Professional Documents
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Department of physics
Seminar Ib - 1. year, II. stage
MICROWAVE STEAM
PLASMA GASIFICATION
Author:
Klemen Ambroi
Mentor:
Dr. Toma Gyergyek
May 5th, 2015
Abstract
Principles of gasication have been developed for more then a century, and widely used during WWII, during fuel crisis in northern Europe. With fuel prices increasing, development on biomass gasication
has again regained interest. With development of new technologies in
high temperature physics, it has become possible not only to use biomass,
but also municipal waste as synthetic gas production material. With the
development of plasma incineration, a more environmentally sustainable
options of waste management have become available.
Microwave steam plasma gasication in particular oers all the benets of
current plasma gasication processes, with additional emphasis on hydrogen production and long continuous opeartion intervals, it presents itself
as a solution to many problems of todays society.
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Gasication of hydrocarbons
3 Microwave plasma
3.1 Theoretical model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Microwave waveguide and cavity resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
4
5
5 Current work
6 Conclusion
10
Introduction
Gasication of hydrocarbons
Ca Hb Oc + Heat
Ca,g Hb,g Oc,g +
Ca,l Hb,l Oc,l +
C
(1)
liquid
liquid
solid
(2)
Where - sign means that energy exits the system, and + sign denotes addition
of energy to system. If steam is introduced to solid carbon, it is also gasied
in an endothermic reaction, forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas
mixture is known as producergas. The process is described by equation 3:
C + H2 O CO + H2 + 131.0kJ/kmol
(3)
On the other hand, solid carbon can also be gasied by restricting the supply
of oxygen to the reaction, producing carbon monoxide (CO). The reaction is
described by equation 4.
C + 1/2O2 CO 110.5kJ/kmol
(4)
Microwave plasma
Development of microwave plasma sources date back to Second World War with
introduction of high power microwave sources for radar and communication
systems. This research led to development of various kilowatt-level microwave
sources, ranging from steady-state to pulsed mode microwave sources.
Microwave plasmas have much higher electron temperature, compared to DC or
RF plasmas. At kilowatt lever, the electron number density can be 7 1016 m13
at typical microwave frequency of 2.45 GHz. Microwave plasmas can operate
in a variety of gas pressures, ranging from 0.1 mPa to 105 Pa, depending on
the application. Due to their high electron densities, working gas in microwave
plasmas is highly dissociated and therefore chemically very reactive. The microwave plasma discharge is induced without any need for electrodes, reducing
contaminants and ion sputtering of the electrode, insuring a long service interval for such a device.
Microwave plasma generators are usually microwave coupled reactors, where
microwave power is fed into a tapered waveguide resonator (applicator), surrounding a dielectric tube (usually quartz), lled with working gas. Intense
electric elds in the applicator cause the gas to break down and maintain the
plasma. A typical microwave plasma setup can be observed in gure 2.
F = m
= eE
dt
(6)
is
where m is electron mass, c is the eective electron collision frequency, E
static background magnetic
the electric eld of the electromagnetic wave, and B
eld when present. We must also write down Maxwells equations:
0
E
(7)
=0
B
(8)
= B
E
t
(9)
= 0 J + 0 0 E
B
t
where the induced current can be described by Ohms law:
J = E
(10)
(11)
The solution can be expressed in the form of an EM wave propagation equation in terms of electric eld, with exponential attenuation coecient, given by
equation 12. The exponential attenuation is related to imaginary part of the
complex refractive index, given by equation 13.
E(z, t) = E0 exp(z)exp[i(t kz)]
(12)
1
where = 2, k = 2
and = , where is the attenuation coecient,
related to , which is the skin depth. We also dene complex refractive index
(13)
(14)
2
p,e
2
+ c2
(
)2
(
)2 1/2 1/2
2
2
2
p,e
p,e
1
+ 1 2
+ c2
2
2
2
2
+ c
+ c
(15)
(
1/2 1/2
(
)
)
(
)
2
2
2
2
2
p,e
p,e
p,e
1
c2
=
1 2
+
1
+ c2
2
2 + c2
2 2 + c2
2
(16)
In equation 16 we can observe the linkage between collision frequency c and
attenuation . As the colission frequency becomes negligible in comparison to
the frequency applied (c ), the attenuation index goes to 0.
n for the narrow side of the waveguide. A schematic of the waveguide can be
observed in gure 3.
2 LC
(18)
L
Z0 =
C
and input admittance by
Yin
1
+i
=
R
f
f0
f0
f
C
L
(19)
(20)
Steam microwave plasma torch is a microwave driven plasma discharge at atmospheric pressure, which uses high temperature steam as working gas. In
comparison with other types of plasma torches, microwave plasma oers a more
stable discharge at higher rates of dissociation and ionization of the working gas.
In the past, steam plasma torches also used an inert noble carrier gas, such as
argon, mixed with steam. This meant that the eciency of water disintegration
was much lower.
Figure 4: Pure steam microwave plasma torch schematic with main components.
A pure steam plasma would therefore be the best solutions. Such a device
was recently developed and its operation described by Han S. Uhm, Jong H.
Kim and Yong C. Hong [7], [8]. The torch mainly consists of a 2.45 GHz microwave magnetron with power output up to 2 kW, coupled via tapered waveguide resonator to the quartz tube, where high temperature steam is discharged
in a swirl by graphite or steel block, to create a vortex ow in the discharge
tube. The torch schematic, with its main components, can be observed in gure
4. Plasma temperatures of over 6000 K were measured and plasma density in
order of 1013 reached. Steam was generated by a commercially available steam
generator, originally intended as a carpet cleaner. The steam temperature at
the exit of the steam generator was around 160 C. The torch itself exhibited
two distinctive temperature regions: a bright, whitish high-temperature zone,
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Figure 5: Flame size inside discharge tube vs. applied microwave power[8].
Figure 6: Plasma ame temperature vs. axial distance from the discharge [8]..
Current work
Several test facilities have displayed successful operation in biomass and municipal waste conversion to syngas. Here, only few are described.
A performance analysis on solid waste gasication with plasma melting reactor
was described by Q.Zhang, L. Dor, L. [10]. However steam was added separately, not as a plasma working medium, which decreased overall eciency.
Nevertheless, useful data for further development of pure steam plasma gasication plant were obtained.
A solid bed, counter current updraft gasication reactor with capacity of 12-20
tons of municipal solid waste gasication per day was constructed in Northern
Israel, with a chamber on the bottom for vitried slag. Plasma torch was placed
at the bottom of the xed bed, where residual carbon was gasied, and slag removed to bottom chamber via gravitational pull. Air was injected as a mixture
9
with argon to the plasma torch for higher temperatures, and lower torch power
consumption. Temperatures were monitored, and feeding rates of air and steam
controlled by a central control system. In gure 8a a schematic of the plasma
reactor and on gure 8b a operation schematic is displayed.
operation
Figure 8
On the other hand, pure steam microwave plasma gasication facilities are
being developed by L. Ricketts and A. Shaw at Stopford Ltd. [11]. A successful
demonstration of a 2 kg/hr reactor was constructed and tested, for a large scale
operation reactor.
In 2012, a pilot plant was built in Monterey, Mexico by Plasma Gasication
Corp., utilizing microwave steam plasma gasication of biomass, such as municipal waste, and crop leftovers. The plant uses microwave plasma to create
carbon monoxide and hydrogen, with as much as 52% of the total output. Hydrogen is then used in liquid fuel production trough various chemical processes,
yielding fuel at prices of 30 $ per barrel, or even less, when waste if gasied.
The plant operates in a 10 ton per day trial, and yields a 3-fold increase in energy output, comparing to conventional incineration plants. All of the carbon
is gasied and minimal vitried slag leftover.
Conclusion
Microwave steam plasma gasication oers many benets for waste disposal,
both comparing to incineration and to landll disposal. It also oers retrieval of
raw material as well as producing combustible and strategically important gases
at minimal cost. Comparing to other types of biomass plasma gasication, it is
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also more reliable and less complicated, also suitable for smaller scale gasication
plants. Producing high hydrogen quantities from biomass and municipal waste,
where hydrogen being the fuel of the future, this type of gasication may be the
future solution for both energy and waste management crisis of today. This is
an incentive for further research and development.
References
[1] Kenneth Littlewood. Gasication: Theory and application. Progress in
Energy and Combustion Science, 3(1):35 71, 1977.
[2] G. Van Oost, M. Hrabovsky, V. Kopecky, M. Konrad, M. Hlina, and
T. Kavka. Pyrolysis/gasication of biomass for synthetic fuel production
using a hybrid gaswater stabilized plasma torch. Vacuum, 83(1):209 212,
2008.
[3] J.R. Roth. Industrial Plasma Engineering: Volume 1: Principles. Industrial Plasma Engineering. CRC Press, 1995.
[4] M.A. Heald and C.B. Wharton. Plasma diagnostics with microwaves. Wiley
series in plasma physics. Wiley, 1965.
[5] R. Podgornik and A. Vilfan. Elektromagnetno polje. Matematika - zika
: zbirka univerzitetnih ubenikov in monograj / DMFA - zalonitvo.
DMFA - zalonitvo, 2012.
[6] S.F. Adam. Microwave theory and applications, 21 laboratory experiments.
Prentice-Hall, 1969.
[7] Han S. Uhm, Jong H. Kim, and Yong C. Hong. Microwave steam torch.
Applied Physics Letters, 90(21):, 2007.
[8] Han S. Uhm, Jong H. Kim, and Yong C. Hong. Disintegration of water
molecules in a steam-plasma torch powered by microwaves. Physics of
Plasmas (1994-present), 14(7):, 2007.
[9] Dong Hun Shin, Yong Cheol Hong, Sang Ju Lee, Ye Jin Kim, Chang Hyun
Cho, Suk Hwal Ma, Se Min Chun, Bong Ju Lee, and Han Sup Uhm. A
pure steam microwave plasma torch: Gasication of powdered coal in the
plasma. Surface and Coatings Technology, 228, Supplement 1(0):S520
S523, 2013. Proceedings of the 8th Asian-European International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering (AEPSE 2011).
[10] Qinglin Zhang, Liran Dor, Lan Zhang, Weihong Yang, and Wlodzimierz
Blasiak. Performance analysis of municipal solid waste gasication with
steam in a plasma gasication melting reactor. Applied Energy, 98(0):219
229, 2012.
[11] Stopford Energy & Environment Ltd. Microwave-Induced Plasma Gasication & Pyrolisis for Treatment of Solid Fuels. IchemE, 2014.
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