HIST6105Bbiblio 2014full

HIST6105: The Roman Empire
from Augustus to
Theodosius I
20142015
Lecturer: Dr R. W. Benet Salway, room B.20, House 23 Gordon Square

Tutorial classes: Bridget England (1-4); Rebecca Usherwood (5-16)
Front cover: Relief from the Sebasteion, Aphrodisias, showing Julio-Claudian emperor crowned by senatus or
populus Romanus, holding trophy, and lording it over kneeling prouinciaphotograph M.A. Denci, Journal
of Roman Studies 77 (1987), plate XII.
SCHEDULE OF LECTURES AND TUTORIAL CLASSES

SPRING TERM: HIST6105B
Lecture: Tuesdays 10.0011.00, 118, Chandler House, 2 Wakefield Street
Tutorial classes: ONE of
(1) Tuesdays 11.0012.00, 1.05b Roberts Blding (Engineering)

(2) Tuesdays 13.0014.00, 2.19, Foster Court (English)
(3) Tuesdays 15.0016.00, B.15, 22 Gordon Square (STS)
(4) Tuesdays 16.0017.00, 346, 16 Taviton Street (SSEES)
Wk 1 Deadline: HIST6105 coursework essay 1 (HIST6105) (12/01/15)

Lecture 11. Sources and problems for the late empire (13/01/15)
Tutorial class. Post-Christmas quiz
Wk 2 Lecture 12. The Third-century crisis (20/01/15)
Tutorial class 9. The third-century crisis/crises?
Wk 3 Lecture 13. Diocletian and the Tetrarchy (27/01/15)
Tutorial class 10. Diocletian and administrative reforms
Wk 4 Lecture 14. Constantine and the triumph of Christianity (03/02/15)
Tutorial class 11. Constantines conversion and the toleration of Christianity
Wk 5 Lecture 15. The Christian Empire: from Constantius II to Theodosius (10/02/15)
Tutorial class 12. Defeat at Hadrianople and the Theodosian empire
Reading week
Wk 6 Lecture 16. The state and economy in the later empire (24/02/15)
Tutorial class 13. The later Roman state and economy
Wk 7
Lecture 17. Society and culture in the later empire (03/03/15)

Tutorial class 14. Roman culture and Roman identity in the late empire
Wk 8 Lecture 18. Christianity and religious conflict after Constantine (10/03/15)

Tutorial class 15. Religion in the post-Constantinian empire
Wk 9 Lecture 19. The decline of the slave mode of production and coloni (17/03/15)
Tutorial class 16. BM visit 2
Wk 10 Lecture 20. Epilogue: the sack of Rome and the fall of the Roman empire (24/03/15)
SUMMER TERM
Deadline: HIST6105 coursework essay 2/HIST6105B coursework essay 1 (25/05/15)
HIST6105: three-hour written examination
Deadline: HIST6105B coursework essay 2 (26/05/15)
HIST6105: THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM AUGUSTUS TO

THEODOSIUS I
Outline
This is a one-unit general introductory survey (Group 1) module principally designed for
UCL students in History, Ancient History, Classics, and Ancient World Studies. There are
no specific prerequisites for the module in either skills or knowledge and it may be taken in
any year of the BA degree.
The module serves to main outlines of the social, political, economic, and religious history
of the Roman world under the rule of the emperors from the creation of the new rgime by
Augustus to the establishment of Christianity and the separation of the eastern and western
empires, that is approximately from 31 BC to AD 410. The familiar modern idea of the
Roman empire derives from accounts of the lives and deaths of Emperors, their wives, their
freedmen and courtiers; this is not an accident because ancient writers themselves focus
mostly on the court life of Rome and on the making of policy by Senate and Emperor. The
challenge to the student of this period is to try to correct this imbalance in the source
material by making use of the plentiful but scattered evidence about life in the cities of the
Empire and about the lives of those who lived below the level of the ruling lite in Rome.
The main themes to be studied are: the nature and limitations of the historical tradition and
the other sources of information for Roman life in this period; the system of imperial
government created by Augustus; the changing relationships between Rome and the
provinces, including the gradual extension of citizen rights throughout the Empire; the
development of an imperial economy and the reasons for its failure to develop further; the
nature of town-life and the degree of Romanization in the eastern and western provinces;
social and religious change, before and after the troubles of the mid-third century AD; the
causes and extent of the transformation of the empire in the fourth century AD as marked by
the rise of Christianity, the marginalization of pagan religion, the weakening of frontiers and
the introduction of invaders, settlers and mercenaries from outside the empires boundaries;
the reasons for the collapse of the western and the survival of the eastern imperial systems.
The teaching is by weekly lectures and tutorial (discussion) classes, each of one hours
duration.
Objectives of this Module (Learning Outcomes)

Successful completion of the module will contribute to acquisition and development of both
knowledge and skills:
Knowledge
of the general outline of the political, social, economic, and religious history of an
alien and pre-industrial society (the Roman empire)
of the nature of the evidence for analysing and understanding that society
of modern scholarly judgements on the nature of that society

Skills (subject specific)
analysis and evaluation of historical source material
exercise of historical judgement (i.e. application of appropriate methodology and

critical evaluation of scholarship by logical argument) to arrive at informed
explanations and interpretations of complex data
Skills (transferable)
clarity, fluency, and coherence in written and oral expression
recall and deployment of information in oral presentation, written coursework, and

timed examination to establish conclusions
working with others (in tutorial classes)
independent research in contributing to team effort and own coursework
Lectures and Tutorial Classes

The module will be taught in 20 one-hour weekly lectures on Tuesdays at 10.00 in room 118
Chandler House in Wakefield Street (term 2) and 17 tutorial classes spread over the Autumn
and Spring Terms. For the tutorial classes the lecture group will be broken up into four
classes of approximately 15 students each. Distribution into classes will be organised at the
first lecture and the first classes will meet in the following week. Note that handouts with
passages for discussion in tutorials will normally be handed out in the preceding weeks
lecture.
Most classes will be conducted as seminars, with a pre-selected studentor students
giving an informal presentation on the particular subject. You are required to contribute on
the basis of weekly reading and to be prepared to give one or two presentations per term and
organise and lead discussion on the relevant topic. Such presentations should last about ten
to fifteen minutes, and aim to provide the basis for further discussion of the subject. The
teachers role in tutorial classes is to support the speaker(s) and facilitating student-led
discussion; we will not allow an essay or prepared position paper simply to be read out. Part
of the object is for you to learn how to present ideas without undue reliance on a script. Most
classes will be based on source material that complements the preceding lecture. In addition
to their other functions, the classes will be designed to introduce students to the problems of
historical method which lie at the heart of ancient history. You will receive written feedback
on each of your presentation performances (in the form of a presentation feedback form
filled in by the class teacher). This is designed to document the demonstration of the
presentation skills that you have developed as well as provide guidance on areas where you
4
might improve your skills. Students who are obliged to miss lectures or classes by illness etc.
must (a) inform the departmental office of the circumstances (b) contact us as soon as they
return (to find out the details of the next weeks work) (c) bring in a medical certificate for
the departmental records.
Assessment
For full details of coursework deadlines, coursework submission procedures, and penalties,
please consult the History Departments undergraduate student handbook online:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/undergraduate/submission_procedure. Note that penalties apply
for work submitted overlength and overdue, unless an extension has been granted by the
Chair of the Board of Examiners, for which students must apply to the Departmental Tutor
through the Undergraduate Student Administrator, Ms Cox (marlene.cox@ucl.ac.uk).
HIST6105B: For Affiliate students who start the module in January, the module will be
assessed by two essays of 2,500 words each, the first (from Section B), due on Monday 23
April, the second (from a list of questions released on 27 April) is due on Tuesday 26 May.
Coursework Essays
Coursework essays must be no more than 2,500 words each (including
footnotes/endnotes but excluding bibliography). All essays must be well presented and
clear. Please use double-spacing, 10, 11 or 12 point text, and leave margins of at least 2.5
cm. Proof-read your work carefully and do not rely entirely on spell-checkers they can
introduce mistakes, particularly with proper names. A copy will be returned to you with
corrections and feedback. Questions for assessed coursework essays are listed below. You
strongly are advised to choose questions from each of the following two sections to be
submitted by the appropriate deadline, though you are welcome to suggest topics of your
own (but please seek the approval of your class teacher before starting work on the essay).
Section B: HIST6105B (Spring Term)
7. What factors contributed to the persecution of Christians between Nero and Valerian?
8. What might be described as Constantines secular policies? How successful were they?
9. In what ways did the Roman army change over time, and how effective was it at facing
the challenges of the later Empire?
10. To what extent and in what ways did social mobility change between the early and later
imperial periods?
11. How do we account for the changing policies towards barbarians over the course of the
third and fourth Centuries AD?
12. On what aspects of the later imperial period does [object X]2 shed light? And in what
ways?
-----2
An artefact from the British Museum, to be chosen from the list provided for Tutorial class 15. This question
may not be answered by candidates that submitted an essay on question 6.
Guidelines:
When writing your essays, in addition to the guidelines to be found in the History
Department Undergraduate Handbook or the separate leaflet issued to students from outside
the department, you will find it helpful to bear the following in mind:
(a) Students should always address themselves precisely to the wording of the question
chosen. It is an answer to the question that is required, not a general survey of
the subject to which it refers.
(b) They should make sure that their approach is analytic. We do not set questions that
require substantial amounts of narrative or descriptive history. A narrative or
descriptive answer will probably be substantially irrelevant.
(c) Students should not be tempted to report simply what the authorities have to say. There
are always wide areas of scholarly disagreement, and many of the questions we set
will relate to present (or recent) controversies. We will already be familiar with the
relevant learned opinions, and will be much more interested in what conclusions
students have reached after assessing the various arguments and weighing the
evidence. Students should always try to arrive at an independent conclusion and
argue their own case in their own words. That said, knowledge of the
historiographical context of a question will usually sharpen the students
understanding of the issues involved.
Reading
Those with little or no previous exposure to Roman history, are strongly encouraged to read
one of the following useful introductions: G.D. Woolf, Rome: An Empires Story (2012),
P.D.A. Garnsey and R.P. Saller, The Early Principate Augustus to Trajan (Greece & Rome,
New Surveys in the Classics No 15; 1982) and/or the same authors The Roman Empire
(1987). For detailed narrative accounts and thematic surveys see the relevant volumes of the
Cambridge Ancient History (vols. X-XIII). Good general accounts are provided by E.H.
Bispham (ed.), Roman Europe (2008), J. Wacher (ed.), The Roman World 2 vols (1990) and
the Roman chapters in J. Boardman, J. Griffin, O. Murray (edd.), The Oxford History of the
Classical World (1986), reprinted as The Roman World (1988). Introductions to the various
themes can be found in E.H. Bispham, T.E.H. Harrison, B.A. Sparkes (edd.), The Edinburgh
Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome (2006), D.S. Potter, A Companion to the Roman
Empire (2006), and A. Barchiesi & W. Scheidel (edd.), The Oxford Handbook of Roman
Studies (2010). For basic information on particular person, phenomena, or concepts refer to
S. Hornblower & A. Spawforth (edd.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd edn 1996) and
G. Shipley, D. Mattingly, J. Vanderspoel (edd.), The Cambridge Dictionary of Classical
Civilization.
Sourcebook: N. Lewis & M. Reinhold, Roman Civilization 2 vols (3rd edn, New York 1991)
remains very useful.
Recommended purchases:
You will probably find it immensely helpful to purchase one or two of the following books
TERM 2 (HIST6105B)
G. Alfldy, Social History of Rome, Eng. tr. London 1985
P.R.L. Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity, London 1971
A.M. Cameron, The Later Roman Empire AD 284430, London 1993
P.D.A. Garnsey & C. Humfress, The Evolution of the Late Antique World, Cambridge 2001
S. Mitchell, A History of the Later Roman Empire AD 284-641, Oxford 2007
D.S. Potter, The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180395, London 2004
R. Reece, The Later Roman Empire, Stroud 1999
Library/Information Resources:
The principal source of reading materials for this module is the UCL Main Library (Wilkins
Building), which has copies of most of the materials required for this module. However, there tend to
be only one or two copies even of important books, so that it will certainly be necessary to go
elsewhere. As a matter of courtesy to your fellow students you are all strongly advised to borrow
only what they need at the time, and to return library books they have finished with as quickly as
possible. Note that the full text of articles in many academic periodicals is now available
electronically through the library web pages. Key readings will also be posted on the Moodle page
for this module (www.ucl.ac.uk/moodle).
Reading Lists:
The full module documentation (online at www.ucl.ac.uk/moodle, enrolment key pizza) provides
detailed reading lists (bibliographies) for the module. These cover much more than the topics
discussed in lectures and classes. These lists will provide the backbone of reading matter that you
will require for your essays. Key items for those preparing class presentations or writing essays on
respective topics are indicated by an asterisk (*). Supplementary advice on reading will always be
available, especially where a student wishes to pursue a particular interest.
Contact details
Dr Benet Salway: r.salway@ucl.ac.uk
Mrs Bridget England: b.wright.11@ucl.ac.uk
Ms Rebecca Usherwood: abxru@nottingham.ac.uk
Bibliographies
These reading lists are divided up according to the topics covered in lectures and classes.
Accordingly there is some repetition but students are advised to look beyond each into those
of related topics when researching tutorial class presentations or coursework essays.
Remember that many past periodical articles are available on-line through the JSTOR service
that can be accessed from UCL library web pages.
SPRING TERM: HIST6105B
CLASS 8
POST-CHRISTMAS QUIZ
This first class of term 2 is designed to ensure that all you have learnt during the first term
has nor been forgotten, since it necessary to bear it in mind as background to the second half
of the course. The session comprises a multiple-choice answer quiz based on topics covered
during lectures 1-10 and classes 1-7. Those scoring highest in the quiz will get the chance to
choose the class they wish to do a presentation for this term first, and so on. As preparation
you are advised to spend some time revising your notes and lectures and class handouts from
term 1.
New joiners to the module for the second half (HIST6105B) will obviously not be tested on
the content of the first term but should make themselves known to the module organizer at
the first lecture for allocation to one of the tutorial class groups, which they should then
attend in order to be assigned to one of the presentation slots.
LECTURE 12/CLASS 9
THE THIRD-CENTURY CRISIS/CRISES?
Texts
Res Gestae Divi Saporis
Canonical Letter of Gregory Thaumaturgus
Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle
Aur. Victor 24-6 & Scaptopara petition = Lewis & Reinhold, 424-6 & 439-40,
Bishop Cyprian of Carthage, Letters.
1. Introduction
G. Alfldy, The Social History of Rome, ch. 6
G.C. Brauer, The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, AD 244-284, Park Ridge NJ
1975
8
P.R.L. Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity, Cambridge Mass. 1978

M. Christol, LEmpire romain du IIIe sicle: histoire politique 192-325 aprs. J.C., Paris
1997
J.F. Drinkwater in A.K. Bowman, A.M. Cameron, & P.D.A Garnsey (edd.), CAH vol XII2:
The Crisis of Empire AD 193-337, Cambridge 2005, ch. 2
P.D.A. Garnsey & C. Humfress, The Evolution of the Late Antique World, Cambridge, 2001
K. Haegemans, Imperial Authority and Dissent: The Roman Empire in AD 235-238, Leuven
2010
K.W. Harl, Civic Coins and Civic Politics in the Roman East, A.D. 180-275, Berkeley 1987
O. Hekster, G. de Kleijn, D. Slootjes (edd.), Crises and the Roman Empire: Proceedings of
the Seventh Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Nijmegen,
June 20-24, 2006), Leiden 2007
O. Hekster, Rome and its Empire, AD 193-284, Edinburgh 2008, Part I
F.G.B. Millar, The Roman Empire and its Neighbours, ch. 13
D.S. Potter, Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire. A Historical
Commentary on the Thirteenth Sibylline Oracle, Oxford 1990
S. Swain & M. Edwards (edd.), Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transformation from Early
to Late Empire, Oxford 2004
C.M. Wells, The Roman Empire, London, 2nd ed. 1992, ch. 11
A. Ziolkowski, The background to the third-century crisis of the Roman empire in J.P.
Arnason & K.A. Raaflaub (edd.), The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and
Comparative Perspectives, Malden MA 2011, ch. 5
2. Sources
Historia Augusta, Loeb ed - Penguin stops after Heliogabalus. (But N.B. to be treated with
scepticism)
H. Musurillo (tr.), Acts of the Christian Martyrs, esp. 10-12
Eusebius, History of the Church, books 6-7 (Penguin)
Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean Life, trans. G. Clark, Liverpool 1989.
Porphyry, Life of Plotinus (vol 1 of Plotinus Loeb)
Zosimus, New History, Book 1 (tr. Ridley)
M.H. Dodgeon & S.N.C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars,
Liverpool 1991, chaps 1-5, including Res Gestae Divi Saporis No 3.2.6, p. 57
Lewis & Reinhold, The Roman Empire II, pp. 419-55
O. Hekster, Rome and Its Empire. AD 193-284, Edinburgh 2008, Part II
P.J. Heather & J.F. Matthews, The Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool 1991, ch. 1
(Gregory Thaumaturgus)
Beard, North, Price, Religions of Rome vol II, 3.5, 4.15a, 6.8, 7.6, 11.11.
3. Further theorizing
G. Alfldy, The crisis of the third century as seen by contemporaries, Greek, Roman and
Byzantine Studies 15.1 (1974), 89-112
P. Anderson, Passages from Antiquity, 82ff
A. Chastagnol, Evolution politique et conomique du monde romain, ch. 2, 37-90
J.F. Drinkwater, The Gallic Empire: Separation and Continuity in the North-West Provinces
of the Roman Empire AD 260-274
A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, ch. 1
E.N. Luttwak, Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Baltimore & London 1976, ch 3
R. MacMullen, The Roman Governments Response to Crisis, New Haven & London 1976
R. MacMullen, Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire, Cambridge Mass. 1967,
esp.chs. 6 & 7
P. Oliva, Pannonia and the Onset of Crisis in the Roman Empire, Prague 1962, ch 3
*D.W. Rathbone, Economic Rationalism and Rural Society in Third-Century AD Egypt,
Cambridge 1991
M.I. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History, chs 10-11
G.E.M. de Ste Croix, Class Struggle, 453ff
4. The economy and the problem of inflation
B.S. Bachrach, The fortification of Gaul and the economy of the third and fourth centuries,
Journal of Late Antiquity 3 (2010), 38-64
M.H. Crawford, Finance, Coinage and Money from Severus to Constantine, ANRW II.2
(1975), 550 ff.
*R.P. Duncan-Jones, Money and Government in the Roman Empire, Cambridge 1994, esp.
25-32
R.P. Duncan-Jones, Economic change and the transition to late antiquity in Swain &
Edwards, Approaching Late Antiquity, ch. 2
A.H.M. Jones, The Roman Economy, ed. P.A. Brunt, Oxford 1974, ch 9
E. Papi, The northern praefectura urbi from the Severans to Diocletian in Swain &
P. Tyler, The Persian War of the Third Century AD and Roman Imperial Monetary Policy
AD 253-263 (Historia Einzelschriften, 23), Wiesbaden 1975
K. Verboven, The fall of the Augustan monetary system in O. Hekster, et al. (edd.), Crises
and the Roman Empire, 261-274
*W. Jongman, Gibbon was right: the decline and fall of the Roman economy in O. Hekster
et al. (edd.), Crises and the Roman Empire, 183-200
5. Religious aspects
a. the classic account
*E. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, chaps. 15 and 16 (to be read with his
Vindication of Some Passages in the Decline and Fall, 1779)
b. general accounts:
*M. Beard, J.A. North, S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome, vol. I, chaps. 6.2-6.5 and 7.
P.R.L. Brown, The religious crisis of the third century AD in Religion and Society in the
Age of St Augustine, 1972, 74-93
P.R.L. Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity, Cambridge Mass. 1978
E.R. Dodds, Pagans and Christians in an Age of Anxiety: Some Aspects of Religious
Experience from Marcus Aurelius to Constantine, Cambridge 1965
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion, Oxford 1979, 223-35
A.D. Momigliano, On Pagans, Jews and Christians, Middletown Conn., 1989
c. specific studies:
T.D. Barnes, Early Christian Hagiography and Roman History, Tbingen 2010, Part II, 4396
W. Burkert, Ancient Mystery Cults 1987
H. Chadwick, The Early Church, Penguin History of the Church
W.H.C. Frend The Early Church, London 1965, repr. 1982, chs 9-10
I.M.F. Gardner & S.N.C. Lieu, From Narmouthis to Kellis: Manichaean Documents from
Roman Egypt, Journal of Roman Studies 86 (1996), 146-169
10
R. Gordon, Franz Cumont and the doctrines of Mithraism in J.R. Hinnells (ed.), Mithraic
Studies, 1975, 215f, esp. 245f
M. Kahlos, Forbearance and Compulsion: the Rhetoric of Religious Tolerance and
Intolerance in Late Antiquity, London 2009, ch. 3
R. Lamberton, Homer the Theologian: Neoplatonist Allegorical Reading and the Growth of
the Epic Tradition, Berkeley 1986
R.J. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians, London 1986, chs 9-10
S.N.C. Lieu, Manichaeism in Mesopotamia and the Roman East (Religions in the GraecoRoman World, vol. 118), Leiden 1994
R. MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire, 1981, 51-7; 112-30
R.A. Markus, Christianity in the Roman World, London 1974, chaps. 3-4, 48-86
*P. McKechnie, Roman law and the laws of the Medes and Persians: Decius and
Valerians persecutions of Christianity in idem (ed.), Thinking Like a Lawyer,
Leiden 2002, 253-270
F.G.B. Millar, Paul of Samosata, Zenobia and Aurelian: the Church, local culture and
political allegiance in third-century Syria, Journal of Roman Studies 61 (1971), 5283
S. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor, Oxford 1993, vol. 2. The Rise of
the Church.
A.D. Nock, Sarcophagi and symbolism in idem, Essays on Religion and the Ancient World
(ed Z. Stewart, 1972), 2, 606ff
J.B. Rives, Religion and Authority in Roman Carthage from Augustus to Constantine,
Oxford 1995, ch. 4
J.B. Rives, The decree of Decius and the religion of empire, Journal of Roman Studies 89
(1999), 135-154
R. Selinger, The Mid-Third Century Persecutions of Decius and Valerian, Frankfurt 2002
R.A. Turcan, Mitra et le mithracisme (in the series,`Que sais-je?', 1981)
6. Social and Cultural Continuity or Discontinuity?
R. Bagnall, Egypt in Late Antiquity, Princeton 1993, chaps. 7 and 9
A. Chastagnol, Evolution politique et conomique du monde romain, ch . 6, 265 ff.
A. Dihle, Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Justinian, tr. M.
Malzahn, London 1994, ch. 6, 360-90
J. Elsner, Late antique art: the problem of the concept and the cumulative aesthetic in
Swain & Edwards, Approaching Late Antiquity, ch. 11
E. Meyer, Explaining the epigraphic habit in the Roman Empire, Journal of Roman Studies
80 (1990), 74-96
F.G.B. Millar, P. Herennius Dexippus, Journal of Roman Studies 59 (1969), 12ff
F.G.B. Millar, Empire and city, Augustus to Julian: obligations, excuses and status,
Journal of Roman Studies 73 (1983), 76ff
F. Naumann-Steckner, Death on the Rhine: changing burial customs in Cologne, 3rd-7th
century in L. Webster & M. Brown (edd.), The Transformation of the Roman World
AD 400-900, London 1997, 143-179
S. Walker, Painted Hellenes: mummy portraits from late Roman Egytpt in Swain &
LECTURE 13/CLASS 10
11
DIOCLETIAN, THE TETRARCHY, AND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS

General
R. Rees, Diocletian and the Tetrarchy, Edinburgh 2004
Texts
Iugum unit (FIRA II, 791) & Prices Edict preface = Lewis & Reinhold, 462 & 464-6,
Lactantius de mort. pers. 7 = Lewis & Reinhold, 458-9
1. Sources
A.H.M. Jones, A History of Rome through the Fifth Century, London 1970, vol. 2, 143ff;
167ff; 276ff
N. Lewis and M. Reinhold, Roman Civilization II: The Empire, New York 1954, 2.455ff
J. Stevenson, A New Eusebius, London 1957, 247ff
B. Croke & J.D. Harries, Religious Conflict in Fourth-Century Rome: A Documentary Study,
Sydney 1982
M. Beard, J.A. North, S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome vol II, ch. 11.11-12, 276-82
Eusebius, History of the Church (Penguin tr.), Book 8
Lactantius, On the Deaths of the Persecutors, trans. J.L. Creed, Oxford 1984
Origo Constantini (Anonymus Valesianus, pars prior), trans. J.C. Rolfe in Ammianus
Marcellinus, LCL vol. 3
On these see: A. Dihle, Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire from Augustus to
Justinian, tr. M. Malzahn, London 1994, ch.7, 391-433
Price Edict tr. Jones, 308ff; Lewis & Reinhold, 463ff. New edn. and comment in J. Reynolds
and C.M. Rouech Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity, ch 12. See now S.J.J. Corcoran,
The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD
284 324, Oxford 1996, ch. 8, 205-33. For the associated Coinage Edict see M.H.
Crawford in ANRW 2.2 (1975) 579.
2. Introduction
T.D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, Cambridge Mass.1981, 3-77
D. Bowder, The Age of Constantine and Julian, chs 1-2
P.R.L. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, London 1971
A.M. Cameron, The Later Roman Empire, ch. 3, 30-46
1997
S.J.J. Corcoran, Empire of the Tetrarchs, Oxford 1996, chaps 1 (esp. 5-9), 10 and 11
S.J.J. Corcoran, Before Constantine in N. Lenski (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the
Age of Constantine, Cambridge 2006, 35-58
T.J. Cornell & J.F. Matthews, Atlas of the Roman World, Oxford 1982, 168ff
A.H.M. Jones, Constantine and the Conversion of Europe, London 1948, ch 2
C.G. Starr, The Roman Empire 27 BC - AD 476, New York & London, 1982, chaps. 7-8
S. Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery, London 1985
3. Reconstruction?
C. Adams, Transition and change in Diocletians Egypt: province and empire in the late
third century in Swain & Edwards, Approaching Late Antiquity, ch. 4
R.S. Bagnall, Egypt in Late Antiquity, Princeton 1993, ch. 2, 52-67
12
T.D. Barnes, Emperors, panegyrics, prefects, provinces and palaces (284-317), Journal of
Roman Archaeology 9 (1996), 532-52
P.J. Casey, Carausius and Allectus: The British Usurpers, London 1994
A. Chastagnol, Evolution politique et conomique du monde romain, chaps. 5, 257-60, 7,
349-56 and 8, 364-82
S.J.J. Corcoran, The Empire of the Tetrarchs, Oxford 1996, ch. 2
*A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, Oxford 1973, chaps 2-3
A.H.M. Jones, Capitatio and Iugatio, Journal of Roman Studies 44 (1954), 280ff = The
Roman Economy, 280ff
T.D. Barnes, The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine, Cambridge Mass. & London
1982, chaps 11-14 (and cf. Averil Cameron in Journal of Roman Studies 73 (1983),
194ff)
R. MacMullen The Roman Government's Response to Crisis, New Haven & London, chs 4-8
M.F. Hendy, Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy, Cambridge 1985, (on which see
F.G.B. Millar Journal of Roman Studies 78 (1988), 198-202)
T. Lewit, Agricultural Production in the Roman Economy, AD 200-400, (BAR 568)
C.R. Whittaker, Inflation and the economy in the fourth century in C. King (ed.), Imperial
Revenue, Expenditure and Monetary Policy in the Fourth Century AD. The Fifth
Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History (BAR Int. Ser.; Oxford 1980)
4. Religion and Ideology
*T.D. Barnes, Legislation against the Christians, Journal of Roman Studies 58 (1968), 3250
T.D. Barnes, Early Christian Hagiography and Roman History, Tbingen 2010, Part III, 97150
Beard, North, Price Religions of Rome vol I, ch. 5.2, 228-44
S.J.J. Corcoran, The Empire of the Tetrarchs, Oxford 1996, ch. 8, esp. pp. 207-13
G. Ellingsen, Some functions of imperial images in tetrarchic politics, Symbolae
Osloenses 78 (2003), 30-44
J. Elsner, Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: The Art of the Roman Empire AD 100-450,
Oxford 1998, ch. 2, 53-87
W.H.C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church: A Study of a Conflict from
the Maccabees to Donatus, Oxford 1965, ch 15
W.H.C. Frend, The Early Church, London 1982, chs 9-11
R.J. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians, London 1986, ch. 11
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion, Oxford 1979, 235ff
A. Luijendijk, Papyri from the Great Persecution: Roman and Christian perspectives,
Journal of Early Christian Studies 16 (2008), 341-369
M. Kahlos, Forbearance and Compulsion, London 2009, ch. 3
S.G. MacCormack, Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity, Berkeley 1981
F.G.B. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World, 580ff
S. Mitchell, Maximinus and the Christians, Journal of Roman Studies 78 (1988), 105-24
R. Rees, Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric, AD 289-307, Oxford 2002
G.E.M. de Ste Croix, Aspects of the Great Persecution, Harvard Theological Review, 47
(1954), 75-113 [reprinted with addenda in idem, Christian Persecution. Martyrdom,
and Orthodoxy, 35-78]
G.E.M. de Ste Croix, Christian Persecution. Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, Oxford 2006, ch. 2
(The fourth edict in the west), 79-104
R.R.R. Smith, The public image of Licinius I: portrait sculpture and imperial ideology in the
early fourth century, Journal of Roman Studies 87 (1997), 170-202
13
D.V. Twomey & M. Humphries (edd.), The Great Persecution: the Proceedings of the Fifth
Patristic Conference, Maynooth, 2003, Dublin 2009
5. Army / frontiers
R.P. Duncan-Jones, Pay and numbers in Diocletians army, Chiron 8 (1978)
*B. Isaac, The Limits of Empire: The Roman Army in the East, rev. ed., Oxford 1992
E.N. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Baltimore 1976, ch. 3
R. MacMullen, How big was the Roman army?, Klio 62 (1980), 451-60
*F.G.B. Millar, Emperors, frontiers and foreign relations, Britannia 13 (1982), 1ff
F.G.B. Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 BC to AD 337, Cambridge Mass. and London 1993
H.M.D. Parker, The legions of Diocletian and Constantine, Journal of Roman Studies 23
(1933), 175-89
P. Southern & K.R Dixon, The Late Roman Army, London 1996
R.S.O. Tomlin, The army of the Late Empire in J. Wacher (ed.), The Roman World,
London & New York 1987, I.107-35
M. Whitby, Emperors and armies, AD 235-395 in Swain & Edwards, Approaching Late
Antiquity, ch. 7
LECTURE 14/CLASS 11
CONSTANTINES CONVERSION & THE TOLERATION OF CHRISTIANITY
General
N. Lenski (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, Cambridge 2006
Texts
Edict of Toleration & Edict of Milan = Croke & Harries 7-8, Nicene Creed(s) = Pohlsanders
appendix
1. Sources
a. On Constantine:
Constantine, Oration to the Saints (on which see Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians, London
1986, ch 12)
Origo Constantini (Anonymus Valesianus, pars prior), trans. J.C. Rolfe in Ammianus
Marcellinus, LCL vol. 3
Eusebius, History of the Church (Penguin tr.), Book 8-9; Life of Constantine (tr. in Nicene
and Post-Nicene Fathers, vol I = NPNF I)
Lactantius, On the Deaths of the Persecutors (trans. J.L. Creed), 24; 44ff
Latin Panegyrics for AD 310, 313, 321, trans. C.E.V. Nixon and B. Saylor Rodgers, In
Praise of Later Roman Emperors: the Panegyrici Latini, Berkeley & Oxford 1994
S.N.C. Lieu & D. Montserrat (edd.), From Constantine to Julian: Pagan and Byzantine
Views: a Source History, London 1996
On these see: A. Dihle, Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire from Augustus to
Justinian, tr. M. Malzahn, London 1994, ch. 7, esp. 422-26 on Eusebius
b. And policy towards the Church:
Theodosian Code (CTh) - fifth-century collection of legal rulings, tr. Clyde Pharr, Princeton
1952 (= Corpus iuris Romani I), book 16
14
B. Croke & J.D. Harries, Religious Conflict in Fourth-century Rome: a documentary study,
Sydney 1982, docs 7-18
J. Stevenson, A New Eusebius, London 1957, nos 257ff
P.J. Heather & J.F. Matthews, The Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool 1991, chaps 5-6
(Life of Ulfila & Gothic Bible)
Liber Pontificalis = The Book of Pontiffs, trans. R. Davis, Liverpool 1989, lives Nos 31-39
Donatist Martyr Stories: the Church in Conflict in Roman North Africa, trans. M.A. Tilley,
Liverpool 1996
Optatus, Against the Donatists, trans. M.J. Edwards, Liverpool 1997
Hilary of Poitiers: Conflicts of Conscience and Law in the Fourth-Century Church, trans
L.R. Wickham, Liverpool 1997
2. General discussion
T.D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, Part 3 (but with note of Averil Cameron Journal of
Roman Studies 73 (1983), 184ff)
T.D. Barnes, Was there a Constantinian Revolution?, Journal of Late Antiquity 2 (2009),
374-384
N.H. Baynes, Constantine and the Christian Church, Proceedings of the British Academy
15 (1929); 2nd ed, London 1972
A.M. Cameron, The Later Roman Empire, ch. 4, 47-65
H. Chadwick, The Early Church, Penguin History of the Church 1, ch 8
1997
H. Drake, In Praise of Constantine, Univ. of California Publications Class. Stud. 15 (1976)
(on the Tricennial Orations of Eusebius)
M. Humphries, From usurper to emperor: the politics of legitimation in the age of
Constantine, Journal of Late Antiquity 1 (2008), 82-100
S.N.C. Lieu & D. Montserrat, Constantine: History, Historiography and Legend, London
1998
J.F. Matthews, Ronald Syme, Constantine the Great and the second Roman revolution in
idem, Roman Perspectives: Studies in the Social, Political and Cultural History of
the First to Fifth Centuries, Swansea 2010, ch. 2
F.G.B. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World, London 1981, ch. 9, 580-620
H.A. Pohlsander, The Emperor Constantine, New York 1996, 2nd edn 2004
R. Van Dam, The Roman Revolution of Constantine, Cambridge 2007
3. The nature and impact of Constantines conversion
A. Alfoldi, The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome, Oxford 1948
A.J. Arjava, Women and Law in Late Antiquity, Oxford 1996, ch. 5, 157-92
M. Beard, J.A. North, S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome vol I, ch. 8.1, 365-69, 8.3, 375-80
T.D. Barnes, The conversion of Constantine, Classical Views n.s. 5 (1985), 371-391
*T D Barnes, Statistics and the conversion of the Roman aristocracy, Journal of Roman
Studies 85 (1995), 135-147
T.D. Barnes, The conversion of Constantine, Classical Views n.s. 5 (1985), 371-391
K. Cooper, Insinuations of womanly influence: an aspect of the Christianization of the
Roman Aristocracy, Journal of Roman Studies 82 (1992), 150-64
T. Elliott, Constantines Conversion: do we really need it?, Phoenix 41 (1987), 420-38
15
J. Evans Grubbs, Constantine and imperial legislation on the family in J.D. Harries & I.N.
Wood (edd.), The Theodosian Code, London 1993, 120-42
J. Evans Grubbs, Law and Family in Late Antiquity: The Emperor Constantines Marriage
Legislation, Oxford 1995
A.H.M. Jones, Constantine and the Conversion of Europe, London 1948
R.J. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians, ch 12
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion, Oxford 1979, 277-304
R. MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire, AD 100-400, New Haven 1984
R. MacMullen, What difference did Christianity Make?, Historia 35.3 (1986), 322-43
N. McLynn, Seeing and believing: aspects of Conversion from Antoninus Pius to Louis the
Pious in K. Mills & A. Grafton (edd.), Conversion in Late Antiquity and the Early
Middle Ages: Seeing and Believing (Rochester NY 2003), 224-270
H. Montgomery, From friend to foe: The portrait of Licinius in Eusebius, Symbolae
Osloenses 75 (2000), 130-138
G. Nathan, The Family in Late Antiquity, London 1998
B.S. Rodgers, Constantines pagan vision, Byzantion 50 (1980), 259-278
R. Ross Holloway, Constantine and Rome, New Haven 2004, ch. 1
*M.R. Salzman, The Making of a Christian Aristocracy: Social and Religious Change in the
Western Roman Empire, Cambridge MA 2002
B. Salway, Constantine Augoustos (not Sebastos) in idem & J.F. Drinkwater (edd.), Wolf
Liebeschuetz Reflected: Essays Presented by Colleagues, Friends, and Pupils,
London 2007, 37-50
R. Van Dam, The many conversions of the emperor Constantine in Mills & Grafton (edd.),
Conversion in Late Antiquity, 127-151
P. Weiss, 'The vision of Constantine', Journal of Roman Archaeology 16.1 (2003), 237-256
4. The Pagans
T.D. Barnes, Constantine and the prohibition of pagan sacrifice, American Journal of
Philology 105 (1984), 69-72
*T.D. Barnes, From toleration to repression: the evolution of Constantines religious
policies, Scripta Classica Israelica 21 (2002), 189-207
M. Beard, J.A. North, S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome vol I, ch. 8.2, 369-75
R.M. Errington, Constantine and the pagans, Greek Roman and Byzantine Studies 29
(1988), 309-318
G. Fowden, Bishops and temples in the eastern Roman empire, AD 320-435, Journal of
Theological Studies 29 (1978), 53-78
G. Fowden, Polytheist religion and philosophy in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 18, 539-43
N. Lenski, Evoking the pagan past: instinctu divinitatis and Constantines capture of Rome,
A. Wardman, Religion and Statecraft among the Romans, London 1982, 135ff
5. The Empire and the Church: orthodoxy and heresy
T.D. Barnes, The New Empire etc., 238-37 (collects the evidence on C. & the Donatists)
*T.D. Barnes, Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian
Empire, Cambridge Mass., 1993
*Beard, North, Price Religions of Rome vol I, ch. 6.5, 301-12, vol. II, ch. 11.13, 283-5
V. Burrus, The Making of a Heretic: Gender, Authority, and the Priscillianist Controversy,
Berkeley 1995
16
H. Chadwick, Priscillian of Avila: the Occult and the Charismatic in the Early Church,
Oxford 1976
*H. Chadwick, Orthodoxy and heresy in CAH vol. XIII, ch.19, 561-75
H. Drake, Constantine and the Bishops: the politics of intolerance, Baltimore 2000.
W.H.C. Frend, The Donatist Church: a Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa, 2nd ed
Oxford 1971
W.H.C. Frend, The Early Church, London 1982, chaps 12-13
E.D. Hunt, The church as a public institution in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 8, 238-76
J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Creeds, London 1960 etc
N. Lenski, Valens and the monks: cudgeling and conscription as a means of social control,
Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58 (2004), 93-117
R. Snee, Valens recall of the Nicene exiles and anti-Arian propaganda, Greek, Roman &
Byzantine Studies 26 (1985), 395-419
W. Ullmann, The constitutional signficance of Constantine the Greats settlement, Journal
of Ecclesiastical History 27.1 (1976), 1-16
R.D. Williams, Arius, Heresy and Tradition, London 1987
6. Church-Building
G.T. Armstrong, Constantines churches:symbol and structure, Journal of the Society of
Architectural Historians 33.1 (1974), 5-16
Oxford 1998, ch. 8, 221-35
D. Janes, God and Gold in Late Antiquity, Cambridge 1998
R. Krautheimer, The Constantinian basilica, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 21 (1967), 115-140
R. Krautheimer, Rome: Profile of a City, Princeton 1980, ch. 1
R. Krautheimer, Three Christian Capitals, Berkeley 1983, ch. 1
E.D. Hunt, Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire, Oxford 1982, chaps 1-2
H. Drake, Constantine and the True Cross, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 36 (1985)
R. Ross Holloway, Constantine and Rome, chs. 3-4
7. Constantinople
A. Alfoldi, Conversion etc., ch 9,
A.M. Cameron, The Later Roman Empire, London 1993, ch. 11
P. Heather, Senators and senates in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 6, 184-210
R. Krautheimer, Three Christian Capitals, 41-67
O. Nicholson, Constantinople: Christian city, Christian landscape in C.B. Kendall et al.
(edd.), Conversion to Christianity from Late Antiquity to the Modern Age:
Considering the Process in Europe, Asia, and the Americas. Minnesota Studies in
Early Modern History, Minneapolis 2009, ch. 2
R.A. Tomlinson, From Mycenae to Constantinople: The Evolution of the Ancient City,
London 1992, ch. 15, 213-23
R. Van Dam, Rome and Constantinople: Rewriting Roman history during Late Antiquity,
Waco TX 2010
LECTURE 15/CLASS 12
DEFEAT AT HADRIANOPLE & THE THEODOSIAN EMPIRE
17
Texts
Pacatus, Pan. Theod. 32, Claudian, In Rufinum, CTh 1.1.5-6 & NTh 1.1 Acta senatus from
CTh, Notitia Dignitatum
Sources
Claudius Claudianus, Panegyric on the fourth consulate of Honorius, trans. W. Barr,
Liverpool 1981; Epithalamium for Honorius Augustus and Maria, daughter of
Stilicho,trans. M. Platnauer, Loeb 1922.
Latinius Pacatus Drepanius, Panegyric to the Emperor Theodosius, trans. C.E.V. Nixon,
Liverpool 1987
Synesius, bishop of Ptolemais. The Letters of Synesius of Cyrene, trans. A. FitzGerald,
London & Oxford, 1926; The Essays and Hymns, trans. A. FitzGerald, London 1930;
de providentia trans. J. Long in A.D.E. Cameron et al., Barbarians and Politics at the
Court of Arcadius, Berkeley 1993, 337-98.
Vegetius Renatus, de re militari = Epitome of military science, trans. N.P. Milner, 2nd rev.
ed., Liverpool 1996.
Chronicon Paschale 284-628 AD, trans. L.M. & J.M. Whitby, Liverpool 1989, 49-80.
Liber Pontificalis = The book of pontiffs, trans. R. Davis, Liverpool 1989, Nos 39-45.
B. Croke & J.D. Harries, Religious Conflict in Fourth-Century Rome: a documemtary study,
Sydney 1982.
Codex Theodosianus (CTh), Constantinople & Rome 438, tr. Clyde Pharr, The Theodosian
Code and Novels and the Sirmondian Constitutions, Princeton 1952 (= Corpus Juris
Romani I) .
Notitia Dignitatum, ed. O. Seeck, Berlin 1876.
1. General
G. Alfldy, Social History of Rome, Eng. tr. London 1985, ch. 7
A. Barbero, The Day of the Barbarians: the battle that led to the Fall of the Roman Empire,
London 2007
R.C. Blockley, The dynasty of Theodosius in CAH XIII, ch. 4, 111-37
T.S. Burns, The Battle of Adrianople: a reconsideration, Historia 22 (1974), 336-45
A.M. Cameron, The Later Roman Empire AD 284-430, London 1993, chaps. 7-11
*A.M. Cameron, The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity AD 395-600, London 1993,
chaps. 1-4
T.J. Cornell & J.F. Matthews, Atlas of the Roman World, Oxford 1982
R.M. Errington, Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius, Chapel Hill, 2006
G.B. Greatrex, & S. N. C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, A.D.
363630, London 2002
A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire 2 vols, Oxford 1964, 156-216
M. Kulikowski, The "Notitia Dignitatum" as a historical source, Historia 49 (2000), 358377
N. Lenski, Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A. D.,
Berkeley/Los Angeles, 2002
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Barbarians and Bishops: Army Church and State in the Age of
Arcadius and Chrysostom, Oxford 1990
*J. F. Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, A.D. 364-425, Oxford 1975,
repr. with postscript 1990, chaps. 4-5 & 9-11
M.I. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 2nd ed., Oxford 1957
S. Williams & G. Friell, Theodosius: the Empire at Bay, London 1994
18
2. Christianity and the imperial court culture

T.D. Barnes, Synesius in Constantinople, Greek, Roman & Byzantine Studies 27 (1986),
93-112
*A.D.E. Cameron Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius, Oxford 1970
A.D.E. Cameron, The empress and the poet: paganism and politics at the court of
Theodosius II, Yale Clasical Studies 27 (1982), 332-50
R. Grigg, Symphonian Aeido tes Basileias: an image of imperial harmony on the base of the
Column of Arcadius, Art Bulletin 59 (1977), 469-82
*K.G. Holum, Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity,
Berkeley & London 1982
E.D. Hunt, Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire, AD 312-450, Oxford 1982
E. James, From Helena to Eirene: the Byzantine Empress, 4th-8th Centuries, London 1998
forthcoming
N.Q. King, The Emperor Theodosius and the establishment of Christianity, London 1961
S.G. MacCormack, Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity, Berkeley 1981
N. McLynn, The transformation of imperial churchgoing in the fourth century in Swain &
A.B. Teetgen, The Life and Times of the Empress Pulcheria, A.D. 399-A. D. 452, London
1907
J. Vanderspoel, Themistius and the Imperial Court: Oratory, Civic Duty, and Paideia from
Constantius to Theodosius, Ann Arbor 1995
3. Christianity and Imperial Government
M. Beard, J.A. North, S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome vol II, ch. 11.14, 286-7, 12.6, 320-9,
13.6-7, 359-64
J. Curran, From Jovian to Theodosius in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 3, esp. 103-4
L. Foschia, The preservation, restoration, and (re)construction of pagan cult places in late
antiquity, with particular attention to mainland greece (fourthfifth centuries),
Theological Studies 29.1 (1978), 53-78
A.M. Honor, Law in the Crisis of Empire 379-455AD, Oxford 1998, ch. 1, 1-11
M. Kahlos, Forbearance and Compulsion: the Rhetoric of Religious Tolerance and
Intolerance in Late Antiquity, London 2009, chs 6-8
J.N.D. Kelly, Golden Mouth: the Story of John Chrysostom, Ascetic, Preacher, Bishop,
London 1995
R.J. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians, London 1986, ch. 13
A. Linder, The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation, Detroit/Jeruslaem 1987
K.L. Noethlichs, Revolution from the top? Orthodoxy and the persecution of heretics in
imperial legislation from Constantine to Justinian in C. Ando & J. Rpke (edd),
Religion and Law in Classical and Christian Rome (Stuttgart 2006), 115-125
*N.B. McLynn, Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital, Berkeley 1994
D.S. Potter, Prophets and Emperors: Human and Divine Authority from Augustus to
Theodosius, Cambridge Mass. 1994
B. Ramsay, Ambrose, London 1997
G..E.M.de Ste Croix, Christian Persecution, Martyrdom, and Orthodoxy, Oxford 2006, ch. 5
(Heresy, schism, and persecution in the later Roman empire), 201-251
M.R. Salzman, Ambrose and the usurpation of Arbogastes and Eugenius: reflections on
pagan-Christian conflict narratives, Journal of Early Christian Studies 18 (2010),
191-223
19
T. Sizgorich, "Not easily were stones joined by the strongest bonds pulled asunder":
religious violence and imperial order in the later Roman world, Journal of Early
Christian Studies 15 (2007), 75-101
4. Barbarians and Eunuchs at the heart of government
W. Barr, Claudians in Rufinum: an invective?, Papers of the Liverpool Latin Seminar 2
(1979), 187-90
T.S. Burns, Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: a Study of Roman Military Policy and the
Barbarians, ca. 375-425 A.D., Bloomington 1994
A.D.E. Cameron, Theodosius the Great and the regency of Stilicho, Harvard Studies in
Classical Philology 73 (1968), 247-80
*A.D.E. Cameron & J. Long, Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius, Berkeley
1993
F.M. Clover, Count Gainas and Count Sebastian, American Journal of Ancient History 4
(1979), 65-76
L.J. Daly, The Mandarin and the barbarian: the response of Themistius to the Gothic
challenge, Historia 21 (1972), 351-79
P.J. Heather, The anti-Scythian tirade of Synesius De regno, Phoenix 42 (1988), 152-72
*P.J. Heather, Goths and Romans AD 332-489, Oxford 1991
M.K. Hopkins, Eunuchs and politics in the later Roman empire, Proceedings of the
Cambridge Philological Society 189 (1963), 62-80
M.K. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves, Cambridge 1978, 172-96 (The Political Power of
Eunuchs)
E. James (ed.), Women, Men and Eunuchs: Gender in Byzantium, London 1997
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Generals, federates and bucellarii in Roman armies around A.D.
400 in P. Freeman & D. Kennedy (edd.), The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine
East (BAR int. ser. 297), 463-74.
5. Organisation and bureaucratisation
P. Brennan, The Notitia Dignitatum in Les littratures techniques dans lantiquit romaine
(Entretiens Hardt 42), Geneva 1995, 147-78
C. Dickerman Williams, Introduction in Clyde Pharr (tr.), The Theodosian Code, Princeton
1952, xvii-xxii
A.M. Honor, The making of the Theodosian Code, Zeitschrift des Savigny-Stiftung fr
Rechtsgeschichte 103 (1986), 133-222
A.M. Honor, Law in the Crisis of Empire 379-455 AD: The Theodosian Dynasty and its
Quaestors, Oxford 1998
C.M. Kelly, Later Roman bureaucracy: going through the files in A.K. Bowman & G.D.
Woolf (edd.), Literacy and Power in the Ancient World, Cambridge 1994, 161-76
*C.M. Kelly, Emperors, government and bureaucracy in CAH XIII, ch. 5, 138-183
J.F. Matthews, Laying Down the Law: A Study of the Theodosian Code, New Haven 2000
C.M. Rouech, Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity, London 1989, 45-84
LECTURE 16/CLASS 13
THE LATER ROMAN STATE AND ECONOMY
Texts
20
Mylasa exchange decree = Lewis & Reinhold, 441-2, Preamble of Diocletians Prices Edict,
CTh on decurions, coloni, agri deserti = Lewis & Reinhold, 479-83
1. From Philotimia to Coercion
a. Philotimia
P.D.A. Garnsey & R. Saller, The Roman Empire, London 1987, 107-154
R. Gordon, The veil of power in Pagan Priests (eds. M. Beard & J.A. North), London 1990,
ch 8
*V. Nutton, The Beneficial ideology in P.D.A. Garnsey and C.R. Whittaker (edd.),
Imperialism in the Ancient World, Cambridge 1978, 209-21
P. Veyne, Bread and Circuses, Eng.tr. London 1990
G. Vivenza, The classical roots of benevolence in economic thought in B.B. Price (ed.),
Ancient Economic Thought, London 1997, ch. 8, 191-210
b. Long-term changes
*P.F. Bang, Trade and empire in search of organizing concepts for the Roman economy,
Past & Present 195 (2007), 4-54, esp. 31-54
*P.R.L. Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity, London 1978
R. MacMullen, Roman Social Relations 50 BC to AD 284, New Haven and London, 1974
A. Marcone, Late Roman social relations in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 11, 338-70
c. Alimenta
F.C. Bourne, The Roman alimentary program and Italian agriculture, Transactions of the
American Philological Association 91 (1960), 47-75
R.P. Duncan-Jones, The Economy of the Roman Empire: Quantative Studies, 2nd. ed.,
Cambridge 1982
P.D.A. Garnsey, Trajans Alimenta: some problems, Historia, 17 (1968), 367-81
A.R. Hands, Charities and Social Aid in Greece and Rome, London 1968
J.R. Patterson, Crisis: what crisis? Rural change and urban development in imperial
Appennine Italy, Papers of the British School at Rome 55 (1987), 115-46
G.D. Woolf, Food, Poverty and Patronage: the significance of the epigraphy of the Roman
alimentary schemes in early imperial Italy, Papers of the British School at Rome 58
(1990), 197-228
d. Towards Coercion
R.S. Bagnall, Egypt in Late Antiquity, Princeton 1993, chaps. 2 and 4
M.I. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 2nd ed., Oxford 1957,
chaps. 10-12
A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, Oxford 1964, chs 1; 19-21
*A.H.M. Jones, The Roman Economy (ed. P.A. Brunt), Oxford 1974, ch 1 (The Cities of the
Empire); ch 14 (the colonate) = P & P 13 (1958) = Studies in Ancient Society (ed.
M.I. Finley), 288ff; ch 21 (The Caste system in the Later Roman Empire) = Eirene 8
(1970)
P.D.A. Garnsey, Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire, Oxford 1970
P.D.A. Garnsey, Aspects of the decline of the urban aristocracy, ANRW (ed. Temporini)
2.1 (1974), 229ff
*F.G.B. Millar, Empire and city, Augustus to Julian: obligations, excuses and status,
Journal of Roman Studies 73 (1983), 76ff
2. Social Mobility and the later Roman state
P.D.A. Garnsey, Legal privilege in the Roman empire, Past & Present 41 (1968) = Studies
in Ancient Society (ed M.I. Finley), ch VII
21
M. K. Hopkins, Elite mobility in the Roman Empire, Past & Present 32 (1965) = Studies in
Ancient Society (ed M.I. Finley), ch. V
A.E. Jones, Social Mobility in Late Antique Gaul: Strategies and Opportunities for the Nonelite, New York 2009
R. MacMullen, Social mobility and the Theodosian Code, Journal of Roman Studies 54
(1964), 149-53
J. F. Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, A.D. 364-425, Oxford 1975, repr.
with postscript 1990
C. Olariu, Datianus, Valentinian and the rise of the Pannonian faction, Historia 54 (2005),
351-354
LECTURE 17/CLASS 14
ROMAN CULTURE AND ROMAN IDENTITY IN THE LATE EMPIRE
Texts
P.Giss. 40 dossier (= Heichelheim, Journ. Egypt. Arch. 26 [1940], 10 ff.), Augustine, de civ.
Dei 5.17, bit of Ausonius' Mosella & Symmachus' reaction (Ep. 1.14)
1. Culture, Integration and Romanisation
J.P.V.D. Balsdon, Romans and Aliens, London 1979
*A.K. Bowman & G.D. Woolf (edd.), Literacy and Power in the Ancient World, Cambridge
1994, essays 6-10 & 12
*P.R.L. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, London 1971
P.R.L. Brown, Religion and Society in the Age of St. Augustine, London 1972
*P.A. Brunt, The Romanisation of the local ruling classes in the Roman empire in D.M.
Pippidi (ed.), Assimilation et rsistance la culture greco-romaine, Bucharest 1976,
161-73
Oxford 1998, ch. 2, 53-87 and ch. 5, 126-143
P.D.A. Garnsey & R.P. Saller, The Roman Empire, London 1987, ch. 10
*P.D.A. Garnsey & C. Humfress, The Evolution of the Late Antique World, Cambridge 2001,
88-91
M.K. Hopkins, Conquest by book in M. Beard et al., J.H. Humphrey (ed.), Literacy in the
Roman World, Ann Arbor 1991, 134-58
R. MacMullen, Rural Romanisation, Phoenix 22 (1968), 337-41
R. Mathisen, Provinciales, gentiles, and marriages between Romans and barbarians in the
late Roman empire, Journal of Roman Studies 99 (2009), 140-155
S. Mitchell & G.B. Greatrex (edd.), Ethnicity and Culture in Late Antiquity, Swansea 2000,
esp. J.F. Matthews, Roman law and barbarian identity in the late Roman west
[reprinted in idem, Roman Perspectives, Swansea 2010, ch. 15]
J. Moralee, Maximinus Thrax and the politics of race in late antiquity, Greece & Rome 55
(2008), 55-82
R.W.B. Salway, What's in a name? A survey of Roman onomastic practice from c. 700 BC
to AD 700, Journal of Roman Studies 84 (1994), 124-45
A.N. Sherwin-White, The Roman Citizenship, 2nd ed., Oxford 1973, ch. 19
22
*S. Swain & M. Edwards (edd.), Approaching Late Antiquity: The Transition from Early to
Late Empire, Oxford 2004, chs 5 (T. Honor, Roman law AD 200-400: from
Cosmopolis to Rechtstaat?) and 6 (P. Garnsey, Roman citizenship and Roman law
in the late empire)
2a. The Western Provinces
P.R.L. Brown, Christianity and local culture in late Roman Africa, Journal of Roman
Studies 58 (1968), 83-95 = idem, Religion and Society, 279-300
P.R.L. Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom: triumph and Diversity AD 200-1000,
Oxford 1996
T.J. Cornell & J.F. Matthews, Atlas of the Roman World, Oxford 1982, part III: The
provinces of the Roman Empire, pp. 114-66
T. Frank (ed.) Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, vols. III-IV, Baltimore 1937-8
T. Mommsen The Provinces of the Roman Empire, vol. 1, Chicago 1968 (English translation
of part of vol. V of Mommsens History of Rome)
P. Salway, Roman Britain, Oxford 1981, chaps. 17, 19 and 21
J.S. Wacher, The Roman Empire, London 1987, ch. 11
2b. The Eastern provinces
S. Brock, M. Smith, Syriac culture, 337-425; Coptic literature, 337-425 in CAH vol. XIII,
ch. 23, 708-735
P.R.L. Brown, Town, village and holy man: the case of Syria in D.M. Pippidi (ed.),
Assimilation et rsistance la culture greco-romaine, Bucharest 1976, 213-220
T. Frank (ed.), Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, vols. III-IV, Baltimore 1937-8
A.H.M. Jones, Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces, Oxford 1937
A.H.M. Jones The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian, Oxford 1940
B.M. Levick, Urbanization in the eastern empire in J.S. Wacher (ed.), The Roman World,
London 1988
D. Magie, Roman Rule in Asia Minor, Princeton 1951
*F.G.B. Millar, The Roman Empire and its Neighbours, 2nd ed., London 1981, chaps. 10-11
F.G.B. Millar, The Roman Near East, 31 BC - AD 337 Cambridge Mass 1993
S. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor, Oxford 1993, vol 1. The Celts in
Anatolia and the impact of Roman rule, vol. 2. The rise of the Church.
T. Mommsen, The Provinces of the Roman Empire, vol. 2, Chicago 1968 (English
translation of part of vol. V of Mommsens History of Rome)
M.I. Rostovtzeff, Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, 2nd ed., Oxford 1957,
ch.7
C.M. Rouech, Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity, London 1989
G.E.M. de Ste Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World, London 1981
J.S. Wacher, The Roman Empire, London 1987, ch.10
3. The Culture of Romania
a. Some sources
Aurelius Prudentius Clemens, Contra Symmachum, Peristephanon, trans. H.J. Thomson,
Loeb 1949-53
Claudius Claudianus, Carmina, M. Platnauer Loeb 1922
Rutilius Namatianus, De reditu suo, trans. G.F. Savage Armstrong, London 1907, or trans. H.
Isbell, The Last Poets of Imperial Rome, Penguin Books 1971
Sex. Aurelius Victor, Liber de Caesaribus, trans. H.W. Bird, Liverpool 1994
23
Flavius Eutropius, Breviarium ab urbe condita (dedicated to the emp. Valens), trans. H.W.
Bird, Liverpool 1993
Decimius Magnus Ausonius, Works, trans. H.G. Evelyn White; Loeb 1919-21; Mosella,
trans. H. Isbell, The Last Poets, 1971
Q. Aurelius Symmachus, Relationes = Prefect and Emperor: the Relationes of Symmachus,
A.D. 384, trans. R.H. Barrow, Oxford 1973
b. General:
R. MacMullen, Cultural and political changes in the 4th and 5th centuries, Historia 52
(2003), 465-495
(i) literary and religious culture:
G.W. Bowersock, Hellenism in Late Antiquity 1990 (and see Athanassiadi in Journal of
Roman Studies 82 (1992)
G.W. Bowersock, Symmachus and Ausonius in F. Paschoud (ed.), Colloque genevois
sur Symmaque: a l'occasion du mille-six-centieme anniversaire du conflit de
l'autel de la Victoire, Paris 1986
A.D.E. Cameron, Claudian: Poetry and Propaganda at the Court of Honorius, Oxford
1970
A.D.E. Cameron, Pagan ivories in F. Paschoud (ed.), Colloque genevois sur Symmaque
etc. 1986
A.D.E. Cameron, Poetry and literary culture in late antiquity in Swain & Edwards,
Approaching Late Antiquity, ch. 13
A.M. Cameron, Cult and worship in east and west in L. Webster & M. Brown (edd.),
The Transformation of the Roman World AD 400-900, London 1997, 96-110
C. Cochrane, Christianity and Classical Culture, Oxford 1940
A. Dihle, Greek and Latin Literature of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Justinian, tr.
M. Malzahn, London 1994, ch. 8, 434-607
G. Downey, Education and the public problems as seen by Themistius, Transactions of
the American Philological Association 86 (1955), 291-307
G. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity,
Cambridge 1986, repr. with new preface Princeton 1993
G. Fowden, The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind,
Cambridge 1986
A.M. Honor, Law in the Crisis of Empire 379-455AD, Oxford 1998, ch. 1, 11-23
E.D. Hunt, Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire, AD 312-450, Oxford 1982
R.A. Kaster, Guardians of Language: the Grammarian and Society in Late Antiquity,
Berkeley 1988
G. Kelly, The Roman world of Festus Breviariumin C. Kelly, R. Flower, M. Stuart
Williams (edd.), Unclassical Traditions, vol. I: Alternatives to the Classical Part
in Late Antiquity, Cambridge 2010, 72-89
A.D. Momigliano, Pagan and Christian historiography in the fourth century A.D. in
idem, Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography, 107ff.
H.-I. Marrou, Synesius of Cyrene and Alexandrian Neoplatonism in A.D. Momigliano
(ed.), The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century,
Oxford 1963, 126-50
J.F. Matthews, Symmachus and the magister militum Theodosius, Historia 20 (1971),
122-8
J.F. Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, A.D. 364-425, Oxford 1975,
repr. with postscript 1990, chaps. 4-5 & 9-11
24
J.F. Matthews, The letters of Symmachus in J.W. Binns (ed.), Latin Literature of the
Fourth Century, London 1974 [reprinted in idem, Roman Perspectives, Swansea
2010, ch. 10]
J.F. Matthews, Ammianus and the eternity of Rome in idem, Roman Perspectives,
Swansea 2010, ch. 9
J.A. McGeachy, Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West,
Chicago 1942, ch. 6
M.R. Salzman, Reflections on Symmachus idea of tradition, Historia 38 (1989)
H. Sivan, Ausonius of Bordeaux: Genesis of a Gallic Aristocracy, London & New York
1993
C. Sogno, Q. Aurelius Symmachus: A Political Biography, Ann Arbor 2006, ch. 1, esp.
5-8
R. Syme, Ammianus and the Historia Augusta, Oxford 1968
(ii) material culture and social organisation:
A.D.E. Cameron, Circus Factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium, 1976
J. Curran , Moving statues in late antique Rome, Art History 17 (1994), 46-67
R. van Dam, Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul, Berkeley 1985
K.M.D. Dunbabin, The Mosaics of Roman North Africa, Oxford 1978
J. Elsner, Art and the Roman Viewer, Cambridge 1995
J. Elsner, Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph, Oxford 1998, ch. 6, 159-65 and ch. 7,
186-97
J. Elsner, Late antique art: the problem of the concept and the cumulative aesthetic in
Swain & Edwards, Approaching Late Antiquity, ch. 11
J.H. Humphrey, Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot-racing, London 1986
R. Krautheimer, Three Christian Capitals, Berkeley 1983
R. Lim, Public Disputation, Power, and Social Order in Late Antiquity, Berkeley 1995
C. Mango, The Art of the Byzantine Empire: 312-1453, Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1972
C. Mango, Byzantine Architecture, New York 1975, chaps 1-2
S.G. MacCormack, Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity, Berkeley 1981, 222-66
F. Meijer, Chariot Racing in the Roman Empire, Baltimore 2010
H.P. LOrange, Art Forms and Civic Life in the late Roman Empire, Princeton 1965
A. Retzleff, Near Eastern theatres in Late Antiquity, Phoenix 57 (2003), 115-138
J. Rich (ed.) The City in Late Antiquity, London 1996
C.M. Rouech, Performers and Partisans at Aphrodisias, London 1993
R.A. Tomlinson, From Mycenae to Constantinople: The Evolution of the Ancient City,
London 1992, ch. 15, 213-23
LECTURE 18
RELIGION IN THE POST-CONSTANTINIAN EMPIRE
Texts
Prudentius, Peristeph. 10.1007-50 & Firmicus Maternus, De errore 18-22 = Croke &
Harries 54-5, Symmachus, Rel. 3 = Croke & Harries 40
1. General
M. Beard & J.A. North (edd.), Pagan Priests London 1990, esp. Part III (Richard Gordon)
M. Beard, J.A. North, S.R.F. Price, Religions of Rome, London 1998, vol I, ch. 8, 314-88
25
P.R.L. Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity, Cambridge Mass. & London 1978
P.R.L. Brown, Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity (Curti Lectures), Madison Wis. 1992
A.M. Cameron, Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire: the development of Christian
discourse, Berkeley etc 1991
K. Cooper, Insinuations of womanly influence: an aspect of the Christianization of the
Roman Aristocracy, Journal of Roman Studies 82 (1992), 150-64
B. Croke & J.D. Harries (edd.), Religious Conflict in Fourth-Century Rome: A Documentary
Study, Sydney 1982
P.E. Esler (ed.), The Early Christian World 2 vols, London 2000
G. Filoramo, A History of Gnosticism Eng. tr. 1990
M.L.W. Laistner, Christianity and Pagan Culture in the Later Roman Empire, Ithaca NY,
1951
R.J. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians, London 1986 (and see the review by G. Fowden,
Journal of Roman Studies 78 (1988), 173ff)
A.D. Lee (ed.), Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: a sourcebook, London 2000
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Continuity and Change in Roman Religion, Oxford 1979
S.N.C. Lieu, Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China, rev. ed.,
Tbingen 1992
A. Linder, The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation, Detroit/Jerusalem 1987
R. MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire, New Haven and London 1981
R.A. Markus, Christianity in the Roman World, London, 1974, chaps 6-8, 105-61
S. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor, Oxford 1993, vol. 2. The rise of
the Church
H.A. Musurillo, The Acts of the Pagan Martyrs, Oxford 1945
A.D. Nock, Conversion, Oxford 1933
R.J. Penella, Greek Philosophers and Sophists in the Fourth Century AD: Studies in
Eunapius of Sardis, Liverpool 1990
S.R.F. Price, Rituals and Power, Cambridge 1984
R.L. Rike, Apex omnium: Religion in the Res Gestae of Ammianus, Berkeley 1987
R.R. Ruether, Gregory of Nazianzus: Rhetor and Philosopher, Oxford 1969
I. Sandwell, Religious Identity in Late Antiquity: Greeks, Jews and Christians in Antioch
(2007)
P. Veyne, When our World became Christian: 312-394, Cambridge 2010
M.E. Waithe, A History of Women Philosophers, vol. I. Ancient Women Philosophers, 600
BC-500 AD, Dordtrecht 1987 (on Hypatia)
A. Wardman, Religion and Statecraft among the Romans, London 1982
2. Change within paganism?
H. Bowden, Mystery Cults of the Ancient World, Princeton/Oxford, 2010, ch. 10
W. Burkert, Ancient Mystery Cults 1987
E.R. Dodds, Pagan and Christian in an Age of Anxiety, Cambridge 1965
R.A. Turcan, Mithra et le mithriacisme (in the series,'Que sais-je?', 1981)
R. Gordon, Franz Cumont and the doctrines of Mithraism in Mithraic Studies (ed J.R.
Hinnells), 1975, 215f, esp. 245f
H. Lewy, Chaldaean Oracles and Theurgy: Mysticism, Magic and Platonism in the Later
Roman Empire, Cairo 1956, rev. ed., Paris 1978
R. MacMullen, Paganism in the Roman Empire, New Haven 1981, 51-7; 112-30
A.D. Momigliano, On Pagans, Jews and Christians Middletown Conn. 1989
A.D. Nock, Sarcophagi and symbolism in idem, Essays on Religion and the Ancient World
(ed. Z. Stewart, 1972), vol. 2, 606ff
26
J.A. North, Religious toleration in Republican Rome, Proceedings of the Cambridge

Philological Society 1979, 85ff
J.A. North in Lieu, North & Rajak (edd.), The Jews among Pagans and Christians London
1992, ch 9
1. Sources for Julian
Claudius Mamertinus, Gratiarum actio of 362; John Chrysostom, Homily on St. Babylas,
against Julian and thePagans; Ephrem the Syrian, Hymns against Julian, all trans.
S.N.C. Lieu, The Emperor Julian. Panegyric and Polemic, 2nd ed., Liverpool 1989
Ammianus Marcellinus Books 15-25 (the Penguin trans. (London, 1986) contains about 4/5
of the surviving text)
Julian, Misopogon; Against the Galilaeans; Letters - in Loeb trans., vol 3
Documents in J. Stevenson, Creeds, Councils and Controversies, nos. 40-52
Libanius, Oration 18 (Loeb trans., vol 1) [note also Orations 12-17, 24, and 37]
2. Discussion on Julian
P. Athanassiadi-Fowden, Julian and Hellenism: an Intellectual Biography, Oxford 1981
(reprint 1992)
*G.W. Bowersock, Julian the Apostate, London 1978
R. Browning, The Emperor Julian, London 1975
A.M. Cameron, The Later Roman Empire, ch.6, 85-98
M. Gleason, Festive satire: Julians Misopogon and the New Year at Antioch, Journal of
Roman Studies 76 (1986), 106-19
D. Hunt, Julian in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 2, 44-77
A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire ch. 4
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Antioch: City and Imperial Administration in the Later Roman
Empire, Oxford 1972, 224ff
*R.B.E. Smith, Julians Gods: Religion and Philosophy in the Thought and Action of Julian
the Apostate, London 1995
S. Tougher, Julian the Apostate, Edinburgh 2007
3. Ammianus Marcellinus
T.D. Barnes, Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Histrical Reality, Ithaca NY,
1998
R.C. Blockley, Ammianus Marcellinus: A Study of his Historiography and Political Thought,
Collection Latomus 141, Brussels 1975
A.D.E. Cameron, The Roman Friends of Ammianus, Journal of Roman Studies 54 (1964)
J.P. Davies, Romes Religious History: Livy, Tacitus, and Ammianus on their Gods,
Cambridge 2005
G. Kelly, Ammianus Marcellinus: the Allusive Historian, Cambridge 2008
J.F. Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus, London 1989
A.D. Momigliano, The lonely historian Ammianus Marcellinus in idem Essays in Ancient
and Modern Historiography, Oxford 1977, 127-40
E.A. Thompson, The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus, Cambridge 1947, ch. 5
4. Pagan resistance after Julian
Beard, North, Price, Religions of Rome, vol I, 8.4, 381-88
27
*H. Bloch, The pagan revival in the West in The Conflict between Paganism and
Christianity, ed. A.D. Momigliano, Oxford 1963
P.R.L. Brown, The Christianisation of the Roman Aristocracy, Journal of Roman Studies
51 (1961)
P.R.L. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity, 70-80
A.D.E. Cameron, Paganism and literature in late fourth-century Rome in Christianisme et
formes littraires de l'antiquit tardive en occident, Entretiens Hardt 23, Geneva
1977, 1-30
B. Croke & J.D. Harries (edd.), Religious Conflict in Fourth-Century Rome: A Documentary
Study, Sydney 1982
W. Evenepoel, Ambrose vs. Symmachus: Christians and pagans in AD 384, Ancient
Society 29 (1998-1999), 283-306
G. Fowden, Polytheist religion and philosophy in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 18, 554-58
J.F. Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court AD 364-425, Oxford 1975
J.F. Matthews, Symmachus and his enemies in F. Paschoud (ed.), Colloque genevois sur
Symmaque: a l'occasion du mille-six-centieme anniversaire du conflit de l'autel de la
Victoire, Paris 1986
J.A. McGeachy, Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and the Senatorial Aristocracy of the West,
Chicago 1942, ch. 5
C. Sogno, Q. Aurelius Symmachus: A Political Biography, Ann Arbor 2006, ch. 2, esp.
45-52
D. Trout, Lex and Iussio: the Feriale Campanum and Christinaity in the Theodosian age in
R.W. Mathisen (ed.), Law, Society, and Authority in late Antiquity, Oxford 2001, ch.
10, 162-178.
E.J. Watts, Riot in Alexandria: Tradition and Group Dynamics in Late Antique Pagan and
Christian Communities, Berkeley 2010
5. Late Roman Religious Culture
a. General
b. Religion and philosophy/education
G.W. Bowersock, Hellenism in Late Antiquity 1990 (and see Athanassiadi in Journal of
Roman Studies 82 [1992])
G.W. Bowersock, Symmachus and Ausonius in F. Paschoud (ed.), Colloque genevois
sur Symmaque: a l'occasion du mille-six-centieme anniversaire du conflit de
l'autel de la Victoire, Paris 1986
J. Bregman, Synesius of Cyrene, Philosopher-Bishop, Berkeley 1982
A.M. Cameron, Education and literary culture in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 22
A.D.E. Cameron, Pagan ivories in F. Paschoud (ed.), Colloque genevois sur Symmaque
etc. 1986
A.D.E. Cameron & J. Long, Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius, Berkeley
1993
C. Cochrane, Christianity and Classical Culture, Oxford 1940
P. Cox, Biography in Late Antiquity: A Quest for the Holy Man, Berkeley 1983
G. Downey, Education and the public problems as seen by Themistius, Transactions of
American Philological Association 86 (1955), 291-307
G. Fowden, The Egyptian Hermes: A Historical Approach to the Late Pagan Mind,
Cambridge 1986
28
H.-I. Marrou, Synesius of Cyrene and Alexandrian Neoplatonism in A.D. Momigliano

(ed.), The Conflict between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century,
Oxford 1963, 126-50
J. F. Matthews, Western aristocracies and imperial court, A.D. 364-425, Oxford 1975,
repr. with postscript 1990, ch. 8
A.D. Momigliano, Pagan and Christian historiography in the fourth century A.D. in
Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography, 107ff
J.M. Rist, Hypatia, Phoenix 19 (1965), 214-25
P. Rousseau, Basil of Caesarea, Berkeley 1994
R.L. Wilken, John Chrysostom and the Jews: Rhetoric and Reality in the Late 4th
Century, Berkeley 1983
c. Religion and lifestyle
P.R.L. Brown, Asceticism: pagan and Christian in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 22
P.R.L. Brown, The rise and function of the Holy Man in late Antiquity, Journal of
Roman Studies 61 (1971), 80-101 (= Brown, Society and the Holy, 103-52)
A.M. Cameron, Cult and worship in east and west in L. Webster & M. Brown (edd.), The
Transformation of the Roman World AD 400-900, London 1997, 96-110
H. Chadwick, Priscillian of Avila: the Occult and the Charismatic in the Early Church,
Oxford 1976
J. Curran, Moving statues in late antique Rome, Art History 17 (1994), 46-67
K.M.D. Dunbabin, The Mosaics of Roman North Africa, Oxford 1978
J. Elsner, Art and the Roman Viewer, Cambridge 1995
Theological Studies 29 (1978), 53-78
R. Krautheimer, Three Christian Capitals, Berkeley 1983
S.G. MacCormack, Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity, Berkeley and London 1981
J. F. Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, chaps 5-6
J.F. Matthews, Four funerals and a wedding: this world and the next in fourth-century
Rome in P. Rousseau & M. Papoutsakis (edd.), Transformations of Late
Antiquity: Essays for Peter Brown, Farnham 2009 [reprinted in Matthews, Roman
Perspectives, Swansea 2010, ch. 11]
N.B. McLynn, Ambrose of Milan, Berkeley 1994
P. Rousseau, Pachomius: The Making of a Community in Fourth-Century Egypt,
Berkeley 1985
*M.R. Salzman, On Roman Time: the Codex-Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban
Life in Late Antiquity, Berkeley 1990.
d. Jewish-Christian relations after Constantine
S. Bradbury (ed.), Severus of Minorca. Letter on the Conversion of the Jews (Oxford,
1996)
P. Fredriksen, Excaecati occulta justitia Dei: Augustine on Jews and Judaism, Journal
of Early Christian Studies 3 (1995), 299-324
E.D. Hunt, St. Stephen in Minorca: an episode in Jewish-Christian relations in the early
Fifth Century AD, Journal of Theological Studies 33 (1982), 106-123
R.S. Kraemer, Jewish women's resistance to Christianity in the early fifth century: the
account of Severus, Bishop of Minorca, Journal of Early Christian Studies 17.4
(2009), 635-665
A. Linder, The Jews in Roman Imperial Legislation, Detroit/Jerusalem 1987
D. Noy (ed.), The Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe, Vol. 1, Italy (excluding the
City of Rome), Spain and Gaul, Cambridge, 1993, and Vol. 2, The City of Rome,
Cambridge, 1995.
29
D. Noy, The Jewish communities of Leontopolis and Venosa in J.W. van Henten and
P.W. van der Horst (eds.), Studies in Early Jewish Epigraphy, Leiden 1994, 162182.
D. Noy, Writing in tongues: The use of Greek, Latin and Hebrew in Jewish inscriptions
from Roman Italy, Journal of Jewish Studies, 48 (1997), 300-311.
T. Rajak, Inscription and context: reading the Jewish catacombs of Rome in J.W. van
Henten and P.W. van der Horst (eds.), Studies in Early Jewish Epigraphy (Leiden,
1994), 226-241.
L.V. Rutgers, Archaeological evidence for the interaction of Jews and non-Jews in Late
Antiquity, American Journal of Archaeology 96 (1992), pp. 101-118.
L.V. Rutgers, Interaction and its limits: Some notes on the Jews of Sicily in Late
Antiquity, Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 115 (1997), 245-256.
L.V. Rutgers, The Jews in Late Ancient Rome. Evidence of Cultural Interaction in the
Roman Diaspora (Leiden, 1995).
M. Williams, The Jews of early Byzantine Venusia: the family of Faustinus I, the
Father, Journal of Jewish Studies 50.1 (1999), 38-52.
CLASS 15
BRITISH MUSEUM VISIT 2
The class will convene in the galleries of the British Museum, where one or two students of
the group will give a presentation explaining the historical significance of one or two items
from the museums collection of Greek & Roman antiquities (from a list of suggestions
provided in lecture 17). To allow sufficient time between preceding and succeeding
lectures/classes, please note that this class is schedules to begin at 10 minutes past the hour
and end at 10 minutes to the hour respectively.
LECTURE 19
THE DECLINE OF THE SLAVE MODE OF PRODUCTION AND COLONI
Texts
Hadrian on honestiores/humiliores = Sherk 160-61, legislation against abuse of slaves =
Lewis & Reinhold, 268-70
1. The Slave economy
a. General:
G. Alfldi, The Social History of Rome, London 1985, ch. 6f
K.R. Bradley, Masters and Slaves in the Roman Empire, Brussels 1984
M.I. Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology, London 1981
*P.D.A.Garnsey & R. Saller, The Roman Empire, London 1987, chaps 3, 6
*A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, Oxford 1964, chaps 20-21
J. Vogt, Ancient Slavery and the Ideal of Man, tr. T.E.J. Wiedemann, Oxford 1974
T.E.J. Wiedemann, Greek and Roman Slavery: A Sourcebook, London 1980
b. Specific studies:
30
P. Clark, Women, slaves and the hierarchies of domestic violence: the family of St.
Augustine in S.R. Joshel & S. Murnaghan (edd.), Women and Slaves in Classical
Culture: Differential Equations, London 1998, ch. 8, 109-29
M.I. Finley, Between slavery and Freedom, Comparative Studies in Society and History 6
(1964), 233ff = B. Shaw and R. Saller (edd.), Economy and Society in Ancient
Greece, London 1981, 116-32
*L. Foxhall, The dependent tenant: land-leasing and labour, Journal of Roman Studies 80
(1990), 97ff (tenants and slaves in farming)
P.D.A. Garnsey & C.R. Whittaker (edd.), Non-Slave Labour in the Greco-Roman World,
Cambridge 1980
*M.K. Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves, Cambridge 1983, chaps 2 (The growth and Practice
of Slavery), 3 (Between Slavery and Freedom)
W. Jongman, The Economy and Society of Pompeii, 1990 introduction
J.R. Patterson, Crisis, what crisis, Papers of the British School at Rome 55 (1987), 134-46
*D.W. Rathbone, The slave mode of production in Italy, Journal of Roman Studies 73
(1983), 160ff
W. Scheidel, Quantifying the sources of slaves in the early Roman Empire, Journal of
Roman Studies 87 (1997), 156-169
2. The Decline of the slave-mode?
P. Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism, London 1974, Part 1
M.I. Finley, Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology, London 1981, ch 4
M.I. Finley, The Ancient Economy, rev. ed London 1985, 62ff
W. Goffart, Caput and Colonate: Towards a History of Late Roman Taxation, Toronto 1974
*C. Grey, Contextualizing colonatus: the origo of the late Roman empire, Journal of
Roman Studies 97 (2007), 155-175
C. Grey, Revisiting the problem of agri deserti in the late Roman empire, Journal of
Roman Archaeology 20 (2007) pp. 362ff.
K. Harper, The Greek census inscriptions of late antiquity, Journal of Roman Studies 98
(2008), 83-119
K. Harper, Slave prices in late antiquity (and in the very long term), Historia 59 (2010),
206-238
J. Humphrey, J.P. Oleson, A.N. Sherwood, Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook,
London 1997
*A.H.M. Jones, The Roman Colonate, Past & Present 13 (1958), 1-13 = idem, The Roman
Economy (ed. P.A. Brunt), Oxford 1974, ch 14 = Studies in Ancient Society, (ed. M.I.
Finley), 288ff
G.E.M. de Ste Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World, London 1981, 453ff
W. Scheidel, Slaves of the soil: review article, Journal of Roman Archaeology 13 (2000),
727-732
M. Weber, The Social Causes of the decline of Ancient Civilisation in idem, The Agrarian
Sociology of Ancient Civilisations Eng tr. London 1976
C. Wickham, Marx, Sherlock Holmes and late Roman commerce, Journal of Roman
Studies 78 (1988), 183ff (Discussion of the views of Carandini and his School)
C.R. Whittaker, Slavery and Abolition 8 (1987), 88-12
*C.R. Whittaker & P.D.A. Garnsey, Rural life in the later Roman empire in CAH vol. XIII,
ch. 9, 277-311
31
LECTURE 20
EPILOGUE: THE SACK OF ROME AND THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
General
R.C. Blockley, Warfare and diplomacy in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 4 111-37
A.M. Cameron, The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, London 1993, ch. 2
H. Chadwick, Envoi: on taking leave of Antiquity in J. Boardman, J. Griffin, O. Murray
(edd.), The Oxford History of the Classical World, Oxford 1986, 807-28
*P.J. Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History, London 2005
A.M. Honor, Law in the Crisis of Empire 379-455 AD, Oxford 1998, ch. 1, 23-29
A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, Oxford 1964, ch. 25, 1025-68
R. MacMullen, Corruption and the Decline of Rome, New Haven 1988
R. MacMullen, The power of the Roman empire, Historia 55 (2006), 471-481
S. Rebenich, Christian asceticism and barbarian incursion: the making of a Christian
catastrophe, Journal of Late Antiquity 2.1 (2009), 49-59
*B.R. Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization, Oxford 2005
1. The Late Roman Army
a. General
G. Crump, Ammianus and the late Roman army, Historia 22 (1973), 91-103
H. Elton, Military forces in P. Sabin et al. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Greek and
Roman Warfare, vol. II: Rome from the Late Republuic to the Late Empire,
Cambridge 2007, 270-309
A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, ch. 17 (The Army)
R. MacMullen, Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire, Cambridge Mass. 1963
M.J. Nicasie, Twilight of Empire: the Roman Army from the Reign of Diocletian until the
Battle of Adrianople, Amsterdam 1998
R.S.O. Tomlin, The army of the Late Empire in J. Wacher (ed.), The Roman World,
London & New York 1987, I.107-35
W. Treadgold, Byzantium and its Army 284-1081, Stanford 1995
b. Loss of effectiveness?
T.D. Barnes, The date of Vegetius, Phoenix 33 (1979), 254-57
T. Coello, Unit Sizes in the Late Roman Army (BAR S645), Oxford 1996
J.W. Eadie, The development of Roman mailed cavalry, Journal of Roman Studies 57
(1967), 161-173
*H. Elton, Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350-425, Oxford 1996
W. Goffart, The date and purpose of Vegetius De Re Militari, Traditio 33 (1977), 65-100
R. Ireland & M. Hassall, The Anonymous De Rebus Bellicis, Oxford 1979
A.D. Lee, The late Roman army in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 7, 232-37
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Realism and phantasy: the anonymous de rebus bellicis and its
afterlife in E. Dbrowa (ed.), The Roman and Byzantine Army in the East, Krakow
1994, 119-134 [reprinted in idem, Decline and Change in Late Antiquity, ch. IV]
c. Barbarisation?
T.S. Burns, Barbarians within the Gates of Rome: a Study of Roman Military Policy and the
Barbarians, ca. 375-425 A.D., Bloomington 1994
32
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Generals, federates and bucellarii in Roman armies around A.D.
400 in P. Freeman & D. Kennedy (edd.), The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine
East (BAR int. ser. 297), 463-74.
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Barbarians and Bishops: Army Church and State in the Age of
Arcadius and Chrysostom, Oxford 1990
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, The end of the Roman army in the western empire in J.W. Rich &
G. Shipley (edd.), War and Society in the Roman World, London 1993, 265-276
[reprinted in Liebeschuetz, Decline and Change in Late Antiquity: Religion,
Barbarians and their Historiography, Aldershot 2006, ch. X]
J.F. Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, AD 364-425, Oxford 1975, repr.
1990, ch. 11, 284-306
W. Pohl (ed.), Kingdoms of the Empire: The Integration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity,
Amsterdam 1997, esp. essays by Pohl, Wirth & Heather
P. Rance, The Fulcum, the Late Roman and Byzantine Testudo: the Germanization of
Roman infantry tactics?, GRBS 44 (2004), 265-326
2.The Challenge from outside the Empire
M. Humphries, International relations in P. Sabin et al. (ed.), The Cambridge History of
Greek and Roman Warfare, vol. II: Rome from the Late Republuic to the Late
Empire, Cambridge 2007, 235-269
a. The Rhine and Danube
T.S. Burns, A History of the Ostrogoths, Bloomington, Indiana, 1984
T.S. Burns, The Battle of Adrianople: a reconsideration, Historia 22 (1974), 336-45
P. Heather, Goths and Romans, Oxford 1991
P. Heather & J.F. Matthews, The Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool 1991
P. Heather, The late Roman art of client management: imperial defence in the fourthcentury West in W. Pohl, I.N. Wood, H. Reimitz (ed.), The Transformation of
Frontiers from Late Antiquity to the Carolingians, Leiden 2001
P. Heather, Why did the barbarian cross the Rhine?, Journal of Late Antiquity 2.1 (2009),
3-29
E. James, Europes Barbarians AD 200-600, Harlow 2009
J.F. Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, AD 364-425, Oxford 1975, repr.
1990, ch. 12, 307-28
J.F. Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus, ch. 14 (Barbarians and bandits)
E.A. Thompson, The Visigoths in the Time of Ulfila, Oxford 1966
E.A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians: the decline of the Western Empire, Madison 1982
M.Todd, Everyday Life of the Barbarians: Goths, Franks and Vandals, London and New
York 1972
M.Todd & P. Heather, The Germanic peoples; Goths and Huns in CAH vol. XIII, chaps.
15-16, 461-515
I.N. Wood, The barbarian invasions and first settlements in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 17
b. The Eastern Frontier
B. Dignas & and E. Winter, Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals,
Cambridge 2007
M.H. Dodgeon & S.N.C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, AD 226363, London 1991 and G.B. Greatrex, & S.N.C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and
the Persian Wars, Part II: A.D. 363630, London 2002
H. Elton, Frontiers of the Roman Empire, London 1996
R.N. Frye, The Cambridge History of Iran, ed. E. Yashater, Cambridge 1983, vol 3 (1), 11643
33
D.F. Graf, Rome and the Arabian Frontier from Nabataeans to Saracens, Aldershot 1997
B. Isaac, The Limits of Empire: the Roman Army on the Eastern Frontier, rev. ed., Oxford
1992
B. Isaac, The eastern frontier in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 14, 437-60
D. Kennedy, The Eastern Frontier in J.S. Wacher (ed.), The Roman World, London & New
York 1987, I.107-35
A.D. Lee, Information and Frontiers: Roman foreign Relations in Late Antiquity, Cambridge
1993
J.F. Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammianus, London 1989, ch 8
F.G.B. Millar (ed.), The Roman Empire and its Neighbours, 2nd ed London 1981, ch. 14
F.G.B. Millar, The Roman Near East, Cambridge Mass. 1993
F.E. Peters, The Harvest of Hellenism, London 1972, 560-69; 594-601; 686-7
3. Economic decline; the decline of cities
T.S. Burns & J.W. Eadie (edd.), Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity,
Michigan 2001
N. Christie & S.T. Loseby (edd.), Towns in Transition: Urban Evolution in Late Antiquity
and the Early Middle Ages, Aldershot 1996
P.D.A. Garnsey & C.R. Whittaker, Trade, industry and the urban economy in CAH vol.
XIII, ch. 10, 312-337
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, The Decline and Fall of the Ancient City, Oxford 2001
T.W. Potter, Towns in late Antiquity: Iol Caesarea and Its Context, Sheffield 1995
J. Rich (ed.), The City in Late Antiquity, London 1996
B. Ward-Perkins, The cities in CAH vol. XIII, ch. 12, 371-410
4. The Fall of the West (but survival of the East)
P. Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism, London 1974
G.W. Bowersock, The vanishing paradigm of the Fall of Rome, Bulletin of the American
Academy of Arts & Sciences 149 (May 1996), 29-43
A. Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation, London 1986
G.B. Greatrex, & S.N.C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars, Part II:
A.D. 363630, London 2002
*P.J. Heather, The Huns and the end of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, English
Historical Review 110 (1995), 4-41
R. Hodges & D. Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe, London
1983
A.H.M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, chaps 8, 25
A. Kazhdan & A. Cutler, Continuity and discontinuity in Byzantine history, Byzantion 52
(1982), 429-78
W.E. Kaegi, Byzantium and the Decline of Rome, Princeton 1968
*J.F.Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, AD 364-425, Oxford 1975, ch. 15,
377-88
S. Mazzarino, End of the Ancient World, London 1966
A.D. Momigliano, Christianity and the decline of the Roman Empire in idem (ed.), The
Conflict between Paganism and Christianity, Oxford 1963, 1-16
G.E.M. de Ste Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World, London 1981
F. Walbank, The Awful Revolution, Liverpool 1969
C. Wickham, The other transition: from the Ancient World to feudalism, Past & Present
103 (1984)
34
*S. Williams & G. Friell, The Rome That Did Not Fall: The Survival of the East in the Fifth
Century, London 1999
5. Transformation or Decline and the concept of Late Antiquity
G.W. Bowersock, P.R.L. Brown, O. Grabar (edd.), Late Antiquity: A Guide to the
Postclassical World (1999), editors Introduction, vii-xiii
P.R.L. Brown, The Problem of Christianization, Proceedings of the British Academy 82
(1992), 89-106.
A.M. Cameron, The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity AD 395-600 (London 1993), 111.
A.M. Cameron, The long late antiquity: a late twentieth-century model in T.P. Wiseman
(ed.), Classics in Progress: Essays on Ancient Greece and Rome (Oxford 2002), 165192. (cf. P.R.L. Brown: reply, 70-80)
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Late Antiquity and the concept of decline: an Anglo-American
model of late antique studies, Nottingham Medieval Studies 45 (2001), 111.
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, The uses and abuses of the concept of decline in later Roman
history, or was Gibbon politically incorrect? in L. Lavan (ed.), Recent Researches in
Late Antique Urbanisation, Portsmouth RI 2001, 233-238
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz , The birth of late antiquity in A.J.B. Sirks (ed.), Gab es eine
Sptantike? Vier Vortrge, gehalten auf der Tagung des Graduiertenkollegs fr
Antike und Europische Rechtswissenschaft am 21. Juni 2002, Frankfurt 2003, 1-11
= The birth of late antiquity, Antiquit Tardive 12 (2004), 253-261 [reprinted in
Liebeschuetz, Decline and Change in Late Antiquity, ch. XV]
J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz, Late Antiquity, the rejection of decline, and multiculturalism in
G.Crif & S. Giglio (edd.), Atti dellAccademia Romanistica Costantiniana, XIV
Convegno Internazionale, Naples 2003, 639-652 [reprinted in Liebeschuetz, Decline
and Change in Late Antiquity, ch. XVII]
Journal of Late Antiquity 1 (2008): essays by A. Marcone (A long Late Antiquity?:
considerations on a controversial periodization, 4-19), E. James (The rise and
function of the concept Late Antiquity, 20-30), and C. Ando (Decline, fall, and
transformation, 31-60)
P. Rousseau, A Companion to Late Antiquity, Oxford/Malden MA 2009, chs 5, 59-76 (C.
Ando, Narrating decline and fall) and 6, 77-92 (S. Rebenich, Late Antiquity in
modern eyes)
Symbolae Osloenses: Norwegian Journal of Greek and Roman Studies 72 (1997) Debate:
The World of Late Antiquity Revisited (P.R.L. Brown: report, 5-30; comments by
G.W. Bowersock, A.M. Cameron, E.A. Clark, A. Dihle, G. Fowden, P.J. Heather, Ph.
Rousseau, A. Rouselle, H. Torp, I.N. Wood, 31-70)
B. Ward-Perkins, The making of late antiquity in J.F. Drinkwater & R.W.B. Salway (edd.),
Wolf Liebeschuetz Reflected, London 2007, 9-16
35

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HIST6105: The Roman Empire

Lecturer: Dr R. W. Benet Salway, room B.20, House 23 Gordon Square

SCHEDULE OF LECTURES AND TUTORIAL CLASSES

(1) Tuesdays 11.0012.00, 1.05b Roberts Blding (Engineering)

Wk 1 Deadline: HIST6105 coursework essay 1 (HIST6105) (12/01/15)

Lecture 17. Society and culture in the later empire (03/03/15)

Wk 8 Lecture 18. Christianity and religious conflict after Constantine (10/03/15)

HIST6105: THE ROMAN EMPIRE FROM AUGUSTUS TO

Objectives of this Module (Learning Outcomes)

of modern scholarly judgements on the nature of that society

analysis and evaluation of historical source material

exercise of historical judgement (i.e. application of appropriate methodology and

clarity, fluency, and coherence in written and oral expression

recall and deployment of information in oral presentation, written coursework, and

working with others (in tutorial classes)

independent research in contributing to team effort and own coursework

Lectures and Tutorial Classes

SPRING TERM: HIST6105B

P.R.L. Brown, The Making of Late Antiquity, Cambridge Mass. 1978

DIOCLETIAN, THE TETRARCHY, AND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS

2. Christianity and the imperial court culture

J.A. North, Religious toleration in Republican Rome, Proceedings of the Cambridge

H.-I. Marrou, Synesius of Cyrene and Alexandrian Neoplatonism in A.D. Momigliano

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