MATH 104 (UBC) Study Sheet

Logarithm Laws & Exponent Rules

log a xy = log a x + log a y

x
log a = log a x log a y
y

log a x n = n log a x

tan0 = 0

tan 6 =

1
3

tan 4 = 1

P2 ( x2 , y2 )

Slope of line segment

cos 3 =

VOLUME OF CONE:

V = 13 r 2 h

1
2

tan 3 = 3

VOLUME OF PRISM:

V = Ah
VOLUME OF PYRAMID:

V = 13 Ah

are two points, then

Absolute Value
x, if x 0,
x =
x, if x < 0.

P1 P2

Limit Laws
lim( f ( x) g ( x)) = lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

is

xa

y y 2 y1 .
m=
=
x x 2 x1

(a m ) n = a mn

xa

y y 0 = m( x x 0 ) .
SLOPE-INTERCEPT EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE:
y = mx + b .

a =1

Two lines are parallel if

a1 = a

m1

= m2 .

Two lines are perpendicular if

=x

sin 2 u + cos 2 u = 1

1 + tan 2 u = sec 2 u

1 + cot 2 u = csc 2 u

1
sec u =
cos u

1
csc u =
sin u

1
cot u =
tan u
cot u =

cos u
sin u

sin(2 u) = cosu

cos(2 u) = sin u

tan(2 u) = cotu

csc( 2 u ) = sec u

cot(2 u) = tanu

sin( u ) = sin u

sec(2 u) = csc u
cos( u ) = cos u

csc(u ) = csc u

sec(u ) = sec u

cot( u ) = cot u

xa

m1 =

xa

lim( f ( x) g ( x)) = lim f ( x) lim g ( x)

xa

xa

1 .
m2

x a

f ( x) if
f ( x) lim
lim g ( x ) 0 .
= xa
lim
xa
xa g ( x )
lim g ( x)
xa

lim( f ( x) ) = lim f ( x)
n

x a

xa

lim x = a
xa

lim c = c
x a

EQUATION OF CIRCLE :

Trigonometric Identities

xa

lim cf ( x) = c lim f ( x)

POINT-SLOPE EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE :

1
= n
a

( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2 .

Centre = ( h, k ) ; radius =

Squeeze Theorem

r.

Geometric Formulas

If f ( x) g ( x) h( x) for all x in some interval

containing a, and if lim f ( x) = L and
xa

lim h( x) = L , then lim g ( x) = L , also.

AREA OF TRIANGLE:

A = 12 bh

x a

x a

Continuity

AREA OF TRAPEZOID:

x=a
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tan( u ) = tan u

sin(u v) = sin u cos v cos u sin v

cos(u v) = cos u cos v m sin u sin v
tan u tan v
tan(u v) =
1 m tan u tan v
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u
cos 2 u = cos 2 u sin 2 u = 2 cos 2 u 1 = 1 2 sin 2 u

tan 2u =
1 cos 2u
sin 2 u =
2

cos4 =

x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
,

2
2

am
= a mn
n
a

sin u
cos u

cos6 =

sin

3
2

Midpoint of line segment P1P2 is

a m a n = a m+n

tan u =

cos 0 = 1

2
2

d = ( x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2 .

log a a x = x

sin4 =

3
2

A = r 2 + rs

Distance between P1 and P2 is

log a a = 1

log a x

sin 6 =

2
2

If P1 ( x1 , y1 ) and

log a 1 = 0

sin 0 = 0

1
2

AREA OF CONE:

Analytic Geometry

1
log a = log a x
x

Special Angles

2 tan u
1 tan 2 u

1 + cos2u
cos2 u =
2

1 cos2u
tan2 u =
1 + cos2u

A = 12 (a + b)h

AREA OF CIRCLE:

A =r

f (x) is continuous at
lim f ( x) = f (a ) .

if

xa

CIRCUMFERENCE OF CIRCLE:

C = 2 r

Derivatives

AREA OF SPHERE:

A = 4 r 2
VOLUME OF SPHERE:

V = r
4
3

AREA OF CYLINDER:
A = 2 rh + 2 r 2
VOLUME OF CYLINDER:

V = r 2h

If

y = f (x) , then
dy
f ( x + h) f ( x )
= f ( x) = lim
h 0
dx
h
f ( x) f (a) .
or

f (a) = lim
x a
xa
The derivative f (x) is a function that
represents either
(i) the slope of the tangent line; or
(ii) the rate of change of y with respect to x.

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Derivative Formulas
d
(c ) = 0
dx
d n
( x ) = nx n1
dx
d
(cf ( x )) = cf ( x)
dx
d
( f ( x) + g ( x)) = f ( x) + g ( x)
dx

d
( f ( x) g ( x)) = f ( x) g ( x)
dx
d
( f ( x ) g ( x )) = f ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ( x )
dx
d f ( x) f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)

=
dx g ( x)
[g ( x ) ] 2

Revenue and Cost

R = pq

Marginal Revenue
MARGINAL REVENUE =

dR
=
= R ' (q)
dq
additional revenue due to producing one more
item.
MARGINAL COST = MC = dC = C ' (q ) =
dq
additional cost due to producing one more item.
MARGINAL PROFIT =
dP dR dC =
MR =

MP =

dq

dq

dq

additional profit due to producing one more item.

Elasticity of Demand
p dq
E ( p) =
q dp

E ( p)

If c is a critical point of f (

f ( x) = 0 ) and

f (c) > 0 , then c is a local maximum;

(ii) f (c ) < 0 , then c is a local minimum;
(iii) f (c ) = 0 , then the test fails.

f (c) < 0 , then c is a local minimum.

(ii)

Asymptotes
HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES:

y = b is a horizontal asymptote of y = f (x) if

lim f ( x) = b

VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES

x = a is a vertical asymptote of y = f (x)

if lim f ( x) = .
x a

NEWTONS METHOD
x n +1 = x n

f ( xn )
f ( x n )

represents the percentage decrease in demand

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

dy
= ky y = Ce kt
dt
Taylor Series

E ( p) = 1 , R( p ) = pq

unit elasticity.
If E ( p) > 1 ,

R( p )

is maximized. Demand has

is a decreasing function of price

p. Demand is elastic.
If E ( p) < 1 , R ( p ) is an increasing function of price
p. Demand is inelastic.

d
(csc x) = csc x cot x
dx
d
1
(ln x) =
dx
x

f (x) =

THE ERROR
E = f (x) [ f (a ) + f ( a ) (x a )] in this

d x
(e ) = e x
dx

approximation is less than

f ( n ) ( a)
( x a )n
n!

n=0

= f ( a) + f ( a)( x a) +

f ( a)
f ( a)
( x a)2 +
( x a )3 + L
2!
3!

Maclaurin Series

Linear Approximation
f ( x ) f ( a ) + f ( a) (x a )

1
d
(log a x ) =
x ln a
dx

d x
(a ) = a x ln a
dx
d
1
(sin 1 x) =
dx
1 x2

2ND DERIVATIVE TEST

due to a 1% increase in price.

(% decrease in demand) E ( p) (% increase in price)
If

d
(sec x) = sec x tan x
dx

(ii) f ( x) < 0 when x < c and f ( x) > 0

x > c , then c is a local minimum.

when

(i)

d
(tan x) = sec 2 x
dx
d
(cot x) = csc 2 x
dx

q = number of items sold.

C = cost of producing q items.

P = R C

d
( f ( g ( x))) = f ( g ( x)) g ( x)
dx

d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x ) = sin x
dx

p = price of one item

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f (x) =

n =0

f ( n ) (0) n
x
n!

= f (0) + f (0)x +

M (x a ) 2 where M is
the maximum value of | f ( x) | between x and a.
1
2

Graphing

f (0) 2 f (0) 3
x +
x +L
2!
3!

Special Maclaurin Series

ex =

xn

x2

x3

n! = 1 + x + 2! + 3! + L

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f ( x) > 0

d
1
(cos 1 x) =
dx
1 x2
1
d
(tan 1 x) =
dx
1+ x2

Compound Interest
COMPOUNDING ONCE A YEAR:
A = P(1 + r )

t = number of years

COMPOUNDING N TIMES A YEAR:

A = P(1 + nr ) nt r = interest rate (expressed as a

decimal)

COMPOUNDING CONTINUOUSLY:
P = principal
A = Pe rt

1ST DERIVATIVE
If

, then the graph of f is increasing.

f ( x) < 0 , then the graph of f is decreasing.

If f ( x) = 0 , then x is critical point of f , (a
If

possible extremum of f ).
ND

2
If
If

DERIVATIVE

f is concave up.

2 n+1

n= 0
3

x
x 5 x7
+

+L
3!
5! 7!
for all x .

x2 x4 x6
(1) n 2 n
+L
x = 1 +
2! 4! 6!
n =0 ( 2 n )!

cos x =
for all

f ( x) = 0 ) and

(i) f ( x) > 0 when x < c and f ( x) < 0

x > c , then c is a local maximum;

when

( 1) n

(2n + 1)! x

f is concave down.

If f ( x ) = 0 , then x is a possible inflection point of f.

If c is a critical point of f (

sin x =
=x

f ( x) > 0 , then the graph of

f ( x ) < 0 , then the graph of

1ST DERIVATIVE TEST

n =0

for all x .

x .

1
= xn = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + L
1 x n =0

for

1 < x < 1.

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