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Distance
into duct
x (m)
Area of the
2
duct A (m )
Static
head
h (m)
Velocity
V (m/s)
h1
0.00
490.9 10
h2
0.0603
151.7 10
h3
0.0687
109.4 10
h4
0.0726
89.9 10
h5
0.0811
78.5 10
h6
0.1415
490.9 10
-6
0.147
6.571 10
2.201 10
147.002 10
-6
0.146
21.266 103
23.050 106
146.023 103
-6
0.145
29.488 103
44.320 106
145.044 103
-6
0.141
35.884 10
65.631 10
141.066 10
-6
0.137
41.096 103
86.078 106
137.086 103
0.140
6.571 10
-6
Dynamic
head (m)
Total head
H (m)
2
h V / 2g
V / 2g
3
2.201 10
140.002 10
Distance
into duct
x (m)
Static
head
h (m)
Velocity
V (m/s)
-6
0.195
14.551 10
10.791 10
-6
0.195
90.994 103
-6
0.194
79.455 103
-6
0.194
65.292 10
217.284 10
-6
0.194
47.086 103
-6
0.194
14.551 10
Area of the
2
duct A (m )
h1
0.00
490.9 10
h2
0.0605
78.5 10
h3
0.0690
89.9 10
h4
0.0729
109.4 10
h5
0.0813
151.7 10
h6
0.1415
490.9 10
Dynamic
head (m)
Total head
H (m)
2
h V / 2g
V / 2g
3
10.791 10
195.011 10
194.217 10
194.011 10
Graph
140
138
136
134
132
0
194.5
194
193.5
193
0
Discussion
The main objective of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoulli
equation when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct and also to measure flow
rates and both static and total pressure head in a rigid convergent/divergent tube of known
geometry for a range of steady flow rates. As the liquid flow from a wider pipe to a smaller one,
the velocity of the liquid increases, this is shown with the formula
V=
Q
A
where Q is constant
and as the area (A) gets smaller the V will get bigger. The results that we collected prove that the
theory is correct.
The results from the experiment also show that the water slightly rises in some of the
tubes when pressure difference increases, in theory when the pressure difference increases the
static head should also increase. This proves that there are some errors during the experiment
such as reading error, timing error, and the pipe is not 100% filled with water (still has water
bubble trapped inside).
There are 4 assumptions made in Bernoullis equation:
a) The liquid is incompressible
b) The liquid is non-viscous
c) The flow is steady and the velocity of liquid is less than the critical velocity for the
liquid
d) The is no loss of energy due to friction
With water bubbles that trapped inside the pipe it can cause friction and loss of energy
will occurs which will change the reading of the experiment.
In convergent flow, water flows from the wider tube to the narrow tube and the total head
calculation shows that as the water flow to the narrower tube the total head decreases. In
divergent flow which water flows from the narrower tube to the wider tube, the total head
calculation shows that total head decreases as it flow from narrower tube to the wider tube.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the velocity of fluid will increase if the fluid is flowing from a wider to narrower
tube and will decrease in opposite case despite of the type of flow (divergent or convergent). The
dynamic head values for all case also increase as the velocity increases. The total head for
divergent flow has the lowest value at h5 and highest value at h1, while in convergent flow h1 has
the highest value and h5 has the lowest value. There are also some errors occurred during the
experiment which make the result less accurate.