Kaizen in Simple Steering

Objective
The objective of the dissertation work is:

to modify the simple steering through simple electrical approach

to reduce the human effort by approx. 70 to 90 percent

Literature Survey
Need of proposed steering
Normal steering is a system in which manual force is used for steering. Normal steering rack uses a rack
and pinion, worm and roller and recirculation ball and nut. The response time is comparatively slow of
this type of steering. They provide more resistance to wheel movement and are generally preferred for
low weight vehicles.

There are several types of manual steering systems like

1.

Worm and sector

2.

Worm and Roller

3.

Cam and lever

4.

Worm and nut

5.

rack and pinion

Schematic view of simple steering

Normal steering requires more efforts to steer the vehicles. The only energy source for the
manual steering system is the force that the driver applies to her steering wheel. However,
proposed steering will always allow normal steering to be available, this may help in case of the
problem in engine or in the case of power assist system failure.
The proposed steering will reduce human effort.

Design of Proposed Model

The proposed model will have both the electrical and mechanical configuration. The designed
electrical network is depicted as follows:
Fig.

Designed Electrical Network

The Steering system on which the above network will be assembled is shown below:

Fig. Mechanical Assembly

The components used are:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Diodes
Opamp 741
Potentiometer
DC Motor
Transistor
Battery

1. Diodes
A diode is

two-

terminal electronic

component that

conducts primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance) it has low (ideally zero)
resistance to the flow of current in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the
other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece
of semiconductor material with a pn junction connected to two electrical terminals.

Fig. Typical diode packages in same alignment as diode symbol. Thin bar depicts the cathode.
The diode used is 1N5408 and will implement the unidirectional effect in the circuit.

2. Opamp 741
An operational

amplifier (often op-amp or opamp)

is

a DC-coupled high-gain electronic

voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.[1] In this
configuration, an op-amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically
hundreds of thousands of times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals.

The Operational Amplifier is probably the most versatile Integrated Circuit available. It is very
cheap especially keeping in mind the fact that it contains several hundred components. The most
common Op-Amp is the 741 and it is used in many circuits.
The OP AMP is a Linear Amplifier with an amazing variety of uses. Its main purpose is to
amplify

(increase)

weak

signal

little

like

Darlington

Pair.

The OP-AMP has two inputs, INVERTING ( - ) and NON-INVERTING (+), and one output at
pin 6.

Fig. Schematic diagram of Opamp 741

The chip can be used in a circuit in two ways. If the voltage goes into pin two then it is known as
an INVERTING AMPLIFIER. If the voltage goes into pin three then the circuit becomes a NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER.
The use of 741 Opamp is in its differential mode.

3. Potentiometer
A potentiometer,

informally a pot, is a

three-terminal resistor with

a sliding or rotating

contact

adjustable voltage

that

divider.[1] If

forms
only

an
two

end and the wiper, it acts

terminals are used, one

as

a variable

resistor or rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for
measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle,
hence its name.

Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio
equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers, for
example, in a joystick. Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more
than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to the power
in the controlled load.

Fig. Electronic Symbol of Potentiometer

The value of potentiometer is 20 K.

4. DC Motor
A DC motor is any of a

class

machines

direct current electrical

power

that

into

converts

of

electrical

mechanical

power.

The

common types rely on the

forces

magnetic fields. Nearly all

types of DC motors

produced

most
by

have some internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the
direction of current flow in part of the motor. Most types produce rotary motion; a linear motor
directly produces force and motion in a straight line.
The dc motor that will be used is PM stator of about 1000 rpm, 12VDC and quarter HP.

5. Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to

an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes
the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be
higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some
transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Here, they are used as a current amplifier for DC motor.

6. Battery
The automative rechargeable batteries used for energy storage include lead-acid ("flooded", Deep
cycle, and VRLA), Ni-Cd, nickel metal hydride, lithium ion, Li-ion polymer, and, less
commonly, zinc-air and molten salt batteries.
Typical battery used will be of the rating 35 Ah, 12 V.