INTERPHASE

Gap 1

S

Gap 2

Gap 0

MITOSIS P, M, A, T

Growth and repair

(body cells)

MEIOSIS

Reproduction (sex

cells)

Meiosis I Reduction

Meiosis II Division

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Integumentary System
Skin (cutaneous membrane)
2. Skin derivatives
1.

Sweat glands

Oil glands

Hair

Nails

Table 4.1 (1 of 2)

Table 4.1 (2 of 2)

Skin Structure

Epidermisouter layer

Stratified squamous epithelium

Often keratinized (hardened by keratin)

Dermis

Dense connective tissue

** Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is deep to

dermis

Not part of the skin

Anchors skin to underlying organs

Composed mostly of adipose tissue

Skin Structure

Layers of the Epidermis

Summary of layers from deepest to most

superficial
1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only)
5. Stratum corneum

Dermis

Two layers

Papillary layer (upper dermal region)

Projections called dermal papillae

Some contain capillary loops

Other house pain receptors and touch receptors

Reticular layer (deepest skin layer)

Blood vessels

Sweat and oil glands

Deep pressure receptors

Dermis

Overall dermis structure

Collagen and elastic fibers located throughout the

dermis

Collagen fibers give skin its toughness

Elastic fibers give skin elasticity

Blood vessels play a role in body temperature

regulation

Skin Structure

Normal Skin Color Determinants

Melanin

Yellow, brown, or black pigments

Carotene

Orange-yellow pigment

Hemoglobin

Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries

Oxygen content determines the extent of red

coloring

Skin Appendages

Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands

Sebaceous glands

Sweat glands

Hair

Hair follicles

Nails

Appendages of the Skin

Sebaceous glands

Produce oil

Lubricant for skin

Prevents brittle hair

Kills bacteria

Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others

open directly onto skin surface

Glands are activated at puberty

Appendages of the Skin

Appendages of the Skin

Sweat glands

Produce sweat

Widely distributed in skin

Two types

Eccrine

Open via duct to pore on skin surface

Apocrine

Ducts empty into hair follicles

Appendages of the Skin

Sweat and Its Function

Composition

Mostly water
Salts and vitamin C
Some metabolic waste
Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)

Function

Helps dissipate excess heat

Excretes waste products

Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth

Odor is from associated bacteria

Appendages of the Skin

Hair

Produced by hair follicle

Consists of hard

keratinized epithelial
cells

Melanocytes provide
pigment for hair color

Appendages of the Skin

10

Appendages of the Skin

Associated hair structures

Hair follicle

Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root

Arrector pili muscle

Smooth muscle

Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened

Sebaceous gland

Sweat gland

Appendages of the Skin

11

Appendages of the Skin

Nails

Scale-like modifications of the epidermis

Heavily keratinized

Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed

Responsible for growth

Lack of pigment makes them colorless

Appendages of the Skin

Nail structures

Free edge

Body is the visible attached portion

Root of nail embedded in skin

Cuticle is the proximal nail fold that projects onto

the nail body

12

Appendages of the Skin

www.cksu.com

www.lotusimprints.com

13

The Skeletal System

Parts of the skeletal system
1. Bones (skeleton)
2. Joints
3. Cartilages
4. Ligaments (bone to bone) and tendon (bone
to muscle)

Divided into two divisions

1. Axial skeleton skull, vertebral column
2. Appendicular skeleton limbs and girdle
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Functions of Bones
1. Support of the body
2. Protection of soft organs
3. Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
4. Storage of minerals and fats
5. Blood cell formation
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14

Figure 5.1
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Types of Bone Cells

Osteocytes - mature bone cells
Osteoblasts - bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts - bone-destroying cells
o Break down bone matrix for remodelling and
release of calcium

Bone remodelling is a process by both

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

15


Axial skeleton longitudinal

part of the body

1. skull (cranium and facial bones) +
hyoid bone (anchors tongue and
muscles associated with swallowing)
2. vertebral column (vertebrae and
disks)
3. thorax (ribs and sternum)

16

17


Appendicular skeleton:

1. pectoral girdle (clavicle,

scapula) + upper limbs
(arms)
2. pelvic girdle + lower
limbs (legs)

18

The Muscular System

Muscles are responsible for movement of the

body.

Only body tissue able to contract

Create movement by flexing and extending joints

Muscle cells contain mitochondria

Types of muscle

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

19

Types of Muscles

Three types of muscle

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

20

Classification of Muscle
Skeletal
Cardiac
found in limbs found in heart

Smooth
Found in
viscera

Striated, multi- Striated,

nucleated
1 nucleus

Not striated,
1 nucleus

voluntary

involuntary

involuntary

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary movement of skeletal parts

Spans joints and attached to skeleton

Multi-nucleated, striated, cylindrical fibres

21

Smooth muscle

Found in walls of

hollow internal
organs

Involuntary
movement of internal
organs

Elongated, spindle
shaped fibre with
single nucleus

Cardiac muscle

Found in the heart

Involuntary rhythmic

contraction

Branched, striated
fibre with single
nucleus and
intercalated discs

22

Where Does the Energy Come

From?

Energy is stored in the muscles in the form of ATP

ATP comes from the breakdown of glucose during

cellular respiration

This all happens in the mitochondria of the cell

When a muscle is fatigued (tired) it is unable to

contract because of lack of Oxygen

How are Muscles Attached to Bone?

Muscles are always attached to at least 2 points

Origin - attachment that moves the least

Insertion - attachment that moves the most

Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an

attached bone.

23

Muscle Attachments
Insertion

Origin

THE SLIDING FILAMENT

THEORY

24

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