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CASE STUDY 1: Domestic Wastewater Treatment and Its Reuse for

Irrigating Home Gardens Abumohor E. Applied Research InstituteJerusalem (ARIJ)
ABSTRACT: As an environmental solution to face water scarcity and threat coming from
untreated domestic wastewater, the Applied Research Institute Jerusalem (ARIJ) has put
huge efforts in developing locally made wastewater treatment plants to be utilized at
domestic level to help promote sustainable development and combat desertification in the
occupied Palestinian territory. Developed wastewater treatment plants adopted activated
sludge technology as biological process, followed by mechanical filtration as advanced
treatment. This provided an environmental friendly solution to the problem of the
generated wastewater at household level (ARIJ, 2010). The adoption of such approach
resulted in:
(1) Protecting the environment from pollution caused by the improper wastewater
disposals (use of cesspits), mitigating and reducing of the environmental and health
problems and risks ;
(2) Providing a better management of the wastewater resources by reusing the treated
wastewater for irrigation purposes economizing in domestic drinking water volumes used
for irrigation,
(3) Contributing in an increase of the agricultural areas as result of the new water resource,
(4) Contributing in the family economy and sustainability, this was achieved by
economizing the monthly expenses that benefited families used to have as concept of
hiring wastewater vacuuming services and which was provided by vacuum tankers,
(5) The new planted fruit trees and which are currently irrigated with treated wastewater
are expected to contribute in the family food security,
(6) Protecting the surface and ground water resources .

CASE STUDY 2: Domestic waste water treatment by bio-filtration:

Department of Chemical Engineering, Gharda Institute of Technology
ABSTRACT: Water scarcity is worldwide problem. Water is vital for survival of living
being. The reuse of domestic wastewater for non-potable water application is a potential
solution for water deprived region world-wide. In recent days many developing nations
cannot afford to construct and maintain costly wastewater treatment plants. They need

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more options for wastewater treatment at low cost. In both developed and developing
nations, centralized sewage treatment system may not fulfill sustainable wastewater
management requirements in
future due to ever-increasing demand. Therefore in the present study an attempt is made to
know the efficiency of vermifilter as decentralized treatment for parameters pH, total
dissolved solids, removal of biological
oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand. In this study sewage water is treated using
vermi filter containing earthworms and the results are compared with permissible standards
of treated water. The average removal efficiencies of the vermin filter were as follows:
chemical oxygen demand (COD) 68.52 %; biological oxygen demand (BOD) 72.05 %;
total dissolved solids 15.42 %. During the process of vermifiltration, there was no sludge
formation in the process and was also an odor-free process and the resulting vermifiltered
water was clean
enough to be reused for farm irrigation and gardens. Thus, earthworm activities had
significant relationship with treatment efficiency of parameters by vermifilter of domestic
wastewater.

CASE STUDY 3: Study of Hospital Wastewater Characteristic in

Malang City

1,Prayitno, 2,Zaenal Kusuma,3,Bagyo Yanuwiadi, 4,Rudy W

Laksmono 1,Doctoral Student Of Environment Program, Post Graduate Program Of

Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia 2,Department Of Land, Faculty Of
Agricultural, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia 3,Department Of Biology,
Faculty Of Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia 4,Department Of
Environmental Engineering, Faculty Of Plan And Civil, UPN University, Surabaya,
Indonesia
ABSTRACT: Hospital wastewater containing infectious, pathogens, toxid, biodegradable
and radioactive contaminants that can cause pollution and health problems. The existence
of the hospital adjacent to the residential potential to cause environmental problems as a
result of waste discharged into the environment. The objective of study was to determine
the waste water characteristics and efficiency of hospital wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP) in Malang City. The study was conducted at three hospital in Malang City which
determined by class hospital. The samples taken at the WWTP influent and effluent and
then measured pollutant concentration using APHA method and compared with a standart

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of quality on Java Governor No 61 of 1999. The study of result showed that the
characteristic of the wastewater effluent at three hospital in Malang City containing
contaminants that exceeded the quality standart based on Java Governor No 61 of 1999, for
example: 31% of BOD,24% of Ortho phospat, 50% of phenol, 42% of chlorine- free and
17% of lead were higher of standart limit with mean the average efficiency of the WWTP
by 58%.

CASE STUDY 4: DAIRY WASTEWATER-A CASE STUDY Swati

A.Patil1, Vaishali V. Ahire2, M.H.Hussain3 1Department of civil Engg, University of

Pune, SITRC, Nashik, Maharashtra 2Department of mechanical Engg, University of

Pune, SITRC, Nashik, Maharashtra 3North Maharashtra university, SSBTCOET,
Jalgaon, Maharashtra
ABSTRACT: Environmental Engineering & Pollution control are the growing concerns of
today. Rising population technological, economical and industrial revolution and changing
life style has lead to various types of environmental problems, water pollution, land
pollution, Air pollution, nuclear pollution, sound pollution including spiritual pollution are
the aspects of pollution today. Out of which, water pollution is most concerned with civil
engineering. Water treatment, supply and waste water treatment of domestics and industrial
sources is very important aspect of civil engineering. Present work deals with the industrial
waste water treatment. In may also Dairy industry uses 4L of water per L of milk, which
cones out as a waste water, In fact, in a survey made by Environmental Protection Agency
of U SA in 1950, the 2nd major cause of water pollution was dairy effluent (I) Dairy waste
water is a diluted milk (1) It contains BOD, COD, total solids dissolved solids and
sometimes PH and oil-grease as highly biodegradable and COD/BOD is less than 1.5
Keywords: -dairy waste water, treatment, characteristics, housekeeping

CASE STUDY 5: Urban Wastewater Characteristic and its Management

in Urban AreasA Case Study of Mysore City, Karnataka, India
Shakunthala Bai, Shivanna Srikantaswamy, Doddaiah Shivakumar
Department

of

Studies

in

Manasagangotri, Mysore, India

E-mail: srikantas@hotmail.com

Environmental

Science,

University

of

Mysore,

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Received March 27, 2010; revised July 2, 2010; accepted July 15, 2010
ABSTRACT: The rapid growth of the population, the technological and industrial boom
has brought enormous problems and degradation of the environment. There is a gradual
decline in availability of fresh water to be used for irrigation in India. As a consequence,
the use of urban waste water (UWW) for irrigating agricultural lands is on the rise
particularly in pre-urban areas of developing countries. Effective collection and treatment
of urban wastewater is a critical problem in a developing country like India. A case study
was undertaken to assess the characteristic of the urban waste water and its management in
Mysore city and its long-term effect on irrigation. The untreated and treated urban waste
water was collected during 2008 and analyzed in the laboratory. The suitability of the
UWW for irrigation purposes is then evaluated according to the existing water quality
standards and the results were compared with Food and Agriculture organization (FAO)
irrigation water quality standards. It is evident from the results, that the current situation is
not promising especially regarding the Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids,
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Suspended Solids and heavy
metal concentrations and also pH of the treated UWW is exceeding the FAO standards.
Among the heavy metals, the concentration of Iron and chromium are ex-ceeding the FAO
standards.

CASE STUDY 6: Wastewater treatment in wetlands. A case study in

Colombo, Sri Lanka. Lovisa Lagerblad
ABSTRACT: Water is a prerequisite for life on earth. Without adequate water sanitation
several hazardous health and environmental consequences will follow. In many developing
countries the fast urbanization rate is putting a great stress on the, if even existing, poorly
developed treatment systems. A sustainable way for wastewater treatment, with or without
additional purification, is the use of natural wetlands.
A new wastewater treatment plant is constructed in Ja-Ela, a suburb to Colombo, Sri
Lanka. The area is of great interest due to its many industries and highways. The river
Dandugam Oya is today working as a recipient for treated wastewater. Dandugam Oya is
suffering from pollution and the performed studies show that the nutrient level is high and
the oxygen level is very low. This may cause eutrophication and fish death, which earlier
has been observed in Negombo Lagoon.

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A small wetland (5 ha) is today located between the river and the wastewater outfall, and
this study has focused on its treatment capacity. The wetland vegetation stands for a
potential treatment, but the vegetation is not the only reason to wetland removal
efficiencies. The major mechanisms for pollutant removal in wetlands include both
bacterial transformations and chemical processes including adsorption, precipitation and
sedimentation. In these processes wetland characteristics such as size, depth and retention
time are important.
It was observed that the levels of pathogens coming from the old wastewater treatment
plant were exceeding the recommended levels. Coliforms can be removed through
adaptation to gravel and submersed plant parts biofilms. The studied wetland was not
useful for this treatment purpose, mainly because its retention time was too short. For the
same reason a large nutrient treatment is not to be expected, which demands the retention
time to be fairly long because the nitrate molecules and the denitrification bacteria need
time to interact.

CASE STUDY 7: WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE EL

ATTAOUIA, MOROCCO
ABSTRACT: Wastewater treatment technologies with low energy demand and low
maintenance requirements are necessary for the sustainable wastewater management in
poor to middle income countries. Treated effluent is an important potential source of
irrigation water for arid and semi-arid regions. The system in El Attaouia, Morocco,
provides a good example of wastewater treatment and agricultural reuse in an arid climate
which can be replicated in similar rural towns and villages.

CASE STUDY 8: The challenges of domestic wastewater management in

Nigeria: A case study of Minna, central Nigeria
ABSTRACT: The main objective of the study is to examine the challenges and risk of
domestic wastewater management. The methodology adopted involves the use of
questionnaire, field survey, government documents, Global Positioning System (GPS) and
sampling of the wastewater for laboratory analysis. The result showed that the wastewater
generated is mostly from bathing and laundry. The daily amount of wastewater generated is

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36,493,920 litres (36,494m3). The physico-chemical composition of the domestic

wastewater shows that pH has a range of 7.5 and 8.7, Temperature 29oC and 30.1oC,
Salinity 1051mg/l and 1329mg/l, Chloride 240mg/l and 280mg/l, Sodium 152mg/l and
178.7mg/l, Potassium 84.35mg/l and 99.34mg/l, Calcium 24.01mg/l and 48.1mg/l,
Magnesium 24.4mg/l and 39.04mg/l, sulphate 10mg/l and 19mg/l, Carbonate 370.5mg/l
and 525mg/l and Bicarbonate 945.75mg/l and 1462.5mg/l. Environmental implications of
domestic wastewater include medium growth for pathogens like mosquito parasite. The
public are exposed to these pathogens via contaminated drinking water, water bodies or
eating contaminated food. Common ailments that afflict the inhabitants include malaria,
typhoid and cholera. Wastewater treatment and re-use is recommended as a complement
for water use and also as a disaster risk reduction strategy. The wastewater can be reused
for fire protection, irrigation/fish farming and for aquifer recharge.