Experiment # 9

STUDY OF TURBOCHARGING SYSTEM OF A DIESEL ENGINE

Turbocharger:
It is a turbine driven compressor. It uses the waste energy from exhaust gas to
increase the charge mass of air and power of the engine. Increase amount of air.
Locate at exhaust side. Convert exhaust to mechanical work. Compressor wheel is
driven by shaft. High Compress air in the turbocharger passed to intake.
A significant difference between a turbocharged diesel engine and a traditional
naturally aspirated gasoline engine is that the air entering a diesel engine is
compressed before the fuel is injected. This is where the turbocharger is critical to the
power output and efficiency of the diesel engine. It is the job of the turbocharger to
compress more air flowing into the engines cylinder. When air is compressed the
oxygen molecules are packed closer together. This increase in air means that more
fuel can be added for the same size naturally aspirated engine. This generates
increased mechanical power and overall efficiency improvement of the combustion
process. Therefore, the engine size can be reduced for a turbocharged engine leading
to better packaging, weight saving benefits and overall improved fuel economy.

Turbocharging Principles:
1) The air is pressurized by the compressor.
2) A part of the exhaust gas energy is treated by the turbine.
3) The air cooler brings the air to a high density to the engine by decreasing the
temperature.
4) The turbine power is transmitted to the compressor through the rotating shaft.
5) The engine can work at a high power density without increase of the thermal
load.

When airfuel charge is ignited it produces force which is directly a function of the
charge density.
So here we increase the charge density by using supercharger.

Turbocharger Design and Operation:

A turbocharger is made up of two main sections: the turbine and the
compressor. The turbine consists of the (1) turbine wheel and the (2) turbine
housing. It is the job of the turbine housing to guide the (3) exhaust gas into the
turbine wheel. The energy from the exhaust gas turns the turbine wheel, and the gas
then exits the turbine housing through an (4) exhaust outlet area.
The compressor also consists of two parts: the (5) compressor wheel and
the (6) compressor housing. The compressors mode of action is opposite that of
the turbine. The compressor wheel is attached to the turbine by a (7) forged steel
shaft, and as the turbine turns the compressor wheel, the high-velocity spinning
draws in air and compresses it. The compressor housing then converts the highvelocity, low-pressure air stream into a high-pressure, low-velocity air stream through
a process called diffusion. The (8) compressed air is pushed into the engine,
allowing the engine to burn more fuel to produce more power.

Parts of a Turbocharger:
1) The turbine wheel
2) The turbine housing
3) Exhaust gas
4) Exhaust outlet area
5) The compressor wheel
6) The compressor housing
7) Forged steel shaft
8) Compressed air

Turbine:
The exhaust from the cylinders passes through the
turbine blades, causing the turbine to spin. There are two main turbine types: axial
and radial flow used.

The Compressor:
Increases both density and pressure and across its vanes. Centrifugal flow
compressors are the most common in. Air is drawn in axially, accelerated to high
velocity and then expelled in a radial direction.

Shaft:
It transmits the rotational motion and torque from the turbine to the
compressor.

Housing:
Compressor housings are made of a cast aluminium alloy. Turbine housings are
made of ductile irons or nickel alloyed ductile irons.

Turbocharger Size and Response Time:

Turbocharger response time is directly related to the size of the turbine and
compressor wheels. Small wheels accelerate rapidly; large wheels accelerate slowly.
While small wheels would seem to have an advantage over larger ones, they may not
have enough airflow capacity for an engine. To minimize turbo lag, the intake and
exhaust breathing capacities of an engine must be matched to the exhaust and intake
airflow capabilities of the turbocharger.

Boost Control Waste gate:

A turbocharger uses exhaust gases to increase boost, which causes the engine
to make more exhaust gases, which in turn increases the boost from the turbocharger.
To prevent over boost and severe engine damage, most turbocharger systems use a
waste gate. A waste gate is a valve similar to a door that can open and close. The
waste gate is a bypass valve at the exhaust inlet to the turbine. It allows all of the
exhaust into the turbine, or it can route part of the exhaust past the turbine to the
exhaust system.

Boost Control Relief Valves:

A relief valve vents pressurized air from the connecting pipe between the outlet
of the turbocharger and the throttle whenever the throttle is closed during boost, such
as during shifts.

Advantages of Turbocharging:
There are following advantages.
Safety:
Vehicles become more responsive and safer to drive with a turbocharged engine
as it can generate as much as seven times more power as compared to a nonturbocharged engine. Additionally, turbochargers are also able to prevent the loss of
power at higher altitudes where regular engines will produce lesser power due to
lower air pressure.
Petrol Consumption:
As the overall turbocharged engine size is smaller, less petrol will then be
required to produce the same amount of power as a non-turbocharged engine. This
advantage can then be translated into a significant petrol cost savings.
Eco-Friendly:
Petrol combustion is easier and more thorough with a turbocharged engine as
more air are delivered to the engine by the turbocharger. The result of this is a much
cleaner process with lesser environmentally unfriendly NOx and CO2 emissions being
produced by a turbocharged engine.
Noise Pollution:
Turbocharger has the ability to silence any generated noise with its role as an
additional silencer. Furthermore, all thanks to its smaller engine size, the soundradiating outer surface is also smaller, thus will be less noisy.

Disadvantages of Turbocharging:
1) Installation
2) System
3) Cost
4) Driving

Applications:
1) Petrol-powered cars
2) Diesel-powered cars
3) Motorcycles
4) Trucks
5) Aircraft
6) Marine and land-based Diesel turbochargers