Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a c q u is itio n
(u n it c e n tr a le
Stphane Garambois
ISTerre, Universit Joseph Fourier
Grenoble
et PC )
a n te n n e s
E
d p la c e m e n t
tr a je ts d e s
o n d e s ra d a r
in c id e n te s
tr a je ts d e s
o n d e s ra d a r
r fle c h ie s
Licence Pro Prospection et protection des ressources souterraines/ Documents/ PPSTE302 - Gophysique/ GPR
Introduction
Active faults
Geotechnics
Glaciers
Landslides
Plan
1. Introduction GPR
2. Acquisition
3. Quelques bases thoriques
4. Traitements basiques des signaux
5. Exemples
5.1 Geologie
5.2 Hydrologie & tudes environementales
5.3 Geotechnique
5.4 Autres applications
Introduction
SUBSURFACE
Lithological
Fluids content
Porous or fractured space
Various scales of heterogeneities
Environmental problems
Water resources
Natural resources
Natural hazards
Geotechnical problems
Porosity(ies)
Empty volume (%)
Fluids content
Fluids part which fills the pore space: water, gas, oil, air. Each of this phase
exhibits their own physical parameters
Risques fixes
conteneurs de dchets toxiques (radioactifs) enfouis
Objets risques enfouis
Trous remplis de dchets
Risques mobiles
Contaminants dverss ou fluides schappant de
rservoirs
Pollution agricole
Connaissance de la gologie et des conditions de transport
hydrologiques demande
Geophysical Imaging : GPR
Collecte de donnes
Interprtation
Modlisation
D
Concepts of resolution and penetration depth
-Method
-Frequency used for source and receivers
GPR - L3P PPRS 2015
Limitations
Advantages
10
1 Introduction GPR
Que mesure le GPR?
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Caractristiques GPR
- RADAR = RAdio Detection And Ranging.
Il peut tre utilis partir de la surface, en puits de forage ou entre forages,
depuis des avions ou des satellites.
Ground penetrating radar est parfois appel goradar, ground probing radar,
subsurface radar ou radar gologique.
12
GPR Applications
After Reynolds, 1997
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14
Le spectre lectromagntique
=c/f
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16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Scattering
23
SCATTERING
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2 Acquisition : systme
Encoder
Unit de
contrle
DATA
Fibres
Optiques
Fibres
Optiques
Tx
Rx
Antennes
GPR - L3P PPRS 2015
25
Acquisition : Antennas
RAMAC/MC4
multi-channel
RAMAC/GPR
control unit
Shielded
antennas
Unshielded
antennas
Borehole
antennas
100 MHz
25 MHz
100 MHz
250 MHz
50 MHz
500 MHz
100 MHz
800 MHz
200 MHz
+ winches and cables
down to 2500 m.
1000 MHz
250 MHz
26
Large gamme dantennes, de 100 MHz (gologie) 2.5 GHz (gnie civil)
GPR - L3P PPRS 2015
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28
29
30
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32
33
Example resolution/frequency
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35
36
Gauss
Faraday
Ampre
37
After
GPR -Annan
L3P PPRS 2015
38
Londe lectromagntique
Propagation
E B k
39
(1)
E
2
(2)
40
Frquence de transition
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42
43
Electrical conductivity
44
Permittivit dilectrique
45
46
Velocity
depth penetration
vertical resolution
Propagation
Diffusion
V
4f
4f
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48
49
Exercices
Calculer la rsolution verticale thorique pour
une antenne de 100 MHz dans un milieu de
constante dilectrique de 9
Et avec une antenne de 250 MHz?
50
51
Onde directe
dans lair
Rflexions
internes
Onde directe
dans le sol
Rflexion
socle-tourbire
52
53
3.5 Reflectivity
54
Example of AVO
55
Posttraitement
- Dconvolution
- Analyses de vitesses et corrections
dynamiques
- Corrections daltimtrie (statiques)
- Conversion temps-profondeur
Traitement
avancs
- Migration
- Filtrages en frquence (f_k)
- Traitements plus avancs
Visualisation
56
57
58
Static corrections
59
60
offset
R3 R2
tm
R1
ACQUISITION
Stack
Dynamic corrections
CMP
offset
CMP section
Stacked Section
CMP
SIMULATION OF AN
GPR - L3P
2015NUL
ACQUISITION
ATPPRS
OFFSET
61
62
63
64
65
In a first stage, the different processing steps aim to simulate an offset nul
section, characteristic of the soil.
Horizontal reflector + fault
Synclinal
z
t=d/v
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68
69
Field sketch
Tan =sin
The effect will be greater if the depth is great bending time () < bending structural ()
Geophysical Imaging : Seismic Reflection
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72
Steel bars
Cable ducts
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Migration (2)
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2D/3D effects
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5. Examples
5.1 Geology
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78
79
Exemples imagerie:
-Hydrologie
-pollution
80
I/IV
Interval
Velocity
(a)
(b)
(c)
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82
Full-Waveform Inversion
GPR - L3P83
PPRS 2015
84
85
Cavity Detection
Cavities in limestone (200 MHz antenna)
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89
90
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92
93
94
95
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97
98
I/IV
A few photographies within the cavity after the 50 000 m3 water pumping
GPRTournaire
- L3P99
PPRS
2015
After
et al.14/20/2010
100
101
Snow layers
Crevasses
Ice/bedrock interface
Glacier surface
Glacier surface
Ice/bedrock interface
Ice/bedrock interface
Weak reflections
The grounding line is a key element acting on the dynamics of coastal outlet glaciers.
Knowing its position accurately is fundamental for either modelling the glacier dynamics
or establishing a benchmark to which to later refer in case of change.
GPR - L3P PPRS 2015
102
Crevasse detection
103
Mesures TDR
104
Depth
-4
-8
b) ERT2
Depth (m)
0
-4
-8 a) ERT1
c) ERT3
Depth (m)
0
-4
-8
b) ERT2
-4
-4
-8
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Distance (m)
c) ERT3
-8
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
105
2000
1850
1700
1550
1400
1250
1100
950
800
650
500
-4
350
50
Calculated resistivity ( m)
200
Depth (m)
-8
Depth (m)
Depth (m)
106
107
CMP8
CMP2
Prof.
Permit.
Teneur en eau
(Topp et al)
CMP1
2.6 m
39
50 %
CMP2
2.2
46.5
55 %
CMP8
2.2 m
59.2
64 %
108
Livres - Constructeurs
109