1.

Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times

greater than at the Earths surfacethe deepocean bottom is a hostile
environment to humansin some ways as forbidding and remote as the void
of outer space
( in some ways)

1Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures

2hundreds of times greater than at the Earths surface
3the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans
4in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space
2 1 intense pressures
1 3
3
4 3 3 a hostile environment to humans

++

2.
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World
War is the country's impressive population growth
( Basic to any understandingis)
20
1Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second
World War
2is
3the country's impressive population growth
123 321 The
country's impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of
Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War
is.

3.
As a resultclaims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown
foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have
become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore
( claims that)

1 that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods

prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health
2claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore
2 1 1 2 2
claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.
that eating a diet
consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or
provides other benefits to health

4.
There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are
superior to synthetic onesthat fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to
unfertilized eggsthat untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and
the like
( reports thatthatthat)

1There are numerous unsubstantiated reports

2natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones
3that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs
4that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like
1 2 3 4 1

5
The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction
had to be undertaken also in the Norththough less spectacularly
( fact that)
()

1. The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact

2. reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North
3.though less spectacularly
1 2
1 3
6
The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city
sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now
know as urban sprawl
( what we now know as)

1The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every

major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled
2what we now know as urban sprawl
1 2 1 2 The
new accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and
fueled urban sprawl
fuel

7.
But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there
came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular
place very close to their time of giving birth
2

(Of of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant

ichthyosaurs)

1But these factors do not account for the interesting question

2of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant
ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth
1 2. 2 Of question

8.
Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the
unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt
80 by 45 miles in extentthe two captains set out
( rumors that)

80 50
1Amid rumors
2that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown
region
3and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45
miles in extent
4the two captains set out
1 4 4+ 1 the two captains set
out Amid rumors 1 2 3 2 3 1
rumors 2 3

9.
In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichordand the harpsichord
became the chief instruments of the keyboard groupa supremacy they
maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth
century
( a supremacy)
17
18
1In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichordand the
harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group
2a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the
end of the eighteenth century
2 1 1 the chief instruments of the
keyboard group

10.
A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth
century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the
perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest qualityfinally
produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most
delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of soundfrom a
liquidsinging tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance
( fromto)
19

1A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the

nineteenth century
2including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it
3the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality
4finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects
5from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of
sound
6from a liquidsinging tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance
1 4 A series of mechanical
improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an
instrument capable of myriad tonal effects 2 3 1
A series of mechanical improvements 5 6
4 an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects

11.
The largest later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five
terraced storiescontained more than 800 roomsand could have housed a
population of 1000 or more
Pueblo Bonito()
800 1 000
1The largest rose in five terraced storiescontained more than 800
roomsand could have housed a population of 1000 or more
2later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish
1 2 2 1 the largest, 1

12.
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as
silentthe film has never beenin the full sense of the word, silent
( accustomed though we are=though we are accustomed)
1927

1Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927

as silent
2the film has never been silent
3in the full sense of the word
1 though we are
accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent. 3
2 the film has never been
silent

13.
For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested
entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestraand very
often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or
taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces
( notSO much as)


1.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program
rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra
2and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position
was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of
musical pieces
1 2 2 not so much as

14.
Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats
has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversitythe
number of species in a particular ecosystemto the health of the Earth and
human well-being
( coincident with concernshas been=has been coincident with
concerns)

1Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and

habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological
diversity
2the number of species in a particular ecosystem
3to the health of the Earth and human well-being
1 concerns about the accelerating loss of
species and habitats has been coincident with a growing appreciation of the
importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and human wellbeing
concerns has been coincident with a growing
appreciation
2 1 biological diversity

15.
The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain
forests does not seem surprisingconsidering the huge numbers of insects
that comprise the bulk of the species
( fact that that comprise the bulk)

1The fact does not seem surprising

2that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain
forests
3considering the huge numbers of insects
4that comprise the bulk of the species
1 2 2 1 the fact, 3
1 4 3 the huge numbers of insects

16.
To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to
think small
( it helps to)

To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea,

it helps to think small it

17.
Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricksbut a collection
of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called
a house
( not any more than )

1. Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,

2. but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile
of bricks can be called a house.
1 2

18.
The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body
is used to perform specific activities
( which sideis used corresponds to

1. The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to

2. which side of the body is used to perform specific activities
1 2
1 2

19.
In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic
tradition by authors such as John BarthDonald Barthelmeand Thomas
Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned
in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction
( characterized by)
(
)

1. characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition

by authors such as John BarthDonald Barthelmeand Thomas Pynchon,
2. Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in
her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction
1 In a period period which
was
2

20
If it were not for this facultythey would devour all the food available in short
time and would probably starve themselves out of existence
()
6

1. If it were not for this faculty

2. they would devour all the food available in short time
3. would probably starve themselves out of existence
1
23

21
Individualism is weakly developed in folk culturesas are social classes
( as are social classes)

1. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures

2. as are social classes
1 2 2 as

22
People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the
prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring
social chaos
( prospect that)
19
1. People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by
the prospect
2. unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social
chaos
1 2
1 2 prospect

23
Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing
economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from
agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits
( Accompanying that growth was a structural change that=A structural
changewas accompanying that growth)

1. Accompanying that growth was a structural change

2. featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the
nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other
nonagricultural pursuits
1 2
1
7

 2 change. 2 and

24
As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined,
so did the roles they played in the home
( so did)

1.
2.
3.
4.

the roles became more rigidly defined

men and women played in society
so did the roles
they played in the home

1 2 3 4
1 3
2 4 roles
3 so

25.
Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petalssometimes easily
recognizable as suchoften distorted into gorgeousweirdbut always
functional shapes
( Surrounding the column are)

1. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals

2. sometimes easily recognizable as suchoften distorted into
gorgeousweirdbut always functional shapes
1

26
With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the
economic boom that followed ityoung people married and established
households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their
predecessors during the Depression
( than had their predecessors)

1. the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War

2. the economic boom that followed it
3. young people married and established households earlier
4. began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the
Depression
1 2 3 4
1 2
3 4

27
The railroad could be and was a despoiler of naturefurthermorein its
manifestation of speed and noiseit might be a despoiler of human nature as
8

well
( could be and was)

1. The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature

2. it might be a despoiler of human nature as well
1 2

28
In the railroads' prime yearsbetween 1 890 and 1920there were a few
individuals in the United Statesmost of them with solid railroading
experience behind themwho made a profession of writing about railroading-works offering the ambience of stationsyardsand locomotive cabs
( most of them who made a profession of writing)
1890 1920 ()

1.
2.
3.
4.
cabs

there were a few individuals in the United States

most of them with solid railroading experience behind them
who made a profession of writing about railroading
works offering the ambience of stationsyardsand locomotive

1
2 3
2 1 a few individuals

29
On the other handwhen it comes to substantive--particularly behavioralinformationcrows are less well known than many comparably common
species andfor that matternot a few quite uncommon onesthe
endangered California condorto cite one obvious example
( for that matter)

1. when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information

2. crows are less well known than many comparably common species
and, for that matternot a few quite uncommon onesthe endangered
California condorto cite one obvious example
1 2 1 2

30
Keen observers and quick learnersthey are astute about the intentions of
other creaturesincluding researchersand adept at avoiding them
( keen observers and quick learners)
()

1.

they are astute about the intentions of other creatures including

9

researchers
2. and adept at avoiding them
1 2

31
These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a
valuable tool not only of science but also of historyproviding flesh insights
into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise
be so well documented
( demonstrate that otherwise)

1These researchers have sought to demonstrate that

2their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history
3providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people
4whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented
1
2 1
3
4 3

1 2
1 3
3 4

32
Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861--1865)a
government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of
eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned
( Legend has it that=There is a legend that)
(1861--1865)

1Legend has it that

2sometime toward the end of the Civil War(1861--1865)a government
train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming
was caught in a snowstorm
3and had to be abandoned
1
2 1 carrying
oxen traveling throughthat/which carries

3 2

1 23
2 3

10

33
It is a lifelong processa process that starts long before the start of school
and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life
( a process thatand one that)

1It is a lifelong process a process

2that starts long before the start of school
3and one that should be an integral part of one's entire life
1
2 1 1
3 2 1

1 23
2 3
34
Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an
evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life
( as muchas as was the genesis of life)

1Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an
evolutionary challenge
2as was the genesis of life
1
2 the genesis of life was as

1 2
35
In agriculturethe transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain
elevatorsthe cotton pressesthe warehousesand the commodity
exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of
a vast conspiracy against them
( marked by that seemedthe visible sign)
,

1In agriculturethe transformation was marked by the emergence of

the grain elevatorsthe cotton pressesthe warehousesand the commodity
exchanges
2that seemed to so many of the nation's farmers the visible sign of a
11

vast conspiracy against them

1
2 1

1 2
36
And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual
contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships
that coexisted within a single building
(where what presided over )

1And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork

2where individual contractors presided over
3what were essentially handicraft proprietorships
4that coexisted within a single building
1
2 1
3 2
4 3

1 2
2 3
3 4

37
But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in
1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 84 million in 1920the number of huge
plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeonedas did
the size of the average plant
( as did)
1880 270 1900 450 1920
840

1But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7

million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 84 million in 1920
2the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in
Philadelphia burgeoned
3as did the size of the average plant
2
1 2
3 2
12

1 23
2 3

38
What we today call American folk art wasindeed, art of, by, and for ordinary,
everyday folks who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market
for art of all kindsand especially for portraits
(what (art)ofbyand for
())

1What we today call American folk art

2wasindeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday folks
3who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of
all kindsand especially for portraits
1 2
2
3 2 folks

1 2
3 2

39
But in the heyday of portrait painting--from the late eighteenth century until
the 1850sanyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner
as such a portraitist was called.
(as )
18 19 50
()
1But in the heyday of portrait painting--from the late eighteenth
century until the 1850sanyone with a modicum of artistic ability could
become a limner as
2such a portraitist was called.
1
2 1 as

1 2
40
The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial
13

predecessors was far from a rich oneand in factin 1776 sculpture as an art
form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople
( far from)

1776
1The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its
colonial predecessors
2was far from a rich one
3and in factin 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of
artisans and craftspeople
2 3
1 2
3 2

1 2
2 3
41
0n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desiredAmericans
turned to foreign sculptorsas in the 1770's when the cities of New York and
Charleston, South Carolinacommissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to
make marble statues of William Pitt
( Americans turned to foreign sculptors when
occasion when1770's whenas(in the 1770's))
1770

10n the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired
2Americans turned to foreign sculptors
3as in the 1770's when the cities of New York and Charleston, South
Carolinacommissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble
statues of William Pitt
2
1 2
3 2

1 2
2 3

42
Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisansoriginally trained as
stonemasonscarpentersor cabinetmakers--attacked the medium from
which they were to make their imagesand one understands more fully the
14

development of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth

century
(add to this the timidity=add the timidityto this
if one adds to this the timidity)

18

1Add to this the timidity

2with which unschooled artisansoriginally trained as
stonemasonscarpentersor cabinetmakers--attacked the medium
3from which they were to make their images
4and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in
the United States in the late eighteenth century
4
123 4
2 timidity

3 medium

1 2
2 3
123 4

43
Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body,
which would involve the expenditure of water and energydesert mammals
allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever heightand
temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's
gazelles
(what rise to )

46
1Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the
body
2which would involve the expenditure of water and energy
3desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to
4what would normally be fever height
5and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured
in Grant's gazelles
35
2 1
4 3

1 2
12 3
15

3 4
34 5

44
Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners
how much they can charge their tenants in rent.
(whereby=by which)

1Rent control is the system

2whereby the local government tells building owners
3how much they can charge their tenants in rent.
1
2 1 whereby by which
3 2 tell tell

1 2
2 3
45
They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970'swhichcombined with
California's rapid population growthpushed housing pricesas well as rents,
to record levels
(which )
20 70

1They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970's

2whichcombined with California's rapid population growth
3pushed housing pricesas well as rents, to record levels
1
2 1 inflation
3 1 which

1 23
2 3
46
Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as wellthat the medium has certain
qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their
own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony
( Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well=An aesthetic principle is
implicit in it as wellthat principle )

16

 1Implicit in it is
2that the medium has
3which sculptors must bring
3 2
1 2

47
With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional
sources of inspirationsuch as wooden African figures and masksthere
arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction
with the medium
(there arose)
()

with a new surge

48
The common kestrel roosts and hunts alonebut the lesser kestrel roosts and
hunts in flockspossibly so one bird can learn from others where to find
insect swarms
(possibly so=possibly so that)

1the common kestrel

2but
3possibly so
4where to
12 3
3 4

49
In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the
southwestern United Statesthey encountered the ancestors of the modern
day PuebloHopiand Zuni peoples
(when what moved into )
16

1in the 1500s

2when
3what
4they encountered
23 1
1 4

50
During the 1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better
than that possible with a visible light microscopewhile the performance of xray microscopes resisted improvement
(that resolutionpossible with a visible1ight microscope that
)
20 40 X
17


1During the 1940
2that
3while..
1 2
1 3

5 1
What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes
these conditions seem foolishharmful or affected
(what that )

1what
2:is
3that makes
1 2
2 3

52
Satire jars US out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that
many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false
(out ofintothat many of the valuesare false
realization we unquestioningly accept values )

1Satire jars
2that many
3we unquestioningly
2 3
1 2
53With spontaneous irreverencesatire rearranges
perspectivesscrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and
speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude
(and )

satire, 3 rearranges, scrambles,

speaks
With

54
It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulusan irreverent
reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing,
and foolish philosophy
(that reminder )

1it has lived

2because readers
3that they lived
1 2
2 3

18

55
Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to themnor do ordinary
citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity
( attribute tonor )

1soldiers
2that movies
3nor do ordinary citizens
1 3
1 2

56
In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to
be a narrow fieldthe researcher is faced with the problem of primary
materials that have little or no documentation
(what specializing in )

1in addition to
2what may seem
3the researcher is
4that has little
1 2
1 3
3 4

57.
Moreoverthe degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly
closed helps determine which bill design is the best
( the degreehelps determine to which cones are naturally
slightly open or tightly closed degree )

Hygiene

58.
It was shea Baltimore printerwho published the first official copies of the
Declarationthe first copies that included the names of its signers and
therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies
(It waswho the first copies the first official copies )

13
1it was
2who publish
3the first
1 2
2 3

59.
By comparison with these familiar yardsticksthe distances to the galaxies
are incomprehensibly largebut they too are made more manageable by
using a time calibrationin this case the distance that light travels in one
19

year.

1the distance
2but they too
3that
1 2
2 3

60.
The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging
and thinly settled a stretch of desertmountainand semiarid plain could pay
a profit
(that skepticism )

1the primary
2that a railroad
1 2

61.
The argument that humanseven in prehistoric timeshad some number
senseat least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less
when some objects were added to or taken away from a small groupseems
fairfor studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense
( the argumentseems fair that humanshad
some number sense argument )

1. The argument seems fair

2. humanseven in prehistoric timeshad some number sense
3. at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less
4. when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group
5. for studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense
1 5
2 3
3 4
1 2
1 5 2 even in
prehistoric times 3 2 4 3 2
1

62.
A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or
indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect
humans, animalsvegetationor materials adversely
( suchas to)

1.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or

20

indirectly by humans to the atmosphere

2.in such quantities as to affect humans, animalsvegetationor
materials adversely
1 2
2 1

63
The acutegrowing public awareness of the social changes that had been
taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular
journalism in the late nineteenth centuryincluding growth in quantity and
circulation of both magazines and newspapers
(awarenesswas tied to tremendous growth)
19
()
1.The acutegrowing public awareness of the social changes was tied to
tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century
2. had been taking place for some time
3.including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and
newspapers
1 2
1 3
1 2 1 3including 1
tremendous growth

64
A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetrya
technique for obtaining measurements through photographswhich created a
drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints
()
()

1. A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry

2. a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs
3. which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the
prints
2 3
1 23
1 2 3 1 : the prints using photogrammetry 2 3

65
Footprints thus provide US not merely with rare impressions of the soft tissue
of early hominidsbut also with evidence of upright walking that in many
ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones
( not merelybut also)

1. Footprints thus provide US not merely with rare impressions of the soft
tissue of early hominids
2. but also with evidence of upright walking
3. that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of
21

bones
1 2
2 3
2 Footprints provide3 2

66
In factthroughout the animal kingdomfrom sponges to certain types of
wormsshellfishand all vertebrates(creatures possessing a spinal column),
there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an
animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely
related individuals
( that transplantsare accepted evidence )
()

1. In factthroughout the animal kingdomfrom sponges to certain types

of wormsshellfishand all vertebrates(creatures possessing a spinal
column)
2. there is evidence
3. transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted
only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals
1 2
2 3
1 2 3 2

67
In the twentiesjazz became the hottest new thing in dance music, much as
ragtime had at the turn of the centuryand as would rhythm and blues in the
fortiesrock in the fiftiesand disco in the seventies
( much asand as)
20
40 50 70
1. In the twentiesjazz became the hottest new thing in dance music,
2. much as ragtime had at the turn of the century
3. and as would rhythm and blues in the fortiesrock in the fiftiesand
disco in the seventies
1 2
2 3
2 1 2 much asand as

68
They made these quilt until the advent of the Revolutionary War in
1775when everything English came to be frowned upon
(when 1775flown upon)
1775

69
Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of
branches, a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the
22

exclusion of almost everything else.

( to the exclusion of )

1. Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense

canopy of branches
2. a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of
almost everything else.
1 2
1

70
In taking up a new life across the Atlanticthe early European settlers of the
United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had
traditionally relieved the tedium of life
(with which which diversions)

1. In taking up a new life across the Atlantic

2. the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the
diversions
3. with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life
1 2
2 3
1 2 3 diversions relieve with with

71
Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions
in play but also thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work,
felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose.
(Farm dwellersnot only found it harder tobut alsofelt it necessary to
)

1. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate

companions in play
2. but also felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose.
3. thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work,
1 2
2 3
1 2 not only but also 2 3 2 Farm dwellers

72
The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness is
frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist.
( asas)

1. The scientific investigation is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the

experimental psychologist.
2. of an experience as private as consciousness
1 2
2 of 1 scientific investigation

23

73
Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic
coast of Canada in the summer to matelay eggsand rear their young are
common murres, Atlantic puffinsblack-legged kittiwakesand northern
gannets
(Among the species of seabirdsare=are among the species of
seabirds)

1. Among the species of seabirds are common murres, Atlantic

puffinsblack-legged kittiwakesand northern gannets
2. use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer
to matelay eggsand rear their young
1 2
1 Common murres, Atlantic puffinsblacklegged kittiwakesand northern gannets are among the species of seabirds.
seabirds 2.

74
The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which
cannot scale the sheer rocksand from ravens and other species of gulls,
which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.
(The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives fromand from
)

1. The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes,

2. which cannot scale the sheer rocks
3. and from ravens and other species of gulls,
4. which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.
1 3
1 2
3 4
1 which3 it gives2 1 4 3

75
Their distrust was causedin partby a national ideology that proclaimed
farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living
(that ideology )

1. Their distrust was causedin partby a national ideology

2. that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living
superior to urban living
1 2
2 1 a national ideology

76
A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin III of BostonWilliam Byrd of Virginiaand
the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to
those colonists privileged to visit their galleriesespecially aspiring
artistsand established in their respective communities the idea of the value
24

of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement

(A few art collectorsintroduced European art traditions to those colonists
and establishedthe ideaand the need)

art collectors introduced traditions to those colonists and established in

the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions

1 Tames Bowdoin III of BostonWilliam Byrd of

Virginiaand the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia
2 privileged to visit their galleries colonists
devoted to its encouragement institutions
3
especially aspiring artists
4 in their respective communities established

77
The achievements of the colonial artistsparticularly those of CopleyWest,
and Pealelent credence to the boast that the new nation was capable of
encouraging genius and that political liberty was congenial to the
development of tastea necessary step before art could assume an
important role in the new republic
(The achievementslent credence to the boast thatand that
that boast )

The achievements of the colonial artists lent credence to the boast

1that the new nation was capable of encouraging genius
2that political liberty was congenial to the development of taste

a necessary step before art could assume an important role

in the new republic

particularly those of CopleyWest, and Peale

1 2 and boast

artists

78
The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape of the natural
resourcesmade velocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts
of industrial productionand carried consumer goods to households.
(and stripof)

25


1The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape of the natural
resources
2made velocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts of
industrial production
3carried consumer goods to households.
and railroad

79
Moreoverin addition to its being a transportation pathway equipped with a
mammoth physical plant of tracks signalscrossingsbridgesand
junctionsplus telegraph and telephone lines, the railroad nurtured factory
complexescoat piles, warehousesand generating stationsforming along
its right of way what has aptly been called the metropolitan corridor of the
American landscape.
(the railroad nurtured factory complexeswhat
forming )

the railroad nurtured factory complexes..

1in addition to its being a transportation pathway
1equipped with a mammoth physical plant of tracks
signalscrossingsbridgesand junctionsplus telegraph and telephone
lines,
2forming along its right of way
2what has aptly been called the metropolitan corridor of the
American landscape.
2 2 way
2 factory complexes..
1 1
1 the railroad

80.
The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at
basketryusing the reedsgrassesbarksand roots they found around
them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizesnot only trayscontainersand
cooking potsbut hatsboatsfish trapsbaby carriersand ceremonial
objects
(fashion )

The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at

basketry
1using the reedsto fashion articles of all sorts and sizes
2they found around them
3not only trayscontainersand cooking potsbut hatsboatsfish
26

trapsbaby carriersand ceremonial objects

3 1 articles of all sorts and sizes
2 1 reedsgrassesbarksand roots
1

81.
The warp was always made of willowand the most commonly used welt was
sedge roota woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no
thicker than a thread
(a woody fiber sedge root )

1The warp was always made of willow

2the most commonly used welt was sedge roota woody fiber
1that could easily be separated into strands
2no thicker than a thread
1 2 sedge roota woody fiber
2 1 strands

82.
Thereforeif the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks
making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all
other rocks
( may well have been)

all the rocks may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all
other rocks
1if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space
2making up its crust
igneous the ancestors of all other rocks
1
2 rocks

83
It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern
capitalism first appeared--the use of money and commercial paper in place of
barteropen competition in place of social deference and hierarchywith an
attendant rise in social disorderand the appearance of factories using coal
or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand
tools
(It was in the cities that the elementsfirst appeared
elements attendant)

27


in plates of
the elements first appeared in the cities
1that can be associated with modern capitalism
2the use of money and commercial paper, open competition and the
appearance of factories
3in place of barter
4in place of social deference and hierarchy
5with an attendant rise in social disorder
6using coal or water power
7in place of independent craftspeople
8working with hand tools
8 7 craftspeople
7 2 factories
6 2 factories
5 2 open competition
4 2 open competition
3 2 money and commercial paper
2 elements
1 elements

84.
The older paintersmost of whom were born before 1835practiced in a
mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and
were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art
organization, the National Academy of Design
(The older painterspracticed in a modeand were securely established and
fostered by)
1835

1The older painters practiced in a mode often self-taught

2monopolized by landscape subject matter
3were securely established in
4fostered by the reigning American art organization
1most of whom were born before 1835
1the National Academy of Design
1234 and
1 1 painters
1 4 American art organization

85
Most importantperhapswas that they had all maintained with a certain
fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of
America's first popular landscape artistThomas Colewho built a career
painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River
28

(Most importantwas that=thatwas most important)

Most importantwas that

That they had all maintained a manner of technique and
composition was most important
Thatwas most important
1they had all maintained a manner of technique and composition
2who built a career
3painting the Catskill Mountain scenery
4bordering the Hudson River
1with a certain fidelity
2consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist
3Thomas Cole
1 1 that
2 2 artist
3 2 career
4 2 scenery
1 1 maintain
2 1 technique and composition
3 2 artist

86
In 15 or 30 secondsa speaker cannot establish the historical context that
shaped the issue in questioncannot detail the probable causes of the
problemand cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is
preferable to others
( and )
15 30

1a speaker cannot establish the historical context

2cannot detail the probable causes of the problem
3and cannot examine alternative proposals
1that shaped the issue in question
2to argue that one is preferable to others
123
1 1 context
2 3 proposal

87
Recognizing the power of television's picturespoliticians craft televisual,
staged eventscalled pseudoeventsdesigned to attract media coverage
( stagedcalled pseudoeventsdesigned to
staged eventscalled pseudoevents designed to attract media
coverage staged eventscraft)

()

29

politicians craft televisual

1Recognizing the power of television's pictures
2called pseudoevents
3designed to attract media coverage
1staged events
1 politicians
2 televisual
1 televisual
3 televisual

88
Nowscientists have data from satellites and groundbased observations
from which we know that the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical
discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign
(from whichwhich data)

scientists have data from satellites and groundbased observations

1from which we know
2the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical discharge
3similar to that occurring in a neon sign
1 data
2 1 data
3 2

89
Outside the magnetosphereblasting toward the Earth is the solar winda
swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic field
(blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind=the solar windis
blasting toward the Earth)

blasting toward the Earth is the solar wind

the solar windis blasting toward the Earth
1Outside the magnetosphere
2with its own magnetic field
a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases
1
2 ionized gases
solar wind

90
Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into larger cities of the United
States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migrationfrom
town and farm to citywithin the United States
(Matching the influxwas a domestic migration=a domestic
migrationwas matching the influx)
30

19

a domestic migration was Matching the influx of foreign

immigrants.
1from town and farm to city
2within the United States
12 a domestic migration

91
The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to
seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to
feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a
workforce for growing numbers of factories
(and needed to large concentrations
of people )

1The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the

countryside
2to seek a new life in the city
3made it possible for fewer farmers
4to feed the large concentrations of people
5needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of
factories
1 2
3 4
4 5 5 4 the large concentrations of people
1 3
92
The different uses to which societies put these materials are of
interest to anthropologists who may askfor examplewhy a
people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are
available
(The different usesare of interest to anthropologists)

1The different uses are of interest to anthropologists

2to which societies put these materials
3who may askfor example why a people chooses to use
clay and not copper when both items are available
1 2 2 to put 2 1 uses
3 1 3 who 1 anthropologists

31

93.
What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization
that although the materials available to a society may to some
extent limit or influence what it can do artisticallythe materials by
no means determine what is done
( what that
realization )

1What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the

realization
2although the materials available to a society may to some
extent limit or influence what it can do artistically
3the materials by no means determine what is done
2 3

1 23 2 3 1 the realization
94
As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents
necessary for healthit became tempting to suggest that every
disease and condition for which there had been no previous
effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy
(as it to suggest that
that every disease and
conditionmight be responsive to vitamin therapy)

1As vitamins became recognized as essential food

constituents necessary for health
2it became tempting to suggest
3every disease and condition might be responsive to vitamin
therapy
4for which there had been no previous effective treatment
3 4 4 3 disease and condition
2 3 2 3
1 2

95
Here in lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance
to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine
( Here in lay the beginning=the beginning lay here inwhat
of beginning)

1Here in lay the beginning

2of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the
32

value of nutritional therapies in medicine

1 the beginning lay in here
1 2 2 1 the beginning

96
The flow of industry has passed and left idle the loom in the
atticthe soap kettle in the shed
(left idle the loom in the atticthe soap kettle in the shed=left the
loom in the atticthe soap kettle in the shed idle idle the
loomthe soap kettle )

1The flow of industry has passed

2left idle the loom in the attic
3the soap kettle in the shed
2 3
1 23
97
They are an example of a common theme in evolutionthe more or
less parallel development of different types of body structure and
function for the same reason--in this casefor flight
(the more or less parallel development of different types of body
structure and function for the same reason a common theme in
evolution )

1They are an example of a common theme in evolution
2the more or less parallel development of different types of
body structure and function for the same reason
3--in this casefor flight
2 3 3 2
1 2 2 1 theme
98
Indeedhad it not been for the superb preservation of these
fossilsthey might well have been classified as dinosaurs
( had it not been for the superb preservation of
these fossils if had if it had not been
for the superb preservation of these fossils)

1had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils

2they might well have been classified as dinosaurs
1 2

33

++
1+if it had not been for the superb
preservation of these fossils
1 2
99
Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions
were less than successfulthe ordinary course of economic
development was on the merchants' sideas increasing business
specialization became the order of the day
(as )

1Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and

auctions were less than successful
2the ordinary course of economic development was on the
merchants' side
3as increasing business specialization became the order of
the day
2 3 2 3
1 23
100
Not only did they cater to the governor and his circlebut citizens
from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions
of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of
justice
( not onlybut Not only did)

1Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle
2but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for
legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of
the courts of justice
1 2

+: They did not only cater to the governor and his

circle, but citizens from all over the colony (also) came to the capital
for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the
meetings of the courts of justice
101
As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporatesthe
water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating birdwhich adds
significant humidity to the incubation environment
(as )

34


1As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest
evaporates
2the water vapor rises
3the water vapor is heated by the incubating bird
4which adds significant humidity to the incubation
environment
2 3
1 23 1 23
4 123 which 123
102
The motivation derived from the textand in the case of
singingthe musicin combination with the performer's
skillspersonalityand ability to create empathy will determine the
success of artisticpoliticalor pedagogic communication
( the motivationandthe musicwill determine the
successin combination with)
()

1The motivation and the music will determine the success

2derived from the text
3in the case of singing
4in combination with the performer's skillspersonalityand
ability to create empathy
5of artisticpoliticalor pedagogic communication
1 2 2 motivation
1 4 2 14
1 5 5 1 success
103
How a speaker perceives the listener's receptivenessinterestor
sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of
presentationby encouraging or discouraging the speaker
(how a speaker perceives)

1How a speaker perceives the listener's

receptivenessinterestor sympathy in any given conversation
2can drastically alter
3the tone of presentation
4by encouraging or discouraging the speaker
123 1 2 3
4 123

35

104
Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic
sounds of the happyby constricted and harsh sound of the
angryand by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed
(evidence )

1Emotional health is evidenced in the voice

2by free and melodic sounds of the happy
3by constricted and harsh sound of the angry
4by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed
234
1 234
evidence

105
Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life
combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to
make schooling increasingly important for economic and social
mobility
( combined with)

1Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic life

2combined with
3a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise
4to make schooling increasingly important for economic and
social mobility
1 3 2
123 4 4
106
Kindergartensvacation schoolsextracurricular activitiesand vocational
education and counseling extended the influence of public schools over the
lives of studentsmany of whom in the larger industrial cities were the
children of immigrants
( many of whom students)

1Kindergartensvacation schoolsextracurricular activitiesand

vocational education and counseling extended the influence of public schools
over the lives of students
2many of whom in the larger industrial cities were the children of
immigrants
36

1 2

107
The canopythe upper level of the trees in the rain forestholds a plethora of
climbing mammals of moderately large sizewhich may include
monkeyscatscivetsand porcupines
( the upper level which may include climbing mammals)

1The canopy
2the upper level of the trees in the rain forestholds a plethora of
climbing mammals of moderately large size
3which may include monkeyscatscivetsand porcupines
1 2
2 3

108
The weight of a gibbon(a small ape)hanging below a branch arches the
terminal leaves down SO that fruitbearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's
face
( arch)
()

1The weight of a gibbon(a small ape)

2hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down
3SO that fruitbearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face
1 2
2 3

109
Finallyfor the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with
fruits or seeds an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be
problematicsince trees that yield these foods can be sparse
( supplementwith)

1for the many small mammals

2that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds an inability to
span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic
3since trees that yield these foods can be sparse
1 2
1 3

110
Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the
nineteenth centurymost of the writing about women conformed to the
great women theory of historyjust as much of mainstream American
history concentrated on great men
37

( as)
19

1Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women

during the nineteenth century
2most of the writing about women conformed to the great women
theory of history
3just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on great
men
1 23
23

111
The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth
century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau
stylecharacterized by sinuous linesfloral and vegetable motifsand soft
evanescent coloration
( marked bycharacterized by)
19 20

1The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth
century were
2marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style
3characterized by sinuous linesfloral and vegetable motifsand soft
evanescent coloration
2 3
1 23

112
Although its influence continued throughout the mid 1920s, it was eventually
to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had
been present since the turn of the century
( known as)
20 20

1Although its influence continued throughout the mid 1920s

2it was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as
Functionalism
3that had been present since the turn of the century
1 2
2 3

113
This new design conceptcoupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the
styles and conventions of the preceding decadescreated an entirely new
public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor
( coupled with)

38


1This new design concept
2coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and
conventions of the preceding decadescreated an entirely new public taste
3which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor
1 2
2 3

114
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal
abilitydecades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that
there is any category of natural leaders
( evidence that)

1Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal

ability
2decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence
3that there is any category of natural leaders
1 2
2 3

115
Furthermorealthough it is commonly supposed that social groups have a
single leaderresearch suggests that there are typically two different leader
ship roles that are held by different individuals
()

1Furthermorealthough it is commonly supposed that social groups

have a single leader
2research suggests
3that there are typically two different leader ship roles that are held by
different individuals
1 2
2 3

116
Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than
with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to
minimize tension and conflict among them
( lessthan)

1Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the
group
2than with providing emotional support to group members
39

 3and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them

1 23
2 3

117
Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiplestep tasks is
accomplished in a seriesparallel sequence
()

1Equally important is the fact

2that the execution of multiplestep tasks is accomplished in a series
parallel sequence
1 2

118
Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediateor
transitionalbetween land mammals and cetaceans
()

1Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate

2or transitional
3between land mammals and cetaceans
1 2
12 3

119
For examplepeople who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as
during wartimeare likely to act aggressivelywhereas people who believe
that a particular War or act of aggression is unjustwho think that aggression
is never justifiedare less likely to behave aggressively
(whereas )

1For examplepeople who believe that aggression is necessary and

justified-as during wartimeare likely to act aggressively
2whereas people who believe that a particular War or act of aggression
is unjust
3who think that aggression is never justified
4are less likely to behave aggressively
1 234
2 3
23 4

120
The Whigs were strongest in the townscitiesand those rural areas that
were fully integrated into the market economywhereas Democrats
dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and
40

languishing economically
(whereas )

1The Whigs were strongest in the townscities

2 and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market
economy
3whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming
4were more isolated and languishing economically
12 34
1 2
3 4

41