
3 VPhase I Phase
26

Three Phase Example

Assume a D-connected load is supplied from a 3f
13.8 kV (L-L) source with Z = 10020W
Vab = 13.80 kV
Vbc = 13.8 -120 kV
Vca = 13.8120 kV
13.80 kV
I ab =
= 138 - 20 amps
10020 W
I bc = 138 - 140 amps
I ca = 138100 amps
27

Three Phase Example, contd

I a = I ab - I ca = 138 - 20 - 138100
= 239 - 50 amps
I b = 239 - 170 amps I c = 23970 amps
*
S = 3 Vab I ab
= 3 13.80kV 13820 amps

= 5.720 MVA
= 5.37 + j1.95 MVA
pf = cos 20 = 0.94 lagging
28

Delta-Wye Transformation
To simplify analysis of balanced 3f systems:
1) -connected loads can be replaced by
1
Y-connected loads with Z Y = Z D
3
2) -connected sources can be replaced by
VLine
Y-connected sources with Vphase =
330

29

Delta-Wye Transformation Proof

From the D side we get

Vab Vca
Vab - Vca
Ia =
=
ZD ZD
ZD
Hence

Vab - Vca
ZD =
Ia
30

Delta-Wye Transformation, contd

From the Y side we get
Vab = ZY ( I a - I b )

Vca = ZY ( I c - I a )

Vab - Vca = ZY (2 I a - I b - I c )
Since

Ia + Ib + I c = 0 I a = - Ib - I c

Hence

Vab - Vca = 3 ZY I a

3 ZY

Vab - Vca
=
= ZD
Ia

Therefore

ZY

1
= ZD
3
31

Three Phase Transmission Line

32