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Catalogue of Synopses of
International S&T Cooperation (INCO)

projects on challenges in
Fisheries, Coastal Zones, Wetlands and Aquaculture
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ISSN 1025-3971
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II
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Catalogue of Synopses of
International S&T Cooperation (INCO)
projects on challenges in
Fisheries, Coastal Zones, Wetlands and Aquaculture
Nuria Estrella Santos and Cornelia E. Nauen
(Editors)
2008

International Cooperation
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IV
Abstract
This catalogue is a compilation of information sheets on 91 collaborative research and research support projects on fisheries, aquaculture, coastal zone and wetland issues, which were supported by successive INCO
Programmes since 1994. The projects responded to calls for proposals in the 4th, 5th and 6th Research
Framework Programmes (FPs, respectively 1994-1998, 1998-2002, and 2002-2006) in the context of specific
international cooperation and were competitively selected for funding. There were a total of 634 contractors
(298 team participations from Europe and 336 of INCO partner countries) for a total FP investment of more than
EUR 66 million. Each project sheet contains extensive information about the project, its partners and results,
thus providing a map of scientific excellence.
For bibliographical purposes this catalogue should be cited as follows:

Estrella Santos, N. and C.E. Nauen (eds.), 2008. Catalogue of synopses of
International S&T Cooperation (INCO) projects on challenges in fisheries, coastal zones, wetlands and aquaculture. ACP-EU Fish.Res.Rep., (17):292 p.
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
Introduction
Sustainable management of
renewable marine resources - a comparative study of
management systems and
markets in Northwest African cephalopod fisheries
Impacts of Environmental
Forcing on Marine Biodiversity and Sustainable Management of Artisanal and
Industrial Fisheries in the
Gulf of Guinea
FISHERIES
Natural variability of a coastal upwelling system and

small pelagic fish stocks
Underpinning
sustainable
ecosystem
management
of seaweed resources in Africa: expanding the seaweed
database
10
Improving the Utilisation

and Quality of Low-Value
Fish by Processing
KNOWFISH
Knowledge in fisheries management
36
38
FISHGOVFOOD
14
Fisheries Governance and

Food Security: North and
South in Concert
LAKE MALAWI
CONSDEV
The trophic ecology of the

demersal fish community
of Lake Malawi/Niassa, Central Africa
Coherence of Conservation
and Development Policies of
Coastal and Marine Protected Areas (West Africa)
17
ENVIFISH
TREMKIT
Environmental
conditions
and fluctuations in recruitment and distribution of
Development of a diagnostic
tool for the detection of fishborne trematodes
19
23
CHINAFISH
VII
33
LowValueFish
Strategies for partitioning

the productivity of Asian
reservoirs and lakes between
capture fisheries and aquaculture for social benefit and
local market without negative environmental impacts
Chinese Freshwater Fishes:

Training and workshop on
Research Priorities in Fish
Biology and Informatics at
the Aquatic Frontier
31
SEAWEED Africa
FISHSTRAT
Sustainable
development
of continental fisheries: a
regional study of policy options and policy formation
mechanisms for the Lake
Chad Basin
28
NATFISH
ECOPATH
Placing fisheries resources
in their ecosystem context:
cooperation,
comparisons
and human impact
International Workshop on
Information Systems for Policy and Technical Support in
Fisheries and Aquaculture
26
42
46
49
ENJEUX
La recherche halieutique et le
dveloppement durable des
ressources naturelles marines de lAfrique de lOuest:
Quels enjeux?
54
EIFAC
Symposium on Inland Fisheries Management and the
Aquatic Environment, Windermere, United Kingdom, 12
- 15 June 2002
56
Gender
Room to Manoeuvre: Gender
and Coping Strategies in the
Fisheries Sector
Damage of coral reefs by
recreational activities - restoration strategies and the
development of novel markers for environmental stress
COASTAL ZONES
Development of methodologies for the assessment and

management of groundwater resources and risks in
coastal zones
58
83
INVASS
62
64
GROFLO
Anthropogenically induced
changes in groundwater
outflow and quality, and the
functioning of Eastern African nearshore ecosystems
67
Interdisciplinary methodologies for the sustainable use

and management of coastal
resource systems: EU-ASEAN
coastal transect applications
69
The impact of invasive grass

species on the structure,
function and sustainable
use of coastal and inland
sand dune ecosystems in
Southern Africa
85
PREDICT
Prediction of the resilience
and recovery of disturbed
coastal communities in the
tropics
87
Toxic Cyano Bacteria
CUU-LONG
The Cuu-Long project on the
Mekong Delta Vietnam Pilot phase 1996-1998
Control of bacterial regrowth

in water supply distribution
systems in water-short European and Mediterranean
countries
72
Occurence of toxic cyanobacteria waterblooms - impact

on water environments and
potential human health risk.
Environmental, physiological and genetic mechanisms
involved in toxins production
90
Assessment of mangrove
degradation and resilience
in the Indian subcontinent:
the cases of Godavari estuary and South-west Sri Lanka
93
MEAM
COASTIN
Macrobenthos of Eastern African mangroves - life cycles

and reproduction biology of
exploited species
Measuring, monitoring and

managing
sustainability:
The coastal dimension
96
Appropriate
marine
resource management and
conflict resolution in island
ecosystems. Test case: marine invertebrates and the
co-existence of conservation, tourism and fisheries
interests
99
Sustainable environmental
management strategies in
South China - towards 2000
and beyond - a case study in
Shenzhen
Water management, land
development and economic
diversification in Southeast
Asian deltas
VIII
75
78
81
ESTABLISH
Estuarine Specific Transport and Biogeochemically
linked interactions for selected heavy Metals and Radionuclides
102
Caspian Scientific Network
105
MMM
Meeting on mangrove macrobenthos
108
BIOSET
Biodiversity and Sustainable Exploitation in Tropical
Coastal Ecosystems
110
CoralReef
Policy options for the sustainable use of coral reefs
and associated coastal ecosystems
112
ECOSUD
Estuaries and coastal areas.
Basis and tools for a more
sustainable development
114
CATCHMENT2COAST
Research into modelling of
the impacts of river catchment developments on the
sustainability of coastal
resources, which support
urban and rural economies:
the case study of Maputo
Bay Incomati River
118
121
123
PASARELAS
Discovery Modelling Mediation Deliberation InterfaceTools for Multistakeholder
Knowledge Partnerships for
the Sustainable Management of Marine Resources
and Coastal Zones
Peri-urban mangrove forests

as filters and potential phytoremediators of domestic
sewage in east Africa
130
SPEAR
Sustainable options for people, catchment and aquatic
resources
132
TRANSMAP
Transboundary networks of
marine protected areas for
integrated conservation and
sustainable development:
Biophysical, socio-economic
and governance assessment
in East Africa
Mangrove ecosystems, communities and conflict: developing knowledge-based

approaches to reconcile
multiple demands
Ecosystems, Societies, Consilience, Precautionary principle: Development of an

assessment method of the
societal cost for best fishing practices and efficient
public policies
Cross Sectoral Commons

Governance in Southern Africa
139
144
147
150
INCOFISH
Integrating multiple demands on coastal zones
with emphasis on aquatic
ecosystems and fisheries
154
TBT-IMPACT
127
Assessing impacts of TBT

on multiple coastal uses
IX
Main Uses of the Grey mullet as Indicator of Littoral

environmental changes
169
CROSCOG
CENSOR
Climate variability and El
Nio Southern Oscillation:
Implications for natural
coastal resources and management
164
MUGIL
ECOST
ECOMANAGE
Integrated Ecological Coastal Zone Management System
PUMPSEA
Developing ubiquitous practices for restoration of Indo

Pacific reefs
MANGROVE
ECOFISH
Enhancing the outreach of
aquatic biodiversity and
ecosystem research in support of the transition towards global sustainability
REEFRES
160
171
CASSARINA
LLANOS
Change, stress and sustainability - aquatic ecosystem

resilience in North Africa
Ecological bases for the

sustainable management of
flooded tropical ecosystems
- case studies in the Llanos,
Venezuela and the Pantanal,
Brazil
Geo - environmental dynamics of Pantanal - Chaco:

multitemporal study and
previsional modelling
176
179
SALVINIA
WETLANDS
Management of aquatic vegetation in the Lower Senegal

River Basin
181
Natural resource functions,

biodiversity and sustainable
management of tropical wetlands
Organic Pond
Characterisation, utilisation
and maintenance of biological diversity for the diversification and sustainability of
catfish culture in South-East
Asia
Analysis and management

of organic matter and nitrogen in aquaculture ponds
for a minimal waste production and optimal efficiency
AQUATOXSAL
AQUACULTURE
EUTROP
CATFISH
206
Aquaculture
management
and ecological interaction of
noxious phytoplankton developments in the south of
Latin America
SCALLOPS
Improvements of scallop
production in rural areas
212
MUDCRAB
Sustainable production of
mud crab Scylla sp. through
stock enhancement in mangroves
The potential of periphytonbased aquaculture systems

in South Asia
Development of bio-encapsulated feed for larval fish

based on nutritionally enriched nematodes
216
223
226
REAQWO
228
ARTEMIA
Artemia biodiversity: Current global resources and
their sustainable exploitation
220
GLAIKIT
Responsible Aquaculture: a
world research and technological challenge
PAISA
218
NEMATODES
Global aquaculture: identification of key international

research themes
214
187
Chinese Bays
Carrying capacity and impact of aquaculture on the
environment in Chinese bays
208
184
230
Coastal and inland wetlands

in China and Pakistan: Colonial waterbirds as bioindicators of pollutant levels and
effects
MELMARINA
190
ECOTOOLS
Tools for wetland ecosystem resource management
in Eastern Africa
198
INREP
193
FINGERPONDS
The dynamics and evaluation of finger ponds in East
African freshwater wetland
ecotones using appropriate
fish production techniques
Monitoring
and
modelling coastal lagoons: making management tools for
aquatic resources in north
Africa
Institutions and research

for the Pantanal: towards a
bi-regional research agenda
to support policy institutions, legal frameworks and
social action
200
196
EPIFIGHT
ASIARESIST
PAPUSSA
Control of epiphytism in
Gracilaria chilensis mariculture 233
Hazard analysis of antimicrobial resistance associated with Asian aquacultural

environments
Production in aquatic periurban systems in southeast

Asia
CAMS
Culture and management of
Scylla spp.
235
PORESSFA
239
Policy research for sustainable shrimp farming in Asia:

a comparative analysis of
Bangladesh, India, Thailand,
and Vietnam with particular
reference to institutional
and socio-economic aspects
IMMUNAQUA
Anti-infectious immune effectors in marine invertebrates: characterization and
application for disease control in aquaculture
Aquachallenge
New native fish species for

Asian aquaculture: conserving natural genetic reserves
and increasing options for
sustainable use of aquatic
resources
Aquaculture challenge-Asia:
International workshop to
discuss strategies to achieve
the goals of sustainable
aquaculture,
high-quality
environmentally acceptable
products, with current technological, scientific and environment
ZAFIRA
Zero discharge aquaculture
by farming in integrated recirculating systems in Asia
245
Improved resource use efficiency in Asian integrated

pond-dike systems
251
XI
271
274
PHILMINAQ
Mitigating impact from
aquaculture in the Philippines
259
262
MAMAS
Managing Agrochemicals in
Multi-use Aquatic Systems
PONDLIVE
AqASEM
ASEM Aquaculture Platform
ECOCARP
242
257
265
279
BOMOSA
Integrating BOMOSA cage
fish farming system in reservoirs, ponds and temporary water bodies in Eastern
Africa
281
Index of institutions
by country
284
Introduction
European International S&T Cooperation

(INCO) has - through successive
Framework Programmes (FP4, FP5 and
FP6) between 1994 and 2006 - focused
largely on contributing to meeting basic needs in international cooperation
partner countries and regions. It did so
by promoting scientific partnerships
based on mutual interest and benefits. In the broadly interpreted area
of living aquatic resources and their
ecosystems, it has pursued the twin
concern for contributing scientifically
validated knowledge to addressing sustainable use of resource systems and
for strengthening scientific capacity
reflecting the broader dual mandate of
the INCO Programme.
Since the run-up to the United Nations
Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), Rio de Janeiro,
3-14 June 1992, commonly known as
the Rio Earth Summit, environmental awareness has grown significantly.
Perceptions about what are acceptable
ways to organise human societies relations with nature and here particularly
the marine, coastal and freshwater environments, their living resources and
associated ecosystems vary in different
parts of the world and keep evolving.
Perceptions have thus shifted over the
years from an approach of dominated
by resource exploitation towards one
that now puts biodiversity preservation and restoration of badly degraded
marine ecosystems at the centre of the
international political agenda. This is
reflected in the Johannesburg Plan of
Implementation (JPoI) decided by Heads
of State and Government at the World
Summit on Sustainable Development in
2002 and Jakarta Mandate centred on
ecosystem approaches adopted back in
1995 in the context of the Convention
on Biological Diversity (CBD).
Awareness of the often dominant role
of international trade in shaping use
patterns is rising in areas of work, long
dominated by the biological sciences.
As is the realisation of the social and
political issues of participation and inclusiveness of populations relying more

directly on the use of aquatic resources
for their livelihoods, but not necessarily
well represented in international negotiation fora. As more dimensions of the
sustainability concept are considered
and start being practically integrated,
research approaches become more integrated as well and pay more explicit
attention to relating to citizens.
Facilitating access to scientific knowledge and competence
As part of the European Commissions
commitment to improving the quality,
relevance and impact of research, this
catalogue is intended to enhance accessibility to research activities and their
results. It provides an easy entry into
more than 10 years of international cooperative research and work on aquatic
and coastal ecosystems in Africa, the
Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP), Asia,
Latin America, the Mediterranean and
Eastern Europe/Central Asia mobilising international teams that brought
together competence and knowledge
from Europe and its international cooperation partner countries.
The projects reflect responsiveness to
the internationally set targets, which
are actively supported by European
policies. Among these targets are the
significant reduction of the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010 adopted by the
CDB, the restoration of degraded marine ecosystems to the extent possible
by the year 2015 putting emphasis on
the creation of networks of marine
protected areas by 2012 (JPoI), and the
support of the elaboration of codes of
conduct for sustainable aquaculture
(FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries and Bangkok Declaration).
They are explicit attempts to produce
knowledge towards answers that enable action in relation to these political
goals and international agreements and
the challenges associated with putting
them in practice.
The 91 projects included here and representing a public investment of more than
EUR 66 million, have been important not
only for the relevance of the topics being researched, but also because they
have served as a launch pad for many
young European and partner countries
scientists. A word of caution is in order: while indispensable, science alone
cannot ensure the necessary transition
towards sustainable development on local, regional and global scales. As has
been discussed elsewhere (e.g. Nauen,
2005)1, impact of research at project
level depends on trust between social
actors, perceived relevance and capacity to communicate. But for projects to
truly impact on change according to sustainability agendas, policies have to be
in place and acted upon in all countries
concerned. This requires development
and strengthening of human and institutional capacities at the different levels
combined with enabling infrastructure.
There were a total of 634 contractors
(298 from Europe and 336 of INCO partner countries). The overall number of
mobilised participants is substantially
larger as most contractors have fielded
teams, not only individuals. In addition,
in the case of Accompanying Measures
(FP4/5) and Specific Support Actions
(FP6) a single legal entity could submit and manage a project, even though
many more people would be mobilised (e.g. for conferences/workshops).
Taken together, the distribution of participants provides a map of competence
of human and institutional resources in
the area of aquatic resources covered in
the catalogue. Some preliminary lessons
from these projects and their findings
have been drawn as a result of a questionnaire survey conducted in 20072.
Structure and content of the catalogue
This catalogue is structured into four
thematic areas which reflect the evolving
nature of the INCO work programmes
and the increasingly complex nature of
the problems addressed and which are
sometimes on the borderline between
classifications. Projects are in numerical order of Framework Programme and

contract. Additional indexes, e.g. by
country, should further facilitate use.
Each individual sheet provides the
following information: Project title, acronym (where applicable), the
Framework Programme, period, duration and type of project, coordinator
and website (where applicable). The information on project content, updated
to 31 July 2008, is structured according
to the following sub-headings:
Context and objectives This section contextualises the societal or

scientific problem the project has
addressed and what its researchable objectives were;
Activities This section summarises activities developed to address

the objectives, often with brief references to basic methodology used;
Results and outcomes The principal attention is placed on presenting

results and possibly some impact
beyond the research group itself;
Selected publications The emphasis is here on peer-reviewed

scientific publications with only the
occasional inclusion of major conference presentations or books.
Contact details Names and contact details of the coordinator and

leaders of other contracted teams
are given to facilitate direct contact
when readers want more in-depth
information.
Acknowledgement: We thank the project coordinators and contractors for

their time and effort in helping to prepare the updated catalogue pages.
Nuria Estrella
and Cornelia E. Nauen
Nauen, C.E. (ed.), 2005. Increasing Impact of the EUs

International S&T Cooperation for the transition towards
sustainable development. Luxemburg, Office of Official
Publications of the European Communities, 26 p.
2
Nauen, C.E., 2008. Ten years of international scientific
cooperation in fisheries, aquaculture and coastal zones
some preliminary lessons. Environment, Development and
Sustainability, 10:605-622. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-008-9153-4.
NB: This paper refers to 90 projects the 91st came on-stream
too late for being incorporated in the review.
1
INCO - 4TH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME
Sustainable management of renewable

marine resources - a comparative study
of management systems and markets in
Northwest African cephalopod fisheries
Context and objectives
The project studied the regulation of
the various production systems that
exist in the context of the Moroccan,
Mauritanian and Senegalese cephalopod
fisheries. Bringing together researchers
from both natural and social sciences,
the project aimed to document and
analyse the dynamics of the interactions
which exist between the production
and management systems. The project
took a comparative approach analysing
the dynamics particular to each countrys situation and using these as the
basis for a discussion of methods to
enhance sustainable management of
the resources. The ultimate aim of the
project was to identify ways in which
current management systems might be
improved so as to safeguard the natural
resources and the exploitation systems
based upon them.
Activities
The project proceeded via 3 major work
phases. In the first phase, researchers
developed a multi-disciplinary synthesis of the concept of sustainable
management. This synthesis was constructed on discipline-based views of
the sustainability concept (law, economics, sociology, biology) as well as
the viewpoints of those involved with
the management of the fishery (ie.
ministries) in order to develop and
promulgate the concept of sustainable
management in these fisheries.
The second phase sought to define the
cephalopod fishing system by taking
a historical perspective of the dynamics of the fishery. This was an essential
phase since clearly successful management relies upon identifying a discrete
management unit. However, this was
often easier said than done, especially
when a wider perspective than the fish
stock itself is taken.
The third phase sought to evaluate effects that have been induced by different
management systems with respect to the
concept of sustainable management.
Project Number
and Framework Programme
IC18960064
4th Framework Programme
Results and Outcome

The cephalopod fisheries of Northwest
Africa represent the most valuable of
the fishery resources of the region and
its study offered several key insights. In
common with other fisheries, it is the
most valuable stocks which are most in
need of management. If management is
to be sustainable then there is a need
to take into account not only the biological condition of the fish stock but
also the economic, social and legal circumstances under which the fishery is
pursued to complement the focus on biological aspects of most prior research
efforts in the region. The major benefit
of this project has been to widen the
scope of research, thereby extending
the knowledge based on which management systems might be developed
or refined. It was also confirmed that
social-science research provides a necessary but insufficient perspective to
inform sustainable management.
Duration and Type of Project
01/03/1997 to 31/08/1998 (18 months)

Joint Research Project
Coordinator
Dr. Pierre Failler
University of Portsmouth
CEMARE
United Kingdom
The results of the project have a number of impacts at the regional level: At
the management level, each of the administrations has a broader range of
analytical means to explore management options. In addition, interactions
between the fisheries, especially at the
market level, have been made explicit,
laying the base for concerted management measures. Indirect benefits could
have accrued as well to EU fishermen
engaged in the fisheries (to the extent
access to the results is ensured) and
consumers of imported cephalopods.
Contacts
The project involved a significant exchange of expertise between European

and West African partners with ascertained capacity strengthening in the
NW African research institutes and
also enhanced intra- and inter-regional
scientific cooperation. Partners have
developed both within their own disciplines, especially in the social sciences,
and by being confronted with different
disciplinary approaches.
Follow-up and major outcomes

The project was followed-up by a
workshop on Intentionally oriented
fisheries: modes of governance and
development (held in Lisbon, May
1999) that focused on the institutional
aspects of fishery governance and the
influences of the international market
on fishery development as well. The
main outcome of the project was the
use of the results in the design of the
management plan of the cephalopod
fishery in Mauritania in 2003.
Selected Publications
Dme, M., 2000. International markets and
sustainability of marine resources: The case of
the Senegalese small-scale fisheries. pp. 43-46 In:
U.R.Sumaila, R. Chuenpagdee & M. Vasconcellos
(eds.). Proceedings of the INCO-DC International
Workshop on Markets, Global Fisheries and
Development,Bergen, Norway, 22-23 March 1999.
Brussels, ACP-EU Fish.Res. Rep., (7).
Dme, M., 2002. Rentabilit conomique et
financire des pcheries cphalopodires
artisanales sngalaises. pp.169-188. In
Caverivire, A., M. Thiam & D. Jouffre (eds.). Le
poulpe Octopus vulgaris. Paris, Editions IRD.
des Clers, S. & P. Failler, 1999. Aspects socioconomiques des pcheries. pp. 42-49 In:
Chavance, P. et C. Inejih (ds.). Evaluation des
stocks et des pcheries mauritaniennes: Voies
de dveloppement et damnagement. CNROP,
COPACE, Rome, FAO Publications.
Failler, P. & J. Catanzano, 2000. Sustainability
through economics. International Institute for
Fishery Economics and Trade (IIFET), Corvalis,
USA, 10-14 juillet 2000. Contribution to the
IIFET Conference.
Failler, P., 2002. Analyse comparative des
pcheries de poulpe en Afrique de lOuest. pp.
189-212 In Caverire et al. (ds.). Le poulpe
commun, Octopus vulgaris, des ctes nord-ouest
africaines. Paris, Editions IRD.
Failler, P., 2002. Lamnagement des pcheries
de cphalopodes en Afrique de lOuest. pp.
135-153 In: O/Zamel, M.E.L.M., N.S. Bangoura
& Diagana (eds.). Dynamique de gestion des
ressources halieutiques en Afrique de lOuest.
Acte du colloque de la Commission SousRgionale des Pches, 20-23 Novembre 2000.
FAO/IRD/CSRP/CIDA.
Failler, P., A. Idelhaj, C. Inehji, M. Deme, 2004.
Un quart de sicle de gestion de cphalopodes
en Afrique de lOuest. pp. 455-474 In Chavance,
P. et al. (eds.). Editions IRD et Commission
Europenne.
Failler, P. 2004. La cogestion: aspects
institutionnels, contractuels et conomiques: Le
cas de la pche au poulpe en RIM et de la pche
au crabe au Canada. Sminaire AFD/MPM/FIBA/
CNROP, Nouadhibou, Mauritanie, 16-18 fvrier
2002. pp. 89-103 In Anonyme. Lamnagement
des pcheries mauritaniennes.
Coordinator
Pierre Failler
CEMARE
Boat House No 6, College Road
H.M. Naval Base
Portsmouth PO1 3LJ
United Kingdom
E-M: pierre.failler@port.ac.uk
Tel: +44 2392 84 40 85

Fax: +44 2392 84 46 14
Partners
Ismaila Thiam
lInstitut Mauritanien de Recherche
Ocanographique et de Pche (IMROP)
PO Box 22
Nouadhibou
Mauritania
E-M: E-mail: thiamismaila@yahoo.fr
Moustapha Dme
Centre de Recherche
Ocanographiques de Dakar-Thiaroye
(CRODT)
PO Box 2241
Dakar
Senegal
E-M : sarr@isra.crodt.sn
Abdel Idelhaj
Office National des Pches
2 Rue de Tiznit
Casablanca
Morocco
Joseph Catanzano1
Institut de Recherche pour le
Dveloppement
Avenue Agropolis
BP 5045
34032 Montpellier
France
E-M: sc.iddra@agropolis.fr
Address at point of printing: IDDRA Agropolis International

Avenue Agropolis 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
sc.iddra@agropolis.fr
Impacts of Environmental Forcing on Marine

Biodiversity and Sustainable Management of
Artisanal and Industrial Fisheries in the Gulf
of Guinea
Context and Objectives
Activities
The general objectives of this project

were to assess the impacts of upwelling and other forms of environmental
forcing on marine biodiversity and the
dynamics of artisanal and industrial
fisheries and to develop and implement
an information and analysis system for
the sustainable management and governance of fisheries resources in the
Gulf of Guinea, West Africa.
Activities followed six work packages:

1. Detection of space and time scales
over which environmental forcing
could be measured; identification
of biophysical structures.
Project Number
IC18CT960094

2. Generation of testable hypothesis
regarding interannual variability
and ecosystem behaviour.
3. Parameterisation, modelling
sensitivity analysis.
01/11/1996 to 31/10/1998 (24 months)

and
4. Development
and
implementation of a Fisheries Information and
Analysis System (FIAS).
Coordinator
Prof. Jacqueline M. McGlade
Centre for Coastal and Marine Sciences
United Kingdom
5. Establishment of a research and development (R&D) network.
Results and outcome

Environmental forcing and variability
were described from a variety of data
sets and system structure was defined.
Structure and behaviour of demersal
fish assemblages were investigated
and links between environmental forcing and fisheries productivity (pelagic
and demersal) were noted. An individual-based model has been developed to
further investigate size-structured fish
community dynamics and this is currently being tested. The collaborative
work involved in the project has resulted in the establishment of a research
and development network in the Gulf
of Guinea region. Much of the data used
in this study is to be used in a FIAS for
the Gulf of Guinea region. This project
has fulfilled its objectives and provided
a number of interesting advances in the
understanding of environmental forcing in the Gulf of Guinea region and its
relation to fisheries productivity and
biodiversity. These are as follows:
Identification of surface oceanographic features of relevance to fisheries

recruitment and descriptions of seasonal and interannual variability in
environmental parameters.
Definition of boundary structures
for the physical system of the Gulf
of Guinea and validation of its
subsystems.
Identification of environmental and
climatic forcing functions, particularly the role of global/basin scale
climate modes.
Definition of demersal assemblage
structure and description of variability in these assemblages.
Elucidation of the relationship
between environmental forcing
functions and variability in pelagic
and demersal fish populations.
Molecular level description of the

population structure of certain
commercially important species
showing evolutionary divergence
between the Gulf of Guinea and other regions, but no clearly defined
spatial structuring of populations
within the Gulf of Guinea.
Aggregation and processing of a
large amount of historical data for
integration into FIAS and the development of expert system rules for
inclusion in SimCoastTM pertaining
to the sustainable development of
fisheries in the Gulf of Guinea.
The establishment of a collaborative
R&D network with other organisations
and projects operating throughout
the Gulf of Guinea region.
Additionally, through the project

dissemination workshop and other conferences, the results of this project have
been widely disseminated. A large number of research papers have emanated
from the project and have either been
published or accepted for publication,
many in a special book derived from the
dissemination workshop. Furthermore,
the project has contributed to five PhD
and one MSc degrees. Therefore, the
project has, overall, been a success and
an important milestone in furthering
understanding of the marine environment of the Gulf of Guinea region.
The major literature contribution from
this project is a book, deriving from the
dissemination workshop of the project. It
contains 28 papers, 17 of which are from
scientists involved with this project.
McGlade, J.M., K. Koranteng, P. Cury & N.
Hardman-Mountford (eds.), 2002. The Gulf of
Guinea Ecosystem. Environmental forcing &
sustainable development of marine resources.
Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Additional Publications:
Bianchi, G., H. Gislason, K. Graham, L. Hill,
K. Koranteng, S. Manichkand-Heileman, I.
Paya, K. Sainsbury, F. Sanchez, X. Jin & K.C.T.
Zwanenburg, 2000. Impacts of fishing on the
size composition and diversity of demersal fish
communities. ICES Journal of Marine Science,
57:558-571.
Cury P., A. Bakun, R.J.M. Crawford, A. JarreTeichmann, R.A. Quiones, L.J. Shannon
& H.M. Verheye, 2000. Small pelagics in
upwelling systems: Patterns of interaction and
structural changes in wasp-waist ecosystems.
Academic Press, ICES Journal of Marine Science,
Symposium Edition, 57(3):603-618.
Dedah, S.O., 1996. The Dakar Dialogue: moves
to strengthen fisheries research in the countries
of West and Central Africa. EC Fisheries
Cooperation Bulletin, 9(2):12-15.
Demarcq, H. & V. Faur, 2000. Coastal upwelling
and associated retention indices derived from
SST; Application to Octopus vulgaris recruitment.
Oceanologica Acta, 4:23.
Hardman-Mountford, N. J., K.A. Koranteng &
A.R.G. Price, 2000. The Gulf of Guinea Large
Marine Ecosystem. pp. 129-152 In C. Sheppard,
(ed.). Seas at the Millenium: An Environmental
Evaluation. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Koranteng, K.A., 1997. Marine fishery resources
of Ghanas Coastal Zone. pp. 181-186. In S.M.
Evans, C.J. Vanderpuye and A.K. Armah (eds.).
The Coastal Zone of West Africa: Problems and
Management. Penshaw Press, UK.
Koranteng, K.A. 2001. Structure and dynamics of
demersal assemblages on the continental shelf
and upper slope off Ghana, West Africa. Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser. 220:1-12.
Koranteng, K.A. & O. Pezennec, 1998. Variability
and Trends in Environmental Time Series along
the Ivorian and Ghanaian Coasts. pp. 167-177
In M.-H. Durand, et al. (eds.), Global versus
Local Changes in Upwelling Systems. ORSTOM
Editions, Paris.
Koranteng, K.A., J.M. McGlade & B. Samb, 1996.
Review of the Canary Current and Guinea
Current Large Marine Ecosystems. pp. 61-84 In:
ACP-EU Fisheries Research Initiative. Proceedings
of the Second Dialogue Meeting, Western and
Central Africa, the Comoros and the European
Union. ACP-EU Fisheries Research Reports, 2.
Contacts
Leloeuff, P., J. Konan, G. Zabi & R. von Cosel,

2000. Lcosystme benthique au large de grandbassam (Cte dIvoire) situations compares en
saisons froides 1969 et 1998 (rsultats de la
campagne Benchaci, 15-17 aot 1998. Doc. Sci. et
Tech. du Centre IRD de Bretagne 85:43p.
Menard, F., J. Hpffner, V. Nordstrm, T. Joanny
& J. Konan, 2001. A database for the industrial
trawl fishery of Cte dIvoire. Naga, ICLARM Q,.
24(3&4):35-39.
Shin, Y.J. & P. Cury, 1999. OSMOSE: A
multispecies individual-based model to
explore the functional role of biodiversity in
marine ecosystems. pp 593-607 In Ecosystem
Approaches for Fisheries Management.
University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-99-01,
Fairbanks.
Shin, Y.J. & P. Cury, 1999. Etude de limpact des
refuges marins pour la gestion des pcheries
multispcifiques. Simulations avec les modle
OSMOSE. In Les espaces de lhalieutique, 4me
Forum Halieumtrique, Rennes, 29/06 au
01/07/99. Edition IRD, Paris.
Shin, Y.J. & P. Cury, 2001. Exploring fish
community dynamics through size-dependent
trophic interactions using a spatialized
individual-based model. Aquatic Living
Resources, 14(2):65-80
Coordinator
Partners
Jacqueline M. McGlade1
Kwame A. Koranteng2

Directorate Office
Prospect Place, West Hoe
Plymouth PL1 3DH
United Kingdom
Ministry of Food and Agriculture

Marine Fisheries Research Division
P.O. Box B62
Tema
Ghana
E-M: Jacqueline.mcglade@eea.europa.eu
E-M: kwame.koranteng@fao.org
Philippe Cury3
Dveloppement
IRD-HEA
911 Avenue Agropolis
BP 5045
34032 Montpellier Cedex 1
France
E-M: philippe.cury@ifremer.fr
Shin Y.J., & P. Cury, 2001. Simulation of the

effects of Marine Protected Areas on yield
and diversity using a multispecies, spatially
explicit, individual-based model. pp. 627-642 In
Spatial processes and management of marine
populations, G.H. Kruse, N. Bez, A. Booth, M.W.
Dorn, S. Hills, R.N. Lipcius, D. Pelletier, C. Roy,
S.J. Smith, D. Witherell (eds.), University of
Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-01-02, Fairbanks.
CD-ROMs and Software

CD-Rom 2000. Statistiques des pcheries
industrielles chalutire et de petits plagiques
de Cte dIvoire et donnes environnementales.
CRO dAbidjan, IRD, Projet UE Golfe de Guine,
2000.
Pedreno, D. & F. Antoine, 1998. CUSSI version 1.0
Logiciel de visualisation et dextraction dindices
partir de sries dimages satellitales. Rapport
de stage dI.U.T. informatique, septembre 1998,
108 p.
Simcoast: A fuzzy logic decision based tool for
integrated coastal zone management. Discovery
Software 2004; http://www.discoverysoftware.co.uk
Coordinator moved from University of Warwick to CCMS/

NERC during project. Address at time of printing:
Executive Director, European Environment Agency, Kongens
Nytorv 6,1050 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Address at time of printing: FAO, Fisheries Department, Via

delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.
Address at time of printing: Centre de Recherche Halieutique

Mditerranenne et Tropicale IRD - IFREMER & Universit
Montpellier II, Avenue Jean Monnet, BP 171, 34203 Ste
Cedex. France.
ECOPATH
Placing fisheries resources in
their ecosystem context: cooperation,
comparisons and human impact
Project Number
IC18CT970175
01/09/1997 to 28/02/2002 (54 months)

Concerted Action
Coordinator
Dr. Villy Christensen
North Sea Centre
Denmark
Website
www.ecopath.org
10
ECOPATH

At the time of submitting the project, the
knowledge of multispecies interaction
of importance for ecosystem management may have seemed very sparse.
However, it was premised on the fact
that large amounts of scattered information were available from previous
and ongoing studies. It remains fundamental today that such information
can be placed in context through massbalance ecosystem analysis and thence
be of use for ecosystem management.
The concerted action was designed to
promote an intercontinental laboratory without walls where 31 participating
institutions from Europe, Africa, the
Caribbean and Latin America were given
a forum for cooperation on ecosystem
modelling addressing ecosystembased
management of fisheries.
Ecopath ecosystem modelling approach and software provided a
common ground for the participants.
EwE Ecopath with Ecosim has three
main components: Ecopath a static, mass-balanced snapshot of the
system; Ecosim a time dynamic simulation module for policy exploration;
and Ecospace a spatial and temporal
dynamic module primarily designed
for exploring impact and placement of
protected areas. The Ecopath software
package can be used to address ecological questions; evaluate ecosystem
effects of fishing; explore management
policy options, evaluate impact and
placement of marine protected areas
and evaluate effect of environmental
changes. The foundation of the EwE
suite is an Ecopath model (Christensen
and Pauly, 1992, Pauly et al., 2000),
which creates a static mass-balanced
snapshot of the resources in an
ecosystem and their interactions, represented by trophically linked biomass
pools. The biomass pools consist of
a single species, or species groups
representing ecological guilds. Pools
may be further split into ontogenetic
(juvenile/adult) groups that can then

be linked together in Ecosim. Ecopath
data requirements are relatively simple
and generally already available from
stock assessment, ecological studies
or the literature: biomass estimates,
total mortality estimates, consumption estimates, diet compositions, and
fishery catches.
The objectives of the Concerted Action
(CA) were:
To produce scientific methodology toward ecosystem management

of marine resources through the
construction and analysis of massbalance models of exploited marine
ecosystem of the Atlantic coasts
of Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa and
Latin America, of the Caribbean, and
of the Pacific coast of Latin America
to gain information of the resources
and their interaction.
To compare mass-balance models along gradients and transects

guaranteeing the highest possible
differences, including latitude, ensuring strong ecological (cold vs.
warm), and socio-economic (industrialised vs. developing) gradients.
To evaluate the impact of human

exploitation on marine and coastal
ecosystems with the purpose of
setting criteria for eco-labelling of
fishery products, which would thus
accrue additional benefits as a consequence of this concerted action.
Activities
The key activities included:
Linking researchers in Europe,

Africa, the Caribbean and Latin
America working with mass-balance
models of exploited, marine ecosystems through open, voluntary and
proactive cooperation.
Support of and cooperation between

the partners in the model parametrisation, analysis and description.
and English and a total of 13 models

were prepared or improved as a result of the workshop.
Four regional training workshops to

ensure a sufficient number of representative ecosystem models. The
workshops ensured that all partners
shared a common methodology and
information base with regards to
ecosystem modelling.
The ecosystem modelling workshops

served to introduce ecosystem-based
management of fisheries to a wide
range of scientists from a large number of continents, at the same time
providing an opportunity for international cooperation in recognition that
ecosystems know no political borders.
Preliminary ecosystem models were initiated or improved in connection with
the ecosystem modelling workshops
conducted as part of the CA.
Two international synthesis workshops covering the two major

regions involved (Atlantic and
Caribbean, and Eastern Pacific, respectively), where the ecosystem
models could be presented, discussed between participants, and
analysed comparatively.
Results and outcome

The
INCO-DC
Concerted
Action
Placing Fisheries in their Ecosystem
Context conducted four international
workshops
University of Cape Town, Cape

Town, South Africa from December,
9-17, 1997: introducing the Ecopath
software to 20 participants from
South Africa.
Marine Biology Station, Puntarenas,

Costa Rica over six working days during the period 21-28 April 1998. A
total of 30 scientists participated.
North
Sea
Centre,
Hirtshals,
Denmark, in August 1998. The workshop had a total of 31 participants.
The participants came from 19 countries, including 10 in West Africa.
Selected and
cited Publications
Christensen, V., G. Reck and J.L. Maclean (eds.),
2002. Proceedings of the INCO-DC Conference
Placing Fisheries in their Ecosystem Context.
Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, 4-8 December 2000.
ACP-EU Fish.Res.Rep., (12):79 p. ftp://ftp.cordis.
lu/pub/inco2/docs/acp_12_proceedings_en.pdf
Christensen, V. & D. Pauly, 2004. Placing
fisheries in their ecosystem context, an
introduction. Ecological Modelling, 172:103-107.
Pauly, D., V. Christensen & C. Walters. 2000.
Ecopath, Ecosim, and Ecospace as tools for
evaluating ecosystem impact of fisheries. ICES J.
Mar. Sci., 57:697-706.
A special issue of Ecological Modelling

in 2003 was dedicated to models developed and refined through the CA.
A total of 31 institutions in Europe,

West and South Africa, the Caribbean,
and Central and South America participated as partners in the CA. On
overview of the major event, the
Galapagos Conference was published
in the ACP-EU Fisheries Research
Report Series. The conference was
based on the premise that the sustainability of fisheries worldwide
depends on the maintenance of the
ecosystems in which they embedded.
The presentations at the conference
covered four areas: ecosystem-based
management of fisheries, impact of
fisheries on ecosystems, comparative
ecosystem analysis and ecosystem
structure and dynamics.
It should be noted that the CA operated
through voluntary co-operation. The
support to the activities was mainly done
through guidance where experienced
modellers helped or assisted less experienced partners, newer to the field.
Instituto Oceanogrfico, Universidade de So Paulo (IOUSP), So Paulo,

Brazil, 30 November to 5 December
1998, with 20 participants from fifteen institutions. The workshop was
conducted in Portuguese, Spanish
ECOPATH
11
ECOPATH
Contacts
Coordinator
Villy Christensen1
The North Sea Centre
P.O. Box 104
DK-9850 Hirtshals
Denmark
Jean Calvin Njock4
Camilo Bernardo Garcia
Ministre de LElevage, des Pches et

Industries Animales
Direction des Pches
Yaound
Cameroun
Inst. Investigaciones Marina y Costeras

AA 1016
Santa Marta
Colombia
Jorge Arturo Rodriguez
E.M: v.christensen@fisheries.ubc.ca
Paul T. Yillia
Partners
Astrid Jarre
Danish Institute of Fisheries Research
Fisheries Biological Institute
P.O. Box 101
9850 Hirtshals
Denmark
E-M: ajt@dfu.min.dk
Wolf Arntz2
Alfred Wegener Institut
Columbusstrasse
27568 Bremerhaven
Germany
University of Sierra Leone

Institute of Marine Biology and
Oceanography
Mt. Aureol
Freetown
Sierra Leone
E-M: feyi@sierratel.sl
Percival Showers5
The Sierra Leone institute is presently
not functioning due to effects of
civil war. Contact is, however, being
maintained with Dr. Percival Showers,
who left Sierra Leone just prior to the
destruction of the institute.
patshowers@lycos.com
E-M: warntz@awi-bremerhaven.de
Thomas Olatunde AjayiNigerian

Riccardo Ceccarelli
ENEA, Dipartimento Innnovazione
Via Anguillarese, 301
S.M. de Geleria
00060 Roma
Italy
Institute for Oceanography and Marine

Research,
P.M.B. 12729, Victoria Island
Lagos
Nigeria
E-M: niomrnig@infoweb.abs.net
E-M: ceccarelli@casaccia.enea.it
E-M: niomr@linkserve.com.ng
Nicholas Polunin
Daniel Baird
University of Newcastle
Department of Marine Sciences and
Coastal Management
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU
United Kingdom
University of Port Elizabeth

Department of Zoology
P.O. Box 1600
6000 Port Elizabeth
South Africa
E-M: n.polunin@ncl.ac.uk
E-M: zladdb@zoo.upe.ac.za
Gabriella Bianchi3
Francisco Arregun-Snchez
Institute of Marine Research

Nansen Project
PO Box 1870
5024 Bergen
Norway
Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias

Marinas del Instituto Politcnico
Nacional
Playa El Conchalito S/N
Apartado Postal 592
23000 La Paz
Mxico
E-M: gabriella.bianchi@fao.org
E-M: cgarcia@santamarta.cetcol.net.co
E-M: faodpec@sdncmr.undp.org
Universidad Nacional Autnoma,

Escuela de Ciencias Biolgicas
Apdo. 86
3000 Hereda
Costa Rica
E-M: aavdam@sol.racsa.co.cr
Carmen Rossi-Wongtschowski
Universidade de So Paulo
Instituto Oceanografico (IOUSP)
Praa do Oceanogrfico, 191
Cidade Universitria, Butant
05508-900 So Paulo
Brazil
E-M: cwongski@usp.br
Amoy Lum Kong

Institute of Marine Affairs
P.O. Box 3160, Caranage Post Office
Caranage
Trinidad & Tobago
E-M: amoy@ima.gov.tt
J.D. Woodley
University of the West Indies
Centre for Marine Sciences, Mona
7 Kingston
Jamaica
E-M: j.woodley@uwimona.edu.jm
Ren Galzin
Universit de Perpignan
Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes
URA CNRS 1453
66860 Perpignan Cedex
France
E-M: galzin@univ-perp.fr
E-M: farregui@vmredipn.ipn.mx
12
ECOPATH
Jos Juan Castro
Victor Marin
Alkaly Dieng
Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran

Canaria
Alfonso XIII, 2
35003 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
Spain
Universidad de Chile
Departamento de Ciencias Ecolgicas
Las Palmeras 3425
Casilla 653
Santiago
Chile
Centre National des Sciences

Halieutiques de Boussoura
BP 3738/39
Conakry
Rpublique de Guine
E-M: josejuan.castro@biologia.ulpgc.es
E-M: cnshb@leland_gn.org
E-M: vmarin@antar.ciencias.uchile.cl
Ignacio OlasoInstituto Espanl de

Oceanografa
Centro Costero de Santander
Apartado de Correos No 240
39080 Santander
Spain
E-M: iolaso@st.ieo.es
Ramiro Snchez
Jeremy Mendoza
Universidad de Oriente
Instituto Oceanogrfico
Apdo. 245
Cuman
Venezuela
Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y

Desarrollo Pesquero
Paseo Victoria Ocampo No.1 Escollera
Norte
7600 Mar del Plata
Argentina
E-M: jmendoza@cumana.sucre.udo.edu.ve
E-M: rsanchez@inidep.edu.ar
Torstein Pedersen
Norwegian College of Fishery Science
University of Troms
9000 Troms
Norway
E-M: torstein@nfh.uit.no
Taib Diouf
Centre de Recherches
B.P. 2241
Dakar
Sngal
E-M: tdiouf@isra.isra.sn
Gunther Reck
Universidad San Francisco de Quito
Plaza Cumbaya
P.O. Box 17-12-841
Quito
Ecuador
E-M: gunter@mail.usfq.edu.ec
Sherry Heileman6
Universidad Nacional Autnoma de
Mxico
Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y
Limnologa
Apartado Postal 70-305, Cuidad
Universitaria
Mxico D.F. 04510
Mxico
E-M: sherry.heileman@unep.org
Coleen Moloney7
Marine and Coastal Management (prev.
SFRI)
Foreshore
Cape Town 8001
Private Bag X2x
8012 Rogge Bay
South Africa
E-M: cmoloney@botzoo.uct.ac.za
Hugo Aranciba
Universidad de Concepcin
Barrio Universitario s/n
P.O.Box 2407-10
Concepcin
Chile
E-M: harancib@halcon.dpi.udec.cl
John Blay
University of Cape Coast
University Post Office
Cape Coast
Ghana
E-M: csucc@mantse.gh.com
Anibal Delgado Medina

Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento
das Pescas
C.P. 132
Mindelo
S. Vicente
Cape Verde
Address at time of printing: University of British Columbia,

Fisheries Centre, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4,
Canada.
Retired
Present Address: FAO, Fisheries Department, Via delle Terme

di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy
Address at the time of printing: SFLP, BP 139, Cotonou, Benin
Present Address: Tawi-Tawi College of Technology &

Oceanography Mindanao State Univ., Philippines
Address at time of printing: Division of Early Warning and

Assessment United Nations Environment Programme P. O. Box
30552, Nairobi Kenya
E-M: adelmed@yahoo.com
Address at time of printing: Department of Zoology, University

of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town, South Africa
ECOPATH
13
FISHSTRAT
Strategies for partitioning the productivity
of Asian reservoirs and lakes between
capture fisheries and aquaculture for social
benefit and local market without negative
environmental impacts
Project Number
IC18CT970190

01/01/1998 to 31/03/2002 (51 months)
Coordinator
Prof. David Simon
Royal Holloway University of London
United Kingdom
Activities
Three reservoirs in Sri Lanka of different

morphology, age and geographic location, Ubolratana Reservoir in Thailand
and Lake Taal in the Philippines were
the object of the study. The scope of the
project encompassed a comparison of
the limnology, fisheries and socio-economic aspects of local communities in
order to determine whether the trophic
characteristics and key ecosystems
processes sustain a viable fisheries and
examine the ecological potential for increased multipurpose use.
The key activities involved:
1) trophic and environmental impact studies;

2) fish and fisheries;
3) aquaculture of cichlids; and
The main objectives were defined as

follows:
To define the basic trophic state

of five tropical water bodies in Sri
Lanka (Minneriya, Udawalawe and
Victoria reservoirs), Philippines
(Lake Taal) and Thailand (Ubolratana
reservoir) and their capability to
support and sustain both capture
fisheries and cage aquaculture at
levels of reduced environmental
damage, assessed by impact assessment techniques.
4) socio-economic
studies
of
fisheries communities. A fifth
task collated and analysed the
data and developed trophic
models (using Ecopatha and
Ecosym software) applicable
to tropical reservoirs and lakes
of different productivity and
with active fisheries and caged
aquaculture.
During a series of workshops the

fundamental knowledge gained was
focused on defining evidence-based
and appropriate scientific management procedures to integrate them
to local conditions (productivity
level, degree of environmental degradation, state of the market and
need for social benefit).
Dissemination of the project findings and the scientific management

procedures in a readily understandable manner and at different levels:
local fishermens societies, fisheries
officials and responsible government agencies.
To develop proper scientific management procedures, based on the

fundamental knowledge gained, integrating into local socio-economic
conditions and aimed at social
benefit of rural communities and
reduced over exploitation of fisheries resources.
To make available these scientific
management procedures to local
artisanal fishery societies in a readily understandable manner in order
to empower them to exploit this
knowledge for rural development
and increased market benefits.
After an initial period of preparation

to ensure comparability of measurement, comparative field studies in
the five tropical waters for a period
of 24 months involved four main
tasks of
The methodology was multifaceted

it included dynamic modelling using Ecopath and Ecosym software.
A particularly innovative method
was the experimental deployment of
14
FISHSTRAT
hydro-acoustics, using a split-beam

echosounder to assess the biomass,
size and species composition of fish
populations (the first time this has
been attempted in tropical water bodies). Integration of the findings from
the various disciplines was achieved
by means of joint field research and a
series of project workshops during the
analysis phase.
Results and outcome

Open water, small-sized fish populations
could sustain a significant increase in
fishing activity. Fishing operating costs
remained sustainable for littoral fish of
high commercial value, even when Catch
Per Unit Effort CPUE is quite low, and
potential for the exploitation of additional species e.g. the predominantly
pelagic minor cyprinids exists. In many
reservoirs, there remained potential to
increase the scale of, and yields from,
cage or pen culture. However, the major
environmental and ecological impacts
already experienced in Lake Taal result
from the interaction between excessive
cage density and coverage in particular
areas, seasonally prevailing conditions,
and knock-on effects of aquaculture
activities on wild fish stocks. The most
profitable operations (per cage) involve
small numbers of cages (3 5 in Lake
Taal), where overall cage densities are
controlled, and a wide range of stocking
densities. There is much geographical
variation in the absolute and relative
importance of fishing and fish-related
activities, reflecting the interaction
between physical, morphometric, limnological, fish ecological, and human/
economic factors. The system-oriented
approach linking these factors has been
a key emphasis of the project. Artisanal
capture fisheries are important elements
of many rural economies particularly
for poorer households and poorer communities, for both of which fishing is
mainly a subsistence activity. Variations
in catch per unit effort (kg/boat/day)
due to rainfall and lunar cycles, commonly results in low incomes for some
fishers. Increasingly, people are developing multifaceted income/livelihoods
strategies or opting out of fishing altogether if better alternatives exist.
The main conclusions and recommendations that can be drawn from the study:
1. Many reservoir and lacustrine fisheries have not yet reached their
full potential in terms of overall
maximum sustainable yield (MSY),
although certain species of fish and/
or ecotones/zones may be overexploited. More complete utilisation
of all fishery resources, where they
are not yet exploited (effectively),
could contribute significantly to the
attainment of higher fish yields.
2. Appropriate policy measures need

to be based on integrated research
that:
links limnological, ecological, fishing and socio-economic data

takes account of local variations in
conditions, even within/around a
single water body and by season
addresses the concerns and interests
of the various stakeholder groups
3. Policy formulation and implementation should:
be locally appropriate
aim to achieve close to the MSY of
all fish species, taking into account
seasonal and temporal variations in
abundance
involve the stakeholders who are
prepared to become active, in decision-making and implementation
aim at introducing appropriate comanagement strategies that define
the respective responsibilities and
entitlements of the relevant stakeholder groups. Wherever possible,
such responsibilities should be
complementary or shared
be transparent and accountable
as simple as possible while addressing the most relevant issues and
stakeholder interests. Attempting
to embrace all issues in an optimal management framework may
well be impracticable in terms both
of complexity and of the diversity
of interests
involve changes to existing fisheries
regulations, if necessary
address poverty and the inability
of many poor fisher households to
save or to avoid indebtedness, by
introducing rural banking or rotating community credit and savings
schemes.
aim to promote and achieve environmentally, economically and

socially sustainable fisheries and
aquaculture;
address capture fisheries and aquaculture comprehensively within
a framework based on the whole
water body and the livelihoods
strategies and opportunities of littoral human communities
FISHSTRAT
15
FISHSTRAT
Contacts
Amarasinghe, U.S., A. Duncan, J. Moreau, F.
Schiemer, D. Simon & J. Vijverberg, 2001.
Promotion of sustainable capture fisheries
and aquaculture in Asian reservoirs and lakes.
Hydrobiologia, 458:181-190.
Amarasinghe, U.S., P.A.D. Ajith Kumara & M.H.S.
Ariyaratne, 2002. Role of non-exploited fishery
resources in Sri Lankan reservoirs as a source
of food for cage aquaculture. pp.332-343 In
Cowx, I.G. (ed.). Management and Ecology of Lake
and Reservoir Fisheries. Fishing News Books,
Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, U.K
Moreau, J., S. Lek, W. Leelaprata, B.
Sricharoendham & M.C. Villanueva, 2005. A
Comparison of linear and nonlinear fitting
techniques for predicting fish yield in Ubolratana
reservoir (Thailand) from a time series data
on catch and hydrological features. pp. 99-109
In Lek, S., M. Scardi, P.F.M. Verdonschot, J.-P.
Descy & Y.S. Park, (eds.). Modelling Community
Structure in Freshwater Ecosystems. XII, 518 p.
227 illus. With CD-ROM., Hardcover. ISBN 3-54023940-5.
Peduzzi, P. & F. Schiemer, 2004. Bacteria
and viruses in the water column of tropical
freshwater reservoirs. Environmental
Microbiology, 6(7):707-716.
Prchalov, M., V. Dratk, J. Kubeka, B.
Sricharoendham, F. Schiemer & J. Vijverberg,
2003. Acoustic study of fish and invertebrate
behaviour in tropical reservoirs. Aquatic Living
Resources, 16:325-331.
Schiemer, F., U.S. Amarasinghe, J. Frouzova, B.
Sricharoendham & E.I.L. Silva, 2001. Ecosystem
structure and dynamics a management basis
for Asian reservoirs and lakes. pp. 215-226 In
De Silva, S. (ed.). Reservoir and Culture-based
Fisheries: Biology and Management. ACIAR,
Canberra, Australia.
Simon, D., C. de Jesus, P. Boonchuwong & K.
Mohottala, 2001. The role of reservoir and
lacustrine fisheries in Rural Development:
Comparative evidence from Sri Lanka Thailand
and the Philippines. pp. 56-66. In De Silva, S.S.
(ed.). Reservoir and Cultutre-based fisheries:
Biology and Management. ACIAR Proceedings No
98, ACIAR, Canberra, Australia.
Vijverberg, J., P.B. Amarasinghe, M.G. Ariyaratne
& W.L.T. van Densen, 2001. Carrying capacity
for small pelagic fish in three Asian reservoirs.
pp. 153-166 In De Silva, S.S. (ed.), Reservoir
and Cultutre-based fisheries: Biology and
Management. ACIAR Proceedings No 98., ACIAR,
Canberra, Australia.
Villanueva, M.C., M. Kakakkeo & T.
Chittapalapong, 2004. Food habits, daily ration
and relative food consumption in some fish
populations in Ubolratana reservoir, Thailand.
Asian Fisheries Sciences, 17(3-4):249-259.
Weliange, W.S. & U.S. Amarasinghe, 2003.
Accounting for diel feeding periodicity in
quantifying food resource partitioning in fish
assemblages in three reservoirs of Sri Lanka.
Asian Fisheries Science, 16:203-213.
Coordinator
Annie Duncan (until July 1999)1
Royal Holloway, University of London
Royal Holloway Institute for
Environmental Research
Callow Hill
Huntersdale
Virginia Water, Surrey GU25 4LN
United Kingdom
Gilda C. Rivero (until December 1999)

University of the Philippines
Institute of Biology
College of Science
Diliman
RP-1101 Quezon City
Philippines
E-M: gcr@nib.upd.edu.ph
Dept. of Geography
EGHAM
Surrey TW20 0EX
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1784 44 36 51
Fax: +44 1784 47 28 36
Rafael Guerrero III (from Dec 1999)

Philippine Council for Aquatic and
Marine Research and Development
(PCAMRD)
Dept. of Science and Technology
Jamboree Road
Timugan
4030 Los Baos, Laguna
Philippines
E-M: d.simon@rhul.ac.uk
E-M: dedo@laguna.net;
David Simon (from July 1999)
pcamrd@laguna.net
Partners
Fritz Schiemer
Universitt Wien
Institute of Ecology & Conservation
Biology
Department of Limnology
Althanstrasse 14
A-1090 Wien
Austria
Pinit Sihapitukgiat (ret 2003)

Boonsong Sricharoendham
Department of Fisheries
Kasetsart University Campus
Chatujak
10900 Bangkok
Thailand
E-M: boonsosr@fisheries.go.th
E-M: Friedrich.Schiemer@univie.ac.at
Upali Sarath Amarasinghe

University of Kelaniya
Kelaniya 11600
Sri Lanka
E-M: zoousa@kln.ac.lk
Jacques Moreau
Institut National Poytechnique de
Toulouse
Ecole Nat. Sup. Agronomique de
Toulouse
Agronomie, Environnement,
Ecotoxicologie
BP 32 607 Auzeville Tolosane
31326 Castanet Tolosane
France
E-M: jmoreau@ensat.fr
Passed away
16
FISHSTRAT
INCO II - 5TH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME
LAKE MALAWI
The trophic ecology of the demersal
fish community of Lake Malawi/Niassa,
Central Africa

The demersal fish of Lake Malawi comprises a community of high biodiversity
and a valuable human food resource.
Cichlid fish that make up most of the
community are characterised by slow
growth rates, low fecundity and restricted distribution. Increasing exploitation
of fish risks severe ecological impact
that could alter the trophic dynamics
of the lake as a whole. While the demersal communities comprise the most
diverse and productive fisheries in the
lake, there is very little known of their
ecology and, often, of the patterns of exploitation. Fisheries surveys in Malawi
that provide catch statistics have altered in methodology over a number
of years and are of variable quality.
Fisheries statistics from Tanzania and
Mozambique are negligible. The lake
is also a habitat for a number of other
taxonomic groups, for which there is
even less basic information than for the
fish species. The main objectives of the
project was to 1) provide trophic models to quantify energy flows through
the demersal fish community and the
food web that supports it in order to
understand the principal components
of the food web and to detect the main
ecological effects of disturbance, such
as increased fishing activity on it; and
2) determine the existing fishing pressure on the demersal fish community
through analysis of fisheries statistics
and evaluation of those through calibration studies.
Activities
The project comprised a consortium of
six European and three African partners
with, in additional, some limited participation from the Fisheries Institute
of Mozambique. Activities were focused
on: (i) determining the production at the
base of the food web; (ii) the diversity
and structure of the invertebrate communities; (iii) fish taxonomy; (iv) fishery
assessment and growth rates of demersal fish; and (v) fish diet analysis and
ecosystem dynamics supported with
stable isotope work and mathematical
modelling. Data from the demersal zone
was collected with the use of a specialised research vessel, the R.V. Usipa.
Results and outcome

The project has advanced considerably
the knowledge of fish and invertebrate taxonomy, provided a quantified
description of food web dynamics affecting the near-bottom (demersal) fish
community and, for the first time, quantified artisanal fisheries activities along
the coast of Tanzania. Supplementary
novel information was collected on artisanal fisheries in Mozambique and
new analysis and studies done by the
Department of Fisheries of Malawi. The
diversity of demersal fish is even higher
than previously thought and it is clear
that some taxonomic problems are
acute. Morphometric and genetic studies
showed that many non-mbuna species
(non rock-dwelling) are not homogeneous in their morphology and genetic
material over their distribution range.
Significant differences were found in
microsatellite allele frequencies among
populations of some abundant demersal
fish, suggesting segregation of stocks.
Up-dated guides to benthic invertebrates
were produced. Ecosystem modelling
indicated that the main pathway for
energy flow through to the species supporting the demersal fishery is through
the consumption of copepods by demersal fish apparently migrating into the
free water (pelagic) for feeding. The lakefly, Chaoborus edulis, provides a direct
link between the demersal fish community and pelagic productivity but its
importance is less in the demersal communities than it is in the pelagic zone
of the lake. By integrating the demersal
and pelagic components of the Lake
Malawi ecosystem into a single model,
ecological efficiency of the lake appears
Project Number
IC18CT970195

01/03/1998 to 28/02/2002 (48 months)
Coordinator
Prof. Kenneth Irvine
University of Dublin
Ireland
LAKE MALIWI
17
LAKE MALAWI
Contacts
to be much greater than previously supposed and the demersal fish community
is able to utilize directly much of the pelagic production previously thought to
be exported to detritus.
Application of results
The lake contained a high proportion of
fish at the same or similar trophic level
in the food web (trophically equivalent
fish), a feature likely to be important
for maintenance of ecosystem function. Prudent exploitation of the fishery
would maintain this diversity to provide
a buffer against possible environmental
change or trophic knock-on effects of
high fishing pressure. It is, however,
clear that current fishing practice in the
south of the lake threatens both biodiversity and sustainable fishing. There
is a need for a reappraisal of fisheries
management and, throughout the lake,
continued support for development of
monitoring and research programmes.
Darwall, W.R.T. & E.H. Allison, 2002. Monitoring,
Assessing and Managing Fish Stocks in Lake
Malawi/Nyassa: Current Approaches and Future
Possibilities. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health
& Management, 5:293-306.
Martens, K., 2003. On the evolution of
Gomphocythere (Crustacea, Ostracoda) in
Lake Nyassa/ Malawi (East Africa), with the
description of 5 new species. Hydrobiologia,
497:121-144.
Ngatunga, B. & J. Snoeks, 2003. Lethrinops
turneri, a new shallow-water haplochromine
cichlid (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from the Lake
Malawi/Nyasa basin, Africa. Ichthyological
Exploration of Freshwaters 14:127-136.
Shaw, P.W., G.F. Turner, M.R. Idid, R.L. Robinson,
& G.R. Carvalho, 2000. Genetic population
structure indicates sympatric speciation of Lake
Malawi pelagic cichlids. Proceedings of the Royal
Society, 267:273-2280.
Snoeks, J. (ed.), 2004. The cichlid diversity of
Lake Malawi/Nyasa: Identification, distribution
and taxonomy. Cichlid Press, El Paso, USA, 360 p.
Taylor, M.I. & E. Verheyen, 2001. Microsatellite
data reveals weak population substructuring in
Copadichromis sp. virginalis kajose, a demersal
cichlid from Lake Malawi, Africa. Journal of Fish
Biology, 59:593-604.
18
LAKE MALAWI
Gary Carvalho
Coordinator
University of Hull
Cottingham Road
Hull HU6 7RX
United Kingdom
Kenneth Irvine
University of Dublin
East Theatre, Trinity College
College Green
2 Dublin
Ireland
Tel: +35 316 081926
Fax: +35 316 778094
E-M: g.r.carvalho@biosci.hull.ac.uk
Aggrey Ambali
E-M: kirvine@tcd.ie
University of Malawi
Chancellor College
PO Box 280
40 Zomba
Malawi
Partners
E-M: AAmbali@unima.wn.apc.org
Jos Snoeks
Mr. S.A. Mapila
Muse Royal dAfrique Centrale

13 Steenweg op Leuven
3080 Tervuren
Belgium
Ministry of Natural Resources

PO Box 593
Lilongwe
Malawi
E-M: jsnoeks@africamuseum.be
E-M: sadcfish@malawi.net
George Francis Turner1

Eddie Allison
University of Southampton
Bassett Crescent East
Southampton SO16 7PX
United Kingdom
University of East Anglia

Overseas Development Group
School of Development Studies
Norwich NR4 7JT
United Kingdom
E-M: g.f.turner@hull.ac.uk
Phillip Bwathondi (retired)
E-M: E.Allison@uea.ac.uk
Current contact:
Dr Benjamin Ngatunga
Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources
and Environment - United Republic of
Tanzania
PO Box 9750
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
E-M: bpngatunga@hotmail.com
afiriki@africaonline.co.tz
Koen Martens
Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles
de Belgique
29 Rue Vautier
1040 Bruxelles
Belgium
E-M: Koen.Martens@naturalsciences.be
Address at point of printing: University of Hull, Hull, HU6

7RX, United Kingdom
ENVIFISH
Environmental conditions and fluctuations in
recruitment and distribution of small pelagic
fish stocks

The main objective of Envifish was to
develop appropriate methodologies
for improving the sustainable management of small pelagic fish based on the
identification and quantification of key
environmental conditions that influence fluctuations in their recruitment
and distribution in the Benguela and
Angolan systems. Specific objectives to
be achieved during the project were:
To develop a consistent and quality controlled database of satellite,

oceanographic and fisheries data.
To identify and quantify the key

environmental features associated
with, and possibly causing, the significant variability in abundance in
small pelagic fish stocks in the last
15 years.
To evaluate the impact of key environmental features, such as areas of

spawning and recruitment habitat,
as well as processes, such as concentration, retention and enrichment,
on recruitment success.
To relate environmental conditions

to the spatial distribution of small
pelagic fish stocks.
To develop adequate training and capacity building in order to allow these
scientific findings to be transferred
to management and decision making
processes in African countries.
Activities
The following activities were undertaken during the project:
1. Data Compilation: Satellite data;
meteorological data; oceanographic
data; Angolan system fisheries data;
N. Benguela system fisheries data, S.
Benguela system fisheries data.
2. Physical & Biological Forcing

Functions: Identification of critical
time and space scale; determination
of seasonal and interannual variability; determination of spatial
patterns; inter-decadal indices and
characteristics of biologically critical physical structures.
Project Number
IC18CT980329

3. Systems Analysis for Fisheries:
Identification
of
relationships
between
spatial
patterns
of
environmental data and fish distribution; role of oceanographic
features and processes influencing
pelagic fish spawning; role of oceanographic features and processes
influencing recruitment; integrate
picture of spawning-transport and
recruitment; comparative analysis
of subsets within the region.
01/10/1998 to 30/11/2001 (38 months)

Coordinator
Dr. Leo Nykjaer
Joint Research Center
Ispra, Italy
Results and outcome

Database of satellite, oceanographic
and fisheries data
A large database of remote sensing
and in situ data was compiled for the
South Atlantic coast of Africa by the
Envifish project. The primary data set
was an 18-year (1982-2000) time series
of SST (Sea Surface Temperature) images from the NOAA (National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration of
the USA) /AVHRR (Advanced Very High
Resolution Radiometer) sensors. Other
remote sensing data sets used include
SeaWiFS (Sea viewing Wide Field-of-view
Sensor) ocean colour and chlorophyll
and TOPEX/Poseidon1 and the European
Remote Sensing ERS-1/2 altimetry.
Additionally, gridded ECMWF (European
Centre for Medium-Range Weather
Forecasts) wind speeds and direction, in
situ oceanographic and meteorological
TOPEX/Poseidon is a joint mission of the USA National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the French
space agency, Centre National dEtudes Spatiales (CNES).
The TOPEX/Poseidon program utilizes a satellite altimeter to
understand how the ocean interacts with the Earth.
http://www.cnes.fr/html/_112_810_.php
ENVIFISH
19
ENVIFISH
measurements and fisheries data from
the region have been pooled and used
throughout the project. The compilation of a metadata catalogue was a
major step from this project in aiding
the future use of the data.
Key environmental features associated with variability in abundance of
Key oceanographic features of putative importance to small pelagic fish
stocks were identified in satellite images and their variability in space and
time was described from the various
data sets. These included the Congo
River Plume, the Angola Current, the
Angola-Benguela Front, upwelling cells,
the Cape jet current and the Agulhas
current. Biological features, such as
spawning grounds and nursery areas,
were also identified. Areas of high and
low variability along the coast were
documented, particularly highlighting
an area of low wind and temperature
variability along the northern Namibian
coast. In situ measurements of salinity
along the Angolan coast highlighted the
high degree of variability in the strength
of the Congo River Plume along the
coast. The main spawning grounds in
the Northern Benguela lie downstream
of the major upwelling cell at Lderitz,
where SeaWiFS satellite data and in situ
measurements showed primary and
secondary production to be high.
Descriptions of the seasonal and interannual variability of the region gave good
insight into the different factors forcing oceanographic processes and of the
different systems along the coast. On a
seasonal basis, atmospheric forcing of
the Benguela upwelling region is mainly
by the South Atlantic high-pressure centre and forcing along the Angolan coast
is by changes in the equatorial belt
and Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone,
perhaps regulated to some extent by
changes over the North Atlantic highpressure centre. Thus, the seasonality
20
ENVIFISH
of these two regions is very different.

On an interannual basis, the Southern
Benguela upwelling region appears to
be forced by the South Atlantic highpressure cell and the Angola Current by
changes in the equatorial belt, however,
shifts in the position of the AngolaBenguela front mean that the Northern
Benguela is a mixed system, under influence from both the Angola Current
and the Southern Benguela. It is separated from the Southern Benguela at the
Lderitz upwelling cell. No significant
influence appears to be exerted on the
region by El Nio or the North Atlantic
Oscillation (NAO).
Investigation of the linkages between
events on different time scales showed
warm years to be characterised by a
sequence of warm events, not by a
general warming throughout the entire
year, and that interannual trends in
SST along the Angolan coast could be
related to changes in sea level pressure
in the subtropical North Atlantic during
July to September, forcing SST changes
in the Gulf of Guinea during October
and November. Additionally, there appears to be no energetic link between
interannual changes (3-7y) and decadal
scale changes (15-30y) in the Benguela
upwelling regime.
Mesoscale features, such as strong
upwelling filaments and eddies of
various sizes, occur throughout the region and can impact on spawning and
nursery grounds. The largest eddies
originate from the Agulhas retroflection while smaller eddies originate
from the upwelling.
Impact of key environmental features
and processes on recruitment success
The key oceanographic features were
described in terms of possible processes impacting recruitment success.
The theoretical basis for this work
was the triad hypothesis, which described enrichment, concentration and
retention mechanisms as being crucial for recruitment. Firstly, putative

triads were identified. Then, in areas
where data was sufficient, indices of
the strength of various processes were
tested against recruitment data. In
the Northern Benguela, moderate upwelling was identified as recruitment
favourable if it persisted for a period of
greater than 50 days (the larval stage of
the fish). Comparison with recruitment
data supported this assertion, although
only six years of data were available.
Previously proposed relationships were
tested in light of more recent data.
Testing of some of the existing indices for the Southern Benguela anchovy
(SST variance index, south-easterly wind
anomaly index) did not give significant
results, however, investigation of the position of the South African West Coast
upwelling front and the transport path
length along this front showed reasonable correlations with recruitment for
both anchovy and sardine. Some evidence
was also found for a degree of density
dependent regulation of recruitment.
Relationship between environmental
conditions and the spatial distribution
of small pelagic fish stocks
Statistical modelling of the relationship
between catches of various commercial
species and environmental variables
have were to relate environmental conditions to the spatial distribution of small
pelagic fish stocks. A consistent relationship was found between the area of
16-19C water and anchovy spawning
on the Agulhas bank. Further results
from this research, undertaken during
Envifish, showed Anchovy catch rates
to peak at intermediate temperatures
(14 17C) and decline with increasing
spatial variance. Pilchard catch rates
showed no consistent trend with either
SST or spatial variance of SST. Round
herring catch rates were bimodal with
peaks at both high SST (> 18C) and low
SST (< 13C) and catch rates increased
when SST variance was high (standard

deviation of SST > 3C).
Training and capacity building in
African countries.
Envifish provided training and capacity building for all the African partner
countries. This was essential to fulfil
the Envifish objectives and allow scientific findings to be transferred to
management and decision-making. To
accomplish this, much support was given to academic training. Two Angolans
from IIM received support for academic training in their MSc courses at the
University of Cape Town. This training
included scientific writing, data handling
and analysis and presentation at conferences. A Namibian student was granted
a one-year scholarship to undertake an
Honours Degree at UCT. In South Africa,
a student received an MSc degree from
UCT, while a second student registered
part-time for a PhD at UCT. All students
also gained experience at presenting papers at scientific meetings.
As well as academic studies, in-house
training and workshops were an
important part of the Envifish capacity building effort. At IIM, a number of
technicians, at a variety of levels, benefited from training and data analysis. In
Namibia several students have participated in training courses overseas. In
South Africa a post-doctoral scientist,
through Envifish funding, contributed a
great deal to capacity building throughout the project, especially through
teaching, organising workshops and
supervising students.
Barange, M. & L. Nykjaer (eds.), 2003. ENVIFISH:
Investigating Environmental conditions and
fluctuations in recruitment and distribution
of small pelagic fish stocks. Progress in
Oceanography, 59(23):177338.
Boyer, D.C., J. Cole & C. Bartholomae, 2000. An
environmental evaluation at the millennium.
Southwestern Africa: Northern Benguela Current
Region. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41:123-140.
Boyer, D.C., H.J. Boyer, I. Fossen & A. Kreiner,
2001. Changes in abundance of the Northern
Benguela sardine stock during the decade 1990
to 2000, including a discussion of the relative
importance of fishing and the environment.
S.Afr.J.mar.Sci., 23:76-84.
Hagen, E., 2001. Northwest African upwelling
scenario. Oceanologica Acta, 24 Supplement,
S113-S128.
Hagen, E., R. Feistel, J.J. Agenbag & T. Ohde,
2001. Seasonal and interannual changes in
intense Benguela upwelling (1982-1999).
Oceanologica Acta, 24(6):557-568.
Kreiner, A., C. van der Lingen & P. Fron,
2001. A comparison of condition factor and
gonadosomatic index of sardine (Sardinops
sagax) stocks in the northern and southern
Benguela upwelling ecosystems, 1984 to 1999.
S.Afr.J.Mar.Sci., 23:123-134.
Mitchell-Innes, B.A., N.F. Silulwane & M.I. Lucas,
2001. Variability of chlorophyll profiles on the
west coast of southern Africa in June/July 1999.
S.Afr.J.Sci., 97:246-250.
Richardson, A.J., H.M. Verheye, V. Herbert, C.
Rogers & L.M. Arendse, 2001. Egg production,
somatic growth and productivity of copepods
in the Benguela Current System and the AngolaBenguela Front. S.Afr.J. Sci., 97:251-257.
Silulwane, N.F., A.J. Richardson, F.A. Shillington
& B.A. Mitchell-Innes, 2001. Identification and
classification of vertical chlorophyll patterns
in the northern Benguela upwelling system.
S.Afri.J.Mar.Sci., 23:34-51.
ENVIFISH
21
ENVIFISH
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Leo Nykjaer
Eberhard Hagen
Inland and Marine Waters

Institute for Environment and
Sustainability
Joint Research Centre
Via E. Fermi 1
I 21020 Ispra (VA)
Italy
Tel: +39 0332 78 97 15
Fax: +39 0332 78 90 01
Baltic Sea Research Institute

Seestrasse 15
Pf 301161
18119 Rostock /Warnemunde
Germany
E-M: leo.nykjaer@jrc.it
Nkosi Luyeye
Instituto de Investigao Marinha IMM
Victoria de Barros Neto
2601 Luanda
Angola
Frank Shillington
E-M: eberhard.hagen@io-warnemuende.de
Jacqueline McGlade2
Natural Environment Research Council
Birkenhead
Merseyside L43 7RA
United Kingdom
E-M: jmcglade@eea.europa.eu
Tore Stroemme
2 Nordnesparken
PO Box 1870
5024 Bergen-Nordnes
Norway
University of Cape Town (UCT)

Private Bag
7700 Rondebosch
South Africa
E-M: shill@physci.uct.ac.za
Carmen Lima3
Instituto de Investigao das Pescas e
do Mar
Avenida Brasilia
1400 Lisboa
Portugal
E-M: clima@ipimar.pt
E-M: tore@imr.no
David Charles Boyer

Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
Resources
PO Box 912
20 Swakopmund
Namibia
E-M: dboyer@mfmr.gov.na
Alan Boyd
Ministry of Environmental Affairs
andTourism
Private Bag X2
8012 Cape Town
South Africa
E-M: ajboyd@sfri.wcape.gov.za
Andrew Bakun
Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations
Via delle Terme di Caracalla
00100 Roma
Italy
E-M: andrew.bakun@fao.org
Address at time of printing: Director General of the European
Environment Agency, Kongens Nytorv 6, DK-1050
Copenhagen,Denmark.
Retired
22
ENVIFISH
Sustainable development of continental

fisheries: a regional study of policy options
and policy formation mechanisms for the
Lake Chad Basin
The starting point for this project was
the recognition that sustainable fisheries development must be founded upon
a good understanding of the design and
implementation of appropriate fisheries management policy, both at local
and regional levels. The general purpose of the project was therefore to
carry out multi-disciplinary research on
the key constraints to improvements in
fisheries policy formation in the Lake
Chad Basin (LCB) one of the largest and
most important continental fisheries
in Africa. The key fisheries policy constraints were recognised to be:
1. Lack of relevant data and information to underpin fisheries policy
formation.
2. Limited institutional capacity to
undertake policy analysis and
decisions.
3. Weak policy formation mechanisms
for fisheries.
Within this context, the project aimed
at providing a basis for developing a
range of approaches by which the constraints might be reduced or removed,
leading to eventual improvement in
policy formation, with particular reference to fisheries management systems.
Activities
The project undertook a wide range
of activities over the course of three
years to address the three major researchable constraints. The location
of the work included all three Lake
Chad Basin countries within the project (Cameroon, Chad and Nigeria), plus
research meetings and seminars at the
coordinating institute (CEMARE) in the
United Kingdom for all collaborators.
The major activities, with respect to

each researchable constraint included:
(1) Lack of relevant data
and information
First, the status of the Lake Chad Basin
fisheries, from the perspective of each
collaborating country, was documented
and reviewed. Second, in order to upgrade the available information, and to
address a number of major gaps, a portfolio of socio-economic and livelihood
surveys, together with the operation
of a simple Fisheries Information
Monitoring System (FIMS), were planned
and implemented in each country. This
included the development of survey
manuals and the operation of a series
of linked training courses to help build
the necessary research capacity. The
new information collected and analysed
was subsequently written-up as a series
of reports and published through various media (as explained below).
Project Number
IC18CT980331

01/11/1998 to 31/10/2001 (36 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Arthur Neiland / Dr. Christophe Bn
United Kingdom
(2) Limited institutional capacity

First, each national collaborator had to
undertake a review of the institutional
arrangements for fisheries at local, national and international (regional) levels.
This included detailed description and
profiles of organisational history, development and capacities. Second, this
information was used to design a strategy for institutional capacity-building
which included: training courses and
seminars in areas such as socio-economic surveys, livelihood analysis and
policy analysis. Visits and tours of fisheries and institutes, within each country
and in the UK, also provided the opportunity to consider different approaches
to common problems (such as fisheries
regulation and research prioritisation).
The need for capacity-building was a
key theme and consideration which was
addressed throughout the duration of
the project.
23
(3) Weak policy

formation mechanisms
The policy process (formation + implementation) was researched in each
LCB country. First, a review was undertaken of each set of national policies
and policy frameworks for fisheries.
Second, the performance of fisheries
policy implementation over the past
30 years was reviewed and evaluated.
Third, the factors which have affected
the policy process in each country and
the possibilities for addressing them
were also considered. The information
was written up as a series of national
reports, which in turn formed the basis
of a joint policy analysis paper, and the
development of a new proposal for a
fisheries development programme.
Results and outcomes

The research undertaken in the LCB
fisheries has produced results and outcomes in four major domains:
(A) Information documentation
and dissemination
Key results:
It has been shown that the fisheries of
the LCB were productive (over 60,000t/
yr), valuable (the first sale value of
traded fish is US$25 million/yr) and
contribute to the livelihoods of thousands of rural people. At the same time,
paradoxically, 40% of the rural households in the LCB fisheries region are
impoverished (low income, vulnerable
to food insecurity).
Outcomes:
Production and dissemination of a wide
range of reports, papers and journal articles covering important environmental,
economic, social, institutional and policy issues. These outputs have effectively
helped to raise the profile of the fisheries of the LCB amongst government
policy-makers, international donors and
24
scientists. For example, a joint-paper by

all members of the LCB team has recently appeared in the International Journal
of Social Economics. Elsewhere, the research findings have contributed to an
international workshop on Poverty and
Fisheries organised for 25 West African
states by the DFID/FAO Sustainable
Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (SFLP).
(B) Capacity-building in policy
analysis and policy development
Key results:
The analysis of national fisheries policy
for each of the LCB countries revealed
a high level of incompleteness in areas such as fisheries management,
and economic, social and institutional
development. At a regional level, there
was no common fisheries policy for the
Lake Chad Basin. The formation of fisheries policy had been constrained by
limited capacity in a wide range of areas
including policy analysis and fisheries
policy planning and development.
Outcomes:
The capacity of the fisheries authorities
of the LCB countries (within the project) to undertake policy analysis and
policy development increased through
the training and mentoring activities of
the project. A series of training courses were operated in: socio-economic
surveys/livelihood analysis; fisheries
monitoring and policy analysis and
up to 18 people passed through these
courses. Partly on the basis of this new
and increased capacity, the DFID/FAO
SFLP sponsored a small project to examine the linkage between trade and
sustainable livelihoods The key policy
issue of trade was examined in all five
LCB riparian countries (Chad, Niger,
Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African
Republic), and the results incorporated
into future fisheries policy.
(C) Institutional development

Key results:
The performance of fisheries policy
in the LCB as a whole was weak. The
follow-on analysis of the policy process in all LCB countries revealed
that the implementation of fisheries
policy was constrained by a range of
factors including weak institutional
development at all levels of the formal
fisheries management system operated
by national government, and also at
the international level of the Lake Chad
Basin Commission (LCBC). Interestingly,
traditional management systems at local level remained strong, active and
effective, but remained distinct and
separate (on the whole) in their operation from formal systems.
Outcomes:
The increasing amount of information
and the accompanying raised profile of
the LCB fisheries had a positive impact
on the formal institutional arrangements
for fisheries in the region. The Lake
Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) posted
a fisheries expert to its Secretariat in
Ndjamena for the first time. In Nigeria,
Borno State established plans for a new
Department of Fisheries. Throughout
the LCB, efforts were done to establish
and operate a Fisheries Information
Monitoring System (FIMS), with local
fisheries departments and fish marketing groups working together under the
DFIF/FAO SLFP.
(D) Design of future
development interventions
Key results:
The analysis of the policy process
in each country of the LCB revealed
that past policy had been dominated
by technology-based, productionist
approaches, with relatively little consideration of the broad economic,
social and institutional context of the
livelihoods of fishers and other people
in the fisheries. In line with new policy
Contacts
approaches in other natural resource

sectors, throughout the world, which
have adopted a broader and livelihoodbased perspective, the research
revealed that a new approach to fisheries development in the Lake Chad Basin
is needed.
Outcomes:
There were two notable outcomes:
an Overview Report Fisheries of the
Lake Chad Basin: using policy research
knowledge as a basis for future development action including: (i) a summary
of the work of the Research Project; and
(ii) a concept note for a Lake Chad Basin
Fisheries Development Programme
(LCB-FDP); and the research outputs
of the project were distributed to the
DFID/FAO SFLP, to provide some guidance in the designing of two pilot
development projects in the LCB (fish
processing) and also in Burkina Faso
(inland fisheries management).
Bn, C., K. Mindjimba, E. Belal, T. Jolley & A.
Neiland, 2003. Inland fisheries, tenure systems
and livelihood diversification in Africa: the case
of the Yar floodplains in Cameroon. Journal of
Asian and African Studies, 38:17-51.
Bn, C., A. Neiland, T. Jolley, B. Ladu, S. Ovie, O.
Sule, M. Baba, E. Belal, K. Mindjimba, F. Tiotsop,
L. Dara, A. Zakara & J. Quensire, 2003. Inland
fisheries, poverty and rural livelihoods in subSaharan Africa: Investigations in the Lake Chad
Basin. Journal of Asian and African Studies,
38:17-51.
Bn, C., A. Neiland, T. Jolley, B. Ladu, S. Ovie, O.
Sule, M. Baba, E. Belal, K. Mindjimba, F. Tiotsop,
L. Dara, A. Zakara, & J. Quensire, 2003. Naturalresource institutions and property rights in
Inland African fisheries, the case of the Lake
Chad Basin region. International Journal of Social
Economics, 30(3):275-301.
Bn, C., K. Mindjimba. E. Belal & T. Jolley,
2000. Evaluating livelihood strategies and the
role of inland fisheries in rural development
and poverty alleviation: the case of the Yar
floodplain in North Cameroon. Proc. 10th Conf.
IIFET, Corvalis, 10-14 July 2000.
Coordinator
Arthur Neiland1 &
Christophe Bn2
Centre for the Economics and
Management of Aquatic Resources
(CEMARE)
Locksway Road
Southsea
Portsmouth PO4 8JF
United Kingdom
E-M: neiland@iddra.org
E-M: c.bene@cgiar.org
Partners
Bernard Ladu
National Institute for Freshwater
Fisheries Research (NIFFR)
PMB 6006
New Bussa, Niger State
Nigeria
Baba Malloum Ousman

Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and
Animal Industries (MINEPIA)
Yaounde
Cameroon
E-M: faodpec@sdncmr.undp.org
Jacques Quensire
Dveloppement
Route des Pres Maristes
BP 1386
30 Dakar - Hann
Senegal
E-M: Jacques.Quensiere@ird.sn
Address at time of printing: Institute for Sustainable

Development and Aquatic Resources (IDDRA), Portsmouth
Technopole, Kingston Crescent, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO2
8FA, United Kingdom
Address at time of printing: WorldFish Center, Africa and Asia

Programme, PO Box 11728, Cairo, Egypt.
25
CHINAFISH
Chinese Freshwater Fishes: Training
and workshop on Research Priorities
in Fish Biology and Informatics at the
Aquatic Frontier
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2000-50007

01/10/2000 to 31/10/2001 (7 months)
Accompanying Measure
Coordinator
Dr. Sven Kullander
Swedish Museum of Natural History
Sweden

The basic understanding of Chinese
fish systematics, distribution, ecology,
genetic components and conservation
is in considerable need of improvement and globalisation. All these
fields of research are required in order to develop sustainable use of fish
resources and management tools for
conservation. At present there exists
no platform for Chinese-European fish
biology exchange.
CHINAFISH objectives were:
To provide a platform for European

and Chinese joint research in ichthyology and fish biology, that would
be multidisciplinary and versatile
enough to expand on all key topics
related to research on fish and fish
biology in China
To propose powerful research

projects towards better basic understanding and utilisation of
available and still unexploited natural resources.
Website
http://www2.nrm.se/ve/pisces/chinafish
Activities
This accompanying measure (AM) included a workshop and a training visit
with the aim of investigating, summarising and proposing research on novel
resources and their management, including finding new species and genetic
stock, improving assessment methods
and understanding of ecosystems and
community function, and making available the information in modern, suitable
formats such as Internet databases.
The workshop was the principal project activity. It was held 7-11 December
2000 in the Foreign Guesthouse of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.
Participants represented not only the traditional fishery/aquaculture sector, but
covered overall expertise in fish biology.
26
CHINAFISH
The CHINAFISH workshop reviewed

the status of Chinese ichthyology and
research priorities for EU-Chinese cooperation with emphasis on sustainable
use of fish resources.
The research model designed by the
workshop integrated basic life history
disciplines such as systematics, genetics
and ecology, with fisheries/aquaculture
and conservation/management.
Results and outcome

The workshop listed several research
priorities, addressing obvious gaps in
knowledge, urgent need for data gathering in areas under environmental
pressure, and research approaches that
had so far not been tried on Chinese
freshwater fishes. Such included inventories of smaller water bodies;
databases of specimens in research
collections and museums; systematic
revisions of the big carps; integration
of terminology of classification; phylogenetic relationships of major cyprinid
groups; genetic variability, especially
over large geographical areas, and genetic characterisation of populations
and species using modern molecular
techniques; ecomorphological analyses covering size-related ecological
performance; ecological characteristics
of culture species under natural conditions, especially interactions between
feral and wild fish; genetic characterisation of aquaculture stock;
standardisation
of
incubation
procedures for bioassay testing; density-related disease transfer.
Finfish aquaculture is traditionally in
the realm of technology, management,
and socio-economic considerations.
Papers presented at the CHINAFISH
workshop suggested an alternative approach to study and implement finfish
aquaculture resources, drawing on the
experience and outlooks of biological
systematics, ecology, paleoichthyology,
Contacts
genetics, and conservation biology,

based mainly on studies of natural fauna, in addition to frontline research in
aquaculture management.
Morphological systematic ichthyology
has a long tradition in China, with several well-illustrated descriptive catalogs
of regional fauna and also works covering the Chinese fish fauna as a whole.
About 900 species of fish are known
from Chinese freshwaters, dominated by
the Cyprinidae, carp fishes, with about
530 species. Less than 20 native species
are common in commercial aquaculture
in China, and recent development has
built to quite some extent on exotic species, especially Nile tilapia.
Selected Publication
The following report presents the proceedings of the Workshop:
Kullander, S.O. (ed.), 2001. Chinese Freshwater
Fishes: Research Priorities in Fish Biology and
Informatics at the Aquatic Frontier. Proceedings
of an INCO-DEV Workshop convened in Beijing,
China, 7-11 December 2000. Brussels, ACP-EU
Fish.Res.Rep., (9):97 p. ISSN 1025-3971
Coordinator
Sven Kullander
Frescativaegen 40
P.O. Box 50007
10405 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel: +46 8 51 95 41 16
Fax: +46 8 51 95 42 12
E-M: Sven.kullander@nrm.se
In addition to other relevant research

being published, about 5000 scientific articles in aquatic science are
published in China annually and mainly
in Chinese. Very little of this enormous
body of information is readily available
internationally. It is therefore important to develop information systems
that gather and redistribute the information in formats openly and widely
accessible for end-users.
CHINAFISH
27
International Workshop on Information

Systems for Policy and Technical Support
in Fisheries and Aquaculture
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2000-50010

01/05/2000 to 31/01/2001 (9 months)
Coordinator
Prof. Dr. Enrico Feoli
University of Trieste
Italy
To address issues associated with the

difficult transition from abundance
to scarcity in aquatic resources an
International Workshop on Information
Systems for Policy and Technical Support
in Fisheries and Aquaculture was proposed in order to review the state of the
art of available information systems and
accessible information resources on key
thematic areas in relation to aquatic resources as well as to identify a strategy
for information sharing and interaction
between scientists and decision makers
in these key thematic areas and for the
management of protected areas.
Activities
Reliable information will spread the

right perception of the productive
capacity and result in more realistic
assessment of decreasing benefits and
rising costs. Conservation of aquatic
biodiversity, ecosystem approaches to
fisheries and aquaculture production
and food quality and safety along the
entire chain from production to the
consumer are key concepts that will
govern approaches to aquatic living
resources in the future. International
trade is a major driving force in bringing many of these problems to a head,
while also offering opportunities for
socio-economic development.
Defining in concerted way information tools indispensable for policy

formulation and/or technical improvements in the respective fields,
including aquaculture, health and
veterinary standards and trade in
fishery products.
The workshop was convened in Los

Baos, Philippines, from 5 to 7 June
2000, around 30 experts from Europe
and developing countries from Asia,
Africa and Latin America participated.
The workshop alternated plenary presentations and discussion with panel
work to cover efficiently the extensive
ground highlighted above.
The activities leading up to the workshop and its follow-up were governed
by a steering committee covering the
thematic scope and providing guidance
to invited participants.
The specific objectives were:
28
Reviewing the state of the art of

available information systems and
accessible information resources
about key thematic areas in relation
to aquatic resources and identifying the critical knowledge gaps for
policy and environmentally friendly
production and trade;
Determining a strategy for information sharing and interaction between

scientists and decision makers in
these key thematic areas and management of protected areas;
Results and outcome

The workshop was successful in getting
the expected results by the presentation of invited speakers and by the
panel work:
The review of the state of the art

of available information systems
and accessible information resources and identification of critical
knowledge gaps for policy and environmentally friendly production
and trade in relation to aquatic resources was achieved by general
presentations on data bases such
those of Rainer Froese The FishBase
Information System: Key Features
and Approaches, Uwe Piatkowski
Notes on cephalopods/CephBase,
Michael Apel & Michael Turkay
Decapod Crustacea in existing
databases and concepts, Philippe
Bouchet & Nicolas Bailly ClamBase:
A proposition from MNHN-InSys
within the framework of a Global
Marine Mollusca Database and
by the presentation of regional
systems such those of Wang Lu
Coral Reef Information System and
Management for the China Sea,
and of Satish Babu on Information
needs of small-scale fishing communities in South India.
The economic and trade aspects were

covered by the presentations of Akhmad
Fauzi An overview of economic
valuation techniques: a highlight on information needed for their application
in developing countries and Carlos A.
Lima dos Santos Seafood health standards and trade - key problems.
Enrico Feoli presented examples of integration of remote sensing, spatial

data and biodiversity data bases to
construct network for sustainable use
of biological resources. The policy aspect was covered by the presentation
of Daniel Pauly Importance of the
historical dimension in policy and management of natural resource systems,
by Thorolfur Matthiasson Economic
and social database for policy relevant
natural resource analysis and by Ussif
Rashid Sumaila Economic drivers
and approaches to integrate economic
factors into policy formulation and
management-key problems.
Different possibilities to develop

strategy for information sharing
and interaction between scientists
and decision makers in key thematic areas related to aquatic resources
and management of protected areas
jointly determined were illustrated
by discussions and presentation of
the internet use to reach the connection between different data bases. A
demonstration was done by Rainer
Froese and the FISHBASE staff which
showed the way to link different
data bases with the FISHBASE.
The possibility to develop network
design composed of thematic information tools indispensable for
policy formulation or technical improvements defined for aquaculture
and fisheries in their ecosystem
context, other key aquatic groups,
sanitary and phytosanitary and
eco-standards, trade in fishery
products was discussed during the
panel work where concept notes and
project proposals were formulated
and/or discussed for the major research areas, namely:
Information systems on other

aquatic groups in support of
capture and culture fisheries;
Sanitary and phytosanitary

standards (SPS) and relevant
environmental regulations in
relation to trade in fishery
products;
Decision support system to ecosystem based fisheries analysis

and co-management;
Evaluation
techniques
and
price analysis at macro and micro levels and co-management;
Thorolfur Matthiasson presented one of the results of the
panel work as a proposal Draft
on Economic and social database for policy relevant natural
resource analysis, while Carlos
A. Lima dos Santos contributed also a note on Seafood
Health Standards and Trade:
key issues.
Two out of several proposals

based on concepts presented and
discussed at the workshop were
successful in subsequent calls: one
on a seaweed database for Africa
to systematise scientific knowledge
and make it available in the public
domaine; and a multi-disciplinary
approach to reconcile multiple
demands on coastal zones by organising, analysing and disseminating
information on ecosystems and socio-economic dimensions of coastal
zones supported by a web-based
archive. Other concepts have been
utilised in other follow-up work.
29
Contacts
The following report contains the proceedings of the Workshop:
Feoli, E. & C.E. Nauen (eds.), 2001. Proceedings
of the INCO-DEV International Workshop on
Information Systems for Policy and Technical
Support in Fisheries and Aquaculture. Los Baos,
Philippines, 5-7 June 2000. Brussels, ACP-EU
Fish.Res.Rep., (8):132 p. ISSN 1025-3971
ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/inco2/docs/acp_8_
proceedings_en.pdf
30
Coordinator
Enrico Feoli
Universit degli Studi di Trieste
Depto. di Biologia
Via Giorgieri 10
34100 Trieste
Italy
Tel: +39 040 558 71 11
Fax: +39 040 558 20 11
E-M: feoli@univ.trieste.it
NATFISH
Natural variability of a coastal upwelling
system and small pelagic fish stocks

The coastal ocean off northwest Africa
is one of the worlds upwelling regions
with high production of small pelagic
fish thriving on nutrient-rich waters rising to the surface and enabling plankton
blooms, the principal food of small pelagics. Exploitable biomasses of these
short-lived fish species (e.g. sardines,
sardinella, mackerel, horse mackerel)
are known to depend heavily on suitable
environmental conditions for the survival of their larvae and juveniles. This was
as already demonstrated in other important upwelling regions of the world, such
as the Humboldt system off Chile and
Peru (supporting the famous Peruvian
anchoveta fisheries) and the Benguela
system off southwest Africa.
The pelagic fisheries play a very important role in the developing economies
of the northwest African region. One
of the key questions for sustainable
fisheries management in this upwelling-controlled ecosystem is how the
fish populations respond to a climate
change. What are the environmental
factors that lead to a sudden collapse
of fish stocks? How to combine environmental observation from space with
in situ physical and biological monitoring in order to anticipate the stock
collapses prior to the stress periods?
How to inform fisheries regimes in
time to avoid excessive fishing pressure at times of environmental stress
which led e.g. to the spectacular collapse of the Peruvian anchoveta in the
early 70s? The projects general objective was to analyse and quantify the
influence of the natural variability of
the Northwest African upwelling system on the abundance and distribution
of small pelagics. In particular, specific
objectives were:
To compile relevant environmental,

biological and fisheries data into a
distributed database together with
tools for analysing the data;
To identify and quantify environmental variability relating to

significant changes in abundance
and distribution in small pelagic
fish stocks;
To model different environmental
situations and their consequences on key processes influencing
successful recruitment and fish
distribution;
To investigate the potential of using models as a tool for suggesting
precautionary measures to be incorporated into responsible fisheries
management strategies;
To develop adequate capacity
building for African scientists and
managers to properly understand
natural environmental variability and its significance for fisheries
management in combination with
using analytical models from the
research.
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10029

01/01/2002 to 17/05/2005 (39 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Dr. Leo Nykjaer
Ispra, Italy
Activities
The project was carried out as a retrospective analysis of environmental,
biological and fisheries data with focus
on the decade 1990 to 2000. The different activities consisted of:
A documentation of the environmental variability associated with

the major changes in fish population for three case studies.
An investigation of upper ocean dynamics through application of an

existing hydro-dynamic model.
An examination of the influence

of oceanographic key parameters
on the distribution and biology of
small pelagics.
An evaluation to what extent some

of the environmental changes could
NATFISH
31
NATFISH
Contacts
effectively be monitored and how

their effect on the fishery resources
could be forecasted.

The project results:
provided data and methodologies

that can be used and maintained by
the developing countries for practical use in resource management
increased awareness, both at decision making level and at the
scientific level, of the value and
benefits of considering environmental aspects in the management
of living resources.
contributed to ecosystem-based
approach of management of living
resources.
improved capacity building of
African scientists and strengthened
human networking and institutional
partnership.
Coordinator
Leo Nykjaer
Herbette, S., P. Marchesiello & L. Nykjaer, 2004.

The impact of wind forcing on the inter-annual
variability of the northwestern African coastal
upwelling. Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol
6, 02672.
Marchesiello, P., S. Herbette, L. Nykjaer & C. Roy,
2004. Eddy-driven dispersion processes in the
Canary Current upwelling system: comparison
with the California system. Globec International
Newsletter, 10(1), April 2004.
Nykjaer, L., 2002. NAT-FISH, a SPACC affiliated
project in the Northwest African upwelling area,
Globec International Newsletter. 8(2).
Ostrowski, M. & T. Strmme, 2004. Evolution of
coastal SST in the northeast subtropical Atlantic
and distribution patterns of small pelagic
fish from Mauritania to Morocco. Poster. ICES
Symposium on the Influence of Climate Change
on the North Atlantic Fish Stocks, Bergen 11-14
May, 2004.
Related publications:
Christensen, V., P. Amorim, I. Diallo, T. Diouf,
S. Gunette, J.J. Heymans, A. Mendy, M.M. ould
Taleb ould Sidi, M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb,
K. Stobberup, J.M. Vakily, M. Vasconcellos, R.
Watson & D. Pauly, 2004. Trends in fish biomass
off Northwest Africa, 1960-2000. pp. 215-220.
In: Chavance, P., M. B, D. Gascuel, J.M. Vakily &
D. Pauly (eds.). Pcheries maritimes, cosystmes
et socits en Afrique de lOuest: Un demisicle de changements. Actes du symposium
international, Dakar, Sngal, 24-28 juin 2002.
Luxembourg, Office des Publications Officielles
des Communauts Europennes et Paris, IRD.
Joint Research Centre (JRC)

Sustainability
21020 Ispra
Italy
Tel: +39 0332 78 97 15
Fax: +39 0332 78 90 34
E-M: leo.nykjaer@jrc.it
Partners
Tore Strmme
Institute of Marine Research (IMR)
P.O. Box 1870
Nordnes
5817 Bergen
Norway
E-M: tore@imr.no
Mostafa Chbani
Institut National de Recherche
Halieutique (INRH)
2, Rue Tiznit
Casablanca 01
Morocco
E-M: mus_chbani@yahoo.com
Mohamed Mahfoudh
Institut Mauritanien de Recherches
Ocanographiques et des Pches
(IMROP)
B.P. 22
Nouadhibou
Mauritania
E-M: mohamed_mahfoudh@yahoo.fr
Birane Samb
Ocanographiques de
Dakar-Thiaroye (CRODT)
BP 2241
Dakar
Sngal
E-M: bsambe@yahoo.fr
32
NATFISH
SEAWEED Africa
Underpinning sustainable ecosystem
management of seaweed resources in Africa:
expanding the seaweed database

Despite its enormous coastline and
burgeoning coastal populations, Africa
has not seen major developments of a
seaweed industry except in Tanzania
and South Africa and recently in
Mozambique. In fact, there seems to be
a relative paucity of local knowledge
of seaweeds despite the incredible biodiversity which is particularly high on
the east coast. In some areas, such as
Namibia and the west coast of South
Africa, up welling of cold water shows
enormous potential for maricultural
development if the right algae and
management techniques can be found.
There is also considerable potential for
the extension of Eucheuma cultivation
to other tropical and subtropical countries. The main objective of this project
was to produce tools for policy makers
and other interested parties, who might
be interested in sustainable use of seaweed resources. This involved making
available a database containing information such as uses of different species
of seaweeds, distribution of those species and ecological information about
them. The information systems was
also to contain legal and commercial
information from countries that are
currently harvesting or growing seaweeds. Technical information such as
methods of harvesting or aquaculture
were also to be provided. This database
was to be available both via the Internet
and on CD ROM.
It was hoped that the project would:
Promote the sustainable use of

seaweed stocks by communicating
current best practice in countries
currently harvesting/growing seaweeds in a sustainable manner;
Promote links and exchanges
between phycologists (seaweed scientists) in Africa and the EU.
Activities
A major redesign of the AlgaeBase
database was carried out, comprising significant effort in standardising
and cleaning data sets. Pre-existing
flat-file systems were transferred into
MySQL database formats for greater
versatility and stability. The available
and newly accessed ecological, commercial and technical information
was assembled and inputted into the
database. Moreover, an entirely new
SeaweedAfrica archive was created
under this project with progressive
merge of the two. The use of these
archives was then promoted via the
Internet and selected parts also distributed to interested parties via CD ROM.
The planned South Atlantic Seaweed
Check-list was not produced for lack
of access to Argentinean catalogue
data. Information for Uruguay, Brazil,
Venezuela and the Antarctic and SubAntarctic islands have, however, been
obtained and entered into AlgaeBase.
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10030

01/11/2001 to 31/10/2005 (48 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Prof. Michael Guiry
National University of Ireland
Ireland
Website
www.seaweedafrica.org
www.algaebase.org
Results and outcome
Raise general awareness of the

many uses and potential uses of
seaweeds, particularly in the EU and
Africa;
Inform policy makers and other

interested parties as to which seaweeds grow in their areas and what
can be done with them. The focus
was on high value, low volume
products as much as possible;
Improved web-based archiving of

a much larger number of African
seaweed species in two easy-to-use
databases
Completion of the nomenclatural
and taxonomic sections and the
addition of seaweed pictures and
common names to the AlgaeBase
web-archive (>130,000 records from
17 geographical areas on >121,000
SEAWEED Africa
33
SEAWEED Africa
species, subspecies, varieties and
formae of algae);
Production of an information pack

containing: extracts of the Seaweed
Africa database; details of content
and capabilities of the database
and guidelines for accessing the
data via internet on a PowerPoint
presentation;
Anderson, R.J. & J.J. Bolton, 2005. Introduction.
Guide to the seaweeds of KwaZulu Natal. Scripta
Botanica Belgica, 33:11-37.
Arajo, R. I. Brbara, G. Santos, M. Rangel &
I. Sousa Pinto, 2003. Fragmenta chorologica
occidentalia, Algae, 8572-8640. Anales Jardin
Botnico Madrid, 56:405-409.
Coimbra, J., F. Barreto Caldas, I. Sousa Pinto,

P.T. Santos, C. Antunes, M.R. Oliveira, S. Dias
& M. Felcio, 2002-2003. Integrated plans for
the coastal zone (POOC) of Terceira Island,
Azores: characterization of the communities
of the coastal zone. Porto, Portugal, Regional
Government of Azores, 91 p.
Pictures of commercial seaweeds in

Africa and a list of commercial and
potential species in Africa;
De Clerck, O., J.J. Bolton, R.J. Anderson & E.

Coppejans, 2005. Guide to the seaweeds of
KwaZulu Natal. Scripta Botanica Belgica, 33:1294.
Information meetings with the seaweed industries were convened in

Ireland, Kenya, Namibia, Portugal,
Tanzania and South Africa;
Sustainable harvesting;
Aquaculture with lowest possible
environmental impacts;
Low volume high value species;
Greatly
improved
communication between existing projects and
broad-based access from very diverse publics between October
2004 and October 2006 the databases have been searched 5.056 million
SEAWEED Africa
Rindi, F. & M.D. Guiry, 2004. A long term

comparison of the benthic algal flora of
Clare Island, County Mayo, western Ireland.
Biodiversity and Conservation, 13:471-492.
Smit, A.J., 2004. Medicinal and pharmaceutical
uses of seaweed natural products: A review.
Journal of Applied Phycology, 16:245-262.
Coimbra, J., F. Barreto Caldas, I. Sousa Pinto,

P.T. Santos, C. Antunes, M.R. Oliveira, S. Dias
& M. Felcio, 2002-2003. Integrated plans for
the coastal zone (POOC) of S. Jorge Island,
Azores: characterization of the communities
of the coastal zone. Porto, Portugal, Regional
Government of Azores, 93 p.
Checklists of seaweeds for South

Africa, Namibia and Kenya compiled
and distributed as CD ROMs;
Tools available for the initiating of

new projects or enhancement of existing projects. These tools stress
the following;
Rindi, F. & M.D. Guiry, 2004. Composition and

spatio temporal variability of the epiphytic
macroalgal assemblage of Fucus vesiculosus
Linnaeus at Clare Island, Mayo, western Ireland.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Ecology, 311:233-252.
Bolton, J.J. & H. Stegenga, 2002. Seaweed

biodiversity in South Africa. South African
Journal of Marine Science, 24:9-18.
34
SeaweedAfrica: creation of a second

web archive containing ecololgical, commercial and technological
information for use in ecosystem
management and planning; there
are 216 use categories with 1114
different seaweed uses recorded
and some 230 compounds (so far)
times, current daily use rates are

between 10 and 12,000 times.
De Clerck, O., H.R. Engledow, J.J. Bolton, R.J.

Anderson & E. Coppejans, 2002. Twenty marine
benthic algae new to South Africa, with emphasis
on the flora of KwaZulu Natal. Botanica Marina,
45:413-431.
Gullstrm, M. M. Lundn, M. Bodin, J. Kangwe,
M.C. hman, M. Mtolera & M. Bjrk, (2006).
Assessment of vegetation changes in the
seagrass-dominated tropical Chawaka Bay
(Zanzibar) using satellite remote sensing.
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 67:399-408.
Guiry, M.D., 2005. AlgaeBase Listing the worlds
algae. The Irish Scientist Yearbook, 13:74-75.
Leliaert, F., O. De Clerck, J.J. Bolton &
E. Coppejans, 2001. New records of the
Chlorophyta from South Africa, with emphasis
on the marine benthic flora of KwaZulu Natal.
South African Journal of Botany, 67:450-459.
N Chualin, F., C.A. Maggs, G.W. Saunders & M.D.
Guiry, 2004. The invasive genus Asparagopsis
(Bonnemaisoniaceae, Rhodophyta): molecular
systematics, morphology, and ecophysiology
of Falkenbergia isolates. Journal of Phycology,
40:1112-1126.
Oliveira, E.C., K. sterlund, M.S.P. Mtolera, 2005.
Marine plants of Tanzania. A field guide to the
seaweeds and seagrasses of Tanzania. Edited by
N. Sporrong & M. Bjrk. Stockholm, SIDA/SAREC,
268 p.
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Michael D. Guiry
Robert Anderson & John Bolton
AlgaeBase Centre
Martin Ryan Institute,
NUI, Galway
University Road
Galway
Ireland
Tel: +35 391 49 23 39
University of Cape Town

Department of Botany
7700 Rondebosch
South Africa
E-M: michael.guiry@nuigalway.ie
Mats Bjrk
Kuria Kairu & Patrick Gwada
E-M: Anderson@botzoo.uct.ac.za
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research

Institute
- International Ocean Institute East Africa
PO Box 8165
254 Mombasa
Kenya
E-M: Bolton@botzoo.uct.ac.za
E-M: ioi-ea@recoscix.org
E-M: pgwada@recoscix.org
University of Stockholm
Botaniska Institutionen
Lilla Freskativgen 5
10691 Stockholm
Sweden
E-M: Mats.bjork@botan.su.se
Fergus Molloy & Alan Critchley

University of Namibia
Department of Biology
PO Box 13301
Mandume Ndemufayo Ave.
Windhoek 9000
Namibia
E-M: molloy@iafrica.com.na
E-M: alan.critchley@degussa.com
Derek Keats
University of the Western Cape
- International Ocean Institute - IOI Southern Africa
P.Bag X17
Modderdam Road
Bellville 7885
South Africa
E-M: dkeats@uwc.ac.za
Martin Cocks & Isabel Sousa Pinto

University of Porto
Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigao
Marinha e Ambiental
Rue do Campo Alegro, 833
4150-180 Porto
Portugal
E-M: mcocks@uwc.ac.za
E-M: ispinto@cimar.org
SEAWEED Africa
35
LowValueFish
Improving the Utilisation and Quality
of Low-Value Fish by Processing
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10032

1/01/2002 to 30/06/2005 (42 months)
Shared Cost Action
The main objective of the study was

to improve the utilisation of low-value
fish including waste products by producing, with staple foods, extruded and
dried products of high nutritional and
organoleptic quality, in the developing
countries. The research expected to:
Results and outcome
Coordinator
Prof. Nazlin Karmali Howell
University of Surrey
United Kingdom
Develop the under-utilised marine

resources in Africa and Asia with
due regard to fish stocks, longterm Government plans and the
environment;
Expand postharvest fish processing
technologies to produce nutritious,
safe and cheap products for local
use; for export to neighbouring
countries as well as abroad; and to
aid food security;
This research project enabled the developing countries partners to undertake

their own, often fundamental, research
in collaboration with European research
groups. In particular, the following activities were undertaken:
Provision and characterisation of

selected low-value fish species in
Africa and Asia;
Production of added-value products

from selected fish species;
Design and manufacture of a simple

low-cost extruder for developing
countries;
36
LowValueFish
Extrusion and drying of low-value fish

combined with other local crops;
A detailed knowledge of the beneficial nutritional and organoleptic

properties of selected low-value
fish species was obtained; extremely low PCB and dioxin levels, below
the legal limits were found.
High quality fish protein isolate,

collagen, gelatin and fish oil were
produced.
A simple and cheap extruder was

designed for and built in each developing country.
High quality and nutritious extruded and dried food products

including infant foods, instant
foods and snacks were made from
the selected fish.
Biochemical changes (protein denaturation and lipid oxidation) in

dried and extruded fish food products were investigated leading to
improved quality control methods
and preservation systems, including natural antioxidant mixtures.
Develop strong and beneficial

long-term links between developing countries and Europe in terms
of research, education and training
and trade.
Activities
Monitoring quality and biochemical changes of extruded and dried

products during storage.
Many of the above studies were undertaken with generous collaboration with
industry including Unilever Research,
UK, Croda Foods, UK, a number of SMEs,
FAO and UNICEF. The research will have
an economic impact by reducing wastage and pollution and improving quality
control methods and training; new products and technology have started to
enhance food safety and security and
help combat malnutrition, heart disease
and diabetes and are expected to do so
well into the future. Example: C.S. Cheow
won a Silver Medal, 16th International
Invention Innovation Industrial Design
& Technology Exhibition 2005 (ITEX
May, 2005), Kuala Lumpur for the

invention of Fish-Based Breakfast
Cereal, Malaysian Ministry of Science,
Technology & Innovation and Malaysian
Invention and Design Society.
The coordinators team also received
the top rating (5 stars) in the competitive research evaluation carried out
every five years in the UK.
Results have also been disseminated in
over 20 conferences.
Badii, F. & N.K. Howell, 2004. Elucidation
of protein aggregation in frozen cod and
haddock by transmission electron microscopy/
immunocytochemistry, light microscopy and
atomic force microscopy. J.Sci. Food Agric.,
84:1919-1928.
Badii, F, & N.K. Howell, 2006. Fish gelatin:
structure, gelling properties and interaction
with egg albumen proteins. Food Hydrocolloids,
20:630-640.
Badii, F., P. Odote, J. Kazungu, L. Abbey, R.
Kandando, B. Shamasundar, C.S. Cheow & N.K.
Howell, 2007. Composition and nutritional
analysis of under-utilised fish species in Africa
and Asia. J. Food Biochemistry. Accepted.
Cheow, C.S., Z.Y. Kyaw, N.K. Howell & M.H.
Dzulkifly, 2005. Relationship between
physicochemical properties of starches and
expansion of fish cracker (keropok). Journal of
Food Quality, 27(1):1-12.
Cheow, C.S., M.S. Norizah, Z.Y. Kyaw & N.K.
Howell, 2007. Preparation and characterisation
of gelatins from the skins of sin croaker (Johnius
dussumieri) and shortfin scad (Decapterus
macrosoma). Food Chemistry, 10:386-391.
Dileep, A.O., B.A. Shamasundar, P.K. Binsi, F.
Badii &. N.K. Howell, 2006. Influence of corn
and tapioca starch on the dynamic viscoelastic
behaviour of ribbonfish (Trichiurus spp) meat
stored. J. Food Science. 70(9):E537-E545.
Dileep, A.O., B.A. Shamasundar, P.K. Binsi, F.
Badii N.K. Howell, 2005. Effect of ice storage on
the physicochemical and dynamic viscoelastic
properties of ribbonfish (Trichiurus spp). J. Food
Science, 70:537-545.
Fennessy, S.T, G.K. Mwatha & W. Thiele, 2004.
Regional workshop on approaches to reducing
shrimp trawl bycatch in the Western Indian
ocean, Mombasa, Kenya 13-15 April 2003. Rome,
FAO Fisheries Report, 734.
Leelapongwattana, K., S. Benjakul, W.
Visessanguan & N.K. Howell, 2005.
Physicochemical and biochemical changes during
frozen storage of minced flesh of lizardfish
(Saurida micropectoralis). Food Chemistry,
90:141-150.
Ngarize, S., H. Herman, A. Adams & N.K. Howell,

2004. Comparison of changes in the secondary
structure of unheated, heated and high-pressure
treated -lactoglobulin and ovalbumin proteins
using Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy
and self deconvolution. J.Agric. Food Chem.,
52:6470-6477.
Ngarize, S., A. Adams & N.K. Howell, 2004.
Studies on egg albumen and whey protein
interactions by FT-Raman spectroscopy and
rheology. Food Hydrocolloids, 18:49-59.
Ngarize, S., A. Adams & N.K. Howell, 2005. A
comparative study of heat and high pressure
induced gels of whey and egg albumen proteins
and their binary mixtures. Food Hydrocolloids,
19:984-996.
Oduor, P.M., 2004. Improved utilization of low
value fish in Kenya: Biochemical and microbial
characterisation. In S.T. Fennessy, G.K. Mwatha
& W. Thade (eds.). Regional workshop on
approaches to reducing shrimp trawl by-catch
in Western Indian Ocean. Mombasa, Kenya. FAO
Fish.Rep., 734.
Odote, P. & J. Kazungu, 2007. Preparation of a
Snack Food from Some Low Value Fish in Kenyan
Marine Waters and their Body Composition.
Western Indian Journal of Marine Science,
Accepted.
Saeed, S. & N.K. Howell, 2004. Rheological
and differential scanning calorimetry studies
on structural and textural changes in frozen
Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). J.Sci. Food
Agric., 84:1216-1222.
Sarkardei, S. & N.K. Howell, 2007. Effects of
Freeze-drying and storage on the FT-Raman
spectra of Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus)
and Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). Food
Chemistry, 103:62-70.
Sarkardei, S. and N.K. Howell, 2008. Effects of
natural antioxidants on stored freeze-dried
food product formulated using Horse Mackerel
(Trachurus trachurus). International Journal of
Food Science & Technology, 43(2):309315.
Contacts
Partners
Dick Stegeman
Agrotechnical Research Institute

ATO BV Business Unite and Food
Processing
Bornesteeg 59, Postbus 17
6700 AA Wageningen
The Netherlands
E-M: d.stegeman@ato.wur.nl
Irineau Batista
Instituto de Investigao das Pescas e

do Mar (IPIMAR)
Av. Brasilia
1400 Lisboa
Portugal
E-M: irineu@ipimar.pt
Dr. Lawrence Abbey
Institute of Food Research

PO Box M20
Accra
Ghana
E-M: abbeyld@yahoo.com
Nangula Uusiku
Department of Food Science and
Technology
Private Bag 13301
Mandume Ndemufayo
Windhoek
Namibia
E-M: nuusiku@unam.na
Peter Odote
Kenya Marine Fisheries Research

Institute (KMFRI)
Headquarters, PO Box 81651
Mombasa
Kenya
E-M: podote@kmfri.co.ke
Coordinator
Prof. Nazlin Karmali
The University of Surrey
School of Biomedical and Molecular
Sciences
Guildford
Surrey GU2 7XH
United Kingdom Howell
Tel: +44 1483 68 64 48
Fax: +44 1483 68 64 01
E-M: N.Howell@surrey.ac.uk
Prof. B.A. Shamasundar
Karnataka Veterinary, Animal &

Fisheries Sciences Univ.
College of Fisheries, Hoige Bazaar
Bangalore 575 002
India
E-M: bashamasundar@rediffmail.com
Dr. Cheow Chong Seng
Universiti Teknologie Mara

Faculty of Applied Sciences
40450 Shah Alam
Malaysia
E-M: cscheow50@yahoo.com
LowValueFish
37
KNOWFISH
Knowledge in fisheries management
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10033

01/01/2002 to 17/05/2005 (41 months)
Shared - Cost Action
Coordinator
Mr. Poul Degnbol
Institute for Fisheries Management
Denmark
Activities
This project addressed the need to

develop new types of research based
knowledge that are appropriate to the
complexity of tropical aquatic ecosystems and the way management
institutions in developing countries
actually work. One very critical need
is the development of less complex
indicators of ecosystem health and
exploitation status that are both scientifically valid and widely acceptable by
fisheries stakeholders. The objective of
the project was to improve our understanding of the information needs and
appropriate institutional structures
for fisheries management by bringing
together natural and social scientists
from Europe, Southern Africa and South
East Asia to develop indicators such as
these for seven case studies. The projects research objectives were to
The project was based on case studies

of knowledge and management in fisheries. The cases selected for study are:
1. Analyse candidates for indicators of

resource system health and exploitation that are robust, less costly
than traditional stock assessment
parameters, and compatible with
the management institutions in developing countries;
2. Analyse how these candidate indicators relate to existing institutions
and social contexts that influence
the quality, content and use of scientific information, including both
research-based information and information generated in cooperation
with stakeholder groups; and
3. Evaluate the ability and willingness
of co-management institutions to
use multiple sources of knowledge
in management decision-making,
and what difference this use of multiple sources of knowledge makes
in the actual management of fishing
behaviour.
38
KNOWFISH
1. lake fisheries in Malawi;

2. freshwater fisheries in Zambia;
3. the shrimp fishery at the Sofala
Bank, Mozambique;
4. the pelagic fishery in South Africa;
5. the fisheries in the Mekong River
system, Kampassak Province, Laos;
6. the coastal fisheries off the Mekong
Delta, Dam Doi district, Vietnam;
and
7. the coastal fisheries in Khanh Hoa
Province, Vietnam.
In each case, indicators of resource
sustainability were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team through the lens
of how both research based and local
knowledge of the ecosystem can be
integrated to establish sustainability
indicators which are considered valid
by all stakeholders. Local ecological
knowledge was identified by interviewing stakeholders using various means
such as drawing maps and timelines.
Statements about the ecosystem and
their resources were then evaluated to
identify the knowledge that has validity
from both a research and user perspective. The project drew on expertise and
methodologies within fisheries biology,
aquatic ecology, anthropology, economics and sociology.
Results and outcome

The case studies have highlighted the
urgency but also the difficulties involved
in identifying a common knowledge
ground that might be utilized to guide
policy and management decisions. One
main conclusion is that ecological sustainability has better chances of being
achieved if allocation issues are being
addressed as an integral part of the
process. User perceptions focus on local allocation issues at least as much
as on longer-term sustainability issues.
Consequently, to be legitimate to users,
management institutions must address
allocation and sustainability in an integrated way and indicators should inform
decisions on both aspects. The challenge
to select meaningful indicators to guide
management decision thus involves
the identification of a common ground
between users knowledge and researchbased knowledge, which relates to
shared objectives and actions and which
addresses both allocation and longerterm sustainability sustainablity. This
requires a multidisciplinary approach
to both research and implementation to
support management institutions.
The types of candidate indicators that
emerged differed widely among the
seven cases. They were generally case
specific. Sometimes, environmental
drivers were emphasised, especially in
relation to fresh-water systems. Also
the types of conflicts involved differed.
While in most cases conflicts had arisen
among different fisher groups, sometimes other users were involved (such
as between fishers and dam builders
regarding the use of riverine resources on the Mekong River in Laos). The
extent of local ecological knowledge
differed markedly. In some cases, being a fisherman is only a temporary
occupation and the high turnover has
implications for the accumulation of
local knowledge and results in a limited historical perspective.
A recurrent observation has been that

local ecological knowledge is linked
directly to the problems users are facing. Long-term sustainability may be an
issue, but allocation issues, conflicts
among user groups and environmental
degradation are positioned prominently in the knowledge landscape. This
observation highlights another issue
regarding the selection of indicators
to serve management decisions: they
must relate to local agendas if they are
to be useful for the stakeholders. From
a user perspective, the most important
knowledge relates to means to address
allocation, if the major concern, as is
often the case, is allocation of access
among users.
The general experience across cases
has been that local knowledge does not
relate to research-based knowledge in a
simple way. Rather, observations made
elsewhere that a major difference relates
to scale were confirmed: local knowledge relates to much smaller space and
time scales than the type of researchbased knowledge usually generates for
fisheries management. Consequently,
user statements may not be verifiable
from a research perspective because of
lack of data (or lack of understanding
of the processes operating) on a comparable level of resolution.
Also, local knowledge is not expressed
in terms that relate directly to indicators in the research-based sense. The
case studies have produced a plethora
of examples of specific statements
about local phenomena that cannot be
related to overall resource conditions
or ecosystem health. One important
reason is that statements about nature
relate to processes and phenomena
that are important in the context of
daily fishing operations. They may reflect local abundance of commercially
attractive resources but may not relate to overall productivity or overall
changes in species and/or size composition. Another reason is that changes
in fishing practices confound the temporal perspective of ecosystem change

(e.g., changes in gear composition and
in mesh size used have been the norm
in some lakes). A third reason is that
local knowledge often does not have
a sufficiently long time perspective to
avoid the shifting baseline syndrome.
For instance, scientific data demonstrate that the larger cichlids in Lake
Mweru have been depleted twenty years
ago, but fishers consider the present
situation as normal.
The project activities and the project
outcomes has resulted in new cooperative management institutions being
established in some cases where such
institutions did not exist or in changes
in existing management institutions. In
Laos new comanagement institutions
integrating local fishing communities
and local government have been established as an extension of project
activities, in Vietnam the project has
inspired an extension of the scope for
fisheries management, in Malawi and
Zambia the results of the project have
informed local comanagement institutions and in South Africa the project
has been seen as an important element
in the development of an ecosystem
approach to fisheries management in
the country. The project has furthermore contributed to increased capacity
to provide relevant research input to
aquatic resource management in national research institutions.
KNOWFISH
39
KNOWFISH
Contacts
The overall outcomes including case
studies will be published in a consolidated volume:
Christensen, S. & D.V. Thi, 2004: Biological
evaluation of local ecological knowledge
regarding ecosystem health and exploitation
status in the shrimp fishery in South Vietnam.
Presented at the 7th Asian Fisheries Forum,
November 30 December 4, Penang, Malaysia.
Degnbol, P. & A. Jarre, 2004. Review of indicators
in fisheries management a development
perspective. African Journal of Marine Science,
26:302-326.
Degnbol, P., 2005. Indicators as a means of
communicating knowledge. ICES Journal of
Marine Science 62:606-611.
Donda, S. & F. Njaya 2004. Organisational and
Institutional Change in the management of Lake
Malombe Fisheries. Paper presented at the IASCP
conference, Mexico 2004.
Nielsen, J.R. & M. Hara, 2006. Transformation of
South African industrial fisheries. Marine Policy,
30(1):43-50.
Wilson, D.C., J.Raakjaer & P. Degnbol, 2006. Local
ecological knowledge and practical fisheries
management in the tropics: A policy brief.
Marine Policy, 30(6):794-801.
Coordinator
Partners
Poul Degnbol1
Mafaniso Hara

IFM, Nordscentret
P.O. Box 104
DK-9850 Hirtshals
Denmark
Tel: +45 9894 28 55
Fax: +45 9894 42 68
Programme for Land and Agrarian

Studies
School of Government
P/Bag X17
Modderdam Road, Bellville
ZA-7535 Bellville, Cape Town
South Africa
E-M: ifm@ifm.dk
E-M: Mhara@Uwc.Ac.Za
Isaac Malasha
Centre for Applied Social Sciences
University of Zimbabwe
PO Box MP 167
5 Aberdeen Road, Avondale
Mount Pleasant, Harare
Zimbabwe
E-M: mambwe@mweb.co.zw
Steve Donda
PO Box 593
Capital Hill Circle
Lilongwe
Malawi
E-M: sdonda@clcom.net
Cyprian Kapasa
PO Box 350100
Mundawanga Road
Chilanga
Zambia
E-M: piscator@zamnet.zm
Simeao Lopes
Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Pesca
de Pequena Escala
PO Box 2473
Av. Marginal, Parcela 141/8
Maputo
Mozambique
E-M: Slopes@idppe.org
40
KNOWFISH
Paul van Zwieten
Dan van Thi
Johann Augustyn
Fish Culture and Fisheries Group

Wageningen University
P.O. Box 338
NL-6700 AH Wageningen
The Netherlands
Research Institute for Marine Fisheries

170 Le Lai Street
Haiphong
Vietnam
Marine and Coastal Management

Private Bag X2
Rogge Bay 8012
South Africa
E-M: dangthi@hn.vnn.vn
E-M: augustyn@mcm.wcape.gov.za
E-M: Paul.vanZwieten@alg.venv.wau.nl
Ha Xuon Thong
Jeppe Kolding
Dept. Fisheries and Marine Biology
University of Bergen
High Technology Center
N-5020 Bergen
Norway
Institute for Fisheries Economics and

Planning
under Ministry of Fisheries
10-12 Nguyen Cong Hoan Street
Hanoi
Vietnam
E-M: Jeppe.Kolding@ifm.uib.no
E-M: ifep@netnam.org.vn
Eyolf Jul-Larsen
Truong Quoc Phu
Chr.Michelsen Institute
P.O. Box 6033 P.T.
N-5089 Bergen
Norway
Institute for Marine Aquaculture

College of Agriculture, Cantho
University
3/2 Street
Cantho
Vietnam
E-M: Eyolf.Jul-Larsen@cmi.no
Niels Jepsen
Danish Institute for Fisheries Research
Vejlsvej 39
DK-8600 Silkeborg
Denmark
E-M: nj@dfu.min.dk
Don Macintosh
CENTER - Aarhus University
Dept. Genetics & Ecology
Building 540
DK-8000 Aarhus C
Denmark
E-M: don.macintosh@biology.au.dk
Berit Aasen
Norwegian Institute for Urban and
Regional Research
P.O. Box 44, Blindern
N-0313 Oslo
Norway
E-M: Berit.aasen@nibr.no
E-M: Tqphu@Ctu.Edu.Vn
Do Thi Minh Duc

Faculty of Geography
Hanoi National Pedagogic University
Xuan Thuy Str., Quan Hoa District
10620 Hanoi
Vietnam
E-M: thinhhnpu@hn.vnn.vn
Sommano Phounsavath
LARReC - Living Aquatic Resources
Research Center
PO Box 9108
Ban Khounta
Vientiane
Lao PDR
E-M: larrec@laopdr.com
Russo de Sa
Instituto Nacional de Investigao
Pesqueira
(Fisheries Research Institute)
PO Box 4603 - A. Mao Tse Tung, 387
Maputo
Mozambique
E-M: russo@moziip.org
Address at the time of printing: European Commission, DG
for Fisheries and Maritime Affairs, Joseph II, 1049 Brussels,
Belgium; E-M: poul.degnbol@ec.europa.eu
KNOWFISH
41
FISHGOVFOOD
Fisheries Governance and Food Security:
North and South in Concert
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10038

01/08/2001 to 31/12/2004 (41 months)
Thematic Network
Coordinator
Dr. Maarten Bavinck
Stichting Interuniversitair
Instituut voor Sociaal-Wetenschappelijk
Onderzoek (SIWO)
The Netherlands
Specific objectives were
Capture fisheries are in crisis.

Documents and figures on the state
of global fisheries that have appeared
since the 1990s point out a strongly
negative trend, with three related components. The first is the decline or
collapse of fish stocks, the world over.
The degradation of aquatic ecosystems
is reflected in the levelling off of the
total world catch in the 1990s, and in
the declining catches of individual fishers. The second component of crisis is
fishing over-capacity. There are simply
too many vessels and too many people
fishing with ever more powerful and
sophisticated methods exploiting ever
more southernmost and deeper parts of
the ocean which used to be inaccessible
still few decades back. Their aggregate
activity is the main cause of the collapse of fish stocks and entire aquatic
ecosystems. The third aspect of crisis
relates to management. Despite signals
that things were going terribly wrong,
fisheries managers have been unable
to reverse the trend. Thus, the foundations of fisheries management theory
and practice became questioned.
To identify the requirements, principles and models that provide

opportunities for addressing problems that arise at the interfaces of
human systems and ecosystems.
Concrete policy applications were
to be worked out in the course
of the project and laid down in a
workbook.
To elaborate a methodology of
knowledge production, which uses
interactive learning processes to
cross disciplinary boundaries. The
realisation of an intersectoral conceptual framework and a number
of joint publications on the topic of
fisheries governance were to form a
measure of its success.
The aim of the fisheries governance

network (FISHGOVFOOD) was to develop and to share a new, interactive
perspective on the governance of fisheries and aquaculture. The reason for
the initiative was that the participants
believed that the crisis that is affecting
the sector cannot be resolved by conventional methods. There is a need for
creative thinking, which means crossing
boundaries between disciplinary understandings and routine approaches. This
implies a shift from a problem-solving
approach to one that emphasises opportunity-creation and the effective
handling of tensions.
42
FISHGOVFOOD
To create a forum, which would provide scholarly input to persons and

institutions involved in fisheries
governance in the South and in EUcountries. It was to be measured in
the attendance of seminars and in the
dissemination of the end-products.
To combine expertise and resources from European scientific and
practitioners communities with
those in the South and thereby to
support Community development
co-operation policy. It was to be
measured in the extent to which
the network gives rise to applications, which form useful inputs
for development.
Activities
Results and outcome
The project had three phases. In the

first phase a conceptual framework for
the governance of fisheries and food
security was elaborated and a first exchange of thoughts took place. The
projects core members formulated a
seminar paper, which was circulated
amongst the members via a newly created information network. During the
first seminar organised the invited
members discussed and revised the
framework, and split up into 5 working
groups, each of which took up one of
the selected issues and was responsible
for writing a section of the 2 intended
publications. The 5 issues were: (a)
principles of fisheries governance; (b)
food security and the fish chain; (c)
technological innovation and control;
(d) institutional tradition and renewal;
and (e) multiple-use conflicts with regard to marine resources. In the second
phase the working groups drafted texts
and discussed them with others via the
information network. The texts for the
two publications were completed in
the course of second year. In the third
phase the draft versions of the two
publications were peer reviewed for
final evaluation at a second seminar
that took place to which by all members were present. A core group acted
as editorial board and supervised the
publication of both manuscripts.
The network succeeded in developing a coherent, innovative approach,

termed interactive governance. This
approach differs from conventional
approaches in its emphasis of the diversity, complexity and dynamics of the
system-to-be-governed as well as of the
governing system. It varies also in the
inclusion of principles and ethics in the
governance effort.
Bavinck, M., R. Chuenpagdee, M. Diallo, P. van

der Heijden, J. Kooiman, R. Mahon & S. Willams,
2005. Interactive fisheries governance: a guide
to better practice. Amsterdam, Amsterdam
University Press.
Kooiman, J., M. Bavinck, S. Jentoft & R. Pullin
(eds), 2005. Fish for Life: interactive governance
for fisheries. Amsterdam: Amsterdam
University Press.
The results of the network were incorporated in an academic publication,

intended for a scholarly public and in
a policy workbook for decision makers.
The network also prepared a brochure
describing the interactive governance
approach. They were launched officially at the recent 2005 MARE Conference
on People and the Sea.
It is still too early to assess the longterm impact of the network. Reactions
to network products among policy
making agencies, such as FAO, are,
however, favourable. The fact that the
Technical Centre for Agricultural and
Rural Cooperation (CTA) has decided to
fund the translation of the policy workbook into French and Spanish and also
to participate in its distribution is an
indication of relevance.
FISHGOVFOOD
43
FISHGOVFOOD
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Maarten Bavinck
Stella Williams
Stichting Interuniversitair Instituut

voor Sociaal-Wetenschappelijk
Onderzoek
Plantage Muidergracht 4
1018 TV Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 205 27 06 61
Fax: +31 206 22 94 30
Agricultural Economics
Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU)
PO Box 1028
Ile Ife
Nigeria
E-M: mbavinck@siswo.uva.nl
Centre for the Economics &

Management of Aquatic Resources
Locksway Road, Southsea
PO4 8JF Portsmouth
United Kingdom
E-M: swilliam@oauife.edu.ng
Andy Thorpe
E-M: andy.thorpe@por.ac.uk
Serge Collet
Consorzio Mediterraneo (Societ Coop.
a Resp. Limitata)
Via Nazionale 243
00184 Roma
Italy
E-M: info@mediterraneo.org
Juan L. Surez de Vivero

Departamento de Geografa Humana
Facultad de Geografa e Historia,
Universidad de Sevilla
c/ Maria de Padilla s/n
41004 Sevilla
Spain
E-M: vivero@us.es
Svein Jentoft
Department of Planning and
Community Studies
Faculty of Social Science, University of
Tromsoe
9037 Tromsoe
Norway
E-M: sveinj@sv.uit.no
Michel Kublcki
Dveloppement
BP A5
44
FISHGOVFOOD
98848 Noumea
New Caledonea
France
E-M: kulbicki@noumea.ird.nc
Gisli Palsson
Institute of Anthropology
University of Iceland
Suourgotu
107 Reykjavik
Iceland
C. Sharma
International collective in support of
fishworkers
College Road 27
600006 Madras
India
E-M: icsf@vsnl.com
Joeli Veitayaki
Marine Studies Programme
University of the South Pacific
Lancala Bay Road
Fiji
Maria Luisa. Acosta

Centro de Asistencia Legal a Pueblos
Indgenas
De la Iglesia de San Antonio
120 Vrs. al Sur
Chinandega
Nicaragua
E-M: calpi@ibw.com.ni
Alan Debrot
Caribbean Research and Management
of Biodiversity Foundation
PO Box 2090
Piscaderabaai z/n
Willemstad Curaao
The Netherlands Antilles
Dakar
Sngal
E-M: tdiouf@crodt.isra.sn
Roger Pullin
Manx Wildlife Trust
Tynwald Mills, St. Johns
Isle of Man IM4 3AE
United Kingdom
E-M: karoger@pacific.net.ph
Jacques van Zyl

Marine & Coastal Management
PLBag X2 Roggebaai
ZA-8012 Cape Town
South Africa
E-M: carmabi@cura.net
E-M: Jac@cdds.co.za
Ratana Chuenpadgee
J. Worms
Coastal Development Centre

Fac. of Fisheries, Kasetsart University
50 Phaholyothin Road
10900 Chatuchak, Bangkok
Thailand
Parc National du Banc dArguin

Av. Gamal Abdel Nasser
B.P. 5355
Nouakchott
Mauritania
E-M: rchuenpa@stfx.ca
E-M: jworm-pnba@mauritania.mr
Jan Hoorweg
Anabelle Trinidad
African Studies Center

Heusdenhoutsestraat 22-1
4817 WC Breda
The Netherlands
Pacific Rim Innovation and

Management Exponents
5th floor, CIFC Towers
CEBU CIM
Philippines
E-M: south_r@usp.ac.fj
Katia Frangoudes
Universit de Bretagne Occidental CEDEM
12, Rue Kergoat
BP 816
29200 Brest
France
E-M: katia.frangoudes@univ_brest.fr
Robin Mahon
Fisheries and Environmental
Consulting
Sunset Crest 48
Barbados
E-M: rmahon@caribsurf.com
Jos Pascual
Universidad La Laguna
Fac de Geografia
38205 La Laguna Tenerife
Spain
E-M: jpascual@ull.es
E-M: jhoorweg@worldonline.nl
E-M: abbie@trinidad.com.ph
Peter van der Heijden

International Agricultural Centre
Postbus 88
6700 AB Wageningen
The Netherlands
E-M: peter.vanderheijden@wur.nl
J. Nageon de Lestang
Seychelles Fishing Authority
PO Box 449
2284 SFA SZ Victoria
Seychelles
E-M: sfasez@seychelles.net
Poul Degnbol1
North Sea Centre, PO Box 104
9850 Hirtshals
Denmark
E-M: pd@ifm.dk
Laura. Piriz
Fiskeriverket
Box 423
401 26 Gteborg
Swede
E-mail: laura.piriz@Fiskeriverket.se
Taib Diouf
Institut Sngalais de Recherches
Agricoles ISRA
Bel Air BP 3120
Route de sHydrocarbures
Address at the time of printing: European Commission, DG

for Fisheries and Maritime Affairs, Joseph II, 1049 Brussels,
Belgium; E-M: poul.degnbol@ec.europa.eu
FISHGOVFOOD
45
CONSDEV
Coherence of Conservation and Development
Policies of Coastal and Marine Protected
Areas (West Africa)
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10043

01/01/2002 to 30/06/2005 (42 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Jean-Yves Weigel
IRD
France
Website
http://www.resed.org/consdev

The recommendations of the 2002
World
Summit
on
Sustainable
Development (WSSD) and those of the
2003 World Parks Congress reaffirm the
role of marine protected areas (MPAs)
in the conservation of biodiversity and
in the sustainable utilisation of ecosystems. The detailed wording of these
recommendations, in underlining the
essential association of all stakeholders, highlights the necessary coherence
of conservation and development policies, in particular regarding the marine
protected areas managed mainly for the
sustainable use of natural ecosystems
(category VI of IUCN). The challenge of
the 2002 WSSD key outcome, the establishing of representative networks
of MPAs by 2012, is likely to be even
surpassed by the challenge to manage
them effectively over time. Today, the
challenge of management, and more
generally of inclusive governance systems, is more than ever crucial.
The design and the implementation
of an adequate governance system are
especially difficult in less-advanced
countries within context of the complexity of social and institutional
organisations and of high annual human population growth rates. From
this point of view, the West African
coastal and marine protected areas appeared as a particularly representative
case study. They are important in terms
of surface area and population - they
cover 2,700,000 hectares (land and sea)
in fourteen parks and two biosphere
reserve with a population of 170,000 inhabitants. The project studied the most
important ones, in terms of surface
area: the Parc National du Banc dArguin
(PNBA) in Mauritania, the Rserve de
Biosphre du Delta du Saloum (RBDS)
in Senegal, and the Reserva da Biosfera
do Archipelago Bolama-Bijagos (RBABB)
in Guinea-Bissau.
46
CONSDEV
The main aim of the project was the

evaluation of governance systems of
coastal and marine protected areas in
West Africa, and the definition of public policy options to strengthen the
coherence of conservation and development policies. Initially this objective
required the characterisation of governance systems which required not only
to clarify the constraints (demographic,
socio-economic, institutional, legal), but
also to work out a framework of analysis. Moreover, this objective implied to
reveal the weaknesses of governance
systems and a preliminary stage of
proposing options of public policy to
mitigate these weaknesses.
The specific objectives were the assessment of the role of West African coastal
and marine protected areas as vectors
for conservation and socio-economic
development, the study of demographic
and economic aspects, the review of renewable natural resources exploitation
and valorisation, the examination of
regulatory systems of access to renewable natural resources, the appraisal of
public policies, the analysis of governance systems, the definition of public
policy options and the conditions of
their applicability inside and outside
coastal and marine protected areas.
Activities
The project proceeded in four phases.
Throughout the project, the choice of
a collegial modus operandi to reinforce the partnership was privileged,
in particular when it was a question of
conceiving and implementing the methodology which was discussed at the first
two meetings. In the same way working
and synthesis papers were revised and
approved in the four last meetings.
In a first phase, the research effort
was focused on the bibliographical
analysis, on the history of populating
and of coastal and marine protected
areas design process, on indigenous

knowledge and the state of renewable
natural resources. At the meeting of
Nouakchott, Mauritania, in October
2002, the multiple roles of the West
African coastal and marine protected
areas were pointed out, as well as the
general lack of systematic studies necessary for the analysis of coastal and
marine protected areas governance systems in less-advanced countries. Three
synthesis papers and eleven working
papers were written.
The second phase was devoted to the
field investigations which took the
shape of a trans-disciplinary samplebased survey, village monographs,
surveys on legislative and regulatory
framework and on the applicability of
standards. Five methodological working
papers were discussed at the meeting
of Missirah, Senegal, in May 2003.
The third phase was dedicated to processing and analysing the material
collected during field surveys. The privileged topics were:
1. the population and migratory pressure as well as the characterisation
of coastal and marine protected areas economies,
2. he dynamics of exploitation and
valorisation of resources,
3. the decision-making processes, the
modes of regulation of access to
resources as well as the territorial
dynamics,
4. the administrative and regulatory
processes as well as the institutional
arrangements and legal classification.
Most of the results were presented
at the meeting of Banyuls, France,
in March 2004. All of results are recorded in three synthesis papers and
21 working papers.
During the fourth phase, an analysis framework for the governance of

coastal and marine protected areas in
less-advanced countries was designed
taking into account the results from the
third phase. This framework of analysis, which was discussed at the meeting
of Dakar, Senegal, in July 2004, made it
possible to characterise the governance
systems of the studied protected areas,
to reveal the weaknesses of these governance systems, and then to propose
public policy options which were discussed at the meeting of Bissau, Guinea
Bissau, in December 2004. As a result,
five synthesis and working papers
which were written on these topics.
Results and outcome

The project succeeded in analysing the
constraints affecting the governance
of coastal and marine protected areas
in West Africa and more generally of
those of the less-advanced countries.
The main findings relate to:
1. the attractivity of these protected areas which translate into an
extraordinary increase of their
populations and a strong mobility which takes various forms: an
offshore immigration that can be
assimilated to a strategy of circumventing regulations, the migration
of residents as a claim of territory
or indigenousness, the seasonal immigration of non-residents;
2. the deregulation and the exportoriented economies of coastal
and marine protected areas which
results in a lack of public management, an uncontrolled exploitation
of natural resources, an economic
vulnerability and a paradoxical
reinforcement of the traditional socio-economic organisations (except
in the RBDS);
3. the deficiency of regulatory systems

of the access which refers to the
lack of legitimisation of traditional
or participative decision-making
processes, and to the lack of coherence and consolidation of the
juridical references;
4. the great complexity of the administrative processes which leads to a
syncretic legal system characterised
by the coexistence of a control of the
States (at the administrative level)
over these areas and the multiplicity
of traditional legal orders that partly
govern access to the resources.
After having included the results relating to the constraints to governance,
the project succeeded in characterising
the different governance systems. The
comparative approach made it possible to put forward a broad range of
weaknesses: the excessive role played
by international organisations, the
confinement of fisheries management
measures to sectorial and technical
aspects despite the political nature
inherent in resource allocation (and access), the incomplete decentralisation,
the fragmentation of the states and the
civil societies of these protected areas.
To mitigate these weaknesses, four
general public policy options have been
retained and defined for each protected
area: the integration of the management
plans of the protected areas into the
national and regional public policies;
the rehabilitation of the public administration and institutional reinforcement;
the recognition and protection of territorial use rights; the development of
ecotourism community-based, planned
and co-directed, integrated into the
tourism development policies.
The results of the project allowed the
publication of six peer reviewed articles, one book and many conference
papers. Two PhDs resulted from the
project as well as contributions to debates in the international arena, such
CONSDEV
47
CONSDEV
as the co-writing of guidelines for MPAs
as a tool for fisheries management
(FAO, June 2006) and a contribution
to a workshop on policy coherence
for development in fisheries (OECD,
April 2006). At the regional level, the
diffusion of 50 synthesis and working
documents to 33 correspondents contributed to a direct use of the projects
results, for example to conceive the
plans of management of the coasts in
Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania, to set up
the fishery local councils in Senegal or
to define the objectives of the BissauGuinean Instituto da Biodiversidade e
das Areas Protegidas.
Villanueva, M.C., L. Tito de Morais, J.-Y. Weigel

& J. Moreau, 2004. An Ecopath model of the
Sine-Saloum Delta Biosphere Reserve (Senegal)
/ Modle Ecopath pour une reserve de la
biosphere: le delta du Sin-Saloum (Sngal). pp.
405-414 In Chavance, P. et al. (eds.). Pcheries
maritimes, cosystmes et socits en Afrique de
lOuest: un demi-sicle de changement. Actes du
symposium international, Dakar - Sngal, 24-28
juin 2002. Luxembourg, Office des publications
officielles des Communauts europennes et
Paris, IRD, xxxii-532 p. - Srie de rapports de
recherche halieutique ACP-UE, (15).
Weigel, J.-Y., F. Fral & B. Cazalet (eds.), 2007.
Les aires marines protges ouest-africaines.
Gouvernance et politiques publiques.
LHarmattan, 207 p.
Partners
Dr. Pierre Failler
University of Portsmouth CEMARE
H.M. Naval Base
Portsmouth PO1 3LJ
United Kingdom
E-M: Pierre.Failler@port.ac.uk
Prof. Franois Fral

Universit de Perpigna
CERTAP
52 avenue de Villeneuve
66860 Perpigna
France
E-M: feral@univ-perp.fr
and Papers
M. Alfredo Simao Da Silva Union

Mondiale pour la Nature (UICN)
Sao Tome 12
BP. 23
1031 Bissau
Guinea Bissau
Cazelet, B., 2005. Les aires marines protges

lpreuve du sous-dveloppement en Afrique de
lOuest. Universit du Qubec, VertigO, 5(3).
Cazalet, B., 2006. MPA Management Policies
in West Africa: Recommended Guidelines for
Balancing Conservation and Development.
University of Washington, MPA News. Vol 7(9).
Contacts
E-M: alfredo.simao.dasilva@iucn.org
Dr.A. Mohamed Saleck
Dahou, T., J.-Y. Weigel, J.F. Nol, A.M. Ould

Saleck, A.S. Da Silva & M. Mbaye, 2004. La
gouvernance des aires marines protges: leons
ouest-africaines. Universit du Qubec, VertigO,
Vol 5(3).
Dahou, T. & J.-Y. Weigel, 2005. La gouvernance
environmentale au miroir des politiques
publiques: le cas des aires marines protges
ouest-africaines. Afrique Contemporaine,
213:217-232.
Failler, P., 2004. Internationale Ubereinkommen.
Von Rio nach Johannesburg um aquatische
Ressourcen zu schtzen und sie nachhaltig
zu ntzen? Entwicklung und lndlicher Raum.
Schwerpunkt: Aquatishe Ressourcen, 38.
Jahrgang, Heft 2004/6.
Failler, P. & O. S. MBareck, 2004. Effets de la
libralisation du commerce et des mesures
lies au commerce dans le secteur de la pche
en Rpublique Islamique de Mauritanie. UNEP
Workshop on Fisheries Subsidies and Sustainable
Fisheries Management. Maison Internationale
dEnvironnement II (International Environment
House II), Geneva, 26-27 April 2004.
Failler, P. & M. Deme, 2004. The potential social
and cultural impacts of the development of
shrimp farming in West Africa (Senegal, Gambia,
Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone). World Bank/Club
du Sahel Workshop, Paris, 11-12 November 2004.
Failler, P., B. Bjibril, H. Viera & V.P.Correia, 2005.
Accords de pche et libralisation du commerce
international: le cas de la Guine Bissau. Revue
Congolaise des transports maritimes et des
affaires maritimes, 2(3):77-108.
48
CONSDEV
Parc National du Banc dArguin (PNBA)

Avenue Gamal Abdel Nasser
BP. 5355
Nouakchott
Mauritanie
Coordinator
E-M: akmsaleck@mauritania.mr
Dr. Jean-Yves Weigel1

Dveloppement (IRD)
Unit Mixte de recherche C3ED (IRD/
UVSQ)
Universit de Versailles Saint Quentinen-Yvelines
47 boulevard Vauba
78280 Guyancourt cedex
France
Tel: +33 1 39 25 53 75
Fax: +33 1 39 25 53 00
M. Moustapha Mbaye
Direction des Parcs Nationaux du
Sngal (DPN)
Fort de Hann
BP. 5135
Dakar
Sngal
E-M: dpn@telecomplus.sn
E-M: weigeljy@ird.fr
Posted overseas at the time of going to press
TREMKIT
Development of a diagnostic tool for the
detection of fish-borne trematodes

The objective of TREMKIT was to develop nucleic acid- and antibody-based
diagnostic tools for the detection of
three species of fish-borne trematodes,
Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov), Opisthorchis
felineus (Of) and Clonorchis sinensis
(Cs), which together infect over 35 million people in Asia. These diagnostic
tools were to be more sensitive than
the existing microscopy methods and
also more specific in not cross-reacting
to other helminths common in endemic
areas. Ov is classed as a Class I carcinogen and is responsible for high levels of
cholangiocarcinoma where it occurs in
SE Asia. Cs also poses health hazards
and although only a Class II carcinogen,
is still implicated in elevated levels of
cholangiocarcinoma. The burden of infection, whether Ov, Of or Cs, currently
results in loss of wage-earning ability,
loss of economic activity and high social and financial costs for families in
caring for the worst affected. This impacts most severely on the rural poor.
Faster, more reliable and more accurate tests for infection in humans will
be particularly important for achieving control in areas subject to control
measures. In addition, development
of diagnostic tools that enable a more
precise understanding of the parasite
life cycle is an essential step towards
understanding the epidemiology of
these trematodes and thus identifying potential control points. Current
microscopy-based methods for the detection of fish-borne trematodes are
time-consuming and require considerable skill on behalf of the operator to be
able to isolate and identify the parasite
species. Diagnosis of human infections
is accomplished by detection of eggs in
faeces of patients. Humans become infected through consumption of raw or
undercooked fish, which harbour the
metacercarial stage of trematode parasites. For determining the food safety
of fish, fish tissue has to be digested
and metacercaria separated from it by

sedimentation and then detected by
microscopic examination. However, in
endemic areas, Cs, Ov and Of occur in
fish along with metacercaria of other
innocuous parasites and it is not easy
to differentiate these metacercaria.
Low-level infections in humans often
go undetected, increasing the risk of
re-infection in the area. One objective
of this project was to develop rapid
and easy-to-use antibody-based tests
to enable detection of infection. A further objective was the development of
nucleic acid (PCR)-based test methods
as it was envisaged that these would
have greater potential for detection of
low levels of infection, as well as differentiation of trematode species, which is
essential for epidemiological studies.
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10080

01/05/2002 to 31/07/2006 (51 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Dr Susan Seal
NRI, University of Greenwich at Medway
United Kingdom
Website
Prior to the project, no PCR primers
existed for Of or Cs, but a few gene sequences for Cs and other trematodes
were available from GenBank. A PCR
primer pair targeting a repeated DNA
sequence had been developed for Ov
and it was a priority for the project to
assess this primer pair for its suitability as a specific test.
http://www.onefish.org/servlet/CDS
Servlet?status=ND01NzcyJjY9ZW4m
MzM9ZG9jdW1lbnRzJjM3PWtvcw~~
Activities
As described above, the TREMKIT
Consortium adopted two approaches
to the development of diagnostic test
kits, namely to develop both nucleicacid based as well as antibody-based
diagnostics. As a result, the initial activities were:
Development of monoclonal antibodies for the detection of

trematodes
Development of PCR primer sets for

the detection of trematodes
TREMKIT
49
TREMKIT
Once specific PCR primers and antibodies for the target trematodes had
been developed, the projects activities
concentrated on testing a range of selected PCR primers and antibodies for
their efficacy at detection of the key life
stages of the parasites in a variety of
source media. The PCR primers and antibodies that had the desired specificity
and sensitivity were selected and then
activities concentrated on optimising
protocols for the practical detection of
trematode DNA or antigens. Finally experiments were conducted to develop
freeze-dried reagent test kit for trematode DNA and antigens.
Finally to ensure good communication
between partners, biannual workshops
were held and a website was set up and
hosted by FAO to encourage information exchange and provide an area for
the posting of outputs from TREMKIT.
Results and outcome

Development of PCR tests for detection of trematode DNA
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is
a diagnostic technique based on amplification of DNA that makes up the genetic
material of most organisms. The most
critical factor in this diagnostic technique controlling specificity is the pair
of primers that should only bind properly to the target DNA, and it is from
these two sites that DNA amplification
in vitro proceeds. Research on this objective started by testing a published set of
Ov-specific PCR primers for their specificity and sensitivity. Unfortunately, the
primer set was found to cross-react with
other trematodes likely to be found in the
same areas. Hence a new set of Ov primers was needed. A total of four primers
were tested and one combination was
selected, which detected specifically the
equivalent of 10-8 g of DNA in a sample
of fish. Although this is adequate for
detection of infected fish, a substantial
50
TREMKIT
improvement was needed for the detection of infected humans through testing
of faecal samples. Detection down to 1015g was achieved by adapting the PCR
test to a nested-PCR format.
Two sets of primers were developed
for Cs, which could detect down to 109g- 10-15g depending on the primer
set and whether a nested PCR test was
included. Development of primers for
Of was initially hampered by a lack of
genetic material. However, during the
time course of the project, primers to a
COI gene sequence were published for
Of and UD evaluated these and found
them to be able to detect as little as 1011 g in a one-step PCR.
All primer sets selected were tested
extensively for cross-reaction to closely-related trematode species, common
helminths which may occur in the
same patient and for parasite host species (several snail and fish species). No
cross-reaction was found to any of the
host species, or related parasite species for the final selection of Ov, Of
and Cs primers.
A general ITS2-targeting PCR primer
set able to detect all Opisthorchiidae
known to be pathogenic to humans was
also developed. These primers, termed
OP1/OP2, showed no cross reactions
to other digenea or intermediate host
DNA, although a different size PCR
product was generated in Fasciola hepatica. This primer set was also capable
of detecting 10-15g of genomic DNA in
a one-step PCR reaction.
For all the best primer sets selected
work was then carried out to identify
the best methods for extracting DNA
from fish, snails and human faeces.
Testing DNA primers for the three
trematode species for detection of key
life stages of the parasites in a variety
of source media, and selection of protocols for practical detection
The distribution of trematode metacercariae in fish intermediate host is

not uniform but greatly varies among
samples of fish. The average number of
metacercaria per fish is approximately
1-2 cysts, but the size of the fish host
will vary greatly with some host species
being quite large (10-20 cm in length,
50-80 gram weight). Thus the first step
for detection of trematode infection in
fish hosts is to remove the fish muscle
by enzyme digestion to enable the metacercariae to be concentrated. Detection
of trematode infections in humans faces
similar detection problems; microscopic examination of faeces for trematode
eggs is the traditional parasitological
method, but as the egg is small in size,
infections are easily missed.
Existing methods for the extraction
and clean up of DNA extracted from
metacercariae in fish were found to be
adequate, requiring only simplification
of the process to enable more rapid
testing. However, faecal extraction and
clean-up protocols available at the start
of the project were found to be inadequate and not capable of providing
sufficient sensitivity for the detection
of trematode DNA in human faecal
samples. Development of extraction and
clean-up methods for DNA from human
faeces was found to be challenging, with
commercial clean-up kits such as the
QiAmp stool kit (manufacturer: Qiagen)
only enabling detection of infection at
about the same level as by standard
microscopy (i.e. about 10 Ov eggs per
gram). Several extraction and clean-up
methods for detection of Ov were tested
and an improved protocol developed.
The DNA extraction and clean-up methods selected/developed for fish, snails
and particularly faeces resulted in a
considerable improvement in the ability to detect both Ov and Cs, both of
which became detectable at much lower
levels (1015 g DNA and 0.5 egg/g faeces) than was previously possible by
microscopic examination.
The PCR tests were shown to be able to

detect patients infected with only one
worm. Results from several field trials
in Asia also showed that PCR detected
Ov infection in 76.6% of patients, who
did not have detectable eggs in stool
samples suggesting a much higher sensitivity compared to the conventional
microscopic examination.
Development of a freeze-dried reagent
test kit for trematode DNA with internal controls
For kits to be widely distributed stored
for extended periods in hot climates it
is necessary to lengthen the shelf-life
of PCR reagents which can be achieved
by shipping them in a dried state. The
project produced two different methods for drying down reagents; one
method was based on freeze-drying the
TREMKIT reagents, whereas the other
was similar, but with no need for a
cryo-freezing stage. These techniques
would be available for a potential PCR
kit manufacturer if they did not have
their own suitable technology. It was
not pursued further during this project as it became apparent during the
course of research that freeze-dried
reagents were not currently needed by
laboratories interested in carrying out
PCR detection of Ov and Cs. Therefore,
it was decided to concentrate research
effort on areas that had proved problematic, namely suitable extraction and
clean-up methods for faecal material as
described above.
Development of antibody-based test
kits for the detection of fish-borne
trematodes
Production and testing of antibody
cell lines took place at two centres
(KKU and IPD). Extensive testing of cell
lines was carried out using excretorysecretory (ES) antigen obtained from
in-vitro culture of adult worms. At both
locations, hybridoma cell lines were
cultured in a variety of media to select
those cell lines with the highest growth

rates. Promising cell lines were then
tested for their reaction to the antigen.
On average, only about 20% of cell lines
showed promise and reacted to the ES
antigen. After testing over 100 clones, 4
Mab cell lines were selected for final development by KKU for Ov detection and
5 Mab cell lines were selected by IPD
for detection of Cs. All the selected Mab
clones were tested for cross-reaction
to other common parasites that co-exist with Cs and Ov. No cross-reactions
were observed.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) detection systems for Cs and
Ov antigens were developed. A biotinavidin ELISA sandwich gave the best
results for detection of Cs antigen, with
the horseradish peroxidase ELISA being
much less sensitive and not suitable for
use in a practical test kit. The opposite
was found for the selected Ov MAbs
where the biotin-avidin system was
found to be at least 5-times less sensitive than the horseradish peroxidase
detection system.
Development of a freeze-dried reagent
kit for the detection of trematode
antigens
Development of a lateral flow device
(LFD) was evaluated for the Ov antibodies using the lateral flow kit format
developed by The Central Science
Laboratory (CSL, UK) for field detection of plant viruses. The principle of
the LFD is based upon a similar standard sandwich assay format as seen in
some pregnancy-testing kits. It relies
upon the capture of target antigen or
compound between an immobilised
line of target specific antibody on nitrocellulose membrane (Test line) and
a coloured latex-antibody conjugate to
display a visible confirmation of target
presence. A line of anti-species antibody is incorporated into the device to
provide visual verification of latex flow
(Control line), resulting in two lines as
an indication of positive detection and

a single line for a negative result.
More favourable results were obtained
for the monoclonal than polyclonal antisera, but a problem of false positive
detection in buffer alone was experienced. A range of modifications were
made to try to achieve a better sensitivity and specificity of detection. The
components were also assembled into
device format to get a true idea of their
performance. Nevertheless false positive reactions were still experienced
with buffer alone and altering antibody
concentrations on the test line and the
inclusion of buffer additives failed to
eliminate these false positives. A slight
distinction between a positive and negative sample was visible, but the faint
differences seen would not be adequate
for a diagnostic test. In the future,
evaluations using a more concentrated
supply of a couple of different MAbs
need to be performed, together with
testing of a wider range of conditions to
determine those required to adapt the
Ov antibodies into a test kit format.
Technology implementation plan
TREMKIT developed a number of new
technologies and the implementation
plants for these are described below:
Monoclonal antibodies (Mab) and

polyclonal antisera have been developed for Cs and Ov for the purpose
of copro-antigen detection for diagnosis of opisthorchiasis. Patents
have been applied for with regard
to the Mabs.
PCR primer sets have been developed for Ov and Cs and evaluated
for Of. Patents have been applied
for Cs primers. To visualize PCR
products an ELISA-based visualization technique has been developed
that can be performed in a microtitre plate, and hence is amenable
for automation. Capture probes
TREMKIT
51
TREMKIT
have been designed to the Ov and
Cs PCR products, which are bound
to microtitre plates. CR products
are generated that are labeled with
digoxigenin, and these PCR products
are captured onto the microtitre
plate by the probe. Compared to one
step PCR, the microtitre plate based
detection systems were found to be
50-100 times more sensitive.
52
To assist the development of PCR

kits, two different technologies
have been developed for construction of room temperature stable
reagents. No patents have been applied for but this technology would
be made available to any interested
manufacturer of the trematode PCR
test kits.
All primer sets are ready for adoption into PCR-based test kits, which
could be used in medical diagnostic
laboratories for detection of human
infections, or by fish inspection
laboratories to determine the safety of fish for human consumption.
The practical utilisation of such
PCR tests will require promotional
activity to inform the potential users regarding the benefits of highly
sensitive detection, e.g. infected
persons can be detected early enabling treatment to be started and
the risk of cholangiocarcinoma to
be reduced.
format. The methods developed by

TREMKIT would be suitable also for
many different parasites found in
faecal material.
Conclusions
TREMKIT was a successful project that
achieved all its main objectives. Specific
and sensitive PCR primer sets and
monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were developed for the fish-borne
trematodes Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov)
and Clonorchis sinensis (Cs). A PCR
test that detects all human pathogenic
Opisthorchiidae was also developed
and a published method for PCR detection of O. felineus (Of) validated as
specific and sensitive. DNA and egg extraction and clean-up procedures were
developed for fish, snails and faecal
material. Patent applications have been
made where appropriate.
Chen, X, Z. Feng & L.Z. Qiu, 2004. Advance in
research on diagnosis of Opisthorchis viverrini.
Parasitic Diseases Foreign Medical Sciences, 31:1-5.
Dong Y.T. & Feng Z., 2003. Advance in research
on immunodiagnosis and molecular biology of
Clonorchis, sinensis. Parasitic Diseases Foreign
Medical Sciences, 30:08-113.
Lu, J.Y., Xu X.N., 2006. Advance in research
of PCR detection for food-borne trematode.
Parasitic Diseases Foreign Medical Sciences,
33:105-109.
Mller, B., J. Schmidt & H. Mehlhorn, 2007.
Sensitive and species-specific detection of
Clonorchis sinensis by PCR in infected snails and
fishes. Parasitology Research, 100(4):911-914.
Mller, B., J. Schmidt & H. Mehlhorn, 2007. PCR
diagnosis of infections with different species of
Opisthorchiidae using a rapid clean-up procedure
for stool samples and specific primers.
Parasitology Research, 100(4):905-909.
Parvathi, A., H. Sanath Kumar, B. Kenchanna
Prakasha, Jieyuan Lub, Xuenian Xub, Wei
Hub Zheng Feng, Indrani Karunasagar &
Iddya Karunasagar, 2006. Clonorchis sinensis:
Development and evaluation of a nested
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay.
Experimental Parasitology, 115(3):291-295.
PhD students:
TREMKIT has taken all diagnostic tools
to the stage where they are ready for
use by health authorities in endemic areas in SE Asia and China for diagnostic
and epidemiological studies. The detection of Ov and Cs has been greatly
enhanced by the work of TREMKIT and
this should improve detection and control measures.
Boris Mller (UD) and Ms Ammini Parvathi were

financed by this EC grant and expect to submit
their theses shortly.
GenBank submissions
Sequence data on Clonorchis sinensis (7
sequences, GenBank Accession number
AY586613- AY586618) and Opisthorchis viverrini
(8 sequences, GenBank Accession Number
AY786353- AY786359 and AY584735). These
are unique sequences with no homology to the
sequences presently available in the database.
To survey the transmission of the

parasite and inspect snail and fish
samples for Cs/Ov infection, DNA
extraction and cleanup methods were developed by TREMKIT.
Similarly in order to remove PCR inhibitors from human faecal sample
and extract the target DNA (in this
case liver fluke DNA from the parasite eggs), methods for faecal DNA
extraction and clean up were developed. The TREMKIT consortium
will explore commercial interest
in adapting these methods into kit
TREMKIT
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Dr Susan Seal
Prof Iddya Karunasagar
Natural Resources Institute

Central Avenue
Chatham Maritime
Kent ME4 4TB
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1634 88 36 02
University of Agricultural Science,

Bangalore
Mangalore College of Fisheries
Dept of Fishery Microbiology
Mangalore 575 002
India
E-M: s.e.seal@gre.ac.uk
E-M: mircen@sancharnet.in
Prof Paiboon
University of Khon Kaen
Faculty of Medicine
123 Mitraparb Road
4002 Khon Kaen
Thailand
Sithithaworn
E-M: paib_sit@kku.ac.th
Prof Heinz Melhorn

Heinrich-Heine University
Dept of Zoomorphology, Cell Biology
and Parasitology
Universitaetstrasse 1
40225 Duesseldorf
Germany
E-M: melhorn@uni-duesseldorf.de
Prof Feng Zheng

Chinese Academy of Preventative
Medicine
Institute of Parasitic Diseases
207 Jin Er Road
200025 Shanghai
China.
E-M: zzfeng@sh163.net
TREMKIT
53
ENJEUX
La recherche halieutique et le dveloppement
durable des ressources naturelles marines de
lAfrique de lOuest: Quels enjeux?
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-50019
5me Programme Cadre

01/08/2001 31/01/2002 (6 mois)
Mesure daccompagnement
Coordinator
Dr. Pierre Failler
CEMARE
United Kingdom
Contexte et Objectives
La pche en Afrique de lOuest a subi
des mutations considrables depuis ces
trente dernires annes. Lexploitation
et la valorisation des ressources
halieutiques sont devenues un enjeu de dveloppement national tant
conomique que social. Ainsi, la pche,
picentre des politiques de dveloppement en Afrique de lOuest, est de
moins en moins matre de son prsent
et encore moins de son avenir.
Lobjectif principal de cette mesure
daccompagnement (MA) tait de
sinterroger sur les enjeux prsents et
futurs de la recherche halieutique dans
un cadre du dveloppement durable
des ressources naturelles marines de
lAfrique de lOuest. Les objectifs spcifiques taient:
1. Renforcer le dialogue entre la recherche halieutique et les acteurs
concerns par le dveloppement
durable des ressources renouvelables marines en Afrique de lOuest
2. Organisation et tenue dun sminaire de travail relatif aux dfis

auxquels la recherche halieutique
doit faire face;
3. Rdaction des options viables pour
le dveloppement de nouvelles
formes de recherche halieutique en
Afrique de lOuest.
Le sminaire de travail intitul La

recherche halieutique et le dveloppement durable des ressources naturelles
marines de lAfrique de lOuest: Quels
enjeux?, sest tenu du 24 au 26 septembre 2001 Conakry, Guine. La
mesure daccompagnement a mobilis
plus de 30 des chercheurs et gestionnaires des pches europens, canadiens
et des pays ouest africains.
Le programme du sminaire a t structur autour de trois grands thmes:
2. Porter une rflexion de fond sur les

dfis de la recherche halieutique
face des changements contextuels
intensifis et les volonts publiques
de dveloppement durable des ressources naturelles.
Activits
Le fil conducteur du plan de travail fut
la rflexion autour des enjeux de la recherche halieutique au dveloppement
durable des ressources renouvelables
marines. La MA tait organise en 3
modules de travail:
1. Analyse de lenvironnement contextuel et des nouveaux axes porteurs
pour la recherche halieutique;
54
ENJEUX
Rsoudre la question de laccs

la ressource, lobjectif tait de proposer des mcanismes pour que la
relation Homme Ressources soit le
plus harmonieuse possible au sens
que les objectifs de conservation de
la ressource et ceux de la maximisation des bnfices obtenus de son
exploitation soient concomitants.
Les besoins de la recherche en sciences sociales et sa place dans le
cadre actuel de la recherche halieutique en Afrique de lOuest,
le secteur de la pche se situe
aujourdhui dans un contexte international sous linfluence des
marchs internationaux et la pression croissante des institutions. Par
ailleurs, le secteur de la pche est
aujourdhui partie intgrante des
politiques macro-conomiques. Il
devient impossible de traiter autant
de considrations comme de simples donnes exognes.
Contacts
La construction dun savoir commun, afin daller plus loin dans la

comprhension des dynamiques naturelles et humaines qui affectent le
fonctionnement des cosystmes.
Rsultats
Les prsentations et les dbats conduits
tout au long des trois journes de travail, ont permis de dfinir deux enjeux
majeurs et concomitants.
Le premier enjeu majeur de la recherche
halieutique est damliorer la dfinition
des conditions de la rgulation de laccs
la ressource. Lajustement de la capacit de pche la disponibilit de la
ressource cesse dtre une solution mcanique mais devient un objet dtude
institutionnelle.
Le deuxime enjeu majeur de la recherche est dlargir son cadre de rflexion,
prenant en compte les interactions systme pche extrieur. Le sminaire
a permis de mesurer quel point la
recherche en sciences sociales stait
laisse enferme dans des schmas
rducteurs, contrairement dautres
disciplines qui ont ouvert leurs champs
danalyse et puis dans les disciplines
proches ou lointaines, de prcieux
matriaux pour leur renouvellement.
Les pressions extrieures poussent
aujourdhui les portes du secteur des
pches des pays de la sous-rgion.
Un rsultat important issu directement de ENJEUX tait la prise de

conscience des gouvernements des
pays de lAfrique de lOuest dintgrer
le commerce dans les politiques de
gestion des pches. Dailleurs ENJEUX
servi de base llaboration du programme de sensibilisation de ENDA
Tiers Monde (Environnement et
Dveloppement du Tiers Monde) relatif
aux effets du commerce sur les secteurs des pches en Afrique de lOuest.
Ce programme a dbut en 2002 et se
poursuit jusquen 2006.
Coordinator
Pierre Failler
CEMARE
H.M. Naval Base
Portsmouth PO1 3LJ
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 2392 84 40 85

Fax: +44 2392 84 46 14
Principale publication
Ce rapport prsente les rsultats du
sminaire de travail:
Failler, P., M. B, A. Doumbouya & N. Lcrivain
(ds.), 2002. Initiative de recherche halieutique
ACP-UE. Compte-rendu du sminaire de travail:
La recherche halieutique et le dveloppement
durable des ressources naturelles marines de
lAfrique de lOuest: quels enjeux? Conakry,
Guine, 24 - 26 septembre 2001. Bruxelles, Rapp.
Rech.Halieut. ACP-UE, (11):155 p.
ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/inco2/docs/acp_11_
proceedings_fr.pdf
Lamlioration de la gestion des ressources halieutiques doit passer par le

rapprochement des objectifs des diffrents acteurs du processus de dcision
et par le dveloppement des aptitudes
intgrer les nouveaux intervenants et
les nouvelles formes de reprsentation.
Ces objectifs seront atteints travers
des programmes favorisant le dialogue
et la cration de flux dinformation entre les diffrents acteurs ainsi que le
rapprochement des savoirs.
ENJEUX
55
EIFAC
Symposium on Inland Fisheries Management
and the Aquatic Environment, Windermere,
United Kingdom, 12 - 15 June 2002
Project Number
ICA1-CT-2002-60008

01/06/2002 to 30/04/2003 (11 months)
Activities
This accompanying measure aimed at

covering travel costs and subsistence
allowance for participants from Eastern
Europe who presented papers and/or
posters at the EIFAC Symposium on
Inland Fisheries Management and the
Aquatic Environment.
The Symposium on Inland Fisheries

Management
and
the
Aquatic
Environment: the effects of fisheries
management on freshwater ecosystems was held in Windermere, United
Kingdom, from 12 to 15 June 2002, in
concomitance with the Twenty-second
Session of the European Inland Fisheries
Advisory Commission (EIFACAC). One
hundred and fourteen participants from
27 countries attended the Symposium;
29 experience papers and 29 posters were presented. The Symposium
considered biological, environmental,
social and economic impacts of fisheries management of lakes and rivers.
The Symposium objectives were:
To bring together inland fisheries experts to exchange knowledge

among countries and to present,
in reviews, an appraisal of fisheries management activities and their
impact on the environment, constraints on their application, issues
and options regarding their utilisation and the benefits and problems
associated with these activities.
To identify constraints and gaps in

our knowledge that affect the application of fisheries management
activities in inland fisheries.
To recommend and promote action

to improve the management of inland fisheries to the benefit of the
aquatic environment.
To provide guidelines for the policy

formulation, planning methodology
and evaluation of future fisheries
management activities.
Coordinator
Dr Heiner Naeve
Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations
Italy
56
EIFAC
Contacts
Main Conclusions
and Recommendations
The Symposium highlighted that traditional fisheries management is not
always successfully implemented in
European inland fisheries. Moreover,
the trend away from traditional management of fisheries resources towards
integrated management of the ecosystem emphasizes the need to develop
new participatory approaches.
Many issues and approaches highlighted
had fundamental implications to the EU
Water Framework Directive because of
the need to improve the status of fresh
water bodies in the future. Global environmental changes should be recognised
for future management approaches.
Goals for restoration projects should

be fully evaluated and realistic targets need to be set. Post monitoring
of rehabilitation projects is further
recommended as a component of the
evaluation procedures, to ensure the
effectiveness thereof.
Risk assessment based approach needs
to be adopted for all fisheries management activities. The strength of
legislation and regulation should relate
to the potential risk of the management
interventions.
Coordinator
Heiner Naeve1
Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations
00100 Roma
Italy
Tel: +39 06 57 05 64 42
Fax: +39 06 57 05 30 20
E.M: heiner.naeve@fao.org
Mechanisms need to be established

for the common management of international water bodies, where they do
not already exist. Where such international mechanisms do exist, these
need to be reinforced.
Existing fisheries regulations need enforcement. Improved communication

and education programmes on protection and conservation need to be
developed for inland waters.
There is a general need for guidelines
readily understandable for stakeholders
as well as for fisheries administrators.
New guidelines need to be developed for
biomanipulation and existing guidelines
for stocking and introductions should
be updated and incorporated into the
regional, national and local level policy.
For certain species, such as the sturgeons improved protocols for stocking
need to be developed and implemented.
All stakeholders should be included in
the consultative and decision- making
processes for management and conservation of inland fisheries resources.
Opportunities for artificially stocked
fisheries as well as restoration and enhancement of existing fisheries should
be identified.
Now retired from FAO.
EIFAC
57
Gender
Room to Manoeuvre: Gender and
Coping Strategies in the Fisheries Sector
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2002-50034

01/07/2003 to 31/12/2003 (6 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Elizabeth Bennett
IDDRA
United Kingdom
Activities
Although the role of gender in the development process is still contested

in some quarters, by the end of the
20th century large institutions such as
UNDP, the World Bank and IFAD had
acknowledged that gender did indeed
matter to the development process (in
much the same way that institutions
were acknowledge to matter). Gender
is defined as the social role of men
and women in society (as distinct from
their sex). Improvements in the knowledge and understanding of the impact
of gender on development in different
arenas (governance, agriculture, housing etc.) have been made, but much still
needs to be done more systematically
within the context of the fisheries sector, particularly in West Africa.
The main activity of this accompanying measure was the workshop in

Benin, convened in collaboration with
the Sustainable Fisheries Livelihoods
Programme (SFLP). SFLP is implemented by the FAO mostly with UK funding
and based in Cotonou. The workshop
brought together 14 participants from
Europe (France, Madeira/Portugal, UK)
and Africa (Guinea, the Gambia, Benin,
Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe
and Tanzania). Participants came from
fisheries organisations, universities,
research, administration, development
and non-governmental organisations.
In order to contribute to the debate on

the role of gender in fisheries, a workshop was organised in Cotonou, Benin,
from 1 to 4 December 2003. The workshop had two key aims:
To bring into the open knowledge on
the roles and social space occupied by
women in the fisheries sector and to
examine how gender roles and spaces
in the sector have changed, evolved
and sought out room to manoeuvre in
relation to challenges (environmental,
social and economic) now facing those
dependent upon fishing.
Through extensive discussions coping strategies in evidence in the region

were identified. From there, recommendations were drawn up on what could
be done to strengthen such strategies.
Results and Outcomes

The challenges, changes and recommendations can be summarised as
follows:
The Challenges facing fishing communities were identified as
58
Gender
increased pressure on fish stocks

and their ecosystems (through rising human population and increased
world demand for fish and fishery
products impacting on communities
in West African countries - Guinea,
Senegal, Gambia for example);
environmental impacts due to
climate change (drought in sub-Saharan African for example);
health implications from AIDS/HIV
(a recently recognised phenomenon
in fishing communities) and
economic impacts including rising

costs and the effect of men moving
into traditionally female activities
as profit margins increase.
A variety of coping strategies emerged.

Evidence of communities working together in times of crisis was evident
from a number of presentations, as
was evidence that men and women
work closely together through family networks during times of hardship.
Women were also reported to be
seeking improved life-skills (literacy,
numeracy, advocacy) to help protect
their livelihoods; they were setting up
micro-businesses (vegetable gardening,
aquaculture and brewing) and organising informal credit schemes. What
became apparent, however, was that
despite efforts to improve working
conditions, many communities came
up against structural barriers that
prevented effective institutional and
financial coping strategies from being
developed to their best effect: the lack
of institutional support for womens
organisations and the lack of access to
credit in West Africa were the most frequently reported barriers.
Based on these challenges and coping
strategies, recommendations to policy
makers were dominated by the need for
institutional inputs:
dissemination of basic literacy skills

to enable great participation in the
fisheries management process;
capacity building of organisations;
improved cross-sectoral links and
supported links between the grassroots and the ministerial interests
in fishing communities.
Prominent among the request for social

inputs were sensitisation of men and
women to the importance of gender for
community development.
Top of the required economic inputs

were: improvement of womens access
to information regarding markets and
improved capacity building for alternative income generating activities.
Discussion throughout the workshop
raised a number of key issues about
gender and development:
Access to resources (based on the evidence presented) is not itself a problem.
Although women do not, as a rule, fish,
it is rare that women are barred from
engaging in fishing (they are often involved in household scale aquaculture
production) and men can, and do, engage in the marketing of fish products.
What is more, women often have better access to physical capital than men,
owning extensive fleets of boats and
primary capital for trading. The key
problem, however, appears to be the
ability to control those resources. A key
to improving control is to improve the
institutional setting at both the community level (better equipping men and
women to know their rights) but also at
the governance level (improving the distribution and representation of women
within governance institutions).
Institutional organisation of women
varies widely throughout the region
with some countries demonstrating
excellent organisational structures
(Benin, Niger), others where organisations exist, but are not well supported
(Senegal for example) and yet others
where degree of officially recognised
organisation is poor or none existent
(Gambia and Guinea, for example). The
reported dearth of data and information on the level and extent of womens
organisations in fishing communities
was highlighted as a particular problem for future capacity-building work
in this area. Organisations and institutions (in whatever form) are often an
important entry point for development
initiatives and the degree of capacity
of these bodies will likely impact upon
the success of any development initiatives and their uptake.

Positive outcomes: The example from
Tanji (Gambia) and Tafouka (Niger) provide strong evidence that despite the
crisis situation that many rural, artisanal fishing communities find themselves
in, positive change is possible and
often results spontaneously after an
initial project initiative has been completed (as was the case in Tanji with
successive EC supported development
projects). Although cultural attitudes
to gender roles in the long term have
not necessarily changed, the immediate
consequences of excluding women from
the decision making processes and the
financial and economic impact that this
can have on a community are now better
understood in these two communities.
The value of literacy The need for improved literacy and training amongst
women came to the fore in many presentations. This comprises not only
literacy in terms of the ability to read
(and thus be able to participate with
legal reforms of fisheries management
and governance of the resources) but
also in terms of basic business skills.
The women in Tanji (Gambia) were
given basic numeracy and accounting
skills which allowed them to better
manage their businesses to the overall
benefit of all in the community.
The potential impact of the workshop could be wide and varied: from
the production of written reports and
journal articles that disseminate both
the activity of the workshop and associated research to the development of
new networks and alliances across the
south and north-south links too. It was
clear during presentations and discussions that womens organisations in
both the EU and Africa face similar
problems although the scale may differ and it was also clear that there are
many lessons to be learned between
the two continents in terms of capacity
Gender
59
Gender
Contacts
building, training and organisation of

womens groups.
As a result of the workshop, a number
of linked articles have been produced
by participants that are being disseminated throughout the West African
region through the SFLP Bulletin and
directly. These articles pick up on issues raised in the workshop. Articles
have also been published in Samudra
and Yemaya in 2004. The two magazines are published by the International
Collective in Support of Fishworkers
based in India and have wide dissemination. An article based upon the policy
recommendations has been published
in Marine Policy in 2005.
Coordinator
Bennett, E., H.R. Valette, K.Y. Miga & M.

Medard, (eds.), 2004. Room to manoevre: gender
and coping strategies in the fisheries sector.
Portsmouth, IDDRA, 154 p.
Bennett, E. & K. Olomu, 2004. Room to
Manoeuvre. Benin, Yemaya, 15.
Bennett, E. & K. Olomu, 2004. A room to stretch
out. India, Sumadra, 37:6-9.
Bennett, E., 2005. Gender, fisheries and
development. Marine Policy, 29(5):451-460.
Elizabeth Bennett
IDDRA Ltd.
Northern Road Cosham, 88
Portsmouth PO6 3ER
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 781 6769178
E-M: Bennett@iddra.org
The full project report is being promoted through the One-Fish portal hosted
by the FAO at http://www.onefish.org/
servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND00MzUu
cHJqMTYwMjk1JjY9ZW4mMzM9cHJva
mVjdHMmMzc9aW5mbw~~#koinfo
60
Gender
Damage of coral reefs by recreational

activities - restoration strategies and
the development of novel markers for
environmental stress
Project Number
IC18960034

01/12/1996 to 30/11/1999 (36 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Werner Mller
Johannes Gutenberg Universitt Mainz
Germany

More and more research studies are
oriented towards the impacts of recreational activities. These studies identify
and evaluate the effects of runoff and
sewage discharges from tourist resorts,
recreational fishing and boating impacts, effects of SCUBA and skin diving,
the effects of human trampling on coral
reefs and sediment resuspension. These
studies clearly show that recreational
activities by visitors are usually characterised by non negligible damage, both
directly and indirectly. The main objectives of the proposed research were:
To carry out a long term quantitative account of species diversity in

4 different localities along northern
Red Sea coral reefs (Hurghada, Ras
Muhammad, Nueiba, Eilat). To establish an active restoration protocol
by following the success of sexual
and asexual coral recruits in situ.
To establish an ubiquitous reefstress bioassay (HSP70) and to

assess the stress loads from tourist
activities in different reef localities.
To provide the scientific community and decision-making authorities

with data for best assessment towards the active conservation of
Red Sea coral reefs.
Activities
The activities relied on the use of stress
proteins as indicators for environmental
stress and on two different types of recruits (sexual and asexual) for gardening
denuded reef areas, as well as on mariculturing of propagules and adult coral
subclones in nursery sites in situ.
The methodology included field surveys to study population dynamics
of hermatypic corals at four localities
using two techniques: (a) The use of
62
marked line transects at fixed intervals

of 1 m on flat areas and at intervals
of 1 m depth on reef slopes down to
35 m depth. (b) The use of a series of
photographs taken from permanently
marked 1 m quadrates. Using these
photographs, it was possible to follow individual colonies and estimate
growth rates, mortality, species diversity, and more.
In addition, studies concentrated on
the subject of coral reef restoration by
following the success of both coral larvae and coral fragments transplanted
in different habitats within the reef (use
of sexual and asexual recruits).
Stress reaction of the corals was assessed by determination of anthozoan
HSP70-RNA and protein using molecular biological and immunological
techniques.
The abundance and diversity of corals
was studied in the selected sites along
the Red Sea. Physical factors were measured and most dominant ecological
parameters were studied.
Results and outcome

Coral reefs are among the most diverse
and productive biological ecosystems
in tropical marine environments. An
active restoration protocol by following the success of asexual coral recruits
in situ was successfully established, as
well as an ubiquitous reef-stress bioassay. The results of the study provided
valuable data to the scientific community and the decision-making authorities
for best management and assessment
towards an active conservation of the
Red Sea coral reefs. It was possible to
develop a test kit for the quantitative
assessment of the heat shock protein
70 (HSP70) on protein level. This assay
was based on antibodies which recognized the coral proteins quantitatively.
Other scientists and also institutions
Contacts
have used that test kit as a routine assay. In addition, primer sequences had
been developed which could be used
in other corals for a routine analysis
of the expression of the HSP70 on the
transcripional level.
Status and Results 2002: Further research undertaken completed the
initial efforts in the INCO project and
an innovative approach, cell culture of
corals, was developed. By applying this
system it was possible to study the effect of UV-light on the cell metabolism.
More precisely, the effect of UV-A on
the expression of an UV-inducible gene.
Such a marker would allow a sensitive
determination of the effect of adverse
irradiation on the cell viability. These
tools in hand could be applied as an
early warning system for environmental
stress. Artificial reefs were re-created
and it could be verified that within a period of four weeks new seedlings were
able to grow. This approach will be applied in the further research, combining
both strategies a successful re-creation
of the coral reefs would be feasible, especially around the area of Hurghada.
The stress markers (HSP) had been use
as a rational guide for the selection of
the site, where the artifical coral cultures have been implemted. In addition,
it was determined that the metabolic
rate, in response to UV-irradiation,
decreased. This result was likewise
imperative, for the selection of the locations at which the recreation field had
to be established. It was concluded that
the biological markers, which are based
on meolecular sequence data, represent
very suitable tools for a quantitative
assessment of the stress-response in
corals. The utilization of those techniques for a quantitative assessment
of the stress-response and protection
molecules in corals became possible
and feasible.
Ammar, M.S.A., & A. H. Nawar, 1999. Coral
populations at GASUS 2 and EL-FANADIR sites,
Northern Red Sea and their major controls.
J.Egypt.Ger.Soc.Zool., 28:47-57.
Mller, W.E.G., R. Batel, M. Lacorn, H. Steinhart,
T. Simat, S. Lauenroth, H. Hassanein & H.C.
Schrder, 1998. Accumulation of Cadmium and
Zinc in the Marine Sponge Suberites domuncula
and its potential consequences on single-strand
breaks and on expression of heat-shock protein:
A natural field study. Marine Ecol.Prog.Ser.,
167:127-135.
Schrder, H.C., R. Batel, S. Lauenroth, H.M.A.
Hassanein, M. Lacorn, T. Simat, H. Steinhart &
W.E.G. Mller, 1999. Induction of differential
DNA damage and expression of heat shock
protein HSP70 by polychlorinated biphenyls in
the marine sponge Suberites domuncula. J.Exptl.
Mar.Biol.Ecol. 233:285-300
Wagner, C., R. Steffen, C. Koziol, R. Batel, M.
Lacorn, H. Steinhart, T. Simat & W.E.G. Mller,
1999. Apoptosis in marine sponges: A biomarker
for environmental stress (Cadmium and
bacteria). Marine Biol., 131:411-421.
Wiens, M., C. Koziol, H.M.A. Hassanein, M.
Shokry, A.H. Nawar, M. Eisinger, I.M. Mller &
W.E.G. Mller, 2000. Induction of heat-shock
(stress) protein gene expression by selected
natural and anthropogenic disturbances in the
octocoral Dendronephthya klunzingeri. Aquatic
Toxicol., 245:265-276.
Wiens, M., C. Koziol, H.M.A. Hassanein, R.
Batel & W.E.G. Mller, 1998. Expression of the
Chaperones 14-3-3 and HSP70 induced by PCB
118 (2,3,4,4,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl) in the
marine sponge Geodia cydonium. Marine Ecol.
Prog.Ser., 165:247-257.
Coordinator
Werner Mller
Institut fr Physiologische Chemie
Abteilung Angewandte
Molekularbiologie
Johannes Gutenberg Universitt
Duesbergweg 6
55099 Mainz
Germany
Tel.: +49 6131 392 59 10
Fax: +49 6131 392 52 43
E-M: wmueller@uni-mainz.de
Partners
Baruch Rinkevich & M. Levi
Israel Oceanographic & Limnological
Research Institute
Tel Shikmona
Po Box 8030
31080 Haifa
Israel
E-M: buki@ocean.org.il
Rolf Bak
Netherlands Institute for Sea Research
Landsdiep 4
PB 59
1790 AB Den Burg
The Netherlands
E-M: rbak@nioz.nl
Hussein Kamel Badawi

National Institute of Oceanography
and Fisheries
101 Kars El-Ainy Street
Cairo
Egypt
63
Development of methodologies for the

assessment and management of groundwater
resources and risks in coastal zones
Project Number
IC18CT960048

01/09/1996 to 31/12/1999 (40 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Joao Paulo Lobo-Ferreira
Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil
Portugal
Activities
The research intended to contribute to the

minimisation of environmental risks due
to rapid economical growth of the Pearl
River Delta region (Macau-GuangzhouHong-Kong region) and the Dalian
Peninsula region. These two regions have
very different climatic, hydrogeological
and socio-economical characteristics.
The project activities were divided into

different work packages:
In this context, the specific objective

of the project was the development of
conceptual scientific tools and sound
models. These were to be applied to
two-case study areas in China addressing: (1) groundwater management policy
and optimisation mathematical tools,
(2) groundwater resources quantitative and qualitative databases and (3)
groundwater vulnerability to pollution
assessment and mapping. Further targets of this project included: (4) research
on the case-study regions water supply,
wastewater and solid waste, including
perspectives on (5) integrated approaches for sustainable development policies
and (6) methodologies for minimising
environmental impacts and for monitoring groundwater in landfill areas.
1. groundwater management policy and
optimisation mathematical tools,
2. groundwater resources quantitative
and qualitative databases and
3. groundwater vulnerability to pollution assessment and mapping.
Further targets of this project included:
4. research on the case-study regions
water supply, wastewater and solid
waste, including perspectives on
5. integrated approaches for sustainable development policies and
6. methodologies for minimising environmental impacts and for monitoring
groundwater in landfill areas.
64
1. Development of appropriate management

mathematical
models
and practices towards the optimisation of the existing groundwater
resources. It included: suggesting
long term development strategies
which allow the system to change in
a way that converges on the optimal
solution through a series of practical intermediate stages; establishing
methodologies for operational control on a short term basis using
the more appropriate models and
graphical tools.
2. Research on intrinsic groundwater
vulnerability to pollution, aimed
at the minimisation of environmental risks to groundwater. To
increase the access to information
on groundwater, a hydrogeological
data-base, INVENTOR, was developed for the selected coastal zones
of China.
3. Partners experience related to the
research on an integrated approach
towards sustainable development
policies for water supply, wastewater and solid waste sectors, and the
protection of natural groundwater
resources. In order to support the
protection of natural groundwater resources and the development
of recommendation were adopted
for the drafting of an original EUPRC Coastal Groundwater Project:
Regulation and Standards for Water
Supply and Waste Water Treatment.
4. Two-way transfer of know-how between the EU and China was a major
concern of this project. This was
achieved thorough: (1) the exchange
of scientific staff from China to
Portugal and to the UK, (2) the exchange of scientific staff from Dalian
to Guangzhou and vice-versa, and (3)

the exchange of scientific staff from
China to Macau and vice-versa.

Groundwater vulnerability to pollution was successfully measured in
the Guangzhou-Huaxin basin and the
Dalian Peninsula using the DRASTIC index method. This method requires data
based on: Depth to water table (D), Net
aquifer Recharge (R), Aquifer media (A),
Soil media (S), Topography (T), Impact
of the vadose zone (I) and Hydraulic
Conductivity of the aquifer (C).
Based on the expertise gathered during
this project, and taking into account the
hydrogeological data usually available
in China, we recommend the application of the DRASTIC groundwater
vulnerability index for pollution assessment of coastal and inland regions
of China. The project also involved the
development of methodologies for the
sustainable operational and strategic
management of groundwater resources. These methodologies have been
applied to the Guangzhou-Huadu basin
and the Dalian Peninsula.
A new modelling approach was developed by the University of Birmingham,
ZOOM2D, it is capable of modelling
wells at the scale of the borehole whilst
still simulating groundwater flow in a
regional aquifer efficiently. This model
was successfully applied to the Chinese
study areas.
A Draft contribution for discussion with
the Guangdongs Province National
Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA)
on Sustainable Development Policies
for the Water Supply, Wastewater and
Solid Waste was developed.
This delineation allows administrators

to direct their resources to those more
vulnerable areas where careful management of limited resources is more
critical. Assessment of vulnerability to
pollution of the Dalian Peninsula is important to determine feasible strategies
to protect the groundwater and prevent
the pollution of groundwater in the future. Also, it can help to mitigate some
of the problems which have been created in the past. Because prevention is
the key to ensure that future practices
do not result in groundwater contamination, it is now more important than
ever to use planning and management
tools to help recognise the places where
certain activities pose a higher risk to
the very limited groundwater resources
of Dalian Peninsula.
The formulation of an optimisation
algorithm was applied to the Dalian
Peninsula. The optimisation objective
researched in Dalians case study was
the minimisation of the cost of transporting water from the wells to the
demand centre.
For similar reasons to those in the
Guangzhou-Huadu basin study, the
groundwater flow model of the Dalian
aquifer does not yet reproduce the field
behaviour adequately. This is due to
limitations in the hydrogeological data
and the lack of historic water level data
against which to compare the simulated model output. Consequently, the
results from the optimisation model,
which are linked to the simulation model, can not yet provide optimal patterns
of abstraction on which to base real
management strategies at this stage.
However, whilst the examples in this
project are presented to illustrate the
application of the optimisation model,
they do show that saline intrusion can
be reduced significantly by redistributing the abstraction.
The results achieved in this project

helped the identification of areas, which
are more or less vulnerable than others.
65
Contacts
and Papers
Jackson, C.R. & A.E.F Spink, 1999. Local grid
refinement using object oriented programming.
Paper presented to the International Workshop
Development of Methodologies for the
Assessment and Management of Groundwater
Resources and Risks in Coastal Zones. EU - PRC
Coastal Groundwater, Guangzhou, China, 2-4
August, 1999, and in the Seminrio sobre guas
Subterraneas. Lisbon, Portugal, 15-17 December,
1999. Portuguese Water Resources Association.
Leitao, T.E. & J.P Lobo-Ferreira, 1999.
Methodologies for Minimising Environmental
Impacts and for Monitoring Groundwater
in Landfill Areas. Paper presented to the
International Workshop. Development
of Methodologies for the Assessment and
Management of Groundwater Resources and Risks
in Coastal Zones. EU - PRC Coastal Groundwater
in Guangzhou, PR China, 2-4 August, 1999, in
Macau, 5 August, 1999, and in the Seminrio
sobre guas Subterrneas. Lisbon, Portugal, 1517 December, 1999. Portuguese Water Resources
Association.
Lobo-Ferreria, J.P., 1999. Development of
Methodologies for the Assessment and
Management of Groundwater Resources in Coastal
Zones. In Lobo-Ferreira, J.P. & F.J. Tilak-Viegas
(eds.), 1999. Proceedings of the S&T Co-operation
with Asia in the Area of Sustainable Management
of Natural Resources. A Co-ordination Meeting,
China 1998. Beijing, China, 24-27 November, 1998.
Lisboa, LNEC, CD-ROM.
Oliveira, M.M. & J.P Lobo-Ferreira, 1998.
Cartografia Automtica da Vulnerabilidade de
Aquferos com Base na Aplicao do Mtodo
DRASTIC. Paper presented to the 4 Congresso da
gua. Lisbon, Portugal, March. 1998. Portuguese
Water Resources Association.
Wan, Y., M. Wang, X. Wang, B. Zhu, X. Zhang,
1999. An Introduction to Groundwater Flow
Modelling. Paper presented to the International
Workshop Development of Methodologies for
the Assessment and Management of Groundwater
Resources and Risks in Coastal Zones. EU - PRC
Coastal Groundwater. Guangzhou, China, 2-4
August, 1999.
Wan, Y., X. Wang, X. Zhang, J.P Lobo-Ferreira J.P.
& M. Oliveira, 1999. Assessment of Groundwater
Vulnerability to Pollution using the DRASTIC
Method: The Case Study of GuangzhouHuaxian Basin, P.R. China. Paper presented
to the International Workshop Development
of Methodologies for the Assessment and
Management of Groundwater Resources and Risks
in Coastal Zones. EU - PRC Coastal Groundwater.
Guangzhou, China, 2-4 August, 1999, and in the
Seminrio sobre guas Subterraneas. Lisbon,
Portugal, 15-17 December, 1999. Portuguese
Water Resources Association.
Coordinator
Partners
Joao Paulo Lobo-Ferreira
Andrew Spink
Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia

Civil
Avenida do Brasil 101
1701-066 Lisboa
PortugalTel: +351 218 44 30 09
Fax: +351 218 44 30 16
School of Civil Engineering

University of Birmingham
Edgbaston
PO Box 363
B15 2TT Birmingham
United Kingdom
E-M: lferreira@lnec.pt
E-M: A.E.F.Spink@bham.ac.uk
Jiti Zhou
Environmental Engineering Institute College of Chemical Engineering
Dalian University of Technology
158 Zhanshan Road
116012 Dalian
China
E-M: zjiti@dlut.edu.cn
Xiu Juan Zhang

Environmental Science Institute
South China University of Technology
Wushan
510641 Guangzhou
China
E-M: esxdwang@scut.edu.cn
Orlando Botelho
Training, Documentation and
Information Department
Hydraulic Division
Laboratorio de Engenharia Civil da
Macau
22 Rua da S
10 Macau
China
Yang, Q., M. Luam, J.P. Lobo-Ferreira, 1999.

Assessment of Groundwater DRASTIC
Vulnerability to Pollution using GIS, In: Bento
J., E. Arantes e Oliveira & E. Pereira (eds.), 1999.
Proceedings of the International Conference on
Enhancement and Promotion of Computational
Methods in Engineering and Science (EPMESC
VII). Macau, China, 2-5 August, 1999. Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
66
GROFLO
Anthropogenically induced changes in
groundwater outflow and quality, and the
functioning of Eastern African nearshore
ecosystems
Groundwater is a resource of enormous significance in terrestrial and
coastal ecosystems. Not only in riverine
areas, but everywhere along the coast,
a dynamic balance exists between the
seaward outflow of groundwater and
salt water intrusion into coastal freshwater aquifers. In the Eastern African
coastal zone, withdrawal of groundwater occurs in many places to supply
an increasing number of beach hotels
and settlements of the local population.
Concomitant with a withdrawal induced decrease in groundwater levels;
it is also likely that these waters exhibit
elevated nutrient and pollutant concentrations. This is largely due to poor soil
conservation and agricultural practices
as well as inappropriate disposal of effluents into pits or sink holes.
Despite this increasing anthropogenic
pressure on groundwater reservoirs,
little information exists regarding the
importance of groundwater for ecological processes and structures in the
nearshore environment. However, it can
be expected that the diffuse groundwater outflow in non-riverine coastal
areas will potentially affect nearshore
marine ecosystems by (1) moderating saline conditions; (2) by delivering
nutrients such as N, P and Si used by
primary producers; and (3) by delivering pollutants.
The key objective of the GROFLO project was to assess the significance of
changing inputs of groundwater and the
anthropogenic substances it contains for
Eastern African nearshore ecosystems.
To meet the general objective of the
project, three more specific objectives
were pursued:
To construct a model of groundwater

flow along the Eastern African coast.
To elucidate differences in nearshore community structures and

ecosystem functions in relation to
groundwater outflow.
To elucidate the importance of
groundwater as a vector of anthropogenic inputs into the coastal zone.
Project Number
IC18CT960065
Activities
01/11/1996 to 31/07/1999 (33 months)

Constructing a model of groundwater flow along the Eastern African

coast.
Elucidating differences in nearshore community structures and
ecosystem functions in relation to
groundwater outflow.
Coordinator
Dr. Marten Aizo Hemminga
Royal Netherlands Academy
of Arts and Science
The Netherlands
1. Groundwater flow and the productivity and vitality of lagoon

seagrasses.
2. Groundwater flow and macrobenthos in seagrass systems.
3. Search for changes in groundwater flow as recorded by elemental
changes in biogenic carbonates.
Elucidating the importance of

groundwater as a vector of anthropogenic inputs into the coastal zone
1. Groundwater inputs of pollutants into the coastal zone.
2. Effects of pollutants on microbial
remineralisation and community
metabolism.w
3. Effects of pollutants on community structure.
4. Socio-economic studies.
GROFLO
67
GROFLO
Contacts
Results and outcome

The general conclusion of the GROFLO
project was that the East African nearshore coastal ecosystem is affected by
the amount of groundwater outflow
and by its quality. The data collected
showed a strong impact of groundwater outflow on a number of components
of the back-reef lagoon ecosystem.
Sites with high groundwater outflow
displayed a lower seagrass species diversity than sites with low groundwater
outflow. Seagrasses are structuring
species, which means that they constitute an important component of the
system. Changes in seagrass vegetation
can affect the whole ecosystem. Results
also indicate that anthropogenically induced elevated nutrient inputs caused
enhanced phytoplankton cell abundance and reduced species diversity.
Furthermore, certain groups or species in the lagoon ecosystem could be
identified as indicators of groundwater
outflow. The presence of mysids was
indicative of groundwater discharge.
And, a proliferation of green macroalgae was observed at the beach sites
with groundwater influence. At present,
information on the function of many of
these species in the ecosystem of backreef lagoons is absent, which impedes
predictions of possible consequences
of changes in groundwater outflow
rates and groundwater quality.
obtained from VUB. It can be a valuable aid to coastal managers, e.g. for
use in Environmental Impact Studies to
predict effects of changes in groundwater use on the outflow rates into the
coastal zone.
Hemminga, M.A., N. Marb & J. Stapel, 1999.
Leaf nutrient resorption, leaf lifespan and the
retention of nutrients in seagrass systems.
Aquat. Bot., 65:141-158.
Kamermans, P., M.A. Hemminga, N. Marb,
M.A. Mateo, M. Mtolera & J. Stapel, 2001. Leaf
production, shoot demography, and flowering
frequency of the seagrass Thalassodendron
ciliatum (Cymodoceaceae) along the East African
coast. Aquat. Bot., 70(3):243-258.
Kamermans, P., M.A. Hemminga, J.F. Tack,
M.A. Mateo, N. Marb, M. Mtolera, J. Stapel and
A. Verheyden, 2002. Groundwater effects on
diversity and abundance of lagoonal seagrasses
in Kenya and on Zanzibar Island (East Africa).
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 231:75-83.
E-M: m.hemminga@hetzeeuwschelandschap.nl
Partners
Salim Mohammed
Institute of Marine Sciences
University of Dar es Salaam
PO Box 668
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
E-M: salim@ims.udsm.ac.tz
Luiz Saldanha2
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research

Institute
PO Box 81651
80001 Mombasa
Kenya
E-M: jkazungu@kmfri.co.ke
Philip Polk (retired)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel
2 Pleinlaan 2
1050 Bruxelles
Belgium
Domingos Zefanias Goye

Universidade Eduardo Mondlane
Po Box 257
Maputo
Mozambique
Ron William Johnstone

Address at time of printing: Stichting Het Zeeuwse Landschap
Landgoed Landlust, Dorpsstraat 100A, Postbus 25, 4450 AA
Heinkenszand, The Netherlands
Passed away
GROFLO
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts

And Science
Vierstraat 28
P.B. 19121
4401 EA Yerseke
Netherlands
Johnson Kazungu
68
Marten.A. Hemminga1
Laboratorio Maritimo da Guia

Estrada do Guincho
2750 Cascais
Portugal
The socio-economic studies provided

valuable baseline data on water usage patterns. Analysis of the water
quality of the wells yielded results on
levels of contamination with microorganisms, nutrients and pesticides
that call for caution.
The groundwater model that was developed during the GROFLO project,
proved to be an indispensable tool
for the field studies. The model is
now available on CD-ROM, and can be
Coordinator
Stockholms Universitet
Svante Arrheniusvaeg 14-16, Frescati
106 91 Stockholm
Swede
Interdisciplinary methodologies for

the sustainable use and management
of coastal resource systems:
EU-ASEAN coastal transect applications
Coastal transects demonstrate well the
physical, ecological and economic features of the coastal zone as well as their
functional linkages and interactions. It
is, however, often difficult to acquire
or to extract quantitative information
for the necessary wide range of subject matters from diverse disciplines.
Moreover, dynamic changes from one
state of the system to another are not
easily captured. To help to overcome
these problems SimCoast has been developed as a rule-based expert system
for supporting integrated coastal zone
planning and policy using fuzzy logic.
The general objectives of this Concerted
Action were:
To support the implementation

of SimCoast for the sustainable management and governance
of coastal zone resources in the
ASEAN (Association of Southeast
Asian Nations) region.
To facilitate information synthesis
and analysis of integrated coastal
zone management processes for
resource managers, scientists, planners and policy-makers.
Activities
The main activities involved the collation and assessment of information and
the subsequent development of rules
within a fuzzy logic expert system to
examine the impacts of human activities
and social processes on coastal systems
at selected sites throughout the ASEAN
region and more broadly in Europe.
The main vehicle for the concerted action was a series of four workshops in
the ASEAN region and Europe, in which
the partners sought to test and develop
SimCoast in relation to real-world
problems and situations. Six activities
arose out of the workshops:
description of selected coastal

ASEAN sites and identification of
key issues.
Project Number
implementation
of
SimCoast
and establishment of institutional
support.
IC18CT960105
description of generic policies and

development trajectories.
elaboration and further development of SimCoast.
establishment of an research and

development R&D network.
definition of areas of highest priority for future S&T co-operation with

EU partners.
01/09/1996 to 31/08/2000 (48 months)

Concerted Action
Coordinator
Prof. Jacqueline McGlade
United Kingdom
Four concerted action workshops were

held:
1. Managed Ecosystems, 18-22 August
1997, Makati City, Philippines
(33 participants). Hosted by the
Philippine Council for Aquatic and
Marine Research and Development
- Department of Science and
Technology (PCAMRD-DOST).
2. Construction & Transport, 1015 December 1997, Ha Long Bay,
Vietnam (26 participants). Hosted
by the National Centre for Social
Sciences and Humanities of Vietnam,
Human Geography Research Council
(HGRC).
3. Industrial Development, Kiel, 14-21
March 1999, Kiel, Germany (35 participants). Hosted by the University
of Kiel.
4. Major Environmental Inputs, 20-26
June 1999, Singapore (35 participants). Hosted by the National
University of Singapore.
69
During the period of the concerted

action several other SimCoast workshops were sponsored by the partners
and other collaborators including
Management of the Recovery of the Gulf
of Maine Ecosystem, 17-19 September
1997, Naragansett, USA (40 participants
from industry, academia and government); 21 September 1997, Los Angeles,
USA (10 participants from academia
and the city planning department);
Integrated Coastal Zone Management,
13-17 July 1998, the Ocean EXPO in
Lisbon, Portugal (70 participants);
Impacts of coastal zone development
on biodiversity, 30-31 July 1998, Accra,
Ghana (25 participants from government, industry and academia).
The SimCoast software was distributed on CD for the first time at the
Oceans Expo in Lisbon. However, further significant changes, meant that
the final software was not generally distributed until the Singapore workshop
in June 1999. The time between the
Vietnam and Kiel workshops was used
to undertake the considerable task of
documentation, testing and data entry.
The rules generated in each workshop
together with key-words and the thesaurus were checked for consistency
and placed in the database: more than
5000 rules were generated overall.
70
This project fulfilled its objectives

and provided a number of interesting
advances in the understanding of environmental and social interactions in
coastal zones, especially in the ASEAN
region. Problems encountered have
been overcome sufficiently well to implement the WPs.
During the course of the project several

key presentations were made at international conferences, including JRC-Ispra
Space Applications Centre, November
1996; ICZM Conference, June 1997,
Manila, Philippines; State and Federal
Ministers Meeting, June 1997, Penang,
Malaysia; American Association for
the Advancement of Science, January
1997, Seattle, 2000 Washington DC. In
addition, results from the SimCoast
project were presented to the ASEAN
Science and Technology Committee and
at the ASEAN S&T Conferences.
Through the workshops and other conferences, the results of this project
were widely disseminated. A number
of individuals in each ASEAN country
and in the EU are now familiar with
the approach to decision-making supported by SimCoast, and a number
of research projects have subsequently
been funded in developing and developed countries. The basic structure
of SimCoast was also used in the
GEF International Waters Large Marine
Ecosystem programme. The evaluations
by partners at the end of each workshop, suggested that initial problems
of administration and implementation
were overcome.
There was an active collaboration with the Gulf of Guinea project
(IC18T960094) Impacts of environmental forcing on marine biodiversity and
sustainable management of artisanal
and industrial fisheries in the Gulf of
Guinea, specifically in the development of additional rules and scenarios
for coastal zone management. The results from this project were tested in a
SimCoast workshop that was held immediately after the final Gulf of Guinea
workshop in Accra.
The major contributions from this

project were the collated site specific
datasets, the expert system rules identifying the effects of human activities
on features and processes in coastal
areas and the increased understanding
achieved by the partners of how to deal
with uncertainty and risk.
Hogarth, A.N. & J.M. McGlade, 1998.
Development of SimCoastTM. Tambuli, 4:34-35.
ISSN 01 18-4687.
Anon, 1999. Fuzzy logic to manage coastal
regions. SimCoastTM solves planning and
development problems. International Ocean
Systems Design, 3:4-7
McGlade, J.M., 1999. Ecosystem analysis and the
governance of natural resources. pp 309-341. In
McGlade, J.M., (ed.) Advanced Ecological Theory.
Blackwell Science, Oxford.
McGlade, J.M., 2001. Governance in coastal
systems. In: McGlade, J.M., K. Koranteng, P.
Cury & N. Hardman-Mountford (eds). The Gulf
of Guinea ecosystem. environmental forcing &
sustainable development of marine resources.
Elsevier, Amsterdam.
In total, 30 conference papers were produced
and presented at the four workshops. In
addition, a number of PhD and MSc theses using
outputs from SimCoast were completed, and
a CD-ROM of rules, images, user-handbook and
software produced.
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Jacqueline M. McGlade1
Harald Rosenthal2

Directorate Office
Plymouth Pl1 3dh
United Kingdom
Institut fr Meereskunde an der

Universitt Kiel
Dsternbrooker Weg 20
D-24105 Kiel
Germany
E-M: Jacqueline.mcglade@eea.europa.eu
Amapan Pintukanok
Natural Resources Management
Division
Office of Environmental Policy and
Planning
Rama VI
Bangkok
Thailand
E-M: brohloff@ifm.uni-kiel.de
Ninh Pham Van

Brendan Keegan
Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute
University College of Galway
University Road
Galway
Ireland
E-M: brendan.keegan@nuigalway.ie
Centre for Marine Environment Survey

Research and Consultation
National Centre for Science and
Technology
Vien Co Hoc
Doi Can Street 224
Hanoi
Vietnam
Nontji Anugerah
Research & Development Centre for
Oceanology
Indonesian Institute of Science
Pasir Putih 1 Ancol Timir
Jakarta 48011
Indonesia
Nguyen Ngoc Tuan

Human Geography Research Center
Center for Oceans Research and
Information
Tran Xuan Soan 27
Hanoi
Vietnam
Choo Poh-Sze
Aquatic Ecology Branch
Fisheries Research Institute/
Batu Maung
11960 Penang
Malaysia
E-M: chopoh01@dof.moa.my
Cesario Pagdilao
National Aquatic Resources Research
and Development System c/o PCAMRD
Alfonso Eusebio Building
BPI Economic Garden
Los Baos Laguna 4030
Philippines
E-M: dedo@laguna.net
Chou Loke Ming

Reef Ecology
Faculty of Science/ National University
of Singapore
Lower Kent Rd
0511 Singapore
E-M: dbsclm@nus.edu.sg
Coordinator moved from University of Warwick to CCMS/

NERC during project. Address at time of printing: Executive
Director, European Environment Agency, Kongens Nytorv 6,
1050 Copenhagen, Denmark.
2
Retired
1
71
CUU-LONG
The Cuu-Long project on the Mekong Delta
Vietnam Pilot phase 1996-1998
Project Number
IC18CT960111

01/09/1996 to 31/08/1998 (24 months)
Coordinator
Prof. Kim Dan Nguyen
Universit de Caen
Basse Normandie
France
Activities
The CUU-LONG Project (CLP) addressed

issues of environmental concern in the
Mekong Delta Coastal Zone (MDCZ) to
provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of the Mekong
Delta and its adjacent Coastal Zone.
The project complemented other projects coordinated by the Mekong River
Commission (MRC) in conducting research on the environmental impact of
land-based human activities with special emphasis on marine processes. The
CLP pooled together the expertise of
scientists in Asia and Europe and, for
the first time, brought together research
institutions in Vietnam and Thailand
within a marine research programme.
The key activities carried out in each

sub-project were:
The Cuu-Long project objectives on a

short term basis addressed the following issues:
1. Fate of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in the MDCZ and their
impact on primary production and
eutrophication.
Sub-project I: Carbon nitrogen cycles

and fertilisation /eutrophication
Quantification of the influence

of the rivers nutrient discharge
on the productivity of the adjacent sea and on the occurrence of
eutrophication.
Understanding the dual effect of

increase of nutrients and decrease
of light, caused by turbidity in the
water column, on primary production processes.
Understanding the role of the

sediment as a sink of organic materials and as a source of dissolved
nutrients enhancing the primary
production.
Sub-project II: Contamination
2. Sources, levels and fate of key organic and inorganic contaminants

in the MDCZ.
3. Main processes affecting erosion,

sediment transport and sedimentation in the MDCZ.
Evaluation of the levels of key organic

/ inorganic contaminants in sediments
and of their possible sources.
Understanding the role of sediments
as a sink of contaminants as well as
a secondary source of contaminants
and of dissolved nutrients (in relation with sub-project I).
Study of contaminant migration
related to sediment transport
(evaluation based on the model for
cohesive-sediment transport in the
MDCZ developed in sub-project III).
Sub-project
III:
sedimentation
72
CUU-LONG
Erosion
and
Analysis and synthesis of the existing and new field data to provide a
quantitative assessment on the state
and the mechanisms of erosion and
accumulation in the MDCZ.
Developing robust predictive numerical models to provide a basic

scientific conceptualisation with a
view to understand the main hydrodynamical and sediment-transfer
processes occurring in the lower
Mekong Delta and the adjacent
coastal seas.
Assessing the response of material

transport and cycling in deltaic environments to human activities on
land.
Elaboration of a map of the current

state of erosion and accumulation
in the MDCZ.
The Results and outcome

The main results and conclusions from
each subproject can be summarised as
follows:
Sub-project I: Fertilisation
and Eutrophication
Like other tropical regions, the Mekong
Delta Coastal Zone is characterised by
nutrient-limited dynamics in the dry
season. In the rainy season, nearshore
areas are 1ight-limited (high turbidity),
whereas N:P ratios suggested phosphate-limitation offshore. Recycling of
organic matter within the water column, with consequent reduction in the
pelagic-benthic coupling is efficient.
Risk of hypoxia at the sediment-water
interface and of diminishing denitrification intensity is low.
Sub-project II: Contamination
Saline intrusion, pyrite formation and
oxidation in the MDCZ have been shown
to have an effect on the water quality.
Three groups of scientists studied the
following trace metals As, Cd, Co, Cu,
Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn by carefully sampling the water, suspended matter and
sediments and by using the clean room
techniques in analysis. Overall, there
seemed to be no cause for alarm as the
levels of trace metals are generally within
the range observed for uncontaminated
waters except for regions immediately adjacent to the densely-populated
area of Can Tho and Vung Tau. Off the
mouths of the Mekong branches, elevated levels of certain metals were found.
They were suspected to be caused by
the mixing of water off the river mouths.
However, extremely high concentrations
of HgT (Total dissolved mercury) were
found at Can Tho and off Vung Tau. At
Vung Tau, this high concentration appears to be due to the direct discharge
of water from the nearby oil platforms.
Further investigation is needed in these
problem areas to confirm the existence

of this high concentration.
Priority organic contaminants were
measured in suspended matter in the
water column and sediments. The results show that the levels of PAH, PCB,
hydrocarbons and chlorinated biocides
in sediments are low in comparison with
other coastal seas. For PCBs, the Bassac
branch of the Mekong and Dong Nai
River estuary appear to be the source.
Their concentrations in water are about
ten times higher during the dry season
than during wet season.
Biomarker (C17 alkanes) distribution in
sediment and water allowed delineating
regions of high marine productivity.
Sub-project III: Erosion
and Accumulation
Comparison between model results and
observed data showed that 2-D horizontal models adequately describe the
current regime in the MDCZ under wellmixed or partially mixed conditions.
3-D models described the stratified regime of the high water discharge period
(especially in the rainy season). The results of the 3-D model further indicated
that the tidal current is not responsible
for the observed erosion in the MDCZ,
whereas waves play a dominant role.
Cycles of stratification-destratification
driven by the seasonality of the freshwater inputs from the Mekong could have
consequences relevant to the ecological
regime of the MDCZ. They have the potential to induce conditions of hypoxia
and nutrient limitation.
Higher suspended matter concentrations
were observed in the high discharge period. Turbidity maxima were observed
during both dry and wet seasons with
the maximum shifted towards the river
mouth in the high flow season.
CUU-LONG
73
CUU-LONG
Contacts
Time series measurements of sediment

fluxes in the coastal zone indicate order
of magnitude variations with abnormally high fluxes during the low discharge
season. These high fluxes were partially
related to dredging activities in the vicinity of the observation point. Grain
size analyses on sediments showed a
decrease in the mean grain size from the
river mouth towards the south-western
parts of the MDCZ
Coordinator
Partners
Kim. Dan Nguyen
Jean-Marie Martin
Universit de Caen Basse Normandie

Esplanade de la Paix
14032 Caen
France
Tel: +33 31 45 56 15
Fax: +33 31 93 02 53
University of Hamburg
Bundesstrasse 55
20146 Hamburg
Germany
E.M: nguyen@meca.unicaen.fr

Sustainability
JRC, Commission of the European
Communities
Via Enrico Fermi 1, TP 460
21020 Ispra
Italy
Venugopalan Ittekkot
Manuwadi Hungspreugs
Chulalongkorn University
Phyathei Road
10330 Bangkok
Thailand
Van Ninh Pham

Centre for Marine Environment Survey,
Research and Consultation
224 Doi Can Street
Hanoi
Viet Nam
Ba Cuong Nguyen
IFREMER - Institut Franais de
Recherche pour lExploitation de la Mer
Centre de Brest
BP 70
29280 Plouzan
France
74
CUU-LONG
MEAM
Macrobenthos of Eastern African
mangroves - life cycles and reproduction
biology of exploited species
Activities
Mangrove areas world-wide are being

depleted at an alarming rate. Studies
which highlight the socio-economic benefits and potential of healthy
mangrove systems are necessary and
particularly important.
The key activities were:
Studies on the genetic separation of

plant and animal populations are concentrated on temperate areas. There
is limited information on the basics of
growth and reproduction of key tropical
species. This kind of studies in tropical environments constitute therefore
a useful step towards contributing additional perspectives on various coastal
management options and could help to
make more sustainable use of the natural renewable resource base.
2. To study reproductive patterns and

larval growth of the above species.
3. To investigate the temporal pattern
of larval release.
4. To analyse the behaviour of the pelagic larvae leading them to settle
on the substratum.
5. To study the genetic flow between
several coastal populations of Scylla
serrata, a key species, in order to
evaluate its inter-population migratory effect.
6. To analyse the economics of human
use of the mangrove ecosystem.
IC18CT960127

01/02/1997 to 31/01/2000 (36 months)
Coordinator
The main objectives were:

1. To determine patterns in population structure, along a geographic
gradient, of crab species selected
for their commercial and/or ecological importance, by means of a
standardised protocol to be developed within the project.
Standardised sampling protocols

and methods applied along the
whole geographical gradient, to
estimate macrobenthos biomass
and reproductive status of key crab
species. A new method based on a
permanent TV system was developed, together with image analysis
systems, to gain information on their
density and population structure.
Project Number
Population genetics of key species were investigated by analysing

anonymous DNA markers amplified by PCR (Polymerase chain
reaction) with single primers, RAPDs
(Random Amplified Polymorphic
DNAs). Partitioning of the revealed
variability into, within and between
population components was done.
Prof. Marco Vannini

Universit degli Studi di Firenze
Italy
Contacts with traditional authorities

to gather information on infrastructures, market facilities, social
services, demographic implications
and other activities related to mangrove exploitation. The Participatory
Rural Appraisal (PRA) was applied
to enable local people to share, enhance and analyse their knowledge
of life and conditions, in relationship with the mangrove ecosystem.

All objectives were achieved with key
results summarised as follows:
1. From stomach content analysis, it
was demonstrate that, all along the
East African coast, the swimming
crab Scylla serrata, one of the most
commercially important species,
spends most of its time within the
mangroves feeding on macrobenthic species. In contrast, several
important prawn species were only
MEAM
75
MEAM
found as juveniles; thus for them,
mangroves act as a nursery. There
was no consistent latitudinal trend
in total crab numbers, but a marked
shift in the ratio of Ocypodidea to
Grapsoidea crabs. The former outnumbered Grapsoidea by 6 to 1 in
Mombasa, but had equal abundance
in Umtata (South Africa). For crabs
and prawns alike, the existence of a
healthy mangrove system is the basis for a sustainable management of
the stocks of these species. A standardised protocol of visual census
of macrofauna was designed and
repeatedly tested, providing comparable results independently of
the observer and locality. For the
first time, a simple method permits
monitoring and ecological surveys
to be comparable in time and space.
Validation coefficients (between
50% and 80%) show that the census
results correlate with the actual animal density.
2. For the first time, the reproductive cycles of different crab species
were compared. Different patterns
appear to dominate decapod life: periodic breeding is observed (i.e. Uca
vocans), together with both semi-lunar and lunar periodicity. The latter
is dominant in a short period of the
year (in the mangrove crab, the fiddler crab, Neosarmatium meinerti),
through most of the year with an
interruption for the rainy season
(i.e. in the small Grapsoidea crab
Sesarma ortmanni) or throughout
the year (i.e. in U. annulipes). Due to
the synchronised sampling strategy,
we can for the first time ascertain
that the observed differences in reproductive patterns are features of
the basic biology of the species and
not just latitudinal, geographical or
micro-climatic variations.
3. The results suggest a universal
pattern of semi-lunar release of
crab larvae peaking during post-
76
MEAM
crepuscular ebbing tides. This

allowed to generalise patterns of
release around mangroves, namely
the cyclic character of the reproductive timing and its relation to the
major environmental cycles.
4. Patterns of larval fluxes and settlement in mangrove areas were
observed showing a universal
character: most species resident in
mangroves will export their newlyhatched stages to adjacent neritic
water masses, where they undergo
most of their larval development.
Return migration is accomplished
by megalopa stages. The results
indicate an interaction between
deterministic (cycles of tidal amplitude) and stochastic (wind stress)
factors in the recruitment success
of the different species.
etc. Where mangroves are seriously

threatened (Kenya and Zanzibar),
detailed enquiries showed that
people were well aware of the ecological
and
geo-morphological
importance of mangroves and the
damage they inflict. However, due
to the lack of alternative sources
of revenue they will not easily stop.
Eco-tourism or similar activities are
not currently perceived as adequate
alternatives, while cattle breeding
or increased coconut cultivation
are. Unfortunately, both of these
activities are limited by the lack of
adequate financial investment (cattle) or available land (coconuts).
5. About 530 bp (base pairs) of the

mitochondrial DNA cytochrome
oxidase subunit I (mtDNA COI) were
studied. The results indicated that
gene flow is unexpectedly low and
suggest that population structuring is currently occurring. In order
to prevent inappropriate S. serrata
resource exploitation, it is therefore
advisable to refer to the local population as the appropriate short-term
management unit.
6. Human use has shaped the mangrove
ecosystem differently in the three
study sites in Kenya as a function
of population density, dependence
on mangroves for subsistence and
income and whether there were accessible economic alternatives to
(legal or illegal) use. In Zanzibar
(Tanzania), the main use of mangroves was for illegal extraction of
wood for charcoal production, while
on the Ilha da Inhaca in Mozambique
low population densities and lack
of market access limited mangrove
use to use by artisanal fishers and
small-scale gathering for firewood
Contacts
Bosire, J.O., F. Dahdouh-Guebas, J.G. Kairo, S.
Cannicci & N. Koedam, 2004 Spatial variations
in macrobenthic fauna recolonisation in a
tropical mangrove bay. Biodivers.Conserv.
13(6):1059-1074.
Dahdouh-Guebas, F., I. Van Pottelbergh,
J.G. Kairo, S. Cannicci & N. Koedam, 2004
Anthropogenic impacts on mangroves in Gazi
Bay (Kenya): prediction of future vegetation
based on remote sensing, social surveys,
and distribution of trees. Mar.Ecol.Progr.Ser.
272:77-92.
Coordinator
Marco Vannini
University of Florence
Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e
Genetica, L. Pardi
via Romana 17
50125 Firenze
Italy
Tel: +39 055 228 82 59
Fax: +39 055 22 25 65
Fratini, S. & M. Vannini. 2002. Genetic

differentiation in the mud crab Scylla serrata
(Decapoda: Portunidae) within the Indian Ocean.
J.Exp.Mar.Biol.Ecol., 272:103-116.
E.M: Vannini_M@Dbag.unifi.It
Fratini, S., V. Vigiani, M. Vannini e S. Cannicci,

2004. Terebralia palustris (Gastropoda;
Potamididae) in a Kenyan mangal: size structure,
distribution and impact on consuming leaf
litters. Mar.Biol., 114(6):1173-1182.
Partners
Macia, A., I. Quincardete & J. Paula, 2001.

Comparison of alternative methods for
estimating population density of the fiddler crab
Uca annulipes at Saco Mangrove, Inhaca Island
(Mozambique). Hydrobiologia, 449:213-219.
Omodei Zorini L., C. Contini, N. Jiddawi, J.
Ochiewo, J. Shunula & S. Cannicci, 2004.
Participatory appraisal of criteria for potential
community based mangrove management in East
Africa. Wetl.Ecol.Manag, 12(2):87-102.
Omodei-Zorini, L. & C. Contini, 2000. A
multicriterion analysis for the sustainable use
of natural resources in mangrove ecosystems
with the involvement of local community. In
Proceedings of the 4th European Symposium on
European Farming and Rural Systems Research
and Extension into the Next Millennium, Volos,
Greece, April 3-7, 2000.
Omodei-Zorini, L., C. Contini, F. Barbosa,
N.S. Jiddawi, J. Ochiewo, R Polidori & J.P.
Shunula, 2000. A participatory analysis for a
sustainable mangrove management. Abstract
Volume the International Meeting of Mangrove
Macrobenthos, September 7-11, 2000,
Mombasa, Kenya.
Paula, J., R. Nogueira Mendes, S. Paci, P.
McLaughlin, F. Gherardi & W. Emmerson, 2001.
Combined effects of temperature and salinity
on the larval development of the estuarine
mud prawn Upogebia africana (Crustacea,
Thalassinidea). Hydrobiologia, 449:141148.
Skov, M.W. & R.G. Hartnoll, 2001. Comparative
suitability of binocular observation, burrow
counting and excavation for the quantification
of the mangrove fiddler crab Uca annulipes.
Hidrobiologia, 449:201-212.
Richard George Hartnoll
Jos Paula
Universidade de Lisboa
Faculdade de Ciencias
Laboratorio Maritimo da Gua
Estrada do Guincho
2750 Cascais
Portugal
E-M: jpaula@Bio.Fc.Ul.Pt
Winston David Emmerson

University of Transkei
Faculty of Science
P/Bag Xi
5100 Umtata
South Africa
E-M: Emmerson@Getafix.Utr.Ac.Za
University of Liverpool
Port Erin Marine Laboratory
Break Water Road
IM9 6JA Port Erin
United Kingdom
E-M: Rgh@Liverpool.Ac.Uk
Adriano Macia
Department of Biological Sciences
Campus Universitario
C.P. 257
Maputo
Mozambique
E-M: Amacia@Biologia.Uem.Mz
Renison Kahindi Ruwa

Kenya Marine And Fisheries Research
Institute
Cement Road
P.O. Box 81651
Mombasa
Kenya
E-M: Kruwa@Lib.Ua.Ac.Be
Peter Shunula
University of Dar Es Salaam
P.O. Box 668 Mizingani
Zanzibar
Tanzania
E-M: Shunula@Unidar.Gn.Apc.Org
MEAM
77
Sustainable environmental management

strategies in South China - towards 2000 and
beyond - a case study in Shenzhen
Project Number
IC18CT960128

01/12/1997 to 31/07/1999 (30 months)
Coordinator
Prof. Jinren Ni
Institute of Environmental Engineering
Peking University
China

In its national approach to AGENDA 21
(1994), the Chinese government emphasised the necessity for China to embark
on a gradual path to sustainable development through improving economic
structures and enhancing effectiveness
whilst maintaining an annual average
GNP growth rate between 8 and 9%.
As an experimental site and an important showcase area, Shenzhen City in
South China was chosen as an appropriate site for the study of economic
development, eco-efficient resources
management, waste-load control and
allocation in terms of economic structural adjustment, technologic
improvement and policy options for
environmental management.
The selected Shenzhen study area lies
in the south of Guangdong Province and
is bordered by the New Territories of
Hong Kong and the Pearl River Estuary.
With a total area of 2020 km2 and a
coastline stretching 230km, Shenzhen
has developed from a small village
prior to 1979, to become a modernised
city with a population of 3.355 millions. Since the Special Economic Zone
of Shenzhen was established in 1979,
the citys main economic indices have
increased very quickly, with the annual
GDP reaching 95-billion Yuan in 1996;
an annual increase rate of 16.4%. With
such accelerated socio-economic development, the proportion of primary
industry within the national economy
has decreased to less than 2%. A tiered
industrial system has been established
with many sectors such as chemicals,
machinery, electronics, textiles, foodstuffs, medicine and sport goods etc.
There are seven industries related
specifically to advanced and new technologies: computers and software,
communications,
microelectronics,
new materials, biological engineering,
optical instrumentation and lasers
(Shenzhen Planning Bureau, 1997).
78
The general objective for this collaborative study was to reveal the dynamic
relation between the utilisation of water resources, the rapid socioeconomic
development and environmental management through a case in in South
China. The study aimed at identifying the optimum ways of promoting
sustainable use of water resources,
compatible with long-term equitable
economic growth and enhancement of
productive capacity and which is also
environmentally acceptable. It was also
a primary purpose of this research to
review the background of regional environmental management strategies in
order to implement and improve the
environmental management system of
organisations (enterprises, sectors) in
Shenzhen, so that these organisations
(enterprises or sectors) would be able
to maintain and potentially improve
their environmental performance.
Activities
The key activities undertaken included:
Identification
of
the
essential core socio-economic and
environmental problems related to
accelerated economic growth and
the companion increases in water
resource demand.
Environmental quality monitoring,

socio-economic surveys and the investigation of the present state of
water resources, data collection and
review of the existing literature.
Modelling the interaction processes

and the feedback mechanisms between socio-economic development
and water resources.
Assessment of the regional productive capacity subject to economic

structural adjustment, the resource
bearing capacity and the reduction
of waste-loads.
Training programmes and exchanges of scientists for the purpose

of promoting the transfer of information and skills between the
partners.
The methodologies used were:
Macro-economic modelling and

multiple objective analysis for optimal economic structure aimed at
sustainable economic development
with water-saving and clean industrial technology.
Material intensity analysis for ecoefficient water use and sustainable
sewage management; Application
of CD-ROM software to support
decision-making.
Results and outcome

For all parts of the various studies, the
year of reference taken was 1995. The
target years or the planning years used
for the predictions were 2000, 2010,
2020 and 2050; middle and long-term
development strategies beyond 2000
were also fully discussed.
Macro-economic model and multiple
objective analysis: The aim of these
models was to predict regional annual
macro-economic development scale and
growth rate; economic development in
each sector and its structural variation;
water use, and pollutant effluents under different economic patterns.
The rapid economic development has
enhanced the adjustment that has
taken place in the industrial structural changes within Shenzhen. The
overall trend of the industrial structural change is apparently a continuous
increase in the tertiary industry proportion to the total gross domestic product
(GDP) over the planning years, indicating rapid development of the high and
new technologic and tertiary industrial
groups in Shenzhen. It is predicted that

the proportion of such tertiary industry over the total GDP in 2020 will be
approximated to those in developed
countries, which accords with the
overall development target of socialeconomic activities in Shenzhen.
Although all the sectors will undergo
a rapid development in the coming 20
years, differences among the sectors
do exist. The trend of the industrial
structural adjustment heads towards
water-saving and automatic clean
technology. Development of sectors
such as manufacture of electronic and
communication equipment, which produce minimum pollutants and utilise
minimum water demand per ten-thousand-Yuan production. Other sectors
which have small water demand and
chemical oxygen demand (COD) effluent coefficients per ten-thousand-Yuan
production, e.g. manufacture of building materials and other non-metallic
mineral products, manufacture of electric machinery and instrument will be
developed significantly. On the other
hand, some sectors such as sawmills
and manufacture of furniture, mining
and petroleum refineries will be somehow restricted. By combining practical
variations in the industrial structure
and the sectoral GDP, predictions on
water demand, wastewater and pollutant effluents provide a reasonable basis
for correlating regional economic development, water resources utilisation and
environmental impact and also supply
a reliable database for subsequent total
waste-load control.
Technological improvement and the
industrial structural adjustment were
accounted for in the model predictions.
The predicted wastewater effluents in
different sectors for different planning years showed that industrial water
demand and wastewater effluents do
not directly increase with increasing
industrial production, but depend on
many factors such as economic growth
rate, technological level and industrial

structure. As an accelerated economic
development area, Shenzhen has incomparable advantages in technological
improvement and industrial structural
adjustment capability over other cities
in China. In general, the pollutant effluent will not increase as quickly as the
industrial production owing to better
and additional sewage water treatment,
reuse of wastewater and related technological improvements.
While economic growth rate will reach
10%, the pollutant effluent increase
rate will be restricted to 2-6%. The reasonable prediction of pollutant effluent
loads is not only the basis for the implementation of total waste-load control,
but also the primary part of the planning and analysis of water resources.
Reduction of resources and efficient
water use. Environmental damage in
Shenzhen is principally caused by
pollution and the processes involved
in extracting resources. Note that all
materials taken into the economy end
up sooner or later as emissions and
wastes, thus cost reduction of environmental damage requires both cut-down
of emissions and reduction of natural resources extraction. Water use in
Shenzhen is quite high compared with
other Chinese and international rates
and planned water use in 2000 and
2010 is also very high. The applicability
of advanced methods, experiences and
water efficiency technologies should be
considered for the purpose of sustainable development in Shenzhen.
Water prices in Shenzhen were still
considered too low to promote water efficiency, but the structure and
the tendency of the water policy in
Shenzhen is heading in the right direction. Wastewater charge in Shenzhen is
much cheaper than that in Germany and
in Hong Kong; although the percentage
of the wastewater charge accounted
for tap water charge is similar to Hong
79
Contacts
Kong. With the introduction of laws

and measures in Shenzhen on water
efficiency technology, water use could
be reduced significantly. The relevant
results include three measures for
the reduction of water use in private
households such as leak detection and
repair in order to avoid losses; change
in customer behaviour; convincing
water users to give up bad habits;
introduction of water efficient technologies such as toilets, showerheads,
faucets, rainwater use, etc. As an example, laundry and dish washer machines
use up to 60 litres with water efficiency technology but can be reduced
further to 39 litres by the substitution
of drinking water with rain water or
treated grey water. These two alternatives would result in a water reduction
of up to 57% and 82% respectively.
For public water use, water with lower
quality can replace drinking water for
washing streets and vehicles, watering
or irrigating plants, making water landscapes and so on. Shenzhen Airport
could reduce its volume of water use by
9738 m3 or 62% per year by retrofitting
quite simple and inexpensive water efficient fixtures in the airport toilets
A CD-ROM software was developed for
decision support to assist in the management of regional socioeconomic
activities and to quantify their impacts
on the collection, use, treatment and reuse of water in order to harmonise the
socio-economic development, environmental protection and effective use of
water resources.
80
Chen, X. & L. Qiao, 2000. Material Flow Analysis
of the Chinese Economic-Environmental System.
Journal of Nat. Res., 15(1):17-23.
Ellis, J.B., D.M. Revitt, Y.H. Dong, J.R. Ni, &
Z.C. Chen, 1998. Protecting the urban water
environment in the Pearl River Delta, South
China. pp. 85-93. In Wheater, H. & C. Kirby (eds.).
Hydrology in a Changing Environment. John
Wiley & Sons Ltd., London.
Coordinator
Jinren Ni
Peking University
Institute of Environmental Engineering
100871 Beijing
China
Tel: +86 10 62 75 11 85
Fax: +86 10 62 75 11 85
Ludwig, J., 1998. Water shortage in China: Ecoefficient products and resource planning are
needed. Das Magazin, 9th Volume, Issue 4.
Dsseldorf. (in German).
E-M: nijinren@iee.pku.edu.cn
Ni, J.R, D.S. Zhong, Y.F. Huang & H. Wang, 2001.

Total waste-load control and allocation in terms
of input-output analysis. J.Environ.Manage.,
61:37-49.
Partners
John Bryan Ellis
Middlesex University
Faculty of Technology
Bounds Green Road
London N11 2NQ
United Kingdom
E-M: b.ellis@mdx.ac.uk
Zhichen Chen
Shenzhen Environmental Protection
Bureau
95 Hongbao Road 95
518001 Shenzhen
China
Stefan Bringezu
Wuppertal-Institut fr Klima, Umwelt,
Energie
19 Dppersberg
Postfach 10 04 80
42103 Wuppertal
Germany
E-M: stefan.bringezu@wupperinst.org
Water management, land development

and economic diversification in Southeast
Asian deltas

Economic growth, agricultural development and population increase
have considerably endangered the
ecosystems of the three great deltas
of South-East Asia (the Red River and
the Mekong in Vietnam, and the Chao
Phraya in Thailand.
The project aimed at comparing irrigation and drainage management
systems, both at an institutional and
technical level in these three main
deltas of South-East Asia. The main objectives were:
To compare existing practices of

water
management
(irrigation,
drainage) in the three deltas.
To evaluate their consequences on economic efficiency and
on constraints for further land
development.
To identify conditions and results of

one common pattern of diversification (poldered raised beds system).
To propose new patterns of water

management.
Activities
The key activities included:
1. Comparing different water management institutional designs that
existed (or have existed in the recent
past) in the three deltas, studying
the interaction between actors in
the successive levels of decision
found along the water chain and at
evaluating the water cost according
to the different designs that had
been identified: definition of the respective powers and responsibilities
of the institutions involved, impact
on financial issues, particularly the
calculation of the water tax.
2. Understanding hydraulic interrelations between different sub-areas

inside a global water management
unit and building models of hydraulic functioning. A related activity
identified number of changes in water management of some sub-areas
that better satisfied local needs.
Project Number
IC18CT970133

3. Characterising the different technical patterns of major land
development being spread, namely
raised beds technique, specifying
its features regarding water management, in terms of quantity and
quality, identifying the conditions
of its profitability for various kinds
or groups of actors.
Results and outcome
01/03/1998 to 31/12/2000 (34 months)

Coordinator
Dr. Jean-Philippe Fontenelle
Groupement de Recherches
et dEchanges Technologiques
France
The project was conducted in three

different natural sites to enable
comparison.
From the point of view of water control
institutional designs, policies and irrigation management, the main common
concern dealt with the relationship existing between farmers and state. In the
three cases this relation is conditioned
by historical political choices and
cultural context. Although the three
deltas realities are quite different from
the perspective of local willingness/traditions to organise collectively and of
farming households economic capacities, the general trend seems to be that
on one side the state tries to allocate
the resource and to combine several
competitive purposes.
The development of new agriculture activities has some impact on
water control framework which was
organised to satisfy rice production.
Local answers to changes in the socioeconomic environment led in each delta
to the development of new agricultural
patterns and associated water control
techniques. Such development is not
81
Contacts
taken in to account by state authorities yet, but the economic and social
cost of these changes can not be left
to the localities only. It is also a question of overall economic development,
management of natural resources and
overall governance.
Bui, K. & T. Nguyen, 1999. Analyse du cadre
institutionnel de lirrigation, VASI, Hanoi.
Dao, T. & F. Molle, 2000. The Chao Phraya Delta
in perspective: a comparison with the Red River
and Mekong deltas, Vietnam. pp. 399-421. In
The Chao Phraya Delta: Historical development,
Dynamics and Challenges of Thailands
rice bowl. Proceedings of the International
Conference, 12-15 December 2000, Bangkok,
Kasetsart University, IRD, Chulalongkorn
University and Kyoto University, Vol. 2.
Fontenelle, J.P. & V. Mai, 2001. Transformations
et permanence de lhabitat rural dans le delta
du fleuve Rouge: Exemple du village de Dao Xa
entre 1955 et 1993. pp 54-63. In Kleinen, J. (ed.).
Vietnamese Society in transition. Het Spinhuis,
Amsterdam.
Fontenelle, J.P., K. Bui, T. Dang, X. Luong & T.
Nguyen, 2000. Questions sur lhydraulique
agricole du delta du fleuve Rouge. pp. 199-219 In
Appui lorganisation de la production agricole
dans le Nord du Vietnam. INSA, GRET, PFR,
Maison dEdition de lAgriculture, Hanoi.
Fontenelle, J.P., T. Dao, P. Defourny & T.T. Dao,
2001. Atlas of the BacHung Hai Polder (Vietnam).
Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, 58 p.
Molle, F. & T. Dao, 2001. Water control and
agricultural development: Crafting deltaic
environments in Southeast Asia. Paper presented
at the Second Conference of the International
Water History Association (IWHA), The Role
of Water in History and Development. Bergen,
Norway, 23 p., In IWHA. Water Politics and
Control: Historical and Contemporary, I B Tauris,
London (2005).
Coordinator
Jean-Philippe Fontenelle
Groupement de Recherches et
dEchanges Technologiques
211-213 Rue la Fayette
75010 Paris
France
Tel: +33 1 40 05 61 45
Le Quang Minh
Can Tho University
College of Technology
Dept. Water Resources & Envt.
Eng. 3/2 Street.
Can Tho
Vietnam
E-M: Nhtrung@Ctu.Edu.Vn
E-M: fontenelle@gret.org
Franois Molle
Partners
Kasetsart University Bangkok

Dept. of Irrigation Engineering
50 Phol Yothin Road
10900 Bangkok
Thailand
Pierre Defourny
Universit Catholique de Louvain
Dept Sciences du Milieu &
Amnagement de la Terre
Rue de la Croix du Sud 2 Bte
B 1348 Louvain
Belgium
E-M: f.molle@cgiar.org
E-M: defourny@mila.ucl.ac.be
Pierre Yves Le Meur &

Thomas Bierschenk
Johannes-Gutenberg-Univ. Mainz
Institut f.Ethnologie & Afrikastudien
Saarstr 21
55099 Mainz
Germany
E-M: lemeur@gret.org
E-M: Biersche@Uni-Hohenheim.De
Thippawal Srijantr
Dveloppement
Dept Milieux & Activit Agricole
29 Sathorn Tal
10120 Bangkok
Thailand
E-M: agrtws@nontri.ku.ac.th
The Tuan Dao

Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute
Agricultural Systems Dept.
Van Dien, Thanh Tri
Hanoi
Vietnam
E-M: Daotheanh@Fpt.Vn
82
Control of bacterial regrowth in water supply

distribution systems in water-short European
and Mediterranean countries
Results and outcome
The proposal aimed to define the conditions under which bacterial regrowth
can occur in water distribution systems
with the objective of modelling water
quality changes in distribution, thus
enabling management of water supply
operations and maintenance to give
improvements in water quality. The
specific concern was that if bacterial
regrowth occurs there is an enhanced
possibility that opportunistic pathogens such as Aeromonas pseudomonas
and others will be able to establish and
give rise to water-borne outbreaks of
gastro-enteritis. Situations in which
this may occur include enhanced water
temperatures (global warming), together with water shortages giving rise to
more polluted raw waters, intermittent
water supplies, need for household and
distribution water storage and more
likely infiltration of polluted water in
times of negative pressure.
This project enabled the collection of

physical, chemical and microbiological
data from distribution systems in UK,
Portugal and three Mediterranean countries (Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine) to
allow the bacterial behaviour in distribution to be evaluated. The study
produced a comprehensive validated
model of bacterial behaviour in distribution systems which can be used as
a decision making tool for water supplies in the Southen Mediterranean and
elsewhere which would enable water
managers to provide better water quality despite the additional problems
which global warming will engender.
Activities
The kinetics of growth and disinfection
of heterotrophic bacteria, indicators and
opportunistic pathogens were studied
studied and the growth and death rates
were incorporated into a comprehensive
model of bacteria in distribution systems. The growth of bacteria in storage
tanks in households (Jordan, Lebanon
and Palestine) and in distribution system storage (UK and Portugal) was also
taken into account, using initially heterotrophic plate counts, then indicators
and finally pathogens to quantify the
extent of bacterial regrowth.
Infiltration effects were quantified in
Lebanon and Palestine, to evaluate the
effects of the post-stagnation flush on
bacterial quality. In Palestine an epidemiological study was conducted to
attempt to quantify the health effects
of unsatisfactory water quality.
Project Number
IC18CT970136

01/11/1997 to 30/04/2001 (42 months)
Coordinator
Lilian Evinson
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
United Kingdom
The main results can be summarized

as follows:
1. Distribution systems (three intermittent & two continuous) in each
country were intensively sampled
over a 2 year period.
2. Bacterial regrowth (increase in
heterotrophic plate count (HPC),
absence of bacterial indicators) was
identified only in systems with low
chlorine and long (30+hrs) retention times.
3. These conditions were fulfilled in
service reservoirs in UK in summer.
4. In household water storage tanks in
intermittent supplies, increases of
up to five orders of magnitude occurred in 7 days.
5. Tank material did not affect the
extent of bacterial regrowth, and
bacterial regrowth occurred in both
surface and ground water.
6. Biofilm develops over many months
in most pipework, and allows conditions for growth of slower growing
bacteria, which can then be released
into the water.
83
Contacts
7. Sudden changes of velocity cause detachment of biofilm and consequent

increase in bacterial numbers.
8. In systems with intermittent flow
the water quality is often poor
when flows restart, due to infiltration of contaminants in the
unpressurised period.
9. A plug flow model of bacterial
growth and death in distribution
has been developed, calibrated, and
used to evaluate different bacterial
control strategies in service reservoirs and storage tanks.
10. 1A sophisticated Lagrangian model
(Performance-Q) incorporating the
bacterial kinetics has also been
developed and used to explore the
bacterial regrowth in water distribution systems.
In addition to the scientific progress
made during the project, fruitful relationships were developed between the
research groups in the Mediterranean
countries and the water supply undertakings. This was particularly important
because there was a lack of basic information needed to manage the water
distribution system, such as pipe location, number of customers, water
pressures etc.
Information System (GIS), starting with

only the most sketchy information.
Coordinator
Lilian Evison
Coelho, S.T. & S. James, 2001. Performance-Q.
Event-driven water Quality simulation for
distribution networks. Users Manual. Available
from the Perf-Q website: www.dha.lnec.pt/nes/
portugues/ estudos/perf-q/Perf-Q%20Manual.doc
Evison, L. & N. Sunna, 2001. Microbial Regrowth
in Household Water Storage Tanks. Journal
AWWA, Vol. 93(9):8594.
Menaia, J., R. Alves, S. Sanches, G. Santos & E.
Mesquita, 2003. Monitoring the active sessilecolonisation of two drinking water distribution
systems based on the protein contents in native
biofilm samples. Water Sci.Technol., 47(5):169-73.
University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

Cassie Building, Claremont Road
Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU
United Kingdom
E-M: Sjames3014@aol.com
Partners
Sergio Teixeira Coelho
Laboratrio Nacional de Engenharia
Civil
101 Avenida do Brasil 101
1799 Lisboa
Portugal
E-M: stcoelho@lnec.pt
Annan Jayyousi
An Najah National University
Khatab Street
PO Box 7
Nablus
Palestinian Authority
E-M: anan@najah.edu
Nawal Sunna
Water Authority of Jordan
PO Box 2412
11118 Amman
Jordan
E-M: sunna@nets.com.jo
Fuad Hashwa
The project has been a catalyst in
stimulating a two-way cooperation in
overcoming these problems. In Jordan
this cooperation was easily achieved
since the researcher and the water undertaking were all together in
Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ). In
Palestine and Lebanon, where information on the distribution systems vas
very limited, the cooperation between
universities and water undertakings
achieved remarkably fruitful results.
For instance in Lebanon, during the
project period, it was possible to map
and hydraulically model the distribution
system at Nakkash using a Geographical
84
Lebanese American University

Jbeil - Blat
PO Box 36
10 Byblos
Lebano
E-M: fhashwa@lau.edu.lb
INVASS
The impact of invasive grass species on
the structure, function and sustainable
use of coastal and inland sand dune
ecosystems in Southern Africa
Activities
In Southern Africa, two examples of

introduced, invasive grass species
and their effects on the sustainability
of natural ecosystems were studied.
Ammophila arenaria (Marram grass),
originating from North-Western Europe
was introduced for sand stabilisation
of coastal sand dunes along the Cape
coast of South Africa. In the USA, New
Zealand, and Australia, this grass species has a reputation of a notorious
invader, replacing indigenous vegetation and changing ecosystem functions
following introduction. Cenchrus biflorus, is invading the Kalahari inland
sand dune savanna of Botswana. It
originates from India and also occurs
in other continents (e.g. Australia). It is
a nuisance to farmers and local inhabitants, as it hurts cattle and wildlife.
The main activities and methodologies

used were:
The general objectives were:

1. To study the invasion characteristics, the population biology of the
invasive species in their new territories, the genetic characteristics and
plasticity, the effect of the invaders
on native vegetation, as well as on
the soil ecosystem.
2. To provide management prescriptions for the wise use and, if
appropriate, control of both invaders without a concomitant threat
to ecosystem function, biodiversity
and wildlife.
Field studies on the ecology of

plants and vegetation combined
with analyses of the invasion history and molecular analysis of the
genetic structure within and between populations of both species.
Field surveys combined with greenhouse experiments in order to
determine the response of the invasive plant species on the local soil
pathogens and mutualistic soil organisms (mycorrhizal fungi).
Results and outcome

In South Africa, Ammophila arenaria
has much less genetic variation between
populations than in Europe, where it
originates. The absence of specific soil
pathogens provides the A. arenaria
with an enemy free space. Nevertheless,
the ability of A. arenaria to invade
South African coastal dunes is limited,
because of abiotic constraints, especially high temperatures and low rainfall.
When there is no additional nursing
carried out, in the end, sand dune stabilisation with A. arenaria does not much
affect vegetation succession, sand dune
structure, and dune functions, because
the planted grass does not expand
naturally. However, it should still be
discouraged to use A. arenaria for dune
stabilisation, because it is exotic and
the risk of invasion after a lag period
remains. Studies on the ecology and applicability of native plant species have
now started to provide South African
dune managers with local alternatives.
Project Number
IC18CT970145

01/10/1997 to 30/09/2000 (36 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Wim Van der Putten
Royal Netherlands Academy
of Arts and Science
The Netherlands
Website
www.nioo.knaw.nl/cto/invass
Cenchrus biflorus is an effective invader

because of its spiky seeds and because
plants may produce thousands of seeds
per square metre. Molecular analyses
have shown that the recent invasion
INVASS
85
INVASS
Contacts
of C. biflorus in the Kalahari savanna

originates from another source than
the populations that have been present
for a number of decades. Therefore, invasion is a continuous process and new
introductions may be more invasive
than previous ones. Intense land use
was found to increase proneness to invasion of the Kalahari savanna because
it enhances the proportion of disturbed
soil creating conditions where the invasive grass thrives. Extensifying the
use of infested land is an efficient tool
to get rid of C. biflorus. Recent invasions may be counteracted by pulling
out plants or by preventing seed set
through mowing. Cenchrus biflorus is
efficient in the use of local mutualistic
soil fungi and it does not accumulate
soil pathogens of its own. The response
of local soil communities to C. biflorus
has the potential to affect plant community processes, but the results are
idiosyncratic, as some species benefit
and others are impaired.
Bond, J.M., E.M. Veenendaal, D.D.Hornby & A.J.
Gray, 2002. Looking for Progenitors: A Molecular
Approach to Finding the Origins of An Invasive
Weed. Biological Invasions, 4(4):349-357.
Brinkman, E.P., H. Duyts & W.H. van der Putten,
2005. Consequences of variation in species
diversity in a community of root-feeding
herbivores for nematode dynamics and host
plant biomass. Oikos 110:417-427.
Hertling, U.M. & R.A Lubke, 1999. Use of
Ammophila arenaria for Dune Stabilisation
in South Africa and its Current Distribution
-Perceptions and Problems. Environmental
Management, 24:467-482.
Hertling, U.M. & R.A. Lubke, 2000. Assessing the
potential for biological invasion the case of
Ammophila arenaria in South Africa. S.Afr.J.Sci.,
96:520527.
Knevel, I.C, T. Lans, F.B.J. Menting, U.M. Hertling
& W.H. Van der Putten, 2004. The role of
the enemy release hypothesis and the biotic
resistance hypothesis in the establishment of
the alien Ammophila arenaria in South Africa.
Oecologia, 141:502-510.
Van der Putten, W.H., G.W. Yeates, H. Duyts,
C. Schreck Reis & G. Karssen, 2005. Invasive
plants and their escape from root herbivory:
a worldwide comparison of the root-feeding
nematode communities of the dune grass
Ammophila arenaria in natural and introduced
ranges. Biological Invasions, 7:733-746.
Veenendaal, E.M., B.R. Sekhute, B. Ripley & A.
Bums, 2000. Cenchrus biflorus: Alien or Sahelien?
Investigations into the invasive properties
of an alien annual grass in the Kalahari. pp.
83-92. In Ringrose, S. & R Masundire Chanda
(eds.). Towards sustainable management in the
Kalahari region - some essential background
and critical issues. Directorate of Research and
Development, University of Botswana Gaborone,
Botswana.
Coordinator
Wim Van der Putten
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts
and Science
22 Boterhoeksestraat 48
P.B. 19121
6666 ZG Heteren
The Netherlands
E-M: w.vanderputten@nioo.knaw.nl
Partners
Alan Gray
Wareham - Dorset BH20 5AS
United Kingdom
E-M: AJG@ceh.ac.uk
Roy Lubke
Rhodes University
Lucas Avenue
6140 Grahamstown
South Africa
E-M: borl@hotbot.ru.ac.za
Elbert Marinus Veenendaal

University of Botswana
Private Bag
PO Box 0022
10 Gaborone
Botswana
E-M: Elmar.Veenendaal@wur.nl
86
INVASS
PREDICT
Prediction of the resilience and recovery
of disturbed coastal communities
in the tropics

High population growth rates and increased economic activity of South East
(SE) Asian countries create increasing
pressure on natural resources and extensive environmental deterioration.
SE Asian coastal ecosystems are an
important source of renewable natural
resources and are widely deteriorated
by increased pressure from diverse
human activities (urbanisation, industrialisation, fishing, aquaculture, farming,
transport). Knowlegde of the structure
and function of coastal ecosystems is
essential to improved environmental management of renewable natural
resources that will assure long-term
productivity of coastal ecosystems and
sustainable development of SE Asian
countries. Although there is an increasing knowledge of the deterioration
process of SE Asian coastal ecosystems
and the consequences for the life of
coastal communities, the mechanisms
by which ecosystem recovery is attained and the factors that control that
recovery are largely ignored. We lack
fundamental knowledge to model the
resilience of coastal ecosystems to increased pressure from human activities
and, therefore, to predict the level of
human pressure that is sustainable and
predict pathways and rates of recovery
of deteriorated coastal ecosystems.
To model the resilience and recovery of plant communities:

recolonisation, changes in the
structure of communities under
pressure, and successional patterns
during recovery.
To determine how the spatial
fragmentation of disturbed plant
populations of SE Asian coastal ecosystems affects their reproductive
success, genetic diversity and ability to recover.
To establish and model the resilience
and recovery of the food webs supported by the plant communities.
Project Number
IC18CT980292

01/10/1998 to 31/03/2002 (42 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Carlos M. Duarte
Instituto Mediterrneo de Estudios
Avanzados
Spain
Website
http://www.imedea.uib.es/natural/goi/
litoralecology/predict/
Such prediction tools are essential components of the success of environmental

management plans aiming to the sustainable development of SE Asian coastal
communities. The main goal was to develop models predicting the resilience
of SE Asian seagrass and mangrove ecosystems against human pressure. This
involved the following objectives:
To determine the sediment and water column conditions necessary to

support plant communities and to
determine the resilience of key habitat conditions to support plant life.
PREDICT
87
PREDICT
Activities
Results and outcome
Comparative analyses of the contrasting ecosystems selected in The

Phillipines; Bolinao (Pangasinan, NW
Luzon) and Ulugan Bay (Palawan);
and Vietnam, Ha Long Bay (Quang
Ninh) and Con Dao Islands. The
objectives were achieved through
correlative analyses of habitat,
plant and associated fauna characteristics among vegetated and
non-vegetated sites along gradients
of human perturbation.
Detailed field studies to elucidate
the causal relationships involved
in the resilience, and to obtain
the parameters needed to formulate the predictive models. This
included in situ field studies and
field experiments in coastal plant
communities along a range of fragmentation and patch separation,
where the rates of clonal growth,
patch formation and patch growth
of the different species were estimated, and the pattern of spatial
occupation was described along
ranges of human disturbance.
Integration of the knowledge
acquired into general models predicting the resilience and recovery of
SE Asian coastal plant communities.
Field experiments to verify the
causal relationships drawn and to
test the models.
Mangroves were positively affected

by siltation while seagrasses were
negatively impacted by siltation
and aquaculture activities.
Recovery of areas affected by siltation may take years to decades in
sheltered areas, where sediments
will function as sources of silt and
organic matter to the water column
for long periods of time.
Seagrass recruitment showed high
inter-annual variability, and mortality of the recruits was high. The
recovery of seagrass cover in disturbed areas was low (33 % or less of
total surface) in 2-3 years, and likely
constrained by the slow recovery of
sediment conditions. Populations
of mangrove seedlings and saplings
were not in demographic equilibrium at the annual scale which
suggests that recovery of disturbed
mangrove stands may proceed at
decadal temporal scales.
In SE Asia the mangroves and seagrass meadows did not directly
provide food for the local fauna
and food webs were reliant on other primary producers, which need,
however, the seagrass to develop.
Nutrient enrichment and light reduction threaten the health of
seagrasses and hence the communities that rely on them for structure
and growth.
Agawin, N.S.R. & C.M. Duarte, 2002. Evidence of
direct particle trapping by a tropical seagrass
meadow. Estuaries, 25:1205-209.
Agawin, N.S.R., C.M. Duarte & S. Agust, 2003.
Abundance, biomass and growth rates of
Synechococcus sp. in a tropical coastal ecosystem
(Philippines, South China Sea).Estuarine, Coastal
and Shelf Science, 56:93-502.
Coulter, S., C.M. Duarte, S.T. Mai, H.T. Nguyen,
T. H. Hoang, H.G. Le & N.H. Phan, 2001.
Retrospective estimates of net mangrove
(Kandelia candel) production. Mar.Ecol.Progr.Ser.,
221:117-124.
Duarte, C.M., 2000. Marine biodiversity and
ecosystem services: an elusive link. Journal
of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,
250:117-131.
Duarte, C.M., U.Thampanya, J. Terrados,
O. Geertz-Hansen & M.D. Fortes, 1999. The
determination of the age and growth of SE Asian
mangrove seedlings from internodal counts.
Mangroves and Salt Marshes, 3:51-257.
Gacia, E., C.M. Duarte, N. Marb, J. Terrados,
H. Kennedy, P. Kennedy, N. Cayabab, M.D.
Fortes & N.H. Tri, 2003. Sediment deposition
and production in SE-Asia seagrass meadows.
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 56:909-919.
Gacia, E., H. Kennedy, C.M. Duarte, J. Terrados, N.
Marb, S. Papadimitriou & M. Fortes, 2005. Lightdependence of the metabolic balance of a highly
productive Philippine seagrass community.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Ecology, 316:55-67.
Ha, H.T., C.M. Duarte, N.H. Tri, J. Terrados & J.
Borum, 2003. Growth and population dynamics
during early stages of the mangrove Kandelia
candel in Halong Bay, North Viet Nam. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 58:435444.
Halun, Z., J. Terrados, J. Borum, L. KampNielsen, C.M. Duarte & M.D. Fortes, 2002.
Experimental evaluation of the effects
of siltation-derived changes in sediment
conditions on the Philippine seagrass
Cymodocea rotundata. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology, 279:73-87.
Huong, T.T.L., J.E. Vermaat, J.T.Terrados, N.V.
Tien, C.M. Duarte, J. Borum & N.H. Tri, 2003.
Seasonality and depth zonation of intertidal
Halophila ovalis and Zostera japonica in Ha Long
Bay (Northern Viet Nam). Aquat.Bot., 75:147-157.
Kennedy, H., E. Gacia, D.P. Kennedy, S.
Papadimitriou & C.M. Duarte, 2004 Organic
carbon sources to SE Asian coastal sediments.
Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 60(1):59-68.
Lacap, C.D.A., J.E. Vermaat, R.N. Rollon & H.M.E.
Nacorda, 2002. Propagule dispersal of the S.E.
Asian seagrasses Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia
hemprichii. Mar.Ecol.Progr.Ser., 235:75-80.
Lacap, C.D.A., J.E. Vermaat, R.N. Rollon, H.M.E.
Nacorda & M.D. Fortes, 2000. Implications of
the short seed dispersal in the seagrass Enhalus
acoroides (L.F.) Royle. Biol.Mar.Medit., 7(2):83-86.
88
PREDICT
Contacts
Olesen, B., N. Marb, C.M. Duarte, R.S. Savela &

M.D. Fortes, 2004. Recolonization dynamics in
mixed seagrass meadows: The role of clonal vs.
sexual processes. Estuaries, 27:770-780.
Coordinator
Partners
Carlos Manuel Duarte Quesada
Tri Nguyen Hoang
Padilla, C.N., C.M. Duarte, J. Terrados, L.

Kamp-Nielsen,J. Borum & M. D. Fortes, 2004.
Growth, recruitment and mortality of mangrove
(Rhizophora sp) seedlings under contrasting
sediment conditions in Ulugan Bay, Palawan,
Philippines. TREES, 18:589595.
Instituto Mediterrneo de Estudios

Avanzados
CSIC-Univ. Illes Balears
C/ Miquel Marques 21
07190 Esporles (Islas Baleares),
SpaiTel: +34 971 61 17 25
Fax: +34 971 61 17 61
The Vietnam National University,

Hanoi
Center for Natural Resources and
Environmental Studies
7 Ngo 115, Nguyen Khuyen
Hanoi
Vietnam
E-M: carlosduarte@imedea.uib.es
E-M: nguyenhoangtri@hn.vnn.vn
Rollon, R.N., H.M.E Nacorda & J.E. Vermaat, 2003.

Sexual production in SE Asian seagrasses: the
absence of a seed bank in Thalassia hemprichii
(Bolinao, NW Philippines). Aquat.Bot., 75:181-185.
Thampanya, U., J.E. Vermaat & C.M. Duarte, 2002.
Colonization success of common Thai mangrove
species as a function of shelter from water
movement. Mar.Ecol.Progr.Ser., 237:111-120.
Vermaat, J.E., R.N. Rollon, C.D.A. Lacap, C.
Billot, F. Alberto, H.M.E. Nacorda, F. Wiegman &
J. Terrados, 2004. Meadow fragmentation and
reproductive output of the S.E. Asian seagrass
Enhalus acoroides. J. Sea Res., 52:321-328.
Ester Serrao
Universidade do Algarve
Instituto do Mar
U.C.T.R.A. - Un. Algarve, Gambelas
8000 Faro
Portugal
E-M: eserrao@mozart.si.ualg.pt
Hilary Kennedy
University of Wales Bangor
School of Ocean Sciences
Menai Bridge LL59 5EY
United Kingdom
E-M: h.a.kennedy@bangor.ac.uk
Jens Borum
University of Copenhagen
Freshwaterbiological Laboratory
Helsingorsgade 51
3400 Hillerod
Denmark
E-M: borum@ibm.net
Jan Vermaat
Institute for Infrastructure. Hydraulic
& Environment Engineering Westvest 7
P.O. Box 3015
2601 DA Delft
The Netherlands
E-M:jan.vermaat@ivm.falw.vu.nl
Miguel Dino Fortes

University of The Philippines
College of Science, Marine Science
Institute
G.T. Velazquez St.
P.O. Box 1
1101 Diliman, Quezon City
Philippines
E-M: fortesm@msi01.cs.upd.edu.ph
PREDICT
89

Occurence of toxic cyanobacteria waterblooms
- impact on water environments and
potential human health risk. Environmental,
physiological and genetic mechanisms involved
in toxins production
Project Number
IC18CT980293

01/11/1998 to 31/03/2002 (41 months)
Coordinator
Prof. Alain Dauta
Universit Paul Sabatier De Toulouse III
France
Activities
The toxic cyanobacteria waterblooms in

freshwater environments are a growing
problem in agriculture, aquaculture, human health through drinking water and
recreational uses. Due to toxic effects,
water and health are the first area of
concern. For humans, the main exposure
routes are skin contact, oral ingestion
or inhalation (e.g. during bathing). Main
consequences are allergic reactions,
dizziness, fever, gastro-enteritis, hepatic illness, leading to liver cancer in case
of chronic effects. The objectives of the
project were to provide results necessary to develop a set of strategies to
deal with toxic cyanobacterial blooms.
The specific objectifs were
Various tasks were undertaken to meet

the objectives:
90
Field studies, routine sampling, survey of particular lakes, screening

and evaluation of toxicity in blooms
(Brazil, France, Greece, Israel,
Morocco, Spain).
Isolation of strains and taxonomy

(Brazil, Greece, Israel, Morocco,
Spain).
Ecophysiological studies of cyanobacteria from strain cultures

(Brazil, Finland, France, Morocco).
Toxins were recovered from cultures (Finland, Israel).
Study of toxins: new toxins, structure, standard production and

genetic definition (Finland, Israel,
Greece).
Effects of toxins (toxicity levels) and

food chain (Brazil, Finland, Greece,
Morocco).
Updating and focusing methods

(Finland, Greece, Israel, Spain,).
Cyanobacterial bloom prediction

using modelling (Brazil, France,
Greece, Spain).
Cyanotoxin biosensor development

(France, Greece).
Web site development associated

with the project.
To determine the toxicity of blooms

in water bodies.
To assess the toxicity risk in order

to reduce human health risk.
To initiate a monitoring process of

a crisis period.
Results and outcome

The project facilitated the exchange of
methods between the partners; some
toxin analysis methods were updated
or improved, specially the high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC
preoxydation method for saxitoxin
analysis, the Protein Phosphate PP1
assays for microcystin analysis, and
the standard procedure for analytical
methods and purification of cyanobacterial toxins. The use of Artificial Neural
Network ANN was sucessfully tested to
predict the occurrence of cyanobacteria blooms. A new way of detection of
anatoxin was proposed using a biosensor. A standard methodology for field
surveys (screening or routine sampling)
was proposed. From field sampling, new
strains were isolated and were made
available for the scientific community
(Brazil=65, Greece= 64, Morocco=8,
Spain=33 strains). A special focus was
placed on Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and its toxin: cylindrospermopsin,
specially its pattern of production,
the description of the structure of the
cyanobacterial hepatoxin and the assessment of its toxicity.
(adenylation domain) and for microcystin synthetase mcyE gene region to

identify and quantify toxic Microcystis
by real-time PCR. The effects of toxins
on the food chain were studied through
mortality and reduction of the reproduction rate caused by Microcystis and
Oscillatoria (bloom and culture extracts)
on Daphnia magna or mice bioassays.
Bioaccumulation of microcystins was
studied in Tilapia rendalli, evidence
showed that fish muscle tissue contained concentrations of microcystins
close to or above the recommended
limit for human consumption (0.04g.
kg-1.day-1). The results were communicated to Water Authorities from the
different countries involved in the research. Recommendations were given
to improve controls for drinking water or bathing area and alert levels, as
well as for the implementation of the
existing legislation in Spain and Greece.
Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins were
incorporated in a new regulation for
Brazil, and microcystin level started
being controlled in drinking water in
France and Morocco
A new isomer and chlorinated derivatives of hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin

were isolated, suggesting new ways of
treatment of drinking water and assessing its consequences.
The target and the toxicity of hepatotoxin
cylindrospermopsin (Aphanizomenon,
Israelian strain) was determined, also
the LD50 values for Cylindrospermopsis
raciborskii (Brazilian strain). Toxic
strains could not be distinguished
from non-toxic ones by morphological
features, molecular methods such as
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were
used in characterisation of cyanobacteria. A number of cyanobacteria were
identified by sequencing the 16srNA
genes, designing primers for substrate
specificity of peptide synthetases
91

Contacts
and Papers
Banker, R., S. Carmeli, M. Werman, B. Teltsch,
R. Porat & A. Sukenik, 2001. Uracil moiety is
required for toxicity of the cyanobacterial
hepatotoxin cylindrospermopsin. J. Tox. &
Environ. Health, 62:101-108.
Banker, R., B. Teltsch, A. Sukenik & S.
Carmeli, 2000. 7-Epilcylindrospermopsin,
toxic minor metabolite in the cyanobacerium
Aphanizomenon ovalisporum from Lake
Kinneret, Israel. J. Natural Products, 63:387-389.
Boumnich, L., M. Derraz, B. Naji & A. Dauta,
2001. Influence des facteurs hliothermiques
et nutritionnels sur la croissance de Microcystis
aeruginosa Kutzing isole de la retenue
eutrophe El Kansera (Maroc). Annales Limnol.,
37(3):191-198.
Carmichael, W.W., S.M.F.O. Azevedo, J. An, R.J.R.
Molica, E.M. Jochimsen, S. Lau, K. Rinheart, G.R.
Shaw & G.K. Eaglesham, 2001. Human fatalities
from cyanobacteria: chemical and biological
evidence for cyanotoxins. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 109:663-668.
Devic, E., D. Li, A. Dauta, P. Henriksen, G.A.
Codd, J.L. Marty & D. Fournier, 2002. Detection
of Anatoxin-a(s) in environmental samples
of cyanobacteria by using a biosensor with
engineered acetylcholinestreases. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology, 68(8):4102-4106.
Ferao Filho, A.S., S.M.F.O. Azevedo & W.R.
Demott, 2001. Effects of toxic and non-toxic
cyanobacteria on the life history of tropical
and temperate cladocerans. Freshwater Biology,
45:1-19.
Lahti, K., J. Rapala, A.L. Kivimaki, J. Kukkonen,
M. Niemela & K. Sivonen, 2001. Occurrence of
microcystins in raw water sources and treated
drinking water of Finnish waterworks. Water
Science and Technology, 43:225-228.
Lyra, C., S. Suomalainen, M. Gugger, C. Vezie, P,
Sundman, L. Paulin & K. Sivonen, 2001. Molecular
characterization of plantik cyanobacteria of
Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis and
Planktothrix genera. Int.J. System.Evol.Microbiol.,
51:513-526.
Magalhaes, V.F., R.M. Soares & S.M.F.O. Azevedo,
2001. Microcystin contamination in fish from
the Jacarepagu Lagoon (RJ, Brazil): Ecological
implication and human health risk. Toxicon.,
39:1077-1085.
Rapala, J., K. Lahti, L.A., Rasasnen, A.L. Esala,
S.I. Niemela & K. Sivonen, 2002. Endotoxins
associated with cyanobacteria and their
removal during drinking water treatment. Water
Research, 36:2627-2635.
Sanchis, D., D. Carrasco, C. Padilla, F. Legans,
E. Fernndez-Valiente, F. Fernndez-del-Campo
& A. Quesada, 2002. Spatial and temporal
heterogeneity in succession of cyanobacterial
blooms in a Spanish reservoir. Annales de
Limnologie., 38:173-183.
Vardaka, E., M. Moustaka-Gouni & T. Lanras,
2000. Temporal and spatial distribution of
planktic cyanobacteria in lake Kastoria, Greece, a
swallow urban lake. Nord J. Bot., 20:501-511.
92
Coordinator
Partners
Alain Dauta
Sandra Azevedo
CESAC
Universit Paul Sabatier
118, route de Narbonne
31062 Toulouse Cedex 04
France
TEL: +33 561 55 67 24
FAX: +33 561 55 60 96
Departamento de Biologia
Nucleo de Pesquisas em Produtos
Naturais
Universidad Federal do Rio de Janeiro
221949 900 Ilhal do Fundao R.J.
Brazil
E-M: sazevedo@biof.ufj.br
E-M: dauta@cict.fr
Antonio Quesada
Departamento de Biologa
Facultad de Ciencias
Canto Blanco
228049 Madrid
Spain
E-M: antonio.quesada@uam.es
Kaarina Sivonen
Dept. Applied Chemical and
Microbiology
Viiki Biocenter
Viikinkaari
900014 Helsinki
Finland
E-M: ksivonen@ladybird.helsinki.fi
Thomas Lanaras
Aristotle University
109 54124 Thessaloniki
Greece
E-M: lanaras@pp-mail.bio.auth.gr
Assaf Sukenik
Ygal Allon Kinneret Limnological
Laboratory
Po Box 447
14950 Migdal
Israel
E-M: assaf@ocean.org.il
Mustapha Derraz
Dpartement de Biologie
Universit Moulay Ismal
BP 4010, Bni MHamed
50003 Meknes
Morocco
E-M: mderraz@yahoo.com
Assessment of mangrove degradation and

resilience in the Indian subcontinent:
the cases of Godavari estuary and
South-west Sri Lanka
The general objective of this project
was to contribute to the understanding of fundamental ecodynamics of
mangroves and adjacent waters and
to estimate mangrove resilience to human impact in two contrasting settings
of the Indian sub-continent: the large
mangrove ecosystem associated with
the delta of the Gautami-Godavari in
Andhra Pradesh, India, and the array of
smaller, fragmented mangrove systems
along the South-west Sri Lankan coast.
These mangrove ecosystems differ
significantly in terms of hydrodynamics, biogeochemical functioning and
trophic interactions, biodiversity and
socio-economic dependency by the local population.
Activities
The main activities included:
To contribute to the understanding of fundamental ecodynamics of

mangroves and adjacent waters and
to estimate mangrove resilience to
human impact.
To document the spatial and seasonal variability of floral and faunal

community composition in the mangrove ecosystem of the Godavari
Delta and within Sri Lanka., as controlled by ambient surface water
quality and groundwater flow.
To establish the spatio-temporal

(decadal) dynamics and regeneration potential of mangroves.
To detect the functional linkages

between aquatic fauna (fish and
shellfish) and mangroves: trophic
interactions and role of refuge.
To document the socio-economic

role of mangroves regarding forestry and fisheries resources and
to assess human dependency on
the mangrove ecosystems of the
Godavari Delta and in Sri Lanka.
Field studies to assess the spatial

variability of aquatic flora and fauna as a function of freshwater flow.
Modelling of the freshwater flow.
Project Number
IC18CT980295

01/11/1998 to 31/12/2002 (50 months)
Coordinator
To evaluate mangrove - aquaculture

interrelations, specifically to assess
appropriation of ecosystem services
by aquaculture.
Study of the spatio-temporal dynamics of flora and vegetation. Estimation

of global and specific tree density
and generation of a physiognomic
and floristic description of the mangroves in relation to natural events
(e.g. changes in river course) and
impingement by man. Retroactive
assessment of mangrove physiognomy and floristic composition via
stereoscopic aerial photographs
covering the last fifty years for Sri
Lanka. Assessment of the functional
linkages between aquatic fauna (fish
and shellfish) and mangroves and
the role of mangroves as refuge.
Study of the trophic interactions.
Evaluation of the economical significance of the mangrove environment.

Evaluation of capture fishery production sustained by mangrove
forests. Evaluation of the impact
of different land use decisions (e.g.
shrimp farming) on capture fishery
production. Study of the extent of
wood extraction.
Construction of a data bank using

ARC/Info GIS. Making data available
under ARC/View format.
Evaluation of the importance of

prawn farming and its impact on the
whole ecosystem. Study of the dependency of shrimp cultures on both the
local mangrove and other supporting
Prof. Frank Dehairs

Belgium
93
systems. Evaluation of the ecosystem areas needed for sustaining the

shrimp production. Evaluation of
the effects of (over)fishing of natural prawn seed. Identification of the
limitation for further expansions of
aquaculture practices. Identification
of specific shrimp culture systems
and mangrove areas suitable for
fishery valuation.
Results and outcome

Decadal changes in coastal geomorphology and/or mangrove cover and
composition as well as resident faunal
communities (e.g. macrobenthos) were
evident both in the Godavari Estuary
and in the fragmented mangrove lagoons along the Sri Lankan coast. Within
the closely guarded Coring Wildlife
sanctuary (Godavari Delta) there is still
some luxuriant vegetation implying better management practices. Observed
changes occurred from both local anthropogenic disturbances (wood extraction,
construction of aquaculture ponds, etc.)
and as indirect effect of distant causes,
in particular the construction of dams
and the resulting impacts on freshwater
flows and sedimentation patterns. From
a different perspective, it should be
noted that the observed highly dynamic
nature of these mangrove forests and
their potential for rapid aerial extension
indicates that their resilience to anthropogenic impacts is high in the sense that
new areas may be (re)colonised, either
naturally or artificially, given that the
right environmental conditions and recruitment areas were present.
the relevant management bodies should

address. Following the tsumani that hit
the region on 26 December 2004, the
protective value of the mangroves is certainly another dimension shedding light
on the service in terms of sea defences.
The ecological services provided by

mangroves as a whole are difficult if
not impossible to express in monetary
terms, and focus was laid on estimating their value as a support system for
fisheries. For the Godavari Estuary, this
service was valued at 2,700 US$ per ha,
which extrapolates to ~90,000 US$ annually for the entire area.
In terms of management, these issues
implied the implementation and enforcement of the protected status of the
mangroves in the Godavari Delta, and
reconsidering the status of currently
unprotected areas the latter does not
imply that human utilisation should be
completely banned. In Sri Lanka, the
lack of an integrated policy for the highly fragmented and erratically managed
mangroves is a major concern which
94
Contacts
Bouillon, S., T. Moens, I. Overmeer, N. Koedam &
F. Dehairs, 2004. Resource utilization patterns of
epifauna from mangrove forests with contrasting
inputs of local versus imported organic matter.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 278:77-88.
Dahdouh-Guebas, F., S. Hettiarachchi, D.
Lo Seen, O. Batelaan, S. Sooriyarachchi, L.P.
Jayatissa & N. Koedam, 2005. Transitions in
ancient inland freshwater resource management
in Sri Lanka affect biota and human populations
in and around coastal lagoons. Current Biology,
15:579-586.
Dehairs, F., R. Rao, P. Chandra Mohan, A.V.
Raman, S. Marguillier & L. Hellings, 2000. Tracing
the carbon and nitrogen flow in the mangrove
ecosystem of the Gautami - Godavari Delta, Bay
of Bengal (India). Hydrobiologia, 431:225-241.
Jayatissa, L.P., M.C. Guero, S. Hettiarachchi &
N. Koedam, 2002. Changes in vegetation cover
and socio-economic transitions in a coastal
lagoon (Kalametiya, Sri Lanka), as observed
by teledetection and ground truthing, can be
attributed to an upstream irrigation scheme.
Environment, Development and Sustainability,
4(2):167-183.
Moberg, F. & P. Rnnbck, 2003. Ecosystem
Services in the Tropical Seascape: Ecosystem
Interactions, Substituting Technologies, and
Ecosystem Restoration. Ocean and Coastal
Management, 46:27-46.
Raut, D., T. Ganesh, N.V.S.S. Murty & A.V. Raman,
2005. Macrobenthos of Kakinada Bay in the
Godavari Delta, East coast of India: Comparing
decadal changes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
Science, 62:609-620.
Rnnbck, P. & J.H. Primavera, 2000. Illuminating
the Need for Ecological Knowledge in Economic
Valuation of Mangroves under Different
Management Regimes a Critique. Ecological
Economics, 35:135-141.
Rnnbck, P., M. Troell, T. Zetterstrm & D.E.
Babu, 2003. Mangrove Dependence and SocioEconomic Concerns in Shrimp Hatcheries
of Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental
Conservation, 30:344-352.
Satyanarayana, B., A.V. Raman, F. Dehairs, P.
Chandra Mohan & C. Kalavati, 2002. Mangrove
floristic and zonation patterns of Coringa,
Kakinada Bay, East coast of India. Wetlands
Ecology and Management, 10:25-39.
Verheyden, A., F. Dahdouh-Guebas, K. Thomaes,
W. De Genst, S. Hettiarachchi & N. Koedam, 2002.
High resolution vegetation data for mangrove
research as obtained from aerial photography.
Environment, Development and Sustainability,
4(2):113-133.
Coordinator
Partners
Frank Dehairs
Nils Kautsky

(Dept. Of Analtyical and Environmental
Chemistry)
Pleinlaan 2
1050 Bruxelles
Belgium
Tel: +32 2 629 32 60
Fax: +32 2 629 32 74
Stockholm Universitet
Svante Arrhenius Vaeg 21 A
106 91 Stockholm
Swede
E-M: fdehairs@vub.ac.be
E-M: nils@system.ecology.su.se
Gerard Van Der Velde

Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen
Stichting
Radboud University Nijmegen
Institute of Water and Wetland
Research
Toernooiveld, 6525 ED Nijmegen
The Netherlands
E-M: G.vandervelde@science.ru.nl
Danny Lo Seen
French Institute of Pondicherry
11 Saint Louis Street
PO Box 33
605001 Pondicherry
India
E-M: danny.loseen@ifpindia.org
Sanath Hettiarachi
University of Ruhuna
20060 Matara
Sri Lanka
E-M: sanath@bot.ruh.ac.lk
Chandra Mohan, Akur Vasudevan

Raman & Changati Kalavati Marine
Biological Laboratory
Andhra University
530003 Waltair
Visakhapatnam
India
E-M: ramanav@sancharnet.in
kalavathic@sancharnet.in
95
COASTIN
Measuring, monitoring and managing
sustainability: The coastal dimension
Project Number
IC18CT980296

01/12/1998 to 30/11/2002 (48 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Ligia Noronha
TERI
Goa, India
Website
http://www.teriin.org/teri-wr/coastin

Coastal areas today, especially in developing countries, are sites of high
human pressure with implications for
local ecosystems and people. In this
context, this research was conceived
and implemented to understand the
nature of the drivers of coastal change
and how this change can be managed to
ensure improved and continued human
well-being.
The main objectives of this project were
(i) to understand how societal driving
forces interact with the natural systems
to result in impacts on coastal resources
in India, (ii) to identify the key variables
affecting the use of coastal resources,
(iii) to examine the policy matrix in
place, and (iv) to identify the information requirements and decision-making
instruments necessary for more effective local management.
Activities
Activities to meet the objectives were
based on investigations of how societal driving forces - demographic,
commercial and market, cultural and
technological - interact with the ecosystems to result in impacts on coastal
resources of India. The project involved
detailed socio-economic and ecosystem
health research in the three selected
locations representative of the three
dominant development drivers:
tourism,
intensive
and
COASTIN
The project had three phases: Phase I:

Expert meeting, Literature Review, and
Development of a framework of coastal
vulnerability indicators and Selection
of study areas; Phase II: Data Collection
and Analysis in the selected study areas;
Phase III: Model building and Integration,
Policy Analysis and Development of GIS
based decision tools.
Results and outcome

The project strengthened research capacity of the partner countries. It is
expected to have significant uptake
and use by people within and outside
the scientific community. Widest possible dissemination has been done,
through meetings, journal articles, a
multi-authored volume on the work on
tourism, discussion with state and local
governments and placing results on the
project website (http://www.teriin.org/
teri-wr/coastin/) to encourage research
uptake and application.
The ecosystem impacts observed from
human activity in the study areas and
key variables of influence identifided
for type of impact were:
North Goa
aquaculture/agriculture
industry.
Activities comprised an identification

of the key variables affecting coastal
resources in the context of these drivers and locations, an assessment of the
type and extent of demands placed by
96
various societal drivers on coastal resources and the coastal environment

under the present and alternative
growth strategies, a diagnostic assessment of the policy in place and the
development of tools necessary for effective coastal management.
Land use and cover changes:

Population and population movements,
demand
arising
from
remittance income, demand from
tourism, lower personal dependency
on the ecosystem, insufficient knowledge of ecosystem values, lower
personal as compared to community
valuation of ecosystems, short time
horizons, zoning rules and need to
preempt their enforcement, changes

in legal rules that had implication
for management regimes, local politics and the power configurations,
political economy of the state and
the rent seeking behaviour that relate to construction activity.
Groundwater stress: Increased demand from population growth (both

host and tourist), lack of policy to
regulate access and use, technology
of extractive equipment, economic
activity, insufficient attention to
the attributes of the system, development of a water market to service
tourism; the sewage disposal system and no protection zoning.
Degradation of beaches, coastal vegetation: Population, user behaviour,
rule enforcement, absence of waste
management, short time horizons
of the tourism industry.
Land form changes: both due to
natural and human factors.
Poor water quality in creeks: sewage
outfalls, accumulated garbage.
East Godavari
Mangrove conversion: increased

population pressure and use of
mangroves for building houses, firewood, and fencing; some reclamation
for aquaculture and agriculture, and
poor rule enforcement.
Rising trend in groundwater: rainfall, seepage from canals, field

channels and return flow from irrigation, insufficient knowledge of
aquifer vulnerability, absence of
regulation of rising levels based
on conjunctive use of surface and
ground water.
Reduced groundwater quality: potassium in agricultural area due to

clay mineral dissolution or due to
leaching of chemical fertilizers or
both; high nitrate use is recorded,
but this does not show up in the
groundwater.
A framework of indicators of coastal vulnerability to threats from

development which, if used, would
enable a wider public awareness of
the problem worked on and could
be used to monitor coastal changes
in India over time.
Deterioration of coastal and surface

water quality: poor rule enforcement and direct discharges from
human activity, substantial discharge of untreated effluents, high
use of nitrates and phosphates.
A framework for an integrated

analysis of the social and ecological
dimensions of coastal development
Decision tools to study impacts of

choices in selected locations, which
can be used for more effective local
coastal management in Goa, Thane
and East Godavari.
Indicators of drivers and pressures.
Thane
Change in land cover, reduced greenness: very high human pressure and
need of land for settlements and
agriculture.
Polluted coastal waters :industrial

effluents and municipal sewage releases, poor rule enforcement.
Groundwater
deterioration:
Groundwater quality tested very
close to the industrial effluent
drains
indicate
contamination.
The groundwater supply is not a
constraint as all the industries are
provided with the surface water by
pipe coming from outside the watershed. But the very large quantity
of water used in the industrial sector poses a threat to groundwater
environment by its mixing in the
subsurface, poor rule enforcement.
A method for stakeholders to obtain a quick and composite picture

of pollution levels in various marine
bodies.
An approach to developing scenarios
using multi-stakeholder concerns.
A management policy for groundwater using optimisation techniques
and protection zoning.
Some of the deliverables of this project could be used to study other Indian
coastal regions and can even be adopted for the South and South East Asian
Region countries, which have similar
economic, social and environmental
contexts as India.
More specifically the following would
be of use to the scientific and the nonscientific community:
COASTIN
97
COASTIN
Contacts
COASTIN A Coastal Policy Research Newsletter:
Seven issues of the newsletter for this project
were published and circulated to over 500
researchers, policy makers and institutions.
Noronha, L. et al. (eds.), 2002. Coastal Tourism,
environment, sustainable local development.
Teri. New Deli, 47p.
Chachadi, A.G. & J.P.C. Lobo-Ferreira, 2001.
Sea water intrusion vulnerability mapping of
aquifers using the GALDIT method. pp. 143-155.
In Elango L & Jayakumar R. (eds.). Modelling in
hydrogeology. Allied Publishers Limited, New
Delhi. UNESCO, 3-7, Dec. 2001. ISBN 81-7764218-9.
Jorge, R., N. Loureno, C. Machado & L.
Rodrigues, 2002. Measuring, monitoring and
managing sustainability in Indian coastal areas:
the socioeconomic dimension. Proceedings of
the Conference Littoral 2002: The changing
coast, Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia da
Universidade do Porto.
Krijgsman, B. & J.P. Lobo-Ferreira, 2001.
A Methodology for Delineating Wellhead
Protection Areas. Lisboa, Laboratrio Nacional
de Engenharia Civil. Informao Cientfica de
Hidrulica, INCH 7:76 p.
Lobo-Ferreira, J.P.C., M.C. Cunha, A.G. Chachadi,
K. Nagel, C. Diamantino & M.M. Oliveira,
2002. Aplicao de Modelos de Optimizao
para Satisfao das Necessidades Hdricas de
Infra-Estruturas Tursticas na Zona Costeira
de Bardez, em Goa, ndia. Porto, Associao
Portuguesa dos Recursos Hdricos, 6.
Congresso da gua, 18-22 March, 2002, 15 p. (in
Portuguese)
Coordinator
Partners
Maria Ligia Noronha
Nelson Lourenco
Tata Energy Research Institute (Teri)

Western Regional Centre
Sindhur Building
First Floor
La Citadel Colony
Doa Paula, Goa 403004
India
Tel: +91 832 245 6064
Fax: +91 832 245 6053
Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Socinova-Gabinete de Investigaao em
Sociologia Aplicada
Avenida de Berna, 26
1069-061 Lisboa
Portugal
E-M: Lgia@teri.res.in
Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia

Civil
Depto. de Hidraulica
1799 Lisboa Codex
Portugal
E-M: nelson.lourenco@netcabo.pt
Joao Paolo Lobo-Ferreira
Anna Lleopart
Instituto Cartografic de Catalunya
Parc de Montjuic
08038 Barcelona
Spain
E-M: alleopart@icc.es
Enrico Feoli
Universita degli Studi di Trieste
Dipartimento di Biologia
Via Giorgieri 10
34100 Trieste
Italy
Kalidas Sawkar
PO N.I.O.
403 004 Doa Paula
India
E-M: kalidas@darya.nio.org
A.G. Chachadi
Goa University
Dept. of Geology
S.P.O. Goa University
403205 Taleigao Plateau
India
E-M: chachadi1@rediffmail.com
98
COASTIN
Appropriate marine resource management

and conflict resolution in island ecosystems.
Test case: marine invertebrates and the
co-existence of conservation, tourism and
fisheries interests
Activities
By their very nature island ecosystems

often have more in common with each
other than they do with neighbouring
mainlands. This project was drawn
on the diverse research capabilities
of four distinct island-based partners,
two based in Europe and two in Latin
America/Caribbean, creating a network
to focus on key issues related to marine
resource management and conservation. The two host island ecosystems,
although geographically distinct, have
a number of common issues relating
to their economic reliance on tourism
and fisheries and their need for good
(conflict free) conservation management if long term sustainability is to
be achieved. The islands in question
are the ecologically unique Galapagos
of the eastern Equatorial Pacific and
the tropical Caribbean archipelago of
San Andrs.
The research aimed to strengthen and

promote local capabilities for conflict
resolution and co-management of resource utilisation and conservation;
strengthen and promote local capacity in parallel with education, science
and management; and provide sound
technical information for informed conservation and management decisions.
1. Technical Assessments
Monitoring
of
Spiny Lobster
Investigations
Improve the technical basis for

management of marine invertebrate
fisheries and tourism.
Evaluate the application of AGORA

(Assessment of Group Options with
Reasonable Accord) conflict analysis to marine conservation in Latin
America.
Improve local capabilities in marine

research and conflict management.
Landings
of
and Ecological
Review of historical data and

market prices. Monitor landings of spiny lobster at major
ports in Galapagos/San Andrs
and monitor processing plants.
Record catch details (e.g. fishing effort, weight, sex, length).
Accompany fishing vessels on
trips to assess catch and effort. Diving surveys to record
lobster biological, habitat and
environmental data. Tagging
and recapture of lobsters.
Onshore holding. Training.
Diving assessment
01/10/1998 to 31/03/2002 (42 months)

Coordinator
Dr. Jonathan Side
Herriot Watt University
United Kingdom
Website
http://icit.org.uk/IslasMinga.htm
Desk study information gathering (and field studies to fill

gaps) to assess the impact of
coastal tourism developments
in Galapagos and San Andrs.
Interviews with local stakeholders. Environmental impacts
matrix compilation. Assessment
of stakeholder interaction and
identification of areas of marine resource conflict. Assess
the effects of tourist boats and
fishing activities. Training.
Socio-economic
Importance
Fishing and Tourism
IC18CT980297
Impacts
of
Coastal
Tourism
Developments, Tourist Fishing and
Resource Utilisation
The specific scientific and technical

goals were:
Project Number
of
Desk study information gathering on the structure and

socio-economics of tourism and
fisheries in Galapagos and San
Andrs. Stakeholder interviews
99
and conduct of questionnaire

surveys.
Legislation and Policy Analysis
Desk study information gathering on historical and existing

legislation and policies related
to the management of the coastal and marine environments
of Galapagos and San Andrs.
Stakeholder interviews. Project
management. Production of
deliverables.
Identification of possible commercialisation options for the

artisanal fisheries of Galapagos
and San Andrs. Review of
existing practice and chain
of custody. From literature
reviews and observation identify commercialisation options.
Conduct of stakeholder consultation on identified options;
record responses.
Examination
of
Management Options
Fisheries
Record developments in fisheries

management within Galapagos.
Assess
future
outlook.
Production of deliverables.
2. Case Study Stakeholder

Assessments
100
3. AGORA Questionnaire Development

and Analyses
Fisheries Marketing
Galapagos. Observe the establishment of the stakeholder forum in

San Andrs. Gather information
from stakeholders on marine resource management issues. Capture
value expressions.
Establishment of
Stakeholder Input
Forums
and
Meet with stakeholder representatives in San Andrs and discuss

aims and purpose of research.
Establish stakeholder forum in San
Andrs, and Old Providence and
Santa Catalina. Conduct meetings
of the forums. Discuss progress
of research with stakeholders in
The
application
of
AGORA:
Identification of possible stakeholder respondents in Galapagos
and San Andrs. Observation of
the AGORA process in San Andrs
by Galapagos partner. Identify case
studies. Adoption of the AGORA
process for Galapagos. Development
of a draft questionnaire and pretesting. Refine questionnaires. Conduct
interviews. Training.
Results and outcome

The research brought together European
and Latin American/Caribbean research
institutions, strengthening local capabilities in marine resource management
as well as improving existing technical information. This was achieved
through direct contact between project
researchers, a continual exchange of scientific expertise including established
scientists and research students, and
the conduct of training programmes in
modern approaches to fisheries management and environmental impact
assessment. Research undertaken as
part of this project contributed to:
An improved understanding of the

lobster fisheries in Galapagos and
San Andrs.
A realisation of the extent to which

coastal
tourism
development
is impacting on these specially
designated marine areas, with recommendations for action.
An assessment of the degree to

which local management policies
and legislation require strengthening in order to enable successful
implementation of these measures.
A more accurate knowledge base

of the thinking of local fishermen
and tourist organisations towards
current and proposed management
initiatives.
These achievements provided a solid

background to the host institutions, in
terms of the implementation of future
regulations and policies, most notably
the Special Law and marine zonation
scheme in Galapagos, and the Marine
Protected Area project closely linked
with the recent designation of the
San Andrs Archipelago as a UNESCO
Biosphere Reserve.
In parallel with technical studies, a
Multi-Criteria Environmental Evaluation
and Conflict Analysis methodology,
AGORA, was implemented in Galapagos
and San Andrs, in both instances associated with proposed zonation schemes
in marine protected areas. This tool
is an evaluation and decision support
system, which can lead to preference
rankings of a set of alternative policies and can also be used to facilitate
the value debate, leading to the generation of information that can assist
stakeholders in finding possibilities
for co-operation for maximising their
collective benefit. In San Andrs, the
process was embraced from the start by
local scientists and stakeholders, with
the establishment of fora, the capturing
of stakeholder values and questionnaire development and analysis. The
results provided invaluable information
for future management of the zonation
process. The process in San Andrs was
closely monitored to assess its applicability for Galapagos, the main reason
being that in Galapagos there already
existed a participatory management
process and a wariness regarding the
Contacts
introduction of new conflict resolution

tools. However, as the process advanced
in San Andrs, it became apparent that
its use in a similar case study regarding
marine zoning in Galapagos would yield
interesting information. The process
was therefore adopted in Galapagos with
the blessing of the local Participatory
Management Board, the Junta. Both
the CDRS and CORALINA have expressed a wish to pursue the use of
AGORA within the overall management
of their respective marine protected
areas. What was apparent from an examination of both island groups was
the degree to which local stakeholders
have become involved in guiding plans
on future management of their islands
resources. Local islanders in San Andrs
placed themselves squarely behind
plans for Biosphere Reserve designation
and are willing to participate proactively in its planning and regulation.
Similarly, a longer standing participatory process, existing in Galapagos, has
contributed to the development of the
marine reserve management plan and
the Special Law. The Law proscribes a
Ministerial Council, which has in turn
provided the co-management regime to
the Participatory Management Board a
legal framework.
The project directly influenced the
development of a marine protected
area initiative in San Andrs, and led
to further collaboration between partners including the pursuit of a second
phase project.
Bustamante, R.H., G. Reck., B. Ruttemberg & J.
Polovina, 1999. The Galapagos spiny lobster
fishery. pp. 210-220 In Phillips, B. & J. Kittaka
(eds.). Spiny Lobsters: Fisheries and Culture.
Fishing News Books, Blackwell Science.
Bustamante, R.H., E. Espinoza, F. Nicolaides,
J.C. Murillo, C. Chasiluisa, B. Ruttemberg, R.
Andrade, S. Torres, V. Toral, J. Barreno & M. Piu,
1999. Fishing in the Galapagos Marine Reserve:
A summary review for 1998. pp. 43-49 In
Galapagos Report 1998-1999. Trama publishers,
Quito.WWF-Fundacin-Natura.
Coordinator
Jonathan Side
The International Centre for Island
Technology
Old Academy, Back Road, Stromness,
Orkney Islands, Scotland, KW16 3AW
United Kindom
Tel: +44 185 685 06 05
Fax: +44 185 685 13 49
Toral, M.V., R.H. Bustamante, J.C. Murillo, E.

Espinoza, F. Nicolaides, P.C. Martinez, I. Cedeno,
B. Ruttenberg, J. Moreno, C. Chasiluisa, S. Torres,
M. Yepez, J.C. Barreno, R. Andrade, L. Figueroa
& M. Piu, 2000. La pesca artesanal en Galapagos
1999. pp. 53-61. In: Galapagos Report 19992000. Trama Publishers, Quito, Ecuador. WWFFundacin Natura. In Spanish.
E-M: J.C.Side@hw.ac.uk
Espinoza, E., J.C. Murillo, M.V. Toral, R.H.

Bustamante, F. Nicolaides, G.J. Edgar, J. Moreno,
C. Chasiluisa, M. Ypez, J.C. Barreno, S.A.
Shepherd, J. Viscaino, M. Villalta, R. Andrade,
A.F. Born, L. Figueroa, P. Guerrero & M. Piu, 2001.
La pesca en Galpagos: Comparaciones de las
capturas entre 1997-2000. pp. 55-64 In Informe
Galpagos 2000-2001. Quito, WWF-Fundacin
Natura. In Spanish.
Institute of Marine Biology of Crete

PO Box 2214
71003 Iraklion
Greece
Howard, M., 2001. Sustainable tourism planning

for Old Providence and Santa Catalina Islands:
the importance of carrying capacity analysis.
Tourism, 49(4):285-298.
Howard, M., E. Connolly, E. Taylor & J. Mow
(2003). Community-based development of
multiple-usemarine protected areas: promoting
stewardship and sharing responsibility for
conservation in the San Andres Archipelago,
Colombia. Gulf and Caribbean Research,
14(2):155-162.
Baine, M., M. Howard, S. Kerr, G. Edgar & V. Toral,
2007. Coastal and marine resource management
in the Galapagos Islands and the Archipelago of
San Andrs: issues, problems and opportunities.
Ocean and Coastal Management (Special Issue),
50(3-4):148-173.
Heylings, P. & M. Bravo, 2007. Governance of
the Galapagos Marine Reserve: assessing how
co-management is functioning in a major marine
protected area. Ocean and Coastal Management
(Special Issue), 50(3-4):174-208.
Mow, J.M., E. Taylor, M. Howard, M. Baine, E.
Connolly & M. Chiquillo, 2007. The Archipelago
of San Andrs: towards new paradigms and new
partnerships in the management of its most
important commons: the sea. Ocean and Coastal
Management (Special Issue), 50(3-4):209-222.
Partners
Kaith Siakavara
E-M: siakava@imbc.gr
June Marie Mow Robinson

& Elizabeth Taylor (current Director)
Corporacin para el Desarrollo
Sostenible del Archiplago de San
Andrs
Providencia y Santa Catalina
Via San Lus, The Bight
San Andrs Isla
Colombia
E-M: coralsai@telecom.com.co
Graham Edgar &

Veronica Toral
Fundacin Charles Darwin
Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz
Galpagos
Ecuador
E-M: vtoral@fcdarwin.org.ec
Davos, C.A., K Siakavara, A. Santorineou, J. Side,

M. Taylor & P. Barriga, 2007. Zoning of marine
protected areas: conflicts and cooperation
options in the Galapagos and San Andres
archipelagos. Ocean and Coastal Management
(Special Issue), 50(3-4):223-252.
Viteri, C. & C. Chavez, 2007. Legitimacy, local
participation and compliance in the Galapagos
Marine Reserve. Ocean and Coastal Management
(Special Issue), 50(3-4):253-274.
101
ESTABLISH
Estuarine Specific Transport and
Biogeochemically linked interactions for
selected heavy Metals and Radionuclides
Project Number
ICA2-CT-2000-10008

01/1/2000 to 30/09/2003 (36 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Dr. Justin Brown
Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority
Norway

Biogeochemical interactions, where
freshwater meets seawater, clearly
play an important role in the transport
of contaminants through estuarine
systems. The Arctic Monitoring and
Assessment Programme (AMAP) report
provided a comprehensive overview of
the state of knowledge regarding contaminants in the Arctic, it stated that
the greatest radiological threats to human health and the environment in the
Arctic are associated with the potential
for nuclear accidents and failures in the
containment of the large inventories of
radioactive materials in storage, such
as high-level liquid and solid wastes.
One specific threat was identified as
migration of radionuclides from major
uncontained sources in the drainage
basins of the Ob and Yenisey rivers.
In addition, Russian studies cited in
the AMAP report concluded that many
pollutants, including heavy metals, enter the Arctic through river input from
north-flowing rivers such as the Ob and
Yenisey. Most of these pollutants accumulate in river mouths and estuaries
before spreading into the Arctic marine
basin. An understanding of the processes controlling the transport and fate of
contaminants in estuarine systems was
therefore a prerequisite for predicting
the protracted transfer to the Arctic
seas and natural living resources.
The aim of the ESTABLISH project was
to model the biogeochemical behaviour
and impact on man of selected heavy
metal and radionuclides (collectively
referred to in the text as contaminants)
in the Yenisey Estuary.
Activities
The objective was to be achieved through
the following activities, including:
102
ESTABLISH
1. Measurement of contaminant levels

in the environment - estuarine waters, sediments, tidally-inundated
areas and biota.
2. Simulation of the transport of
aqueous phase and sedimentbound contaminants in the Yenisey
Estuary.
3. Identification of the biogeochemical
reactions at the salt-water/freshwater interface.
4. Determination of the long-term fate
of contaminants through the study
of the spatial distribution of radionuclides and heavy metal in sediment
deposits, using tangential flow ultrafiltration techniques to explore the
significance of radionuclide transport in colloidally bound form.
5. Assessment of the uptake to biota
and the use of these biota by humans for the estuarine aquatic
environment and at the terrestrial
land/marine interface in order to
appreciate, at a basic level, the impact of contamination levels on
man and the environment.
Results and outcome

The project was largely successful in
addressing project objectives. Progress
has been made within several scientific areas. Three successful field
expeditions were held during the project duration. This includes work on
board the R/V Akademik Boris Petrov
in the summers of 2000 and 2001 and
additional terrestrial field surveys conducted on areas affected by ocean-land
interactions in 2001 and 2002. Our
understanding of the short-term behaviour of radionuclides in the aquatic part
of the Yenisey estuarine system has developed markedly within the last few
years through the analysis of samples
and the simulation work undertaken
using different modeling tools. The

colloidal fraction of the radionuclide
Pu is significantly higher than the levels recorded earlier for open Arctic sea
areas. Low 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios
were generally observed in association
with dissolved phases (colloids and low
molecular mass species) and higher ratios were observed in association with
particulate phases.
It was also established that high
molecular mass dissolved humic compounds are prone to flocculation and
subsequent sedimentation at the freshwater-saltwater interface in the Yenisey
Estuary. An inverse relationship was observed between salinity and dissolved
organic carbon (DOC). Within the DOC
pool, high molecular mass colloids appear to be prevalent and may therefore
strongly influence the transport of
contaminants within this system. Field
observations showed that vertical salinity and temperature gradients in the
Yenisey Estuary can be very sharp and
occur when strong off-shore surface
flows lead to the penetration of high
saline waters into the estuary.
Results from the Hamburg Shelf Ocean
Model HAMSOM model showed that
the south-westward bottom current
along the Tamyr coast is very persistent
during the summer months and that this
flow may be responsible for carrying saline water towards the Yenisey Estuary,
thus enhancing vertical stratification. A
pool of saline water formed from this
source, in front of the estuaries, may
then feed a bottom flow that penetrates
the estuary as a salt intrusion. Russian
experts were able to identify the conditions necessary for the formation of a
salt intrusion whereby enhanced surface offshore transport is compensated
by an on-shore near bottom flow that
penetrates into the estuary. Sediments
deposits were extensively studied during the project duration. Heavy metal
and radionuclide contamination levels were well documented along with
concomitant information on lithology

(mineralogy and grain-size) and sedimentation rates. Heavy metal studies
included estimation of the riverine contribution to Kara sea bottom sediments
and revealed additional technogenic
sources of contamination based on
trace element concentrations in sediments. Activity of Pu radionuclides in
sediments increased in the inner estuary
zone leading to the preliminary conclusion that a river-derived Pu source
exists. 137Cs vertical distribution in
sediments enables reconstruction of
historical releases from different radiochemical enterprises. Recent data
(2001-2002) on 137Cs concentrations in
top layers of bottom sediments proved
its significant decrease due to radioactive decay and the new deposition of
less contaminated sediments.
This indicates that Krasnoyarsk Mining
and Chemical Combine KMCC have
ceased to be the active source of radionuclide contamination in the Yenisey
Gulf. Terrestrial investigations performed provided additional information
on the radionuclide and heavy metal
distributions in floodplain and coastal
areas depending upon site location,
distance from the sea and site-specific
geomorphological and lithological features related to the recent history of
the studied areas.
A large amount of new information
has been generated on biota present
in the estuary by looking, for example,
at aspects of biodiversity, structure
and biomass of benthic communities
and at human utilisation of different
biological resources. Bottom communities have not revealed any significant
changes since the time of previous
studies carried out in the early 1990s.
Some changes recorded in the bottom
community composition, biodiversity
and biomass were within the range of
natural variation occurring in the sea.
Data was compiled on levels of radionuclides and heavy metals in biological
components of both the terrestrial and

aquatic food-webs and models were also
applied to simulate behaviour of radionuclides in some of these food-chains.
Results from basic impact assessment
undertaken within this project have
suggested that the impact of both
heavy metals and radionucldies on man
and the environment can be considered
negligible in most cases.
Harms, I.H. & M.J. Karcher, 2003. Pathways of
anthropogenic radionuclides in the Northern
Oceans, Chapter 10, In Scott, E.M. (ed.). Modelling
Radioactivity in the Environment, section 2:
Modelling Applications. Elsevier, ISBN: 0-08043663-3, 450 p.
Harms, I.H., M.J. Karcher & H. Burchard, 2003.
The application of hydrodynamic circulation
models for simulating oceanic dispersion of
radioactivity. Chapter 3, In Scott, E.M. (ed.).
Modelling Radioactivity in the Environment,
Section 1: Models and modeling. Elsevier, ISBN:
0-08-043663-3, 450 p.
Harms, I.H., U. Hbner, J.O. Backhaus, M.
Kulakov, V. Stanovoy, O. Stepanets, L. Kodina
& R. Schlitzer, 2002. Salt intrusions in Siberian
river estuaries: Observations and model
experiments in Ob and Yenisei. In Stein, R.,
K. Fahl, D.K. Ftterer, E.M. Galimov & O.V.
Stepanets (eds). Siberian river runoff in the Kara
Sea: Characterisation, quantification, variability
and environmental significance. Proceedings in
Marine Science, Elsevier Amsterdam 2003, ISBN
0-444-51365-5, Vol. 6:484 p.
Karcher, M.J., S. Gerland, I.H. Harms, M. Iosjpe,
H.E. Heldal & P.J. Kershaw, 2004. The dispersion
of 99Tc in the Nordic Seas and the Arctic
Ocean in the 1990s according to model results
and observation. Journal of Environmental
Radioactivity, 74(1-3):185-198.
Kodina, L.A., S.V. Ljutsarev & M.P. Bogacheva,
2001. Sea ice particulate organic carbon isotope
composition as a tracer of the source of
sedimentary organic material captured with the
Arctic drifting ice (examplified with POC of the
drifting ice from the Barents sea). pp. 244-256 In
Lisitsyn, N.P., M.E. Vinogradov, E.A.Romankevich
(eds). Experience of system oceanologic studies
in the Arctic. Publ. House Scientific World
Korobova, E.M., N.G. Ukraintseva, V.V. Surkov
& J.B. Brown, 2003. Geochemical study of the
tundra landscapes in the Yenisey delta and gulf
area. pp. 601-606 In Philips M. & S. Springman
(eds). Permafrost. Proceedings of the Eight
International Conference on Permafrost. 21-25
July 2003, Zurich, Switzerland. A.A. Balkema
Publishers, Lisse. 2003. Lucas U. Arenson. V.1.
Skipperud, L., D.H. Oughton, L.K. Fifield, O.C.
Lind, S. Tims, J. Brown & M. Sickel, 2004.
Plutonium isotope ratios in the Yenisey and Ob
estuaries. Appl.Rad.Iso., 60:589-593.
ESTABLISH
103
ESTABLISH
Contacts
Stein, R., K. Fahl, K. Dittmers, F. Niessen &

O.V. Stepanets, 2003. Holocene siliciclastic
and organic carbon flaxes in the Ob and
Yenisei estuaries and the adjacent inner
Kara Sea: quantification, variability and
paleoenvironmental implications. pp. 401-432
In Stein, R., K. Fahl, D. Futterer, E.M. Galimov &
O.V. Stepanets (eds.). Siberian river run-off in
the Kara Sea. Characterization, quantification,
variability and environmental significance.
Proceedings in the Marine Science, Elsevier.
Stepanets, O.V., A. Borisov, A. Ligaev, G.
Solovjeva, E. Sizov & V. Komarevsky, 2003.
Radionuclides in the water column and surface
sediments of the Ob and Yenisei rivers and
adjacent Kara Sea shelf. pp. 149-161 In Stein
R., K. Fahl, D. Futterer, E. M. Galimov & O. V.
Stepanets (eds.) Siberian river run-off in the Kara
Sea. Characterization, quantification, variability
and environmental significance. Proceedings in
the Marine Science. Elsevier.
Coordinator
Partners
Justin Brown (coordinator)

and Per Strand (director) Norwegian
Mikhail Novitsky
Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA)

Department for Environmental
Protection and Emergency Response
P.O. Box 55
1332 sters
Norway
Tel: +47 6716 25 00
Fax: +47 6714 74 07
E-M: justin.brown@nrpa.no
SPA TYPHOON
Department of Physics of the
Atmospheric Boundary Layer and of
the Mathematical Modelling
Lenin Str. 82
249038 Obninsk
Russia
E-M: novitsky@typhoon.obninsk.org
E. Galimov
Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry
and Analytical Chemistry (GEOKHI)
Russian Academy of Sciences
Kosygin Str. 19
117975 Moscow
Russia
E-M: galimov@geokhi.msk.su
Ingo Harms
Centre for Oceanic and Climates
Studies
Institute of Oceanography (IOH)
Bundesstrasse 53
20146 HAMBURG
Germany
E-M: harms@ifm.uni-hamburg.de
MikhailYu. Kulakov
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
(AARI)
Department of Oceanography
Bering Str. 38
199397 St. Petersburg
Russia
E-M: mod@aari.nw.ru
Deborah Oughton
Agricultural University of Norway
(AUN)
Department of Plant and
Environmental Sciences
P.O. Box 5026
1432 s
Norway
E-M: deborah.ougthon@ipm.nlh.no
104
ESTABLISH
Caspian
Scientific
Network

The Caspian Sea, surrounded by the
five littoral countries, is the largest
land-locked body of water on earth.
The isolation of the Caspian basin,
its climate and its sea characteristics
like salinity gradients, have created
a unique ecological system. Today
the Caspian Sea environment faces
significant environmental pressure.
Overfishing, discharging wastewater
and exploration and production of gas
and oil among others put great pressure on this unique ecosystem and
many Caspian biota are threatened by
over-exploitation, habitat destruction
and pollution.
Five countries Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
Russia, Turkmenistan and Iran share
the natural heritage of the Caspian Sea.
Despite their political and social diversity, the people of the region share
a common concern for the Caspian.
However, the links between science and
policy are weak at present and should
be strengthened in order to achieve a
more adequate trans-national approach
to environmental administration and
management. A first step is bringing together representatives of many relevant
environmental institutions, serving the
scientific community in the field of
environmental (data & information) administration and management, within a
Scientific Network (CaspScience-Net).
To develop and establish a Caspian

Scientific Information System, for
environmental data and information management, based on World
Wide Web Technologies, in order
to improve the implementation
of integrated (environmental and
administrative) management information, and help to provide a
tool for effective exchange of information, accessibility of data and
information, and communication.
Activities
Caspian Sea Scientific Network
The Caspian Scientific Network met on
regular basis, every four months over
the project period to discuss the following subjects:
Project Number
ICA2-CT-2000-10054

01/03/2001 to 28/02/2003 (24 months)
Coordinated Action
Coordinator
Peter Davis
Marine Information Service Maris B.V
United Kingdom
Website
organisation and developments to

be undertaken with regard to operation and maintenance of the
Caspian Scientific Network
www.caspinfo.net
possibilities for exchange of data,

information and knowledge
required data and information,
needed for the activities and targets
of environmental policies, research,
spatial planning, combating of pollution, remediation measures, etc.,
including determination of source
holders and the availability and access to these data and information
The objectives of this project were:
To initiate and establish a co-operative Caspian Sea, trans-national

Scientific Network of environmental data and information centres/
services within the Caspian Sea
countries, to strengthen the quality, service and overall performance
of environmental science and environmental data and information
management; both at a regional, national and international level.
co-ordination and tuning of data

formats, data exchange and nature
of data
public, social, industrial, environmental requirements to data &

information
developing of framework, mechanisms and practices for advocacy

and lobbying to local national and
international authorities
105
identification of priority environmental issues

development of strategies and
plans to increase the environmental
awareness and public involvement
and participation in decision making processes
Final product: Quality Status Report
on the Caspian Sea Environment Data & Information Provision.
Caspian Scientific
Information System
The system is based on state-of-the-art
Geographical Information System (GIS)
technology, providing a map-based interface to end users, it includes:
1. Central Meta-Directory: the following meta-directories were created
efficiently support the production

of thematic maps.
Results and outcome

The Network brought together scientists from environmental organisations
and institutions within the Caspian Sea
Region, from the New Independent States
(NIS) Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,
Turkmenistan (2 organisations from
each country) and scientific representatives from Romania and Bulgaria (in the
Pre-Accession phase to the EU), Norway
(associated country) and the Netherlands,
United Kingdom and Greece (EU Member
States), with expertise on environment
and information technology.
The
Caspian
Scientific
(CASPSCIENCE-NET):
Directory
of
Environmental
Datasets, including Organisations
Directory of Research Projects
Bibliography
Scientists
Project/Cruise Summary Reports
Campaign Forms
2. User Interface for Central MetaDirectory: to provide options for

accessibility and usage of the data
needed to support the development
of effective action plans.
3. Application Layer: to facilitate
processing and presentation of
environmental data and information, largely based upon GIS for
geographical interfacing in order to
106
and
sustainable
The Caspinfo website was successfully

launched and the established network
worked beyond this project in monitoring the Caspian Sea using satellite
pictures and mathematical models of
water circulation to interpret results.
Contacts
Network
Coordinator
Identified priority environmental issues in the Caspian Sea

Contributed to increased environmental awareness and public
involvement into the Caspian Sea
environment through an extensive end-user consultation and
targeted promotion and dissemination Activities
Stimulated and enlarged the exchange of and accessibility to

environmental data and information required for the protection and
rehabilitation of the Caspian Sea
environment and sustainable development of the Caspian Sea Region
Made available data and information

into the databases of the CASPINFO
System; as well as through public
and user-friendly accessibility of
these data and information through
the internet.
Developed a scientific report of

the Caspian Sea environment, including recommendations for its
Meta-directories related to environmental datasets, within the

Caspian Sea Region.
rehabilitation
development
Peter Davis
Marine Information Service Maris B.V.
1 Dillenburgsingel 69
PO Box 5807
2263 HW Leidschendam
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 703 17 09 61
Fax: +31 703 90 35 46
E-M: peter.davis@maris.nl
Partners
A. Stevenson
Murchison House, West Mains Roads
Edinburgh EH9 3LA
United Kingdom
E-M: AGST@wpo.nerc.ac.uk
Tor Bakken
Norwegian Institute for Water Research
19 Brekkeveien 19
P.O. Box 173
Oslo 0411
Norway
E-M: tor.bakken@niva.no
Gennady Panin
Water Problems Institute - Russian
Academy of Sciences
Gubskin Street 3
Moscow 117971
Russian Federation
E-M: panin@aqua.laser.ru
Asen Konsulov
Marine Biology and Ecology
Departement
Institute of Oceanology - Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences
Parvi Maj 40
Varna 9000
Bulgaria
Oleg Musin
Department of Cartography and
Geoinformatics
Moscow State University
Vorobievy Gory
Moscow 119899
Russian Federation
E-M: musin@gislab.geogr.msu.su
Ramiz Mamedov
Institute of Geography
Centre of the Caspian Sea Problems
G. Javid Avenue 31
Baku 370143
Azerbaijan
Timur Berkeliev
V. Lyubartsev
Catena Ecology Club

Repina Street, 8-A, Ap. 12
Ashgabat 744005
Turkmenistan
Marine Hydrophysical Institute

Ukrainian National Academy of Science
Kapitanskaya Street 2
Sevastopol 335000
Ukraine
E-M: timchik@vertnet.net
E-M: vlyubartsev@yahoo.com
Ludmila Shabanova
Caspian Sea Oil and Gas Pollution
Problems Committee
K. Marks Street 81
475000 Kokshe Tau
Kazakhstan
E-M: lshabanova@neapsd.kz
C. Laban
Netherlands Organisation for Applied
Scientific Research - Tno
Prins Hendriklaan 105 Department:
3508 TA Utrecht
Netherlands
E-M: c.laban@nitg.tno.nl
Amankul Bekenov
Laboratory of Hydrobiology and
Ecotoxicology
Institution of Zoology
Akademgorodok, Zoology Institution
Almaty 480060
Kazakhstan
Andronov
Institute of Geology and Mineral
Exploration
70 Messoghion Street 70
Athens 11527
Greece
E-M: andr@igme.gr
Habibulla Atamuradov
National Institute of Deserts, Flora &
Fauna
Bitarap Turkmenistan 15
Ashgabat 744000
Turkmenistan
E-M: nfp-tm@online.tm
Nicolae Panin
National Institute of Marine Geology
and Geoecology
Dimitrie Onciul Street 23-25
Bucuresti 70318
Romania
E-M: panin@geoecomar.ro
Arif Islam-Zadeh
Environmental Rehabilitation of
Sumgayit Centre Ecopark
Nizami Street 16
Sumgayit 37200
Azerbaijan
E-M: sum@sec.sumqait.az
S. Ryanzhin
Institute of Limnology
Sevastyanova Street 9
Sint Petersburg 196105
Russian Federation
E-M: ryanzhin@peterlink.ru
E-M: ramiz@lan.ab.az
107
MMM
Meeting on
mangrove
macrobenthos
Project Number
ICA4-CT-1999-50009

01/01/2000 to 30/09/2000 (9 months)
Coordinator
Prof. Marco Vannini
Italy
Activities
Despite the relatively large number of

meetings on mangroves and mangrove
ecology held over the past few years,
insufficient attention has been given
to the macrofauna and macrobenthic
species. Between 1997 and 1999 seven
institutions from Africa and Europe
undertook research on the macrofauna of mangroves in Kenya, Tanzania,
Mozambique and South Africa Macrobenthos of Eastern African
mangroves: life cycles and reproductive
biology of exploited species (MEAM,
IC1896027). The results achieved under
this research project helped to bridge
gaps in our knowledge of the mangrove
macrofauna. To extend these results
and to try to reach a larger number of
researchers on this topic, a Meeting on
Mangrove Macrobenthos was planned
and took place in September 2000 in
Mombasa, Kenya.
The workshop was held in Mombasa,

7-11 September 2000. Eighty two
researchers from the following countries participated: Austria, Australia,
Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark,
Ecuador, India, Italy, Japan, Kenya,
Mozambique, Portugal, South Africa,
Sweden, Tanzania, The Philippines,
United Kingdom and the USA. A total of
nineteen researchers came from developing countries.
The three day workshop covered various topics such us Brachyuran ecology,
biodiversity and faunistic studies, ecological role of decapods and other
animals, mud crab biology, larvae and
reproductive cycle, molluscs management and exploitation, feeding ecology
of fishes, birds and prawns and other
invertebrates. A field excursion to Mida
Creek was organised during the second
day of the Workshop.
The objectives were:

1. To spread the results of the EU
INCO-DC Project (MEAM).
2. To standardise the approach to
studies of the ecology and biodiversity of mangroves throughout the
world to support future research.
3. To allow researchers from developing countries, especially from
the Western Indian Ocean (WIO), to
participate actively in the Mombasa
Meeting.
108
MMM
Contacts
Results and outcome
Publication
Contributions focussed on benthic

mangrove macrofauna, the animals living in association with mangroves for
all or part of their life histories. Crabs,
prawns and molluscs were the major
taxa involved. The results of the meeting
were very stimulating and fruitful and
gave rise to a special edition of Wetlands
Ecology and Management. In addition,
the Australian participants decided to
organise, in 2006, a second analogous
meeting (MMM-2) in Australia, underscoring thus that a periodical experience
exchange in the field of mangrove macrobenthos was necessary.
Vannini, M., S. Cannicci & R. Hartnoll (eds.), 2002.

Mangrove Macrofauna. Wetlands Ecology and
Management, Special Issue, 10(3):161175.
Coordinator
Marco Vannini
Genetica, L. Pardi
via Romana 17
50125 Firenze
Italy
Tel: +39 055 228 82 59
Fax: +39 055 22 25 65
E-M: Vannini_M@Dbag.unifi.It
The project contributed to one of the

main objectives of the INCO Programme,
confirming the International Role of
Community Research and promoting
the international RTD co-operation,
reinforcing their capacities in the field
of science.
MMM
109
BIOSET
Biodiversity and Sustainable Exploitation in
Tropical Coastal Ecosystems
Project Number
ICA4-CT-1999-50011

01/01/2000 to 30/09/2000 (9 months)
Coordinator
Prof. Marco Vannini
Italy
Results and outcome
Ecological and biological research on the

tropical continental shelf and coastal
ecosystems is still needed in order to
contribute to the conservation and sustainability of biological diversity and to
assess alterations due to human impact
and global environmental changes, success with impact depends largely upon
the ability of communicating research
results to policymakers and having appropriate capabilities for action in place.
The workshop was successfully held in

Brussels on 19-23 May 1999. Scientists
from major WIO Fisheries authorities and research institutions could
exchange ideas and knowledge with
European researchers represented
by socio-economists, biologists and
fisheries experts with a long-lasting
experience in research on tropical
coastal ecosystems, fish restocking,
crustacean biology, and integrated
coastal management.
The main objective of this project was to

draw together researchers and decision
makers from industrialised and developing countries into the same projects
and programmes, to facilitate links and
create long-lasting partnerships. In this
context, a workshop was organised
for selected European and developing
countries scientists and enterprises
interested in research on sustainable
aquaculture and other environmentally
friendly production systems.
The workshop objectives were:
To increase the interaction between

European experts on lobsters fishery and exploitation, with WIO
(Western Indian Ocean) experts and
policymakers.
To examine and discuss the condition of lobster stocks in the WIO

area and explore possible enhancement strategies.
To create a permanent network between European and WIO lobster

experts.
A detailed general discussion and

smaller specific panels on lobster recruitment, reef crustacean restocking,
population genetics of marine animals,
socio-economic evaluation on the project, allowed the participants to focalise
on the state of art of WIO lobster stocks
and their exploitation.
WIO spiny lobsters are represented by
five species, all belonging to the genus
Panulirus: P. homarus, P. versicolor,
P. longipes, P. penicillatus and P. omatus. Within the Palinuridae family only
members of the genus Panulirus occur
on shallow water reefs, other genera
are restricted to deeper waters or more
temperate areas.
Their presence within these habitats
makes all these species of commercial
interest, especially P. penicillatus and
P. longipes. In the WIO these spiny lobsters are rare in intertidal areas but
may be more common in lagoons and
shallow coral reefs, where the species
exhibit different habitat preferences.
Most are scavengers and many are
preyed upon by octopus. Although no
studies have been undertaken in the
WIO area, it is known that Palinurids
has a large larval development.
The pelagic phyllosoma larva may pass
through up to 20 stages and spend over
a year in the plankton. After it moults
to a single puerulus stage, it settles on
110
BIOSET
Contacts
the bottom. At the juvenile stage it has

similar habits to an adult.
Participants agreed that apart from preliminary studies, no specific work had
been done on the ecology, reproductive
and larval biology of the five species.
Scientific knowledge on the basic biology of this commercially important
crustacean was considered essential
for any project dealing with lobster restocking based on larval settlement and
possible enhancement.
representatives pointed out that the objective would be to reverse these trends
taking into account social and economical factors in the area.
A permanent network was created and
is active among most BIOSET participants who structured a project which
aimed at the protection and restocking of valuable lobster resources in
the Western Indian Ocean. Interactions
between participants for future collaboration was widely successful
Coordinator
Marco Vannini
Genetica, L. Pardi
via Romana 17
50125 Firenze
Italy
Tel: +39 055 228 82 59
Fax: +39 055 22 25 65
E.M: Vannini_M@Dbag.unifi.It
Current exploitation of spiny lobster

was considered by local researchers
and fisheries managers as of high value and purely exploited by artisanal
fishery, which provides a direct economic value to coastal communities
in the area. The lobster fishery is unregulated, basic management measures
such as a minimum landing size do not
exist. From the evidence available, it appears that the general pattern of larval
recruitment-stock exploitation balance
may be much more complicated than
expected. Future studies would need to
rely also on good oceanographic expertise together with population genetic
sound studies.
Spiny lobster aquaculture has always
been constrained by the great difficulty of larval rearing. Though this has
been accomplished in the laboratory,
it is commercially impracticable for
the foreseeable future. Consequently,
commercial aquaculture is only based
on ongrowing wild-collected juveniles.
This has been done in India Singapore,
Thailand and the Philippines before,
but not in the WIO.
Several presentations showed that
there was a general trend of decline of
lobster stocks due to the overall overfishing with a possible exception of
isolated sites in Mozambique, which
had previously been studied. Currently
stocks are under great pressure and
catches are declining. WIO Institution
BIOSET
111
CoralReef
Policy options for the sustainable use of
coral reefs and associated coastal ecosystems
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2000-50004

01/05/2000 to 31/01/2001 (9 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Heidi Wittmer
Georg-August University of Gttingen
Germany
Coral Reefs, one of the most diverse

and fragile ecosystems on earth, are
increasingly being destroyed. With the
objective to reverse this global trend,
essential knowledge for the conservation and rehabilitation of coral reefs
has been accumulated over the past
decades, and valuable technical options
have been developed. However, as long
as the framework conditions leading to
the destruction of coral reefs and associated ecosystems persist, sustainable
management and rehabilitation efforts
will hardly be successful. Policy options for the sustainable management
are only feasible if they allow reconciling the requirements of conservation
with the economic and social demands
of the people relying on these natural
resources. By its very nature, this challenge of managing coral reef ecosystems
sustainably calls for international and
interdisciplinary approaches.
With this background, an INCO-DEV
International Workshop on Policy
Options for the Sustainable Use of Coral
Reefs and Associated Ecosystems was
convened 19-22 June 2000 in Mombasa,
Kenya. The workshop offered a platform
for subject matter experts from various
regions of the world to share their expertise and experience and to identify
research needs to improve policy options
for the sustainable use of coral reefs and
associated coastal ecosystems.
The objectives of the workshop were:
112
CoralReef
To create a forum of exchange and

establish a network to facilitate future co-operation.
To review the lessons learned from

recent approaches in coral reef ecosystem management.
To assess transdisciplinary issues

of managing coral reefs and coastal
ecosystems.
To identify priorities for social,

economic, and policy research and
research co-operation aiming to
promote the management of reefs
for sustainable benefits.
Organisation
Four panels consisting of thematically
focused
presentations
and
discussions debated key research and
management issues of coral reefs and
associated ecosystems, and derived
policy implications:
1. The first panel dealt with the
economic valuation of coral reefs including a session on tourism as one
of the potentially sustainable uses
with high economic significance.
2. The second panel presented technical
options to improve reef assessment,
reef conservation, and reef rehabilitation and identified conducive
policy framework conditions for
implementing these options.
3. The third panel reviewed experiences with the essential role of
stakeholder participation in coral
reef management and highlighted
the associated policy processes.
4. The fourth panel discussed current
experiences and future challenges
of establishing conservation networks at the national, regional and
international levels.
Contacts
Results and outcome
Publication
Challenges and opportunities were

derived from each panel session as
well as policy relevant research issues.
Policy options discussed during the
workshop included:
Wittmer, H. & Z.Hassan (eds.), 2001. Proceedings

of the INCO DEV international Workshop on
Policy Options for the Sustainable Use of Coral
Reefs and Associated Ecosystems. Mombasa,
Kenya, 19-22 June 2000. Brussels, ACP-EU
Fisheries Research Reports., (10):239p. ftp://
ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/inco2/docs/acp_10_
proceedings_en.pdf
Regulating fisheries: creating incentives for sustainable use.
Developing markets for sustainable

marine products.
Enhancing tourism development in

a sustainable way.
Creating
alternative
opportunities.
Policy options to improve the

institutional set-up for coastal
management
Coordinator
Heidi Wittmer1
Interdisciplinary Centre for Sustainable
Development (IZNE)
University of Gttingen
c/o IRE, Waldweg 26
D-37075 Gttingen
Germany
E-M: heidi.wittmer@ufz.de
income
Three main issues concerning research needs were intensely discussed

throughout the workshop: the type of
information policy makers need, the
contribution of social sciences and how
research can contribute to a better implementation of policies. The workshop
concluded by identifying issues for future research collaboration
Address at time of printing: Umweltforschungszentrum,

Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
CoralReef
113
ECOSUD
Estuaries and coastal areas.
Basis and tools for a more sustainable
development
Project Number
ICA4-CT2001-10027

01/01/2002 to 06/06/2005 (36 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Agustn Snchez-Arcilla, Centro
Internacional dInvestigacio dels Recursos
Costaners (CIIRC), Spain
Website
http://lim-ciirc.upc.es/
eng/r+d/pro/ecosud

Coastal areas and estuaries are important ecosystems with peculiar features
that favour the settlement of population
and the development of anthropogenic
activities like industry, fisheries, tourism, agriculture or transport among
others. In many countries, sewage
from industrial or domestic origin and
irrigation waters with high nutrient
concentrations, are discharged into
these areas creating or aggravating the
pollution and eutrophication problems
of these ecosystems, with the associated environmental degradation.
The general objective of the project
was to improve the existing knowledge
on the different processes involved
in estuaries and coastal waters use
and degradation. This would allow increasing reliability of predictive tools
and defining a set of indicators supporting the design of effective policy
interventions for a more sustainable
development of these areas. Two study
cases were chosen due to their high
natural and economic interest, the
Patos Lagoon in Brazil and Jcar estuary in Spain.
The Jcar is an estuary in a microtidal
environment, mostly stratified and with
a low river discharge. Its coastal area
presents moderate wind and waves and
the estuary carries a high nutrient load
plus moderate loads for other pollutants,
giving rise to eutrophication problems
and the formation of macro-aggregated
structures, which deteriorate the water
quality in adjacent beaches. This induces considerable damage in the main
economical activities of the area such
as agriculture and tourism. The spatial scales involved in the problem are
small to medium. The Patos Lagoon has
a more dynamic behaviour and most
of the time a vertically well-mixed water column. The influence of waves and
wind is minor compared with freshwater discharges, which are the main flow
114
ECOSUD
driving mechanism. It also presents a

high nutrient load and moderate load
for other pollutants, although trace
metals show higher concentrations than
in the Jcar area.
To carry out integrated observations

of the more relevant bio-physical
and socio-economic magnitudes in
the two estuaries / coastal zones.
To increase the understanding of

the physical, chemical and biological processes involved in the
pollution of estuarine and coastal
environments as well as their social
and economic determining factors.
To adapt, validate and evaluate a

suite of numerical (hydrodynamics,
water quality and economic) models.
To design and further test, costeffective tools able to measure the
economic value of environmental
damage, foresee the effects and
determine the social impacts of alternative policy interventions (for
an effective water management of
such coastal environments).
To provide a reduced set of parameters describing synthetically the

state of health of an estuary or
coastal area.
To provide a series of scientifically-supported alternative policy

interventions and guidelines oriented to the improvement of coastal
water management.
To strengthen the technology

transfer from EU countries to
Latin America and support human
resource development in Latin
American partner countries.
Activities
The main activities were:
Field data acquisition and

processing.
Natural processes and socio-economic analysis.

Preparation of tools and guidelines for integrated estuary/lagoon
management.
Project management, capacity building, dissemination and exploitation.
Results and outcome

Among the results achieved during the
project, the following are emphasised:
large range of theoretical flushing

times for Saco da Mangueira.
It was apparent that water transport

in and out of Saco da Mangueira is
principally controlled by the wind
direction and duration rather than
river discharge. The strongest correlation with flushing is with winds
blowing out of the Saco. In contrast
to the results obtained for the flushing of Saco da Mangueira, modelled
results from simulations conducted
with a unit tracer imposed throughout the entire Patos system showed
river flows to be more dominant
than winds. Therefore, the quickest
flushing of the Saco da Mangueira
will occur during times of low river
flow and long periods of wind from
the SW sector.
All available historical water quality

data sets for the Patos Lagoon area
were compiled.
From the assessment of the data

it was clear that the most likely
sources of water quality problems
in the Saco da Mangueira were associated with eutrophication. This
arises when high levels of nutrients (mainly inorganic nitrogen and
phosphorus) are present, leading
to a potential for excessive algal
blooms. This potential for eutrophication in the Saco is enhanced by
the relatively long flushing times.
A series of different management

scenarios were modelled to investigate the flushing characteristics
and the water quality of the lower
estuary and Saco da Mangueira by
comparing different loadings from
discharges of industrial and domestic effluents at several locations
and under a range of hydrodynamic
conditions. From these simulations,
great knowledge about the system
behaviour was gained. The three
sets of scenarios modelled were:
Numerical modelling.
A structured and quality controlled

collection of previously available
and newly observed (interdisciplinary) data for the Jcar area in Spain
was assembled and used for national/international diffusion
Regional diffusion
The wind/current patterns

Cullera Bay were characterised.
Jornadas Ambientals. Eines per a

la gesti i conservaci de les zones
humides i el litoral (2003). Cullera
City Council, Valencia, Spain.
National diffusion
VII Jornadas Espaolas de Ingeniera
de Puertos y Costas (2003) Almera,
Spain.
IV Congreso Ibrico de Gestin y
Planificacin del Agua (2004). Tortosa
City Council, Tarragona, Spain.
International diffusion
Join ECSA 35 ERF Symposium
(2003), San Carlos, Sonora, Mxico.
in
The importance of wind as the main

driving factor in Cullera Bay was
established, because other possible
driving factors had negligible effects
(tide), affecting only a very localised
area (waves, usual river discharges),
or are infrequent (storm surges,
river floods).
Through the observations and the
numerical simulations, the hydrodynamic pattern of Cullera Bay, whose
complexity is probably due to the
particular morphological conditions
of the bay, was determined. In this
pattern, eddies and circulation cells
are frequent and, as a consequence,
particles released in this area have
difficulties to leave it. This implies
that the bay acts as a sink of particles (sediments, nutrients and
pollutants), conditioning the water
quality of the area and favouring
the possibility of algal blooms.
Environment 2010, Situation and

Perspective for the European Union
(2003), Porto, Portugal.
3rd IAHR Symposium on River, Coastal
and
Estuarine
Morphodynamics
(2003), Barcelona, Spain
Course
on
Hydrodynamics,
Morphodynamics and Water Quality
in Ports, Estuaries and Coasts
(2005), Marine Sciences Faculty,
Colima University, Mxico.
The determination of natural

(physical and bio-chemical) and
socio-economic processes under
different scenarios for the Jcar
area were carried out.
An assessment of water exchange

time scales within the Patos Lagoon
System
in
Brazil,
principally
focusing on the semi-enclosed embayment of Saco da Mangueira were
completed. The results show a very
ECOSUD
115
ECOSUD
116
Modifying the entrance to Saco

da Mangueira to investigate the
impact on the flushing characteristics by widening the entrance
or creating a deep channel from
the entrance to the main Access
Channel of the estuary.
Investigating the impact on water
quality in the Saco da Mangueira
by comparing the existing water
quality with results obtained by
altering the pollutant loadings
and outfall locations of the main
domestic sewage discharge of Rio
Grande by extending the outfall
2 km to the 10 m depth contour
of the estuary access channel,
relocating it at the southern end
of Saco da Mangueira, reducing
the pollutant loadings to represent secondary treated effluent,
or removing the outfall.
Investigating the impact on
Saco da Mangueira water quality by removing the discharge
from the fertiliser plant.
From the numerical simulations

and the analysis of satellite images,
the best areas for the development
of aquaculture activities in Saco
da Mangueira, particularly shrimp
farming, were identified.
3D numerical simulations of Saco

da Mangueira hydrodynamics were
compared with 2DH modeling.
Preliminary results show the validity of 2DH assumption for this
shallow water body.
The spatial and temporal distributions of heavy metals in Saco da

Mangueira sediments were studied,
as well as the potential re-suspension (pick up) due to wind waves.
From this study, it was concluded
that the South sector of Saco da
Mangueira could be a proper place
for aquaculture activities.
ECOSUD
A quantitative, integrated and anthropogenic model for evaluating

the socio economic performance
of coastal ecosystems has been
validated and applied to Patos and
Jcar areas under four alternative
scenarios each.
Improved knowledge on the natural/socio-economic processes in

estuarine areas has been gained.
A set of indicators has been proposed to define the water quality

in aquatic environments, similar to
those studied here.
A set of specific measures/guidelines has been proposed to solve

the water quality in both studied
areas.
The co-operation between European

and Latin American research teams
has been strengthened, creating ties
that are expected to continue after
the projects conclusion.
Cupul-Magaa, L.A., C. Msso-Aranda, A.
Snchez-Arcilla, J.P. Sierra-Pedrico, J.L. FermnAlmada, I. Romero & S. Falco, 2006. Distribucin
bacteriolgica en el agua de mar en la Baha
de Cullera, Espaa / Bacteriological quality of
seawater in Cullera Bay, Spain. Ciencias Marinas,
32(2):311-318.
Mestres, M., A. Snchez-Arcilla, J.P. Sierra, C.
Msso, J. Gonzlez del Ro & M. Rodilla, 2004.
Basis and tools for a sustainable development
of estuaries and coastal areas. A case study
from Cullera Bay. Management of Environmental
Quality, 15(1):25-32.
Pagot, M., L.F. Niencheski, M. Corral, G. Hillman,
A. Rodrguez, A. Friendrich, M. Scavuzzo, C.
Oron & M. Baugarten, 2004. Anlisis de material
en suspensin con apoyo satelital en la Laguna
de los Patos Brasil. Cuadernos del CURIHAM.
Tagliani, P.R.A; H. Landzuri, E.G. Reis, P.R.A.
Tagliani, M. Asmus & A.S Arcilla, 2003.
Integrated coastal zone management in the
Patos Lagoon estuary: Perspectives in context
of developing countries. Ocean and Coastal
Management, 46(9-19):807-822.
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Agustin Snchez-Arcilla
Paulo R.Tagliani
International Centre for Coastal

Resources Research
Jordi Girona, 1-3 Edifici D-1
08034 Barcelona
Spain
Tel: +34 9 32 80 64 00
Fax: +34 9 32 80 60 19
Fundaao Universidade Federal Do Rio

Grande
Depto de Oceanografia-Laboratrio de
Ecosistemas
Avenida Itlia Km8, s/n (Campus
Universitrio)
96100-900 Rio Grande
Brazil
E-M: mailto:agustin.arcilla@upc.edu
E-M: docpr@furg.br
Julio Gonzlez del Rio

Universidad Politcnica de Valencia
Departamento de Ingeniera Hidrulica
y Medio Ambiente
Camino de Vera s/n
46022 Valencia
Spain
E-M: Jgonzrio@hma.upv.es
Caroline Fletcher
HR Wallingford Ltd
Ports and Estuaries Department
Howbery Park
0X10 8BA
United Kingdom
E-M: caf@hrwallingford.co.uk
Andrs Rodrguez
Universidad Nacional de Crdoba
Laboratori de Hidrulica
Av.Velez Sarsfield 1601, Ciudad
Universitaria
5000 Crdoba
Argentina
E-M: arodrig@efn.uncor.edu
Max Agero
Inter American Centre for Sustainable
Ecosystems Development
Casilla 27016
Santiago
Chile
E-M: centro@icsed.org
ECOSUD
117
CATCHMENT2COAST
Research into modelling of the impacts
of river catchment developments on the
sustainability of coastal resources, which
support urban and rural economies: the case
study of Maputo Bay Incomati River
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2002-10059

01/10/2002 to 31/12/2005 (39 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Dr. Pedro Monteiro (scientific)
CSIC
South Africa
and Dr. Marcel Marchand (adminstrative)
WL-DELFT HYDRAULICS
Delft
Netherlands
Website
www.catchment2coast.org

The Catchment2Coast project aimed
to provide an ecosystem scale understanding of the linkages that govern the
economic dependency of tropical coastal
resources on their associated river catchments (Monteiro and Mathews, 2003;
Marchand, 2003). This understanding
was to be achieved through a combination of team skills, observational
programmes and the use of high resolution models. The core hypothesis of this
project was that the most important
biophysical interactions between freshwater catchments and coastal domains
occurred at the sub-seasonal event scale
(days). Unless these scales were resolved
the assessment of the economic consequences of those interactions would
not be sensitive, adequate or robust. To
achieve this, an explicit dynamical capability was required. This project used a
number of numerical models (coastal,
river basin and ground water), with the
required dynamical capability, in order
to implement a system scale approach
to the functional dependence of coastal systems on river basin drivers. The
shrimp (Paeneus indicus) was used as an
indicator of the ecosystem productivity response to catchment forcing. This
was a necessary simplification because
the focus of the project is on the system linkages rather than coastal food
web complexity. Secondly, shrimp Catch
Per Unit Effort (CPUE) was the best long
term proxy data for coastal ecosystem
productivity. The outcomes should however form a basis to deal with food web
complexity in the future.
118
CATCHMENT2COAST
Set up, running and validation of the

9 year hindcasting of coastal production in Maputo Bay
River Flow Modelling: A calibrated
model of the flows of the Incomati
River for the period 1996 2005 was
Geo Referenced Mangrove Habitat

map for Maputo bay: This was completed as collaboration between IMAR
in Portugal and UEM in Mozambique
Shrimp individual based model: a
shrimp physiology model was developed and completed as part of the
contribution by IMAR
Hydrodynamic model for Maputo Bay

that supported the understanding of
the nature ofstratification dynamics
in tidally forced tropical estuaries
Four combined field observational

programmes that served to set up
and verify the models
The
C2C
Framework:
Catchment2Coast Framework was
developed by Delft Hydraulics and
integrates all the work packages into
a single system which allowed scenarios to be investigated. This forms
one of the key results of the project.
1 Regional Stakeholder workshop
1 National Stakeholder workshop in
Mozambique
1 Workshop with the Planning section of the South African Department

of Water Affairs
Publications
Activities
completed by the University of Natal

and used in the nine year hind casting of coastal productivity.
Presentation of the scientific programme at 5 international meetings
Presentation of the C2C approach as

a local action based on system-scale
understanding at the 4th World
Water Forum in Mexico, March 2006
3 Undergraduate theses and 3 postgraduate theses.
Results and outcome

Following the rejection of the hydrodynamics hypothesis, because the early
life stage of the shrimp were found to
have reached the mangrove nursery
grounds prior to the wet season flows,
the science focus shifted to the biogeochemical hypothesis.
The original formulation the biogeochemical forcing hypothesis was also
rejected through work focussing on
water column biogeochemistry. We
showed through a combination of modelling and observations that the river
was not the supplier of nitrogen to the
coastal estuarine system and could
not support the productivity needs in
the mangrove nursery. In the absence
of any oceanic or other land sources the
default hypothesis was Nitrogen fixation. The biogeochemical hypothesis
was then reformulated to focus on an
autochthonous source of nitrogen in the
form of nitrogen fixation. The important functional link between nitrogen
fixation and river flow was provided
by the work of Ravikumar et al., 2004
(JEMBE 312) from work in Indian mangroves. It showed that N-fixation was
driven by salinity dependence which
was sensitive to the spatial and temporal character of the 20 30psu range.
This provided a way of constraining the
observational strategy. The re-designed
field work, focussing on sediment water production and re-mineralization
fluxes, showed that the Avicennia mangroves, which generate most of the
N-fixation, were indeed the areas where
the greatest salinity dependence on new
production was found. The robustness
of this dynamical linkage was tested
by hindcasting ecosystem productivity
over a 9 year period 1996 2004 during which there was an acceptable time
series of CPUE, the best available proxy
for ecosystem productivity. The output
showed that the modelled productivity
was able to predict the trends in 8 of
the 9 years.
The most important scientific contributions that this work made to the overall
question of tropical river coastal ecosystem linkages were:
Identifying salinity variability N-fixation couple as the key linkage

that governs the dependency of
coastal ecosystem productivity on
river flows in low nutrient systems.
The retention character of the estuarine coastal water body physics
governs the magnitude and temporal
scale of the freshwater pulse (flood)
that initiates and sustains wet season
new production in the nursery zones.
The project made a significant
contribution to the mangrove outwelling hypothesis by showing that
the nitrogen losses from the mangrove (outwelling) were limited to
the spring tidal periods in the wet
season when physical transport
rates exceeded uptake rates by microphytobenthos in the mangroves.
Suspend harvesting of mature

Mangrove
trees
(particularly
Avicennia);
Declare reserves for process diversity in the mangrove ecosystems;
Implement an initial minimum wet

season (Jan Apr) water flux of
500Mm3 for the Incomati River and
250Mm3 for the Maputo River;
Coordinate the four largest dams in

the Incomati (> 80% capacity) and
Maputo basins to achieve this;
Coordinate the Incomati and Maputo

river basins to increase resilience;
Conserve the Xinavane and Maputo

wetlands (declare conservation
areas);
Initiate prawn biomass estimates;
The implementation of all the proposed modelling platforms.

The development of the C2C computational framework (Decision
Support Tool) which articulates the
ecosystem as whole and forms the
basis for scenario exploration that
will be used for capacity building.
The approach was also generic enough to

allow other recognized impacts such as
mining effluents, pathogens, eutrophication, erosion and silting to be addressed
in a holistic way in the future. The project integrated biophysical and resource
economics models to then allow the
translation of the impacts into urban and
rural livelihoods. This work also helped
to develop the sense of an integrated
IncoMaputo system and form the basis
for a closer dialogue between river basin
managers in South Africa and coastal resource managers in Mozambique.
More specifically in terms of outcomes,

the project was able to formulate a
number of recommendations and
action points to develop ecosystem resilience for the Incomati River - Maputo
Bay system:
Use January experimental CPUE to

forecast the seasonal average
Focus
on
uncertainty:
main
sources
of
Maputo River: good flow data;

New production Hypothesis:
N-Fix Salinity relationship;
Mangrove food web and resource competition;
Salinity variability in the Bay

and mangrove domains;
Communication to all stakeholders;
Science graduates.
CATCHMENT2COAST
119
CATCHMENT2COAST
Contacts
Application of the multiple scale modelling approach to the Lough Coastal

ecosystem in northern Ireland in the
SMILE project (www.ecowin.org/smile) to
support the multi-user needs including
fisheries and aquaculture development.
Brockway, R., D. Bowers, A. Hoguane, V. Dove
and V. Vassele, 2006. A note on salt intrusion
in funnel-shaped estuaries: Application to
the Incomati estuary, Mozambique. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 66:1-5.
Diehl, K., 2003. Groundwater impact on the
Coastal Zone, especially on Maputo Bay and
the mangrove ecosystem. Ernst-Moritz-ArndtUniversity, Greifswald, Germany. Study of
Environmental Ecology and Nature Conservation.
Franco, A, J.G. Ferreira & A.M. Nobre, 2006.
Development of a growth model for penaeid
shrimp. Aquaculture, 259(1-4):268-277.
Halo, I., P.M.S. Monteiro, N. Machava, A. Pascall,
2007. Biogeochemical characteristics of the
water column and boundary fluxes in the
Maputo bay system. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf
Science, in press.
Monteiro, P.M.S., A. Pascall, J-L. Harcourt
Baldwin, V. Naiken, E. Andr, R. De Paula e Silva,
In prep. Predicting the interannual variability of
a tropical coastal fisheries through a salinity N
fixation linkage and mangrove ecosystem new
production. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science,
April 2007.
Monteiro, P.M.S., A. Pascall, N. Machava, J.L.
Graa, E. Andr, In prep. Biogeochemical
characteristics of a tropical mangrove in
a nutrient poor river coastal ecosystem.
Estuarine Coastal & Shelf Science, April 2007.
Monteiro, P.M.S. & S. Mathews, 2003.
Catchment2Coast: Making the link between
coastal resource variability and river input. South
African Journal of Science, 99.
Coordinator
E-M: rsilva@moziip.org
Antonio Hoguane
Pedro Monteiro
(science Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research CSIR
Environmentek
P.O.BOX 320
7599 Stellenbosch
South Africa
Coordinator)
TEL: +2721 8882437
Fax: +2721 88882693
E-M: pmonteir@csir.co.za
Marcel Marchand
Wl Delft Hydraulics
P.O. Box 177
2600 MH Delft
The Netherlands
(admin. Coordinator)
TEL: +31 15 2858558
FAX: +31 15 2858710
E-M: marcel.marchand@wldelft.nl
Eduardo Mondlane Universty

Faculty of Sciences Chair of Marine
Sciences and Oceanography
P.O. BOX 257
Maputo
Mozambique
E-M: hoguane@hotmail.com
Mike Savage
University of Natal
SPACRU
Private Bag X01
3209 Scottsville
South Africa
E-M: savage@nu.ac.za
Geoff Brundit
Dept. of Oceanography
7701 Rondebosch
South Africa
E-M: brundit@physici.uct.ac.za
Partners
Joo Gomes Ferreira
IMAR Instituto do Mar
Universidade de Coimbra
Qunita Da Torre
2829-516 Monte De Caparica
Portugal
E-M: joao.imar@mail.telepac.pt
John H. Simpson
Three Graduate theses and two PhD theses were completed within this project.
University of Wales
School of Ocean Studies
Askew street
LL59 5EY Menai Bridge
United Kingdom
E-M: j.h.simpson@bangor.ac.uk
Rui Paula e Silva

Instituto de Investigao Pesqueira
Caixa Postal 4603
Maputo
Mozambique
120
CATCHMENT2COAST
ECOFISH
Enhancing the outreach of aquatic biodiversity
and ecosystem research in support of the
transition towards global sustainability

Throughout the world, aquatic ecosystems continue to be overexploited and
degraded as well as undervalued by
decision-makers. Availability of high
quality scientific information in a form
that can be understood by a wide range
of societal groups is of importance to
change the state of affairs. Ecosystem
management for sustainability is still in
its infancy and there is an urgent need
for tools and data. The European-based
Fishbase (www.fishbase.org) information system is the largest of its kind in
the world and is well suited to demonstrate the feasibility of significant steps
towards the knowledge society and to
explore the problems and opportunities
associated with such move. The modelling software Ecopath with Ecosim
(EwE) (www.ecopath.org) is designed to
construct trophic network models and
allows simulating the impact of various
management regimes on ecosystems.
To date EwE has been applied to a wide
range of ecosystems from ponds to
coral reefs.
The specific objectives of ECOFISH were:
Strengthening of networking among
FishBase and EwE users in Europe and
developing countries by creating a
functioning information network; coordination of research among ECOFISH
partners (25 scientists from 19 countries) with a view to enhance relevance
for global and regional sustainability;
increasing the impact of research co-operations through dissemination of results
to other scientists, decision makers and
the public at large; involvement of the
interested public (such as anglers and
divers) in monitoring fish biodiversity.
1. Identification and implementation

of indicators for sustainable use of
aquatic ecosystems;
2. Reaching the public with quality
information on sustainable use of
natural resources and involving
special interest groups (e.g. anglers and divers) in monitoring of
biodiversity;
3. Integration, harmonisation, and
analysis of biodiversity databases,
and
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2002-50001

01/07/2002 to 30/06/2004 (24 months)
Accompanying measure
Coordinator
4. Integration of biological databases
with ecosystem models, such as
FishBase with EwE models, to improve ease of use as well as quality
of models.
Other activities included:
Strategic alliances with respective

organisations in Europe and in developing countries
Facilities for easy uploading of observations through the Internet
Dr. Rainer Froese

at University of Kiel
Germany
Website
www.ecofish.org
A web-based information system

with different interfaces for different user groups
Traditional means such as presentation at relevant conferences and

meetings
Public relation activities aimed at

traditional mass media (press, radio, TV).
Activities
A Steering Committee supervising the
Ecofish work programme met once per
year. Expert workshops on the following topics were organised:
ECOFISH
121
ECOFISH
Contacts

The following achievements of the
ECOFISH project deserve special
mentioning:
122
The FishBase-Ecopath workshop

brought the respective architects
and their programmers together
and laid out a path towards tight
integration of the largest database
and the most widely used modelling
tool for Ecosystem-based Fishery
Management.
The Indicators workshop resulted
in a publication in a primary journal
with follow-up Poster at the Fourth
World Fisheries Congress, a summary
in the influential Sea Span Newsletter,
and an invitation for an article in the
ICES Newsletter. The idea of let the
fish spawn has caught on e.g. in the
Philippines (Poster, Ruler) and in
Senegal (size at first maturity set as
minimum landing size).
The Databases workshop resulted
in an in-depth analysis of concerns
of data owners with respect to making their data publicly available and
options to address these concerns;
the analysis is expected to have wide
influence in the communities that are
struggling to make biodiversity data
available, such as Global Biodiversity
Information Facility (GBIF) and
Oceanographic
Biogeographic
Information System (OBIS).
The Outreach workshop led to
ongoing collaboration with the
European Union of Aquarium
Curators
and
the
Important
Partners workshop led to ongoing
contacts with the aquarium industry (Sera and JBL) and the Marine
Stewardship Council.
A large INCO strategic research
proposal under FP6 for reconciling multiple demands on
coastal zones with 37 partners
ECOFISH
from 7 European and 15 developing countries was developed

and submitted. It has meanwhile
been approved and the project
INCOFISH started in July 2005.
Most of the objectives laid out in the
original ECOFISH proposal have been
achieved and some have been overachieved. Some results such as the
translation of the FishBase web portal
into 12 languages were not planned for
and were obtained in close collaboration
with other EC projects e.g. European
Network for Biodiversity Information
(ENBI). Not achieved was the publication
of scientific analyses making use of the
new integration between FishBase and
ECOPATH; true integration proved to
be more demanding than anticipated
and respective re-design of the structure of diet information in FishBase is
still ongoing.
Coordinator
Rainer Froese
Christian-Albrechts-University
24105 Kiel
Germany
TEL: +49 431 600 4579
FAX: +49 431 600 1699
E-M: rfroese@ifm-geomar.de
Publications
Froese, R. 2004. Keep fishery management
simple. ICES Newsletter, 41:9-10
Froese, R., 2004. Keep it simple: three indicators
to deal with overfishing. Fish and Fisheries,
5(1):86-91.
Froese, R., B. Samb & M.D. Barry. 2004. An
assessment of status and trends in major
fisheries using three simple indicators. Poster
presented at the 4th World Fisheries Congress,
May 2-6, Vancouver, Canada
Froese, R., D. Lloris & S. Opitz, 2004. The need to
make scientific data publicly available concerns
and possible solutions. pp. 268-271 In M.L.D.
Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily & D.
Pauly (eds.). Fish biodiversity: Local studies as
basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish.Res.Rep.,
(14):283 p.ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/inco2/
docs/30_rfroese.pdf
Stergiou, K.I., P. Karachle & D. Bobori, 2004.
Fishbase - the fantastic electronic world of fish.
Hellenic Fishing News, June 2004. In Greek and
English.
Contributions to FishBytes. Newsletter of the
Fisheries Centre. University of British Columbia,
Canada:
Opitz, S., 2003. Ecofish strengthening
partnerships (March/April 2003)
Opitz, S., 2003. Ecofish update: sustainable
indicators (May/June 2003)
Opitz, S., 2003. Ecofish workshops in Crete and
Barcelona (Nov./Dec. 2003)
ECOMANAGE
Integrated Ecological Coastal Zone
Management System

Ecologists and social scientists have
only recently realized that in order to
fulfill the requirements for sustainable
development, human beings have to
be explicitly incorporated as structural
components of ecosystems. Indeed,
the clear distinction between natural
and managed ecosystems is slowly
fading-away, leaving us with the task of
re-writing ecological theory in order to
incorporate anthropogenic pressure.
ECOMANAGE aims to develop an integrated management system for coastal
zones and apply it in three contrasting
coastal ecosystems: an estuary with
mangroves in Brazil, a fjord in Chile
and a large estuary with wide intertidal
areas in Argentina.
The Santos Estuary, in Brazil, is home
to the biggest port in Latin America.
Five hundred years of urban, industrial and port use have highly changed
this ecosystem. Originally mangroves
extended all over the estuary and the
coastal region surrounding it, and even
though there are still some well preserved areas the ecosystem is under
severe environmental stress due to its
location downstream from Sao Paulo (a
city of 15 million people) and Cubato
a major industrial area.
The Bahia Blanca Estuary is a mesotidal
coastal plain estuary in Argentina. It
is a less modified coastal system than
the previous one, but still ports, towns
and industries are located mainly in
the northern boundaries of the estuary. The estuary is characterized by the
presence of various channels, fine sand
and silt-clay sediments and low depth.
The Aisen Fjord is located in one of the
largest estuarine areas of the world: the
Chilean austral fjords. The fjord supports a large salmon farming industry;
it receives the liquid residues of Puerto
Aisn (a town of 37000 people). It is
also home of a large seaport (Puerto

Chacabuco). Recently, a multinational
company requested the Chilean government authorization to install a large
industrial complex near the fjord (an
aluminium processing plant), which
threatens the areas fragile ecosystem.
Although both the central and regional
Chilean governments state that one
of the main characteristics of its environmental policy is wide citizens
participation, there is no stakeholders
agreed model for this ecosystem.
Activities
The project had 3 main components:
1. The physical-ecological and socioeconomic system (PHES-system),
supported by field data and state
of the art modelling tools will describe ecosystem processes and will
forecast its behaviour under different scenarios of socio-economic
pressures.
Project Number
INCO-CT-2004-003715

01/12/2004 to 30/05/2008 (42 months)
STREP
Coordinator
Prof. Ramiro Neves
Instituto Superior Tcnico
Portugal
Website
www.ecomanage.info
2. A Spatial Decision Support System

(SDSS) will integrate all information
and will provide tools for providing
answers to decision-makers, researchers and stakeholders.
3. Index analysis involving spatial and
temporal variably will play a vital
part in focusing and illuminating the
significance of environmental changes and the progress to sustainable
development in the complex coastal
systems studied in the project.
The three coastal zones show conflicting
interests between urban, industrial and
agricultural pressures and environmental maintenance. Relationships between
the origins and consequences of environmental pressures will be described
using a Driving forces, Pressures, State,
Impacts and Responses (DPSIR) framework and indexes will be used to assess
links between DPSIR elements.
INCO III - 6TH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME
ECOMANAGE
123
ECOMANAGE
Participatory methods were applied
for interaction with stakeholders in
order to establishing study scenarios
and indexes for socio-economic and
ecosystem analyses and to measure
environmental impacts of management
decisions. Field data and modelling
results were included into a Spatial
Decision Support System (SDSS) for
simplifying the assessment of the impact of management scenarios and
evaluate their performance.

The ECOMANAGE project focused
on three estuarine systems in Latin
America: Santos Estuary and Bahia
Blanca in the Atlantic coast, and Aysn
Fjord in the Pacific coast. Together, they
represent key coastal zones regarding
their integrated management. All show
conflicting interests between urban, industrial and agricultural development
and environmental conservation. Thus,
beyond their differences, they share
some of the major regional environmental concerns: transformation of the
landscape and seascape with the loss
of natural patrimony, increased human
waste and industrial disposal including
those from aquaculture activities.
With this background, the main
achievements of ECOMANAGE project
can be summarized in the following
major themes:
1. Identification of the main drivers
and pressures
From heavily populated area of Santos
Estuary to the near-pristine water conditions of Aysn Fjord, the work developed
in the project has cover a wide range of
ecological and socio-economical conditions, and their inevitable conflicts and
challenges in management. These systems share some similarities and also
some conspicuous differences. These
settings meant sometimes the use of
124
ECOMANAGE
different approaches and methodologies to address site-specific issues.
3. Testing development scenarios /

management options with models
Based on the DPSIR framework, it was

possible to identify the large-scale human drivers of change in each site, and
to link them to impacts on the state of
the system through the pressures. The
first step in the DPSIR framework was
the definition of the driving-forces that
lead to environmental pressures. For
this first step, the major stakeholders
where identified and also their values,
interests and possible conflicts between them. A synthesis of the major
outcomes of this process is presented
in Table 1.
Model application developed during

ECOMANAGE project have been combined with the DPSIR framework with
the objective of improving communication and understanding of the nature of
the problems, thus helping in the decision making process. This was achieved
by simulating different development
scenarios for each site or by testing
the outcome of different management
policies in the ecological state of the
system. These studies have addressed
the housing and population growth
effects on the Santos Estuarine system, sewage related problems in Bahia
Blanca, and the effect of aquaculture
waste products on the bottom water of
Aysn Fjord.
2. Set up, calibration and validation of

numerical models
A major outcome of ECOMANAGE
project has been the set up of numerical models to all the study sites. The
MOHID modelling platform has been
used to simulate the major processes
of these distinct estuarine systems.
Also, groundwater and watershed modelling applications were developed. The
models have been calibrated and validated with historical field data sets and
whenever needed, sampling campaigns
were made to complement insufficient
data. The use of models have made
possible to clarify causes and effects
in environmental processes, the distinction between anthropogenic and
natural contamination sources and their
respective impact at each site. In addition, modelling results have proved to
be important to complement data from
traditional experimental research methods and have become an essential tool
during the project for understanding
complex processes that link different
compartments of the system and to run
across the land-sea interface by linking
catchments and estuarine processes.
4. Stakeholders involvement
The project has promoted strong public
involvement of stakeholders by giving
them the opportunity to participate in
decision-making processes, leading to
the establishment of a straight cooperation between project partners and the
main stakeholders in the studied areas.
The totally new conceptual framework
brought by ECOMANAGE improved the
better understanding of the management issues in the three sites and lead
to specific answers to local problems
with generic methodologies. Outcomes
of the project were of significant interest to both scientific and water
resources management communities in
all sites. ECOMANAGE project has help
in the public education and consensusbuilding processes and has promoted
and encourage public awareness and
participation by making information
widely available. A significant outcome
of including local stakeholders has
been a renewed cooperation pointing
to future work and development of the
work started during the project.
5. International,
teamwork
cross-disciplinary
A main achievement of ECOMANAGE

is certainly the combined effort to
achieve better management strategies
for the study areas. Public and private
institutions at each site have made part
of the effort, working side by side with
the scientific staff of the project. The
project also provided the opportunity
for a significant number of students
to pursue their academic degrees, and
for the collaboration of researcher
from other institutions and universities. Many areas of expertise have been
blended in the work of ECOMANAGE,
including fields as ecology, water pollution, ecotoxicology, hydrodynamics,

modeling, groundwater, economics
and social sciences.
6. A decision support system
Another major product of the project
was a site-specific knowledge base on
estuarine and basin management, and
a spatial decision support system to
provide guidelines for restoration and
sustainable development of the sites. In
the ongoing work started in the project
this system will help to identify policy
alternatives and assess their impact
on the management objectives. During
the project this was conducted largely

by technical experts, with input from
stakeholders in the form of selecting
the experts and defining their terms
of reference. In the future this tool will
help to evaluate and choose preferred
policy alternatives between competing objectives and methods, allowing
stakeholders to state their preferences
(value-based information) for different
outcomes, based on good information
(factual or technical information).
Table 1. Major socio-economical features of the

ECOMANAGE study sites.
Feature
Santos Estuary
Baha Blanca
Aysn Fjord
Drivers
Industrial and port activities

Population growth
Agricultural activity
Industrial and port activities
Population growth
Salmon Farming
Economic
activities
Petrochemical park
Refineries and terminals
Fertilizer plants
Thermoelectric plant
Metal industries
Port activities
Petrochemical park
Refineries and terminals
Fertilizer plants
Thermoelectric plant
Several industries (meat and fish
factories, leather and textile plants,
etc.)
Port activities
Salmon fish farming

Artisan fishing
Forestry
Pressures
Urban and industrial pollution (wastewater effluents

discharges with and without
treatment)
Dredging
Urban and industrial pollution

(wastewater effluents discharges
with and without treatment)
Dredging
Organic inputs
(associated with fish feed and
faecal pallets), sediments from
terrestrial systems
Major impacts
Eutrophication
Habitat degradation (loss)
Eutrophication
Local bottom modification
Human
utilization
of the system
Occupation (housing)
Recreation (bathing in the
bay area)
Food source
Food source
Habitat
Food source
Tourism
Overall State
Highly modified
Heavily Polluted
Modified
Polluted
Near pristine, unpolluted
Key
stakeholders
Regional government
Industrial consortiums
Port authorities
NGOs
Regional government
Industrial consortiums
Port authorities
Regional and national

government
Salmon farmers
ECOMANAGE
125
ECOMANAGE
Contacts
Coordinator
Eduinetty Ceci Pereira

Moreira de Sousa
Books and book chapters
Ramiro Neves
Bachmann, P., L. Delgado & V. Marn, 2007.

Toward the integrated ecological management
of coastal zones in Chile: Contributions of the
ECOMANAGE project. Salesianos Impresores S.A.,
Santiago, Chile, 93 pp.
Universidade Tcnica de Lisboa

Instituto Superior Tcnico
Mechanical Engineering
Av. Rovisco Pais, n 1
1096 Lisbon
Portugal Tel: +351 218 41 73 97
Fax: +351 218 41 94 23
IOUSP - Instituto Oceanogrfico da

Praa do Oceanogrfico, 191
Cidade Universitria Butant
05508-900 So Paulo
Brazil
Marn VH and Delgado, 2005, The ecosystem

management of living marine resources: an
eco-social challenge, pp. 555-570 In E. Figueroa
(editor) Biodiversidad marina: valoracin, usos y
perspectivas, Editorial Universitaria, Chile.
Neves R, Baretta J and Mateus M (eds), 2008.
Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone
Management in South America, IST Press,
Lisbon, Portugal.
Partners
Papers
Jos Chambel Leito
Bachmann PL, Delgado LE, Marn VH, 2007,

Analysis of the citizens participation concept
used by local decision makers: the case of
the Aysn watershed in southern Chile. Int.J.
Sustainable Development, 10:251-266.
HIDROMOD, Modelao em
Engenharia, Lda. (SME) TAGUSPARK,
Ncleo Central, 349
2780-920 Porto Salvo
Portugal
Grecco, L.E., A.O.Marcos, E.A.Gmez, S.Bott &

J.Marcovechio, 2006. Natural and anthropogenic
input of heavy metals in sediments from the
Baha Blanca Estuary (Argentina). Journal of
Coastal Research, SI 39:1021-1025.
Marcovecchio, J.E. y L.D.Ferrer, 2005.
Distribution and geochemical partitioning of
heavy metals in sediments of the Baha Blanca
estuary, Argentina. Journal of Coastal Research,
21:826-834.
Marn VH, Delgado LE, Bachmann P, 2007,
Conceptual PHES-system models of the
Aysn watershed and fjord (Southern Chile):
Testing a brainstorming strategy. Journal of
Environmental Management, DOI:10.1016/j.
jenvman.2007.05.012.
Popovich, C.A., C.V. Spetter, J.E. Marcovecchio &
R.H. Freije, 2008. Dissolved nutrients availability
during winter diatom bloom in a turbid and
shallow estuary (Baha Blanca, Argentina).
Journal of Coastal Research, 24:95-102.
Popovich, C.A. & J.E.Marcovecchio, 2008. Spatial
Variability of Phytoplankton and Environmental
Factors in a Temperate Estuary of South Amrica
(Atlantic Coast, Argentina). Continental Shelf
Research, 28: 236-244.
Yarrow MM & Marn VH, 2007, Toward
conceptual cohesiveness: a historical analysis of
the theory and utility of ecological boundaries
and transition zones. Ecosystems, DOI: 10.1007/
s10021-007-9036-9.
Yarrow, M.M., A. Tironi, A.A. Ramrez & V.H.
Marn, 2008, An applied assessment model to
evaluate the socioeconomic impact of wter
quality regulations in Chile. Water Resources
Management DOI 10.1007/s11269-008-9241-0.
126
E-M: ramiro.neves@ist.utl.pt
ECOMANAGE
E-M: jcleitao@hidromod.com
Johan Wijnand Baretta

Noctiluca Marien-Wetenschappelijk
Adviesbureau
v. Polanenpark 212
2241 RX Wassenaar
Netherlands
E-M: job.baretta@xs4all.nl
Joo Lobo Ferreira

LNEC -Laboratrio Nacional de
Engenharia Civil
1700-066 Lisbon
Portugal
Enrico Feoli
UNITS - University of Trieste
Piazzale Europa 1
34127 Trieste
Italy
E-M: edvinett@usp.br
Aureo Emanuel
Pasqualeto Figueiredo
UNISANTA - Instituto Superior de
Educao Santa Ceclia
Universidade Santa Ceclia
Rua Oswaldo Cruz, n 266
11 045907 city missing
Brazil
E-M: aureo@unisanta.br
Jorge Marcovecchio
IADO - Instituto Argentino de
Oceanografa
Complejo CRIBABB. Florida 4000,
Edificio E-1
8000 Baha Blanca
Argentina
E-M: jorgemar@criba.edu.ar
Victor Hernan Marin

UCHILE - Universidad de Chile
Las Palmeras 3425, uoa
Santiago
Chile
E-M: vmarin@antar.uchile.cl
Manuel Contreras
CEA - Centro de Ecologa Aplicada
Ltda.
Av. Suecia 3304, uoa
Santiago
Chile
E-M: mcontreras@cea.cl
E-M: feoli@units.it
PASARELAS
Discovery Modelling Mediation Deliberation
InterfaceTools for Multistakeholder Knowledge Partnerships for the Sustainable Management of Marine Resources and Coastal Zones
Policies to encourage research, knowledge exchange and science applications
for sustainable development must address urgent social needs and also
complex and difficult issues where
knowledge is incomplete, values are in
dispute and stakes are high. The traditional conception of a largely oneway
traffic of information from the experts
to the public (and from developed
countries to the developing ones, etc.)
is being replaced by a more reciprocal partnership among those involved
in the process. Such partnership necessarily is constructed through close
dialogue and co-operation of scientists
and technical experts with policy makers, implementers and stakeholders,
including full participation by experts
with local knowledge in developing
countries. This cannot happen by a
cloistered approach to science and
technology. Partnership for capacity
building must respect the environmental and social circumstances of the
host societies, and the variety and tensions within these societies. People in
all places and all walks of life have expertise in a range of practical matters.
Mobilising knowledge for sustainable
development therefore requires attention to the forms of knowledge sharing.
The goal overall of the PASARELAS
Project was to contribute to development of a North-South capacity for the
production, deployment and exchange
of research and communication tools
at the interfaces of different sectors of
society in the field of environmental governance and sustainable development.
With close reference to the concomitant
INCO-DEV projects ECOST, INCOFISH
and CENSOR, the consortium allied multi-stakeholder participatory
approaches with the possibilities of
the new multimedia information and
visualisation technologies for the development of mediation or dialogue
tools that encourage engagement of individuals and groups as stakeholders
in environmental policy, management

and governance processes for coastal
zones, marine protected areas and associated fisheries resources.
Activities
Learning about environmental governance challenges was promoted through
participation in procedures (real or simulated) of selection and deployment of
indicator systems (e.g. computer supported visualisation of scenarios and
territories, and multi-criteria evaluation
of alternative scenarios for land use, for
ecosystem protection and management,
for fisheries regulation and marketing,
etc.). The multimedia tools and participation processes were demonstrated
through exploitation of data, models
and institutional knowledge from ongoing INCO-DEV research projects,
engaging policy authorities, territorial administrations, higher education,
private sector interests (e.g., fisheries,
tourism, coastal zone agriculture), with
outreach perspectives to civil society
in its various forms. Documentation
was produced using on-line resources,
CDrom, printed documents, and popular media (posters, video presentations,
etc.). An important goal was to define in
technical and legal terms, the basis for
a permanent education-training-outreach programme including pedagogic
materials
Project Number
INCO-CT-2004-012054

01/01/2005 to 30/06/2007 (30 months)
Specific Support Action
Coordinator
Prof. Martin OConnor
Universit de Versailles
Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France
Website
http://www.c3ed.uvsq.fr/pasarelas
1. disseminated as free web-based

interfaces,
2. as products to be made available
through public good exploitation agreements for teaching and
learning contexts including schools,
universities
and
territorial
administrations,
3. as basis for professional services
useful to research institutions,
companies, community networks
and regulatory agencies.
PASARELAS
127
PASARELAS
Contacts
To this effect, four major events were convened bringing together partners in the
PASARELAS project, the other INCO-DEV
projects and stakeholders from within
the different regions. These took place
in July 2005 in Corsica (France), in March
2006 in Dakar (Senegal), in September
2006 in Concepcin (Chile) and finally in
March 2007 in Venice (Italy).

The results are knowledge products
and their dissemination useful for
the understanding of coastal systems
and supporting policy formulation on
priorities set by bi-regional dialogue
between Europe, Africa, Caribbean and
the Pacific, Asia and Latin America and
encouraging new avenues of coastal
zone management in following up on
the orientation of the World Summit for
Sustainable Development. Instead of
generating stand-alone products, much
of the conceptual work and learning
enabled by the PASARELAS project has
been embedded in other projects and
printed and on-line deliberation support software.
Coordinator
Partners
Martin OConnor
Joachim Spangenberg
Universit de Versailles Saint-Quentinen-Yvelines

47 boulevard Vauban,
78047 Guyancourt Cedex
France
Tel: +33 1 39 25 53 75
Fax: +33 1 39 25 53 00
Sustainable Europe Research Institute

Schwarzspanierstrasse 4/8
1090 Vienna
Austria
E-M: eger.ird@c3ed.uvsq.fr
Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona

Facultat de ciences economiques i
empresarials
Edif. B
08193 Bella Terra
Spain
E-M: Fritz.hinterberger@seri.at
Giuseppe Munda
E-M: Giuseppe.Munda@uab.es
Malcom Eames
Policy Studies Institute
100 Park Village East
NW1 3SR London
United Kingdom
E-M: m.eames@psi.org.uk
Carlo Giupponi
Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei
Campos Santa Maria Formosa
Castello 5252
30122 Venice
Italy
E-M: Carlo.giupponi@feem.it
Enrico Feoli
University of Trieste
Piazza Europa 1
34127 Trieste
Italy
Gilberto Carlos Gallopin

Economic Commission for Latin
American and the Caribbean*
179-D Santiago
Chile
E-M: ggallopin@eclac.cl (* subcontractor)
128
PASARELAS
Jim Ewing
Diaw Tahirou
Weng Tat Chan
University of Dundee
Gardyne Road Campus
DD5 1NY Dundee
Scotland
United Kingdom
Universit Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)

Ecole Suprieure de Polytechnique,
Laboratoire
B.P. 5005, Dakar
Sngal
National University of Singapore

Tropical Marine Science Institute
14 Kent Ridge Road
119293
Singapore
E-M: J.M.Ewing@dundee.ac.uk
E-M: Adiaw@ucad.sn
E-M: cvecwt@nus.edu.sg
Jeroen Van Der Sluijs
Heqin Cheng
Rainer Froese
Universiteit Utrecht
Faculteit Scheikunde
Copernicus Institute Development and
Innovation,
Padualaan 8
3584CH Utrech
The Netherlands
East China Normal University

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and
Coastal Research
Zhongshan North Road 3663
200062 Shanghai
China
University of Kiel
Leibniz Institute for Marine Research,
IfM-GEOMAR
Dstembrooker Weg 20
24105 Kiel
Germany
E-M: hqch@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn
E-M: j.p.vandersluijs@chem.uu.nl
Patrice Cayre
Anil K. Gupta
Society for Research & Initiatives for
Sustainable Technologies & Institutions
PO Box 15050 Ambawadi
380015 Ahmedabad
India
E-M: anilg@iimahd.ernet.in

Dveloppement
Direction du dpartement de
ressources vivantes
209-213 rue La Fayette
75480 Paris cedex 10
France
E-M: drv@paris.ird.fr
Paul Jeffrey
Cranfield University
School of Water Sciences
Mk 43 Oal Bedfordshire
United Kingdom
E-M: p.j.jeffrey@cranfield.ac.uk
Ussif Rashid Sumaila

Department of Natural Resources and
Conservation
13301 Windhoek
Namibia
E-M: r.sumaila@fisheries.ubc.ca
Jaime Mendo
Universidad Nacional Agraria La
Molina
456 Lima 100
Avenida la Universidad s/n - La Molina
Peru
Pierre Failler
CEMARE
H.M. Naval Base
Portsmouth PO1 3LJ
United Kingdom
Wolf E. Arntz1
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and
Marine Research
Comparative Ecosystem Research
27515 Bremerhaven
Germany
E-M: warntz@awi-bremerhaven.de
E-M: Jmendo@lamolina.edu.pe
Retired at the time of printing
INCO III -6TH

6TH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME
PASARELAS
129
REEFRES
Developing ubiquitous practices for
restoration of Indo Pacific reefs
Project Number
INCO-CT-2004-510657

01/01/2005 to 31/12/2008 (48 months)
STREP
Coordinator
Dr. Baruch Rinkevich
Israel
Activities
Coral reefs are renowned for their spectacular diversity and have significant
aesthetic, protective and commercial
value. However, many reefs around the
world are increasingly threatened, principally from human activities causing
excess inputs of sediment, nutrients
and pollutants. The worldwide decline
of coral reefs, including reefs of the
Indo-Pacific region, has raised the need
for urgent development of adequate
restoration methods. Yet, efforts to
conserve degrading reefs have failed to
produce significant results and rehabilitation measures have not successfully
compensated for the fast degradation.
Assuming that anthropogenic drivers of
degradation can be acted upon, active
restoration requires specific knowledge
and techniques. Moreover, development
of such techniques opens new avenues
to culture corals that are otherwise
(over)harvested in the wild for the international trade in ornamentals.
A consortium of seven groups (from

four European and associated countries
that include research institutions and
an SME entity and three Asian partners)
is teamed up for four years to collaborate on restoring Indo-Pacific coral reefs
under the strategy concept of gardening of denuded reefs areas. In this
two-step restoration measure, first, a
large pool of farmed corals and spats
is established and cultured on low-profile nurseries and then, nursery-grown
colonies are transplanted to degraded
reef sites. This will be studied simultaneously in four Asian reef areas and by
the SME under ex-situ conditions. The
partners have been teamed as pairs
(Asian-EU/AC), each pair working in a
specific site area. The use of branches,
coral nubbins and planula larvae will be
studied together with the importance
of coral branch sizes for 3-D structures
of developing colonies. The management of knowledge will be based on
joint programme activities and annual
meetings, each at a different reef site
where theoretical and applied aspects
of the work will be discussed. In a startup workshop, the knowledge that exists
will be shared with the Asian partners.
A final project workshop (month 48)
will summarize the outcomes for the
partners and for five additional invited
Asian partners from other countries.
The major objectives of this research

are:
1. To establish underwater coral
nurseries specifically adapted to
different Indo-Pacific reef localities.
2. To develop ubiquitous protocols
for nubbin and spat usage in reef
restoration.
3. To develop novel protocols (3-D
structures in new colonies) for reef
restoration.
Expected Results
and outcome
Expected outputswill:
4. To initiate and assess reef restoration by the use of different coral

sources at locations where degradation has occurred.
5. To strengthen Asian partners capacity in relation to reef restoration
techniques.
130
REEFRES
1. Help in addressing a major environmental and socio-economic challenge

in tropical Asia, the sustainable use/
restoration of coral reefs.
2. Help business and research organisations in the European Union
and countries associated with the
Framework Programme to have
access to knowledge and expertise

existing elsewhere in the world.
3. Help ensure Europes strong and
coherent participation in research
initiatives conducted at international level in order to push forward the
boundaries of knowledge and help
to resolve major problem in partner
countries.
4. Contribute to implement EU policy
regarding CITES regulation.
Shaish, L., A. Abelson & B. Rinkevich, 2006.

Branch to colony trajectory in a modular
organism: Pattern formation in the Indo-Pacific
coral Stylophora pistillata. Developmental
Dynamics, 235(8):2111-2121.
Shaish, L., A. Abelson & B. Rinkevich, 2007.
How Plastic Can Phenotypic Plasticity Be? The
Branching Coral Stylophora pistillata as a Model
System. PLoS ONE, 2(7):e644. doi:10.1371/
journal.pone.0000644.
Vicentuan, K.C., J.R. Guest, M.V. Baria, P.C.
Cabaitan, R.M. Dizon, R.D. Villanueva, P.M.
Alio, A.J. Edwards, E.D. Gomez & A.J. Heyward,
2008. Multi-species spawning of corals in northwestern Philippines. Reef Research, 27(1):83.
5. Contribute to the development of

a new industry that will, in the future, circumvent the need for coral
import and will open a new avenue
for the export of environmentallyfriendly material to other countries
outside Europe (such as the US,
Japan and Canada).
6. Help in bringing together parts of
the fragmented community of coral
reef biologists in Europe and connect them with partners in Asia.
Partners
Alasdair James Edwards
University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
School of Biology
3 Kensington Terrace
Newcastle-uponTyne, NEL 7RU
United Kingdom
E-M: a.j.edwards@newcastle.ac.uk
Edgardo D. Gomez
University of The Philippines
Marine Science Institute
Velasquez Street in UP Campus
1101 Diliman, Quezon City
The Philippines
E-M: edgomez@upmsi.ph
Roberto Danovaro
Contacts
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario

per le Scienze del Mare
Marine Sciences, Polytechnic University
of Marche
Via Brecce Bianche
60131 Ancona
Italy
E-M: danovaro@univpm.it
Coordinator
Amar, K.O., N.E. Chatwick & B. Rinkevich, 2007.
Coral planulae as dispersion vehicles: biological
properties of larvae released early and late in
the season. Marine Ecological Progress Series,
350:71-78.
Danovaro, R., L. Bongiorni, C. Corinaldesi, D.
Giovanelli, E. Damiani, P. Astolfi, L. Greci & A.
Puceddu, 2008. Sunscreens cause coral bleaching
by promoting viral infections. Environmental
Health Perspectives, DOI 10.1289/ehp.10966
Dizon, R.M., A.J. Edwards & E.D. Gomez, 2008.
Comparison of three types of adhesives in
attaching coral transplants to clam shell
substrates. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and
Freshwater Ecosystems, DOI 10.1002/aqc.944
Loke Ming Chou

Baruch Rinkevich
Oceanographic and Limnological
Research
Marine Biology and Biotechnology
Tel-Shikmona, POB 8030
31080 Haifa
Israel
Tel: +972-4-856 52 75
Fax: +972-4-851 19 11
E-M: buki@ocean.org.il
National University of Singapore

Biological Sciences
14 Science Drive 4
117543 Singapore City
Singapore
E-M: dbsclm@mus.edu.sg
Hansa Chansang
Phuket Marine Biological Centre
51 Moo 8, Sakdidet Road, PO Box 60
83000 Phuket
Thailand
E-M: hansa_chansang@hotmail.com
Precht, W.F., 2006. Coral reef restoration

handbook. CRC Press, 363 p.
I. Meseri
Raz-Bahat, M., J. Erez & B. Rinkevich, 2006.

In vivo light-microscopic documentation
for primary calcification processes in the
hermatypic coral Stylophora pistillata. Cell and
Tissue Research, 325(2):361-368.
Red Sea Corals

Mobile Mail Galil Maaravi
22805 Kibbutz Saar
Israel
Shafir, S., J. van Rijn & B. Rinkevich, 2006. Coral

nubbins as source material for coral biological
research: A prospectus. Aquaculture, 258(14):444-448.
E-M: meseri@saar.org.il
REEFRES
131
SPEAR
Sustainable options for people,
catchment and aquatic resources
Project Number
INCO-CT-2004-510706

01/12/2004 to 31/03/2008 (40 months)
STREP
Coordinator
Dr. Joao Gomes Ferreira
IMAR Institute of Marine Research
Portugal
Website
Activities
SPEAR aimed to develop and test an

integrated framework for interpreting
coastal zone structure and dynamics
in areas where communities primarily depend on marine resources. This
framework accounts for watershed
interactions, ecological structure and
human activities and was developed
using two case-study systems in China.
This interdisciplinary approach combined natural and social sciences and
addressed the complex scaling issues
inherent in integrated management.
The objectives were:
Two contrasting systems in China were

studied: Sanggou Bay, part of a rural
watershed already investigated in a previous INCO project, and Huangdun Bay,
located in an industrialised area south
of Shanghai. In both systems, large-scale
cultivation of seaweeds, shellfish and
finfish are of paramount importance for
community income and livelihood.
1. To develop an integrated framework that simulates the dynamics

of the coastal zone accounting for
basin effects (exchanges of water,
sediments and nutrients), ecological structure and human activities.
http://www.biaoqiang.org
2. To test this framework using
detailed research models, which assimilate dispersed local and regional
data, and to develop screening models which integrate key processes
and interactions.
3. To examine ways of internalising
environmental costs and recommend response options such as
optimisation of species composition
and distributions, thereby restoring
ecological sustainability.
4. To evaluate the full economic costs
and benefits of alternative management strategies, and societal
consequences. Three strategies
were examined: business as usual,
increased economic exploitation
and ecological sustainability.
5. To provide managers with quantitative descriptors of environmental
health, including simple screening models, as practical diagnostic
tools, innovatively combining local
and regional datasets.
132
SPEAR
Research and development used existing local and regional datasets, ongoing
Chinese field programmes, archived
and contemporary satellite imagery,
with limited additional field and experimental measurements. Complementary
workpackages established the interactions between catchment use and
coastal zone. Work focused on fluxes
of nutrients, organic matter and sediments, including exchanges at the
seaward boundary and the role of ecological processes. Component models
were used to describe the interactions
both between cultivated species and
with their environments, taking into
account different levels of human interaction (e.g. resource exploitation,
basin water management practices, and
sewage discharge). Integrated modelling permitted the dynamic coupling
of economic drivers responsible for
social issues (overexploitation, usage
conflicts) with ecological models, resolving interrelations with the natural
system. This allowed realistic testing
of contrasting management scenarios.
Particular emphasis was placed on how
integrated multi-species aquaculture
(IMTA) may be used to restore and optimise sustainability by internalising
environmental costs.
Datasets and research models were
used to conceptualise, parameterise
and test screening models, which distil
the knowledge obtained from the integrated system analysis into simple and
practical diagnostic tools in support of
management for sustainability. Model
validation and strengthening of technological capacity was ensured through

stakeholder involvement in the project,
including in experimental manipulation
of IMTA at culture unit test sites, and
through training of young Chinese scientists, both through technical courses
and postgraduate research.
In parallel with the SPEAR project, a
number of other activities were developed as part of the SPEAR Leverage
Programme; foremost among these was
the launch of the Trophic Assessment In
Chinese Coastal Waters (TAICHI) project to evaluate coastal eutrophication
in China. This project has now assessed
four coastal bays, with a further five
planned for 2008.
include resource exploitation and other, potentially conflicting, uses such as

water management practices in the river basin, sewage discharge or coastline
modifications such as landfills.
tools for integrated assessment

and decision-making on the balance between environmental water
needs and requirements for economic development.
The socio-economic component of the

project permitted the coupling of economic drivers that are responsible for
social issues (overexploitation, usage
conflicts, and increasing demand) thus
allowing realistic testing of different
management scenarios. SPEAR quantified
the sensitivity of environmental changes
on aquaculture production, thereby
providing the rationale for minimising
environmental stressors and impacts of
changing demand on its sustainability.
3. Millennium Development Goals

(MDG) By contributing to the
stated aims of the UN MDG, in particular, this project hopes to have
contributed to integrating principles
of sustainable development into
country policies and programmes,
reversing the loss of environmental
resources, and improving the lives
of impoverished peri-urban communities in coastal zones of China.
Interdisciplinary work and training
SPEAR contributed to the three strategic areas of the 6th Framework

Programme:
Main results
wand outcomes
1. Fight against poverty By supporting management of marine

resources from a sustainability perspective, allowing stable economic
development at the regional level
and supporting socially acceptable
and economically viable practice
for wider application. It also contributed to buffer employment and
reduce social penalties due to large
fluctuations in harvest yields, associated with unsustainable farming
practices and water use conflicts.
The SPEAR consortium provided a

conceptual framework for integrated
interpretation of coastal zone structure
and dynamics by means of a holistic
approach to coastal system research,
combining disciplines, techniques and
systems through the meaningful integration of patterns and processes with
widely varying scales. This facilitated
a new, system-based understanding of
the functioning of coastal zones. The
research models describe interactions
among cultivated species and between
them and their environments, including both natural coupling and various
levels of human interaction. The latter
Pacific oyster
A key achievement of SPEAR was the

involvement of the Chinese partners
in the development and application of
ecological models, at a variety of different scales. In parallel, but no less
important, was the empowerment of
young Chinese scientists, at the graduate and post-doctoral level, to apply
and further develop modelling tools.
Table 1. Shellfish harvest results and comparison

with data (tons total fresh weight (TFW) y-1)
for Sanggou Bay (top pane) and Huangdun Bay
(includes the Xianshang Gang, i.e. the connection
to the East China Sea (bottom pane).
2. EU Water Initiative By providing mechanisms for ensuring the

health of aquatic systems, and
Chinese scallop
Kelp
Total
Data
Model
Data
Model
Data
Model
Data
Model
178,872
175,382
5,000
5,148
84,500
83,754
268,372
264,284
Chinese oyster
Razor clam
Manila clam
Muddy clam
Total
Data
Model
Data
Model
Data
Model
Data
Model
Data
Model
34,320
36,020
1,997
2,058
410
431
920
903
37,647
39,413
SPEAR
133
SPEAR
Ecosystem models
The integration of the various models
was carried out both online (with models
running together and interacting with
each other) and using offline coupling,
with results from one model being used
to drive another model.The main objective was to capture the scales at which
important phenomena occur, since it is
clearly impossible to use the same time
and space scales to simulate the detailed
water circulation over a tidal cycle, and
the decadal production of bivalves.
Table 1 illustrates the excellent match
between data and simulations for the
two bays; these results attest to the
quality of the modelling and the robustness of the multi-scale approach,
considering that they represent production simulated by combining physics,
biogeochemistry, bivalve physiology
and population dynamics in a set of
complex ecological models.
Screening models
A screening model is a tool which may
be useful for a fish farmer, farm manager or coastal manager. Typically these
models are easy to use and run in minutes, and support decisions such as the
134
SPEAR
Figure 1. Screening
model for carbon input to
sediments from fish culture.
assessment of the impact of a particular planning option, or classification

of the ecological status of an aquatic
system. Two examples of application of
this type of model are provided below.
growth models and screening models

for determining shellfish production
and for eutrophication assessment.
At the local scale, screening models

may be used to look at aquaculture
yields, local impacts of fish farming,
and water quality. A good example is
a particulate waste distribution model
developed for fish culture in Huangdun
Bay (Figure 1), using GIS, which provides a footprint of organic enrichment
beneath fish farms.
Requirements for input data have been

reduced to a minimum, since the model
is aimed at the shellfish farming community and local managers. Model
inputs may be grouped into data on
(i) farm layout, dimensions, species
composition and stocking densities;
(ii) suspended food entering the farm;
and (iii) environmental parameters. The
FARM model is publicly available at
http://www.farmscale.org/.
The
Farm
Aquaculture
Resource
Management (FARM) modelling framework applies a combination of physical
and biogeochemical models, bivalve
Figure 3. Box layout of Sanggou Bay and the

location of FARM simulation area
Figure 2. Application of FARM to calculate a mass

balance for oyster culture in Sanggou Bay
Table 2. Setup options and results of Sanggou Bay

FARM scenario
Description
TPP
(ton TFW)
APP
Profit
(K)
Nitrogen
removal
(kg y-1)
PEQ
(y-1)
Total
income
(K y-1)
Oysters in sections 1, 2 and 3
15.5
75.4
404
122
114
Oysters in sections 1 and 3,

section 2 empty
10.4
50.7
270
82
77
Oysters in sections 1 and 3,

section 2 fish cages only
18.1
14
89.1
350
106
122
The application of FARM to an oyster

farm in Sanggou Bay is shown in Figure
2, and illustrates the substitution value
of shellfish with respect to land-based
control of nutrient emissions. In a
scenario of integrated catchment management of discharges of nitrogen and
phosphorus, such as already occurs in
parts of the U.S. and in Scandinavia,
shellfish farmers in Southeast Asia may
in future be able to sell nutrient credits to their land-based counterparts, in
much the same way as carbon credits
are traded today.
Sanggou Bay Analysis of changes to
culture combinations using FARM
A farm was selected as a demonstration site, located in Sanggou Bay (Figure
3), where Pacific oyster (Crassostrea
gigas) raft culture, Japanese Flounder
(Paralicthys olivaceus) and Puffer fish
(Fugu rubripes) cage culture coexist.
Box 4 (in the model) is a polyculture
area as a whole, but may be divided into
three types of farms: shellfish monoculture farm (located in the northern part
of Box 4), shellfish farms separated by
boat channels (located in the middle of
Box 4), and shellfish fish cage IMTA
farms (located in the southeastern part
of Box 4). The three types of farms
are adapted into three setup options,
which have been simulated in the FARM

screening model.
Table 2 shows the three different options considered. The first setup
considers oysters in all sections, at a
density of 20 animals m-2, the second
considers only oysters in the two end
sections, and the third adds fish cages
to the middle section of the farm.
Notes: TPP: Total Physical Product,
APP: Average Physical Product, the ratio of output to input, PEQ: Population
Equivalents, Total income includes substitution costs of nutrient removal on
land, e.g. by reducing application in agriculture. Does not include the additional
revenue from fish cages in scenario 3.
The addition of fish cages in the middle section of the farm provides an
additional source of revenue, and the
additional input of particulate organic
matter to the downstream part of the
farm substantially increases oyster production, which in total exceeds that in
the uniform distribution used in Setup
1, and has the added advantage of reducing the local organic deposition
effects of fish aquaculture. Overall,
Setup 3 provides both the highest
profit from production activities and
the highest potential income when considering also the environmental costs
Fisheries
Related
Industry
Related
Services
China Total
58%
22%
21%
Shandong Province
37%
40%
22%
Roncheng City
30%
30%
40%
Sanggou Bay
12%
83%
5%
Huangdun Bay
(Ningbo Municipality)
76%
22%
2%
of nutrient treatment, or (alternatively)

the resale value of nitrogen credits as a
catchment management option.
Socio-economic models
The only local level data available for
marine farming systems was in Sanggou
Bay, where an average of 3.7 jobs is created for every RMB 1 million (93,300 in
2008) in gross value added. In Sanggou
Bay, macroalgal farming operations
are by far the most job-intensive with
34.2 jobs, finfish at 3.8 jobs, shellfish
(excluding abalone) at 16 jobs for every
RMB 1 million in gross value added.
In China as a whole most of the gross value is added in the production of fisheries
itself (58%), with the rest of the value
added in related industrial activities (processing, feeding, equipment, construction,
medicine and other factors) (22%) and
associated services (dealing, transportation, recreation and others) (21%) (Table
3). Different local situations are clearly
evident with a very high 73% of all gross
value added in Sanggou Bay in industry
and a higher than national average of 40%
for related services in Rongcheng. When
compared to the Rongcheng administrative area (of which Sanggou Bay forms
part) it is clear that practically all of the
value added in processing in this area
takes place in and around Sanggou Bay.
Table 3. Relative share of production, industry and

service values in fisheries capture and farming
systems in China as a whole and selected areas
under study
Sources: Calculated from World Bank, FAO,
Chinese National Bureau of Statistics, Statistics
Yearbook Rongcheng Ocean and Fisheries
Bureau, Ningbo Government Statistics.
SPEAR
135
SPEAR
In Huangdun Bay there is only a small
amount of value added in the service
sector (2%). Detailed data on these ripple
effects of marine farming specifically on
other sectors of the economy were not
available for this study.
For every 1 kg increase in demand

for marine farmed fish overall in
China, gross economic value will increase by RMB6.2 within the marine
farming sector.
Employment sensitivities are as follows:

The following broader socio-economic
sensitivities to changes in demand for
captured and farmed fish are apparent:

for captured and farmed fish overall in China, gross economic value
will increase by RMB 12.3 of which
RMB 7 of value is created in the
fisheries operations itself, RMB 2.7
in related industries and RMB 2.5 in
related services.

for captured and farmed fish in
Rongcheng, gross economic value
will increase by RMB26.7 of which
RMB7.9 of value is created in the
fisheries operations itself, RMB8 in
related industries and RMB10.7 in
related services

Sanggou Bay, gross economic value
will increase by RMB48.5 of which
RMB11.4 of value is created in the
fisheries operations itself, RMB35.2
in related industries and RMB1.9 in
related services

Huangdun Bay, gross economic
value will increase by RMB15.3 of
which RMB11.6 of value is created
in the fisheries operations itself,
RMB3.4 in related industries and
RMB0.2 in related services.
For every RMB1 million additional

gross value added in the fisheries
sector in China (marine & inland,
fishery & farming), 21.1 jobs are
created.
For every RMB1 million additional gross value added in the fish
farming sector in China (marine &
inland), 18.9 jobs are created.
gross value added in marine farming in Sanggou Bay, 3.7 jobs are
created.
gross value added in macroalgae
marine farming in Sanggou Bay,
34.2 jobs are created.

gross value added in shellfish marine farming in Sanggou Bay, 0.8
jobs are created.
gross value added in finfish marine
farming in Sanggou Bay, 3.8 jobs
are created.
It is recommended that a full social-accounting matrix for the Chinese economy

is used to further assess the broader socio-economic implications of changes in
the marine aquaculture sector.
Figure 4. ASSETS software (Chinese) screenshot

of the rating for Jiaozhou Bay, adjacent to the city
of Qingdao
Socio-economic sensitivities to changes

in demand for marine farmed fish are
as follows:
136
SPEAR
Eutrophication assessment
As part of SPEAR, the SPEAR Leverage
Programme encouraged an improvement of methodologies to assess coastal
eutrophication, which currently in China
is based on chemical parameters, rather
than the more holistic approach used in
the EU and US. In order to facilitate the
application of current methods, with a
focus on the Assessment of Estuarine
Trophic Status (ASSETS) approach, software was developed and distributed,
including a version in Chinese to deal
with language barrier issues.
Figure 4 shows the classification for
Jiaozhou Bay, one of four systems
which were studied in the first phase
of the TAICHI project. Despite a significant nutrient load (about 30 ton d-1
of nitrogen), the intensive top-down
control of the food web due to the cultivation of Manila clam (200,000 ton
y-1) has a significant impact in mitigating eutrophic symptoms.
The scale of coastal aquaculture in
China is far beyond anything seen in
the western world, and therefore plays
a major role in regulating ecosystem
processes. Water quality data from an
annual program with monthly measurements in Jiaozhou Bay were used
to estimate the gross removal of algae
by Manila clams. On the basis of reported bivalve stocks, these organisms
annually remove about 627 ton y-1 of
chlorophyll a, which (considering a
carbon:chlorophyll ratio of 50 and the
standard Redfield C:N ratio of 45:7 in
mass) corresponds to the removal of
almost 4,900 ton y-1 of nitrogen. This
equates to the annual discharge of
about 1.5 million people, or 17% of the
population of Qingdao, and to about
45% of the estimated 11,000 ton y-1
nitrogen load. Along with economic
benefits, the introduction of filter-feeders on a reasonable scale thus allows
for cost-effective removal of nutrients
and mitigation of eutrophic conditions,
which is more environmentally-friendly

and sustainable for a coastal system.
Consequently, environmental managers should be cautious when reducing
mariculture, since doing so could lead
to worsening eutrophic conditions.
The legacy of SPEAR
Integrated assessment of the different
components of coastal systems, contemplating land-based drivers and pressures,
uses such as aquaculture and fisheries
and impacts such as eutrophication is
a necessary pre-requisite to successful
coastal management. Work carried out
in SPEAR, which has been described in
greater detail in a book available from
http://www.biaoqiang.org,
represents
one approach to address this requirement. A key finding from this integrated
project has been that the combination of
models running at widely varying time
and space scales is at the core of a successful analysis. Using a range of models
is a requirement for scaling, but the models also act as co-validators of each other,
lending confidence to the outcomes.
The outputs from multi-year models are
not only useful in themselves, but serve
to drive farm-scale models and other
screening models of various types,
which are of interest to both the farmer
and regulator. The possibility of operating coarser scale models, such as the
EcoWin2000 ecological model, allows
users to deal with manageable amounts
of data and acceptable run-times. This
trade-off between mutiple-year simulation and spatial complexity, whilst
preserving acceptable levels of accuracy, is essential in building a bridge
with microeconomic models, which require simulations at the decadal scale.
Future developments of simulation approaches must include the linkage of
both the natural and social sciences, if
possible with explicit feedbacks. This
will allow changes in pricing linked to
production, supply and demand, to
be reflected in the attractiveness of

commercial cultivation, and provide
indicators on employment and other
aspects of social welfare. Additionally,
by factoring in the non-use value of
ecosystems, with respect e.g. to the valuation of biodiversity, a more complete
mass balance of the effective gains to
society may be computed.
Borja, A., S.B. Bricker, D.M. Dauer, N.T.
Demetriades, J.G. Ferreira, A.T. Forbes, P.
Hutchings, X. Jia, R. Kenchington, J.C. Marques
C.B. Zhu, 2008. Overview of integrative tools
and methods in assessing ecological integrity in
estuarine and coastal systems worldwide. Mar.
Pol.Bull., In Press.
Ferreira, J.G., A.J.S. Hawkins & S.B. Bricker, 2007.
Management of productivity, environmental
effects and profitability of shellfish aquaculture
the Farm Aquaculture Resource Management
(FARM) model. Aquaculture, 264:160-174.
Franco, A.R., J.G. Ferreira & A.M. Nobre, 2006.
Development of a growth model for penaeid
shrimp. Aquaculture, 259:268-277.
Sequeira, A., J.G. Ferreira, A.J. Hawkins, A. Nobre,
P. Loureno, X.L. Zhang, X. Yan & T. Nickell,
2008. Trade-offs between shellfish aquaculture
and benthic biodiversity: A modelling approach
for sustainable management. Aquaculture,
274:313-328.
Xiao, Y., J.G. Ferreira, S.B. Bricker, J.P., Nunes,
M. Zhu & X. Zhang, 2007. Trophic Assessment
in Chinese Coastal Systems - Review of
methodologies and application to the Changjiang
(Yangtze) Estuary and Jiaozhou Bay. Estuaries
and Coasts, 30(6):1-18.
SPEAR
137
SPEAR
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Joo Gomes Ferreira
Anthony Hawkins
Instituto do Mar
IMAR - DCEA - FCT
2829-516 Monte de Caparica
Portugal
Plymouth Marine Laboratory

Prospect Place
The Hoe
Plymouth PL1 3DH
United Kingdom
E-M: joao@hoomi.com
E-M: ajsh@pml.ac.uk
Dongzhao Lan
Third Institute of Oceanography
178 Daxue Rd.
Xiamen 361005
China
E-M: Landz@public.xm.fj.cn
Martin de Wit
CSIR Environmentek
P.O. Box 320
Stellenbosch 7599
South Africa
Trevor Telfer
University of Stirling
Institute of Aquaculture
Stirling
Stirlingshire FK9 4LA
United Kingdom
E-M: MDeWit@csir.co.za
SPEAR Legacy Programme

Joo Gomes Ferreira
E-M: t.c.telfer@stir.ac.uk
Instituto do Mar
IMAR - DCEA - FCT
2829-516 Monte de Caparica
Portugal
Anders Stigebrandt
University of Gothenburg
Box 100
40530 Gteborg
Sweden
E-M: joao@hoomi.com
E-M: anst@oce.gu.se
Suzanne Bricker
Johannes Smits
Deltares
P.O. Box 177
2600 MH Delft
The Netherlands
NOAA/Center for Coastal Monitoring

and Assessment
1305 East West Highway, Floor 9
Silver Spring, MD 20910
U.S.A.
E-M: Johannes.Smits@wldelft.nl
E-M: suzanne.bricker@noaa.gov
Mingyuan Zhu
Alice Newton
First Institute of Oceanography

State Oceanic Administration
6 Xianxialing Road, Hi-tech Industrial
Zone
Qingdao 266061
China
Faculdade de Ciencias e Tecnologia

Gambelas Campus
8000-117 Faro
Portugal
E-M: alicenewton2007@gmail.com
E-M: myzhu@public.qd.sd.cn
Xiaojun Yan
Ningbo University
Banlu Zhang,
Ningzhen Road, P.O. Box 71
Ningbo 315211
China
E-m: zhangxl@fio.org.cn
138
SPEAR
TRANSMAP
Transboundary networks of marine
protected areas for integrated conservation
and sustainable development: Biophysical,
socio-economic and governance assessment
in East Africa
The goal of TRANSMAP was to develop
scientific knowledge for the creation
of transboundary networks of MPAs
in the East African region in particular
relating to type, size and location of
reserves, which together can maintain
ecological functions, resource-uses and
future socio-economic developments.
To achieve this, the following specific
research objectives were addressed: (1)
to gather and synthesise existing knowledge and databases; to map habitat
types and coastal land- and sea-uses;
(2) to assess the fundamental biophysical data, namely through biodiversity
evaluation, including an assessment of
species and habitats important for conservation purposes; (3) to evaluate the
sources of human income, especially
those derived from natural resources,
current socio-economic needs and their
traditional framework; (4) to assess the
institutional, legal and policy frameworks
for decision-making, and operational assessment and state of management; (5)
To develop options for zoning plans for
each case study area.
Activities
Following the project main objectives,
activities were targeted to the acquisition of the interdisciplinary knowledge
for the creation of transboundary conservation areas. Specifically, activities
were focused on (1) the production of
an extensive and complete compilation
of diverse existing information integrating the various sources of habitat
and resource use information, address
basic knowledge gaps and merge all information in an appropriate GIS system,
mapped from biophysical, socio-economic and governance data; (2) studies
on the biodiversity patterns and habitat
condition in the considered areas, including basic biodiversity along nested
spatial scales, biodiversity hotspots and
connectivity potential; (3) an analysis of
sources of income and uses of natural

resources by local populations, including gender issues and assessment of
expected socio-economic development
scenarios in a multi-criteria analysis; (4)
an analysis of governance frameworks,
namely policy, legal and institutional,
and assessment of operational and state
of management; (5) the development of
options for zoning in the considered
marine transboundary areas, using
computer-based algorithms modulated
by research data and stakeholder validation of options.
Project Number
INCO-CT-2004-510706

01/01/2005 to 30/06/2008 (42 months)
STREP
Coordinator
Main results
and outcomes
In addition to contributions to the
scientific literature, the central outputs are options for zoning plans
for two contrasting situations, which
encompass a significant fraction of
the biogeographical range of the region that integrate the results of the
biophysical and socio-economic assessments, adapted to accommodate
the local, regional and governance
frameworks. Scientifically validated
knowledge about the natural and social context of the regions considered
is expected to progress considerably
and will be shared well beyond the scientific community through interaction
between researchers and end-users
including
formal
decision-making
structures. It is expected that this will
inform policy development. Moreover,
intra-regional links were enhanced, a
necessary condition for the management of the common natural heritage
in the context of social acceptability
and economic viability.
Prof. Jos Paula

Portugal
Website
www.transmap.fc.ul.pt
TRANSMAP
139
TRANSMAP
International, crossdisciplinary teamwork
One main achievement of TRANSMAP
was certainly the combined effort made
towards better management of coastal
zones: Over 70 scientific staff from 12
institutions from 6 countries, including 3 developing countries, have joined
in this effort. They included renowned
senior scientists as well as PhD, MSc
and undergraduate students and
technicians. Their areas of expertise
included such diverse fields as marine
biology and marine ecology, modeling,
GIS experts, taxonomy, biogeography,
socio-economics, social sciences, and
international law. Most workshops held
during the project have included potential end-users and established good
relationships with related INCO projects such as PUMPSEA, and with other
related projects and initiatives such
as the TFCA Transboundary project
in Mozambique and Tanzania. One of
the main achievements of TRANSMAP
Project, with special emphasis on the
socio-economic component was to
stimulate further research collaborations between European and African
researchers. Examples of this include
projects examining the resilience of
coastal social-ecological systems to
climate change in East Africa funded
by the Leverhulme Trust, involving
TRANSMAP partners ODG, CDS-ZC, IMS
and the Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary
Marine Park; the link between
coastal and marine ecosystems and poverty alleviation, involving ODG and ORI,
funded by the UK Natural Environment
Research Council (NERC); and migrant
fishers and fishing in the Western
Indian Ocean, involving ODG and UEM,
and funded by the MASMA programme
of the Western Indian Ocean Marine
Science Association (WIOMSA).
Project website (www.transmap.fc.ul.

pt) and the TRANSMAP Meta-database
(www.transmap.fc.ul.pt\WP2), where
more than 800 records were added
by the end date of the Project (June
2008). This database provides a number of functionalities including data
entry, records validation as well as
record searching capabilities. Baseline
definition for this task is designed to
collate and assess all the available information describing the ecological
and socio-economic characteristics of
both regions included in the project.
In order to achieve this target, information was gathered, interpreted and
processed to build a comprehensive
data set, which is of direct application

to the overall projects objectives. For
example, lists that detail coastal and
marine resources can potentially now
be represented spatially on a map.
Thus, detailed spatial land-cover data,
preliminary ground units and data for
baseline mapping have been identified,
sourced and documented. The metadata descriptions for these primarily
public domain datasets are available
from the TRANSMAP metadata-base
website, and can be accessed from the
project website. Using Landsat satellite
imagery, habitats were discriminated
and mapped.
Objective 1
One of the first products to be released
to the public, was the TRANSMAP
140
TRANSMAP
Objective 3
The socio-economic research undertaken as part of TRANSMAP Project
focused on three main areas of
research:assessing the importance of
marine resources for livelihoods;
1. mapping resource use patterns;
2. eliciting
stakeholder
perceptions, values and concerns in
relation to coastal resources and
their management.
This platform is available for the general public from the TRANSMAP WEBGIS
(link in the Project website). This map
server is a simplified TRANSMAP GIS
for public use, were GIS data and maps
of the information that was produced
can be see. It is also intended to allow
the public to interactively query the
data and to download information and
save pictures of the maps.
Objective 2
The livelihoods research found that,

with the exception of local communities
in South Africa, households in the transboundary areas depend considerably
on natural resource-based activities,
with fishing-related activities forming
an important component of livelihood
strategies. Although it is a known fact
that many coastal communities depend
on fisheries, the research determines
quantitatively the level of dependence,
contributing to anticipate not only the
livelihood impacts of management
measures, but also the implications of
resource loss and mismanagement.
The designation of MPA networks

should minimise conflicts with existing users. This requires taking
into account resource use patterns.
TRANSMAP Project made an important
contribution to creating knowledge
about these patterns, specifically with
regards to the most important fishing
grounds and fishers movements in
northern Mozambique, including migratory routes. The research described
the cross-border movement of fishers
and trade flows between from Tanzania
and Mozambique, both of which have
important implications for transboundary marine conservation.
Objective 4
The governance team has collected and
synthesized into standardized tables
the relevant instruments to be considered: global instruments, regional
instruments, ratification of global
instruments, ratification of regional
instruments, Mozambican, South and
Tanzanian national legislation were
made available through public reports. A possible series of options for
transboundary MPAs in the region that
represent different degrees of political
commitment between the three African
The project has addressed several core

research modules regarding biodiversity
in the target region. It mapped habitats, and for each main habitat (corals,
mangroves, seagrass meadows, sand,
mud and rocky shores) a number of
biodiversity proxies were studied along
the considered geographical range,
identifying gradients and contrasts. It
mapped areas and species of particular
conservation interest, such as corals,
dolphins, marine turtles and wetland
bird fauna. It further developed studies for assessing connectivity between
habitats, a key issue when designing
size and distance between conservation
units. For this were used several tools,
including genetic and morphometric
differentiation in model organisms, and
migration capacity of reef fishes.
TRANSMAP
141
TRANSMAP
countries was developed. This continuum of commitments between the three
countries (Mz - Mozambique, SA - South
Africa and Tz - Tanzania) is depicted
in the scheme below. The TRANSMAP
Project has also collected and synthesized the relevant instruments for MPAs
management, from multilateral to the
three local instruments. These documents have been made public through
the Project webpage.
Objective 5
Options for zoning plans for each
case-study area were produced using
dedicated software modelling different approaches in what regards MPAs
main objectives. The use of the systematic methods in close relation with the
Project GIS data has produced a tool
and a TRANSMAP Project zoning plans
user manual that has been provided to
local stakeholders directly involved in
the establishment and the management
of MPAs. This decision making tool
provides not only the relevant GIS data,
but also some important guidelines in
what regards the software modelling
options. These central outputs present
alternative schemes for the zoning of
the target transboundary areas, derived
from the computer-based systematic
approach, modulated by iterative processes regarding socio-economic and
governance constraints. It contributes
for the effectiveness of the establishment of networks of Marine Protected
Areas in the region, by providing
relevant information, mapping and
methodological guidelines.
Dissemination
The TRANSMAP Project dissemination
has been made through several means,
from local media to international
broadcast media for the region, with
special emphasis to the general public. Scientific Papers, Leaflets, Booklets,
Popular articles, Lectures, Lecture handouts, Conferences, Education Support,
Media (TV + Radio Show / Press releases), Posters, Deliverables (on-line/CD/
Hard Copies), Decision making tools
(handbook), have been produced with
different levels of information targeted to Politicians, Managers, Scientific
Community,
Students,
Scholars,
Teachers, Communities, Stakeholders
and General Public.
Bandeira, S., C. Macamo, J. Kairo, F. Amade, N.

Jiddawi & J. Paula (submitted). Evaluation of
mangrove forest structure, condition and analysis of main drivers of degradation in the Eastern
African region. Aquatic Conservation.
Chircop, A., D. Dzidzornu, J. Guerreiro & C. Grilo
(in press). The Maritime Zones of East African
States in the Law of the Sea: Benefits Gained,
Opportunities Missed. African Journal of International & Comparative Law.
de Abreu, D.C., J. Paula & A. Macia (submitted).
Connectivity between tropical coastal habitats:
using stable isotopes in juvenile penaeid shrimps
and potential food sources. Marine Biology.
Ferreira, M.A., F. Andrade, P. Cardoso & J. Paula
(submitted). Coastal habitats mapping along the
Tanzania/Mozambique transboundary area using Landsat TM5 imagery. Western Indian Ocean
Journal of Marine Sciences.
Ferreira, M.A., F. Andrade, S. Bandeira, P. Cardoso, R. Nogueira Mendes & J. Paula (submitted). Mangroves along the Tanzania/Mozambique transboundary area: mapping change
(1995-2005) and identifying its drivers. Aquatic
Conservation.
Penha-Lopes, G., P. Torres, A. Macia and J. Paula,
2007. Population structure, fecundity and
embryo loss of the sea grass shrimp Latreutes
pymoeus (Decapoda: Hippolytidae) at Inhaca
Island, Mozambique. Journal of the Marine Biology Association of the UK, 87:870-884.
Rosendo, S. & K. Brown (in press). Coastal conservation and development in frontier areas:
challenges in Mozambique. Coastal Management.
Schleyer, M.H., A.H.H. Macdonald, D.E. Starzak,
B.Q. Mann, J. Paula, I. Silva, A. Costa, A. Macia &
D. de Abreu (in press). Studies on reef connectivity within the context of the TRANSMAP project.
Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean,
Status Report 2007, SIDA/Sarec.
Torres, P., G. Penha-Lopes, A. Macia & J. Paula,
2007. Population structure and egg production
of the seagrass shrimp Hippolyte kraussiana
Stimpson, 1860 (Decapoda: Hippolytidae) at
Inhaca island, Mozambique. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 50:145-153.
Torres, P., A. Alfiado, D. Glassom, N. Jiddawi, A.
Macia, D. Reid & J. Paula (in press). Species composition, comparative size and abundance of the
genus Littoraria (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) from
different mangrove strata along the East African
coast. Hydrobiologia.
Torres, P., G. Penha-Lopes, L. Narciso, A. Macia
& J. Paula (in press). Fecundity and brood loss in
four species of fiddler crabs, genus Uca (Brachyura: Ocypodidae), in the mangroves of Inhaca
island, Mozambique. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK.
142
TRANSMAP
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Jos Paula
Jos Guerreiro
Laboratrio Martimo da Guia IMAR
Estrada do Guincho s/n
2750-642 Cascais
Portugal
Tel: +351 214 86 92 11
Fax: +351 214 86 97 20
ICAT - Instituto de Cincia Aplicada e

Tecnologia ICAT - Edf. ICAT,
Campus da Faculdade de Cincias,
Campo Grande 1749-016 Lisboa
Portugal
E-M: jpaula@fc.ul.pt
Olof Linden
E-M: jose.guerreiro@icat.fc.ul.pt
World Maritime University

Marine Environment Management
Citadellsy 29
20124 Malm
Sweden
Theodor Stewart
Dept of Statistical Sciences
Private Bag 7701
Rondebosch County
South Africa
E-M: tjstew@stats.uct.ac.za
Adriano Macia
Faculty of Sciences
CP 257
Maputo
Mozambique
E-M: adriano@zebra.uem.mz
E-M: olof.linden@wmu.se
Hermes Pacule
David Souter
Hgskolan I Kalmar
Dept of Biology and Environmental
Science
39182 Kalmar
Sweden
Centre for Sustainable Development

for Coastal Zones
Ministry of Environment
PO Box 66
Praia de Xai-Xai
Mozambique
E-M: david.souter@hik.se
E-M: hermespacule2004@yahoo.com.br
david.souter@cordio.org
Narriman Jiddawi
Katrina Brown
Overseas Development Group
School of Development Studies
NR4 7TJ Norwich
United Kingdom
E-M: k.brown@uea.ac.uk
Roger Bamber
The Natural History Museum, London
Dept of Zoology
Cromwell Road
SW7 5BD London
United Kingdom

PO Box 668
Mizingani, Zanzibar
Tanzania
E-M: njiddawi@ims.udsm.ac.tz
Julius Francis
Western Indian Ocean Marine Science
Association
PO Box 3298
Mizingani Street
Hse 13644/10, Zanzibar
Tanzania
E-M: Julius@wiomsa.org
E-M: r.bamber@nhm.ac.uk
Rudolf van der Elst

Oceanographic Research Institute
Marine Parade 4056
10712 Durban
South Africa
E-M: rudy@ori.org.za
TRANSMAP
143
CENSOR
Climate variability and El Nio Southern
Oscillation: Implications for natural coastal
resources and management
Project Number
INCO-CT-2004-511071

01/10/2004 to 01/10/2008 (48 months)
STREP
Coordinator
Dr. Sven Thatje
National Oceanography Centre
Southampton (NOCS)
United Kingdom
(initially Prof. Wolf E. Arntz
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and
Marine Research (AWI), Germany)
Website
www.censor.name
Activities
Along the Chilean-Peruvian coast of the

Humboldt Current upwelling system,
the sustained exploitation of marine
resources within their ecosystem context, surface runoff, infrastructure and
socio-economics are significantly influenced by the ENSO (El Nio-Southern
Oscillation) climate oscillation, which
affects aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems alike. The warm phase (El Nio,
EN) has drastic effects on marine and
terrestrial biota and on artisanal fisheries. However, both EN and the cold
phase, La Nia (LN), also produce positive effects, which are not used by local
fishermen and human communities to
their full advantage.
CENSOR implements a multidisciplinary

approach aiming at a comprehensive
picture illustrating the structure and
response of the Chilean-Peruvian coastal system to ENSO. Studies on benthic
communities, pelago-benthic exchange
processes, the effects of increased rainfall in coastal systems and resource
variability under EN and LN conditions are being compiled and analysed
comparatively. Information being accumulated on changes in marine fauna
and flora due to climate variability will
enhance the understanding of ecosystem function and the processes
steering life cycles, species interactions
and genetics.
CENSOR aims at enhancing the detection, compilation and understanding of

EN and LN effects on coastal environments and resources to mitigate damage
and better use beneficial effects.
The project supports the comprehension of eco-physiological tolerance

limits of upwelling species to explain
shifts in resource availability and abundance, aiming at an improved fishery
management and resource prediction.
Biological indicators will be identified to predict and validate EN events.
Aquacultural demands are addressed
to compensate EN effects and decrease
EN dependence. Data on increased surface runoff, river discharge associated
with EN events, and their resulting effects are being integrated and analysed
on the landside.
The economic and socioeconomic consequences of all these changes, both
in the terrestrial and marine realm,
are studied. All compilations and results of the CENSOR project will be
integrated in a public database and
made available to the managers of the
coastal zone and its resources, to science, and to the public at large. The
interacts closely with the PASARELAS
Specific Support Action seeking to enhance the interface between scientific
research and social dialogue processes
with a potential to support policies conducive to sustainability strategies and
their implementation. To date, CENSOR
144
CENSOR
achievements were already presented at

numerous conferences and workshops,
as well as in the local and international
media (see: www.censor.name).
Preliminary Results
and outcome
It is expected that the CENSOR collaboration will result in improving the
general understanding of coastal ecosystems subject to ENSO impact. It will
compile and disseminate this information widely in the public domain and
thus create a scientifically validated information exchange platform between
various actors in the coastal realm. It is
expected that this approach will inform
socially aware resource management
and environmental policy, as well as
contribute to social and socio-economic stability through stronger scientific
underpinning of social negotiation processes. The arising public knowledge
base has good potential to underpin
sustainable livelihood strategies of
human coastal populations facing the
Humboldt Current upwelling system.
CENSOR is concentrating on ENSO effects on coastal ecosystems and their
natural resources.
One of the most striking results so far
is that on a microecological scale the
response of coastal ecosystems to El
Nio conditions can greatly vary and
thus large-scale generalisations as
for the open ocean are often not applicable. Positive effects of El Nio
conditions on local shellfish stocks,
such as scallops are by far not appreciated enough by the management
systems in place. Work with different
stakeholders levels revealed that the
fishermen community is to some extent
well aware of the effects of El Nio, but
that management adjustments are not
made to adapt to change.
Furthermore, management structures

of coastal marine resources do greatly
differ between Chile and Peru, which
requires adapted management tools,
or management approaches do lack
completely. In a pilot study in the Bay
of Sechura, Peru, CENSOR has taken on
the development of management tools
for the local fishermen community and
is bridging the decision-making process
between fishermen, local authorities,
and the government. Our scientific work
revealed that much of the descriptive
data on i.e. changes in abundance of
targeted resources over time do indeed
need underpinning by process studies
and physiological and ecological data at
organismal level that allow the prediction of response capability of species
during El Nio. This is particularly important to pre-estimate the impact of
different scale El Nio events on the
availability of coastal natural resources.
CENSOR stores and analyses published
and unpublished data of any kind dealing with the ENSO phenomenon in the
PANGAEA database system (http://www.
pangaea.de), in order to preserve and
make the information available to scientists (i.e. for modelling approaches) and
the public at large. Preliminary analyses
of this database has shown that most
work dealing with ENSO is still published in local South American and Grey
Literature and that this information is
generally underappreciated by the international community, and thus potentially
hampering progress that could be made
by appreciating this information.
Nauen, C.E., V. Christensen, P. Failler, S. Opitz
& S. Thatje, 2006. Recovering fisheries from
crisis or collapse: how to shorten impact time
of international research cooperation. 13 pages.
In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Biennial
Conference of the International Institute of
Fisheries Economics & Trade, July 11-14, 2006,
Portsmouth, UK: Rebuilding Fisheries in an
Uncertain Environment. Compiled by Ann L.
Shriver. International Institute of Fisheries
Economics & Trade, Corvallis, Oregon, USA,
2006. CD ROM. ISBN 0-9763432-3-1
Pea, T.S., K. Johst, V. Grimm, W. Arntz &
J. Tarazona, 2005. Population dynamics of
a polychaete during three El Nio events:
disentangling biotic and abiotic factors.
Oikos, 111(2):253-358. DOI:10.1111/j.00301299.2005.14067.x
Salvatteci, R. & J. Mendo, 2006. Estimacin de las
prdidas bio-econmicas causadas por la captura
de juveniles de anchoveta (Engraulis ringens, J.)
en la costa peruana. Revista de Ecologa Aplicada
UNALM, 4:113-120.
Thatje, S., J. Laudien, O. Heilmayer, C.E. Nauen,
2007. Understanding El Nio The importance
of Grey Literature in coastal ecosystem research
and management. Marine Policy, 31:85-93. DOI:
10.1016/j.marpol.2006.04.007
Thatje, S. (ed.), 2008. Climate variability and
El Nio Southern Oscillation: implications for
natural coastal resources and management.
Helgoland Marine Research, 62 (Suppl. 1):S1-110
(ISSN 1438-387X)
Taylor, M., M. Wolff, F. Vadas & C. Yamashiro,
2008. Trophic and environmental drivers of
the Sechura Bay Ecosystem (Peru) over an ENSO
cycle. Helgoland Marine Research, 62(Suppl.
1):S15-32. DOI 10.1007/s10152-007-0093-4
CENSOR
145
CENSOR
Contacts
Coordinator
Sven Thatje
National Oceanography Centre,
Southampton
School of Ocean and Earth Science
European Way
SO14 3ZH Southampton
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 23 80 59 64 49
Fax: +44 23 80 59 30 59
E-M: svth@noc.soton.ac.uk
Partners
Juan Leonidas Tarazona
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos
Instituto de Investigacin de Ciencias
Biolgicas Antonio Raymondi
Faculty of Biological Sciences
Av. Venezuela Cdra. 34
Lima 100
Peru
Matthias Wolff
Dimitri Alexey Guterrez
University of Bremen
Center for Tropical Marine Ecology
(ZMT)
Fahrenheitstr. 6
28359 Bremen
Germany
Instituto del Mar del Per

Direccin de Investigacin
Oceanogrfica
Esquina Gamarra y General Valle s/n
Callao
Peru
E-M: mwolff@zmt-bremen.de
E-M: dgutierrez@imarpe.gob.pe
Josep-Maria Gili
Luc Ortlieb
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones

Cientficas
Instituto de Ciencias del Mar
Marine Biology and Oceanography
Serrano, 117
28006 Madrid
Spain

Dveloppement
Centre IRD Ile de France
Palo-environnements tropicaux et
variables
Avenue Henri Varagnat, 32
75480 Paris
France
E-M: gili@icm.csic.es
E-M: Luc.Ortlieb@bondy.ird.fr
Walter Sielfeld
Jaime Mendo
Universidad Arturo Prat

Departamento de Ciencias del Mar
Avda. Arturo Prat No. 2120
Iquique
Chile
Universidad Nacional Agraria La

Molina
Fishery Faculty
Avenida La Universidad s/n
Lima 100, La Molina
Peru
E-M: walter.sielfeld@unap.cl
E-M: jtarazona@concytec.gob.pe
Gustavo Lovrich
Rubn Escribano
E-M: jmendo@lamolina.edu.pe
Center of Oceanography for the
Eastern South Pacific
Department:
Barrio universitario s/n
Concepcin
Chile
CONICET
Centro Austral de Investigaciones
Cientficas y Tcnicas
Laboratorio de Crustceos
Av. Malvinas Argentinas S/N, Ruta 3,
Barrio La Misin 9410
V9410BFD Ushuaia
Argentina
E-M: rescribano@udec.cl
E-M: lovrich@tierradelfuego.org.ar
Marcelo E. Oliva
Oscar Osvaldo Iribarne
Universidad de Antofagasta
Instituto de Investigaciones
Oceanolgicas
Facultad de Recursos del Mar
Angamos 601
Antofagasta
Chile
Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata

Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y
Naturales
Laboratorio de Ecologa, Departamento
de Biologa
Funes 3350
B7600WAG, Mar del Plata
Argentina
E-M: meoliva@uantof.cl
Bruno Merz
Helmholtz Society
GeoForschungsZentrum
Engineering Hydrology Section
Telegrafenberg
14473 Potsdam
Germany
E-M: bmerz@gfz-potsdam.de
E-M: osiriba@mdp.edu.ar
146
CENSOR
MANGROVE
Mangrove ecosystems, communities and
conflict: developing knowledge-based
approaches to reconcile multiple demands

Urbanisation and development in SE
Asia is occurring rapidly along coastal
zones. Such coastal areas are important
food production centres, which are
central to the livelihoods of many poor
people. Until recently the benefits of
mangroves were generally not appreciated and undervalued. Major constraints
to informed policy and management of
mangrove ecosystems in Asia are the
lack of relevant information on the value
stakeholders ascribe to such systems and
the absence of a balanced assessment
of ecosystem functioning, livelihoods
and multiple uses. Moreover, mangrove
ecosystem management requires scientists, planners and policy makers to
deal with changing and often conflicting
demands whilst attempting to meet the
challenge of fulfilling the basic needs
of local communities. Considering the
many important resources and functions that mangrove ecosystems provide
and the support afforded to poor coastal
livelihoods, this project will address the
lack of knowledge about their status,
use and requirements for sustainable
management.
An improved understanding of the multiple uses of mangrove ecosystems in
employment generation, asset creation,
food provision and sustaining the provision of societal support functions is
required. This project aims to develop action plans to reconcile multiple
demands placed on mangroves and adjacent coastal zones in Southeast Asia;
local and national level stakeholders will
participate in action planning, ensuring widespread support and increasing
the likelihood of implementation. New
knowledge concerning the most effective approaches to action planning
involving coastal communities and national institutions will be communicated
to agencies responsible for coastal zone
management and planning, to assist in
developing codes of practice and policies
that acknowledge and aim to reconcile
the multiple demands placed on mangroves and adjacent coastal zones.
Activities
Initially a detailed situation analysis,
involving participatory community appraisals, stakeholder and institutional
analysis, a study of the market networks
for goods derived from mangroves and
an assessment of existing datasets was
undertaken. Ecological characteristics,
structure, processes and functions of
mangroves, and adjacent coastal areas
are being assessed, enabling methods and indicators for participatory
monitoring to be developed. Livelihood
strategies of households dependent
on goods and services derived from
mangroves are being monitored to
identify conflicts and tensions between
and within livelihoods.
Project Number
INCO-CT-2005-003697

01/08/2005 to 31/01/2010 (54 months)
STREP
Coordinator
Dr. Stuart Bunting
University of Essex
United Kingdom
Website
www.enaca.org/modules/mangrove
A detailed institutional analysis involving local, national & international

organisations is characterising existing policy and legislation relating
to mangroves; the changing status
of mangroves and values stakeholders associate with them is also being
assessed. These activities are being
followed by the formulation, in collaboration with stakeholders, especially
local communities and representatives
from national scale institutions, of
Action Plans designed to reconcile
multiple demands (RMD).
The impacts of implementing these action plans on the mangrove ecosystem,
adjacent coastal areas, producers, consumers and institutions involved will
then be monitored and evaluated. New
knowledge from the project will contribute to a better understanding of the
value of mangrove ecosystems to poor
communities and help guide other communities and national scale institutions
in developing action plans to reconcile
multiple demands placed on mangroves
and associated coastal zones.
MANGROVE
147
MANGROVE
Expected Results
and outcome
Community participation is being encouraged to ensure that new knowledge
is accessible for collective decision-making and development of policies for the
equitable use of coastal zones, especially mangroves. High potential strategies
are being identified and guidelines and
policy brief materials developed to promote uptake and policy development.
All findings and conclusions are being
disseminated through appropriate communication media, project reports and
bulletins in local languages, scientific
papers, guidelines and policy briefs. This
project will lead to improvements in
the reconciliation of multiple demands
placed on mangroves and adjacent
coastal zones in Southeast Asia.
Bosma, R.H., A.S. Sidik, E. Sugiharto, Fitriyana,
A.A. Budiarsa, Sumoharjo; S. Rizal & Nuryatiningsih, 2007. Situation of the mangrove ecosystem
and the related community livelihoods in Muara
Badak, Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Bunting, S.W., 2006a. Low impact aquaculture.
Colchester, UK: Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex. CES Occasional Paper
2006-3. (online at: www2.essex.ac.uk/ces)
Bunting, S.W., 2006b. Communication planning:
shared experiences from the East Kolkata Wetlands, India. Colchester, UK: Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex. CES Working Paper 2006-SWB1.
Bunting, S.W., 2007 Regenerating aquaculture:
enhancing aquatic resources management, livelihoods and conservation. In J. Pretty, A. Ball, T.
Benton, J. Guivant, D. Lee, D. Orr, M. Pfeffer &
H. Ward (eds.). SAGE Handbook on Environment
and Society. SAGE Publications.
Bunting, S.W., 2008a. Horizontally integrated
aquaculture development: exploring consensus on constraints and opportunities with a
stakeholder Delphi. Aquaculture International,
16:153-169.
Bunting, S.W. (in press). Assessing the stakeholder Delphi for facilitating interactive participation
and consensus building for sustainable aquaculture development. Society & Natural Resources.
148
MANGROVE
Bunting, S.W. & J. Pretty, 2007. Global carbon

budgets and aquaculture - emissions, sequestration and management options. Centre for
Environment and Society Occasional Paper 20064. Colchester, UK: Centre for Environment and
Society, University of Essex. (online at: www2.
essex.ac.uk/ces).
Bunting, S.W., P. van Zwieten, N. Powell, A.S.
Sidik, V. Dulyapurk, P.N. Hong & S.S. De Silva,
2007. Mangrove ecosystems, communities and
conflict: developing knowledge-based approaches to reconcile multiple demands. Paper at the
2007 European Aquaculture Society meeting,
Istanbul, Turkey.
Dulyapurk, V, W. Taparhudee, R. Yoonpundh & S.
Jumnongsong, 2007. Multidisciplinary situation
appraisal of mangrove ecosystems in Thailand.
Bangkok, Thailand: Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University.
Le Xuan Tuan, Nguyen Huu Tho, Phan Nguyen
Hong, Phan Thi Anh Dao, 2007. Stakeholders
involved in mangrove management in Tien Hai
District, Thai Binh Province. National Symposium
Mangrove restoration for climate change adaptation and sustainable development Can Gio
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 26-27th November
2007 (in Vietnamese)
Lewins, R., 2006. Coastal aquaculture and development - planning for sustainability. Colchester,
UK: Centre for Environment and Society, University of Essex. CES Occasional Paper 2006Sidik, A.S. & R. Bosma, 2007. Aquaculture or
failed gold rush: situation analysis of the mangrove ecosystem and the related community
livelihoods in Muara Badak, Mahakam Delta, East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Paper presented at the
Asian Pacific Aquaculture 2007 Conference, 5-8
August 2007, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Tran Trung Thanh & Le Xuan Tuan, 2008. Primary study on exploitation and management of
natural resources in mangrove areas in Tien Hai
District, Thai Binh Province. Proceedings of Scientific Workshops of National Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment. Ho Chi
Minh, Vietnam, June 2008 (in Vietnamese)
van Zwieten, P.A.M., A.S. Sidik, Noryadi, I. Suyatna & Abdunnur, 2006. Aquatic Food Production
in the Coastal Zone: Data-Based Perceptions on
the Trade-off between Mariculture and Fisheries
Production of the Mahakam Delta and Estuary,
East Kalimantan, Indonesia. pp. 219-236 In C.T.
Hoanh, T.P. Tuong, J.W. Gowing, & B. Hardy
(eds.). Environment and Livelihoods in Tropical
Coastal Zones: Managing Agriculture - Fishery Aquaculture Conflicts. CABI Publishing, UK, in
association with the International Rice Research
Institute (IRRI), Philippines and the International
Water Management Institute (IWMI), Sri Lanka.
VNU (Vietnam National University), 2007. Situation of the mangrove ecosystem and related
community livelihoods in Tien Hai, Thai Binh
Province. Hanoi, Vietnam: Vietnam National
University.
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Stuart Bunting
Paul van Zwieten & Roel Bosma
University of Essex
Centre for Environment and Society
Department: Department of Biological
Sciences
Colchester CO4 3SQ
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1206 87 22 19
Animal Science Group / Aquaculture
and Fisheries
PO Box 9101, Costerweg 50
Wageningen 6701BH
The Netherlands
E-M: swbunt@essex.ac.uk
roel.bosma@wur.nl
Sena De Silva
Network of Aquaculture Centres in
Asia-Pacific
DOF Complex, Kasetsart University
Campus,
Ladyao, Jatujak
Bangkok
Thailand
E-M: sena.desilva@enaca.org
E-M: paul.vanzwieten@wur.nl
Dr Neil Powell & Maria Osbeck

Stockholm Environment Institute
Risk, Livelihoods & Vulnerability
Programme
Kraftriket 2B
SE 106 91 Stockholm
Sweden
E-M: neil.powell@sei.se
maria.osbeck@sei.se
Ahmad Syafei Sidik

Mulawarman University
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science
Jalan Muara Pahu No. 1, Kampus
Gunung Kelua
Samarinda 75119
Indonesia
E-M: assidik-fpik@telkom.net
Varaunthat Dulyapurk
Kasetsart University
Faculty of Fisheries
Department of Aquaculture
Bangkhen Chatujak
10900 Bangkok
Thailand
E-M: ffisvtd@ku.ac.th
Phan Nguyen Hong

Vietnam National University
Mangrove Ecosystem Research Division
No. 7, Ngo 115, Nguyen Khuyen
Hanoi
Vietnam
E-M: merd@netnam.vn
MANGROVE
149
ECOST
Ecosystems, Societies, Consilience, Precautionary principle: Development of an assessment
method of the societal cost for best fishing
practices and efficient public policies
Project Number
INCO-CT-2005-003711

01/01/2005 to 31/10/2009 (48 months)
STREP
Coordinator
Dr. Pierre Failler
CEMARE
United Kingdom
Website
www.ecostproject.org

The main aim of the ECOST project is
to develop a new approach to assess
the societal cost of fishing activities
and fishing policies. By societal cost we
mean all costs linked to fishing activities: these may be ecological (alteration
of the capacity of a system), economic
(all costs linked to production, management, subsidies and external factors),
social (linked to choices made in public policy, food security and safety,
provision for national or international
markets, the eradication of poverty and
to development models (small scale
fishing versus industrial fishing).
The project has to be seen from the
wider perspective of equipping public
decision-makers and society with the
appropriate tools and methods needed
to take into account, not only immediate economic and social profits, but
also the costs engendered by fishing
activities which relate as much to ecosystems as to societies.
Work is spread over three continents
(three countries for each continent)
that are characterised respectively by
ecosystems of coastal upwelling (West
Africa), delta (Southeast Asia) and coral
reef (Caribbean). Within each region/
ecosystem (eco-region) several fisheries
have been selected as representative of
global fishing activities. Furthermore,
a marine protected area will be chosen in order to carry out comparative
analysis within the said eco-region, and
to serve as a reference point. There is
a triple advantage to such a choice:
firstly, it will facilitate the comparison
of the different ecosystems; secondly,
it will facilitate the comparison of fishing methods and management (public
policy); and thirdly, it will facilitate
the comparison of societies based on
the choices they have made and their
concerns regarding various marine resources. The main body of work will
therefore focus on the development of
150
ECOST
a model that addresses the societal cost

of fishing activities, which can reflect
the reality of such varied and contrasting coastal regions as perceived via
their ecosystems and societies.
At the heart of the project will be the
triple theme of marine environment
- fishing activities - civil society thus
bringing together the life sciences and
the social sciences. The multi-disciplinary nature of the project is centred on
the concept of consilience in order to
gain a better understanding of situations that require the diverse expertise.
Activities
Core activities involve
(i) research into the capacity of traditional models to take into account the
reality of ecological, economic and
social effects using purely theoretical
considerations, the experience of past
application and a questioning of the
notion of value. A theoretical study of
the strengths of these models can not
be separated from an in-depth analysis
of the values of nature (resources and
functions) that underlie the present
models. This work on the notions of
value is fundamental to the definition
of societal costs: costs and values are
two sides of the same coin. The result
of this first stage of the work will be
a report which translates the degree
of significance of the use of different
models used until now and examines
the notions of value to be considered in
the measurement of the societal cost of
fishing activities.
(ii) The construction of an efficient
model for societal cost. This model is
founded on the close association of economics and ecology, and is constructed
using a model which, at present, has the
greatest potential for being applied to
the domain of fishing. It takes into account the variable nature of resources
and marine environmental changes

and can acquire a dynamic dimension,
which is necessary for any prospective
approach to public policy. The measurable result will therefore be a dynamic
model that has environmental retro-actions in relation to the ecosystem.
(iii) The production of a generic version
of the model for social impact. This will
firstly be a revision of the model according to the lessons learnt from its
experimental application to the three selected regions/ecosystems and secondly
it will consist of a multi-disciplinary
study of the biological, ecological and
economic factors that may limit the
wider application of the model to other
regions/ecosystems in the world. The
validation of the model and its generic
formulation will be accompanied by an
index of performance (in relation to the
quality of the data and the nature of the
information that has been gathered, for
example), an explanatory manual and
the analysis of the limits inherent in the
model. The measurable result will here
take the form of a generic model for
measuring societal costs accompanied
by a framework for application.
(iv) Comparison of the social costs of
fishing activities. Comparative work
carried out on three levels: firstly, work
on the ecosystem showing the repercussions of the use of distinct techniques
and practices; secondly, comparison of
the ecosystems themselves in order to
highlight the responses made by the
ecosystems to anthropic pressure; and
thirdly, a comparison of ecosystems
that have free or regulated access and
the ecosystems found within marine
protected areas. The measurable result
will be a comparative analysis of societal costs according to the means of
production, and valorisation of products and ecosystems.
(v) Exploration of options for public
policy by the formulation of certain
principles found within the framework
of the Code of conduct for responsible

fisheries. The popularisation of the
project will be the best means of making
good use of the model in the formulation of public policy linked to the future
of fishing in the regions that are heavily dependent on fishing resources. The
measurable result will be the production of an interactive CD-ROM that will
give projections of regional effects as
soon as the basic data required by the
model are available and integrated. It
is intended to be suitable for decision
makers and a wider public.
The consortium will interact closely
with the PASARELAS Specific Support
Action seeking to enhance the interface between scientific research and
social dialogue processes with a potential to support policies conducive
to sustainability strategies and their
implementation.
Results and outcome

The tools and methodologies that are being developed into a coherent analytical
and scenario development framework
to will support robust management
strategies to be formulated that target
sustainability of the marine ecosystems
and greater security to fishers and fishing companies, enabling them to make
the most appropriate investment or disinvestments decisions. This, in turn, will
contribute to diminishing the vulnerability of fishing communities availing
themselves of the tools.
The results of the research will be disseminated in a number of ways. Firstly,

a series of high quality research papers
will be produced and published in influential journals. These will include
journals covering fisheries science
(e.g. Fisheries Research, ICES Journal,
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and
Aquatic Science), fisheries economics
(e.g. Marine Resource Economics), fisheries policy and sociology (e.g. Marine
Policy, MAST) and potentially a range
of other socio-economic, modelling or
decision-making journals. Key subject
specific conferences (e.g. marine science
conferences, economics and social conferences) will be attended and papers
based on the research presented. The
objective of the professional dissemination is to ensure that the research is
of top international quality.
Dissemination will also take place between fisheries scientists, economists,
sociologists through plenary meetings/
workshops held as part of the co-ordination activity in the project. These will
be open to organisations not directly
involved in the project, and will be a
conduit for the methodology and ideas
to disseminate through the key scientific
and economic community in the world.
At a more global level, the project has

potential for strategic impact on the
formulation of national and international policies regarding the governance of
ocean and costal zones resources and
ecosystems. This could lead to the development of better policies that have a
direct impact on the alleviation of societal problems that developing countries
are facing: fish availability, poverty alleviation, external debt, etc.
ECOST
151
ECOST
Contacts
Social Science Information / Information sur les
Sciences sociales. Vol. 46(1) March 2007. Special
Issue: Pursuing the true value of people and
the sea / Numro spcial: Res halieutica: une
r-valuation (Serge Collet, guest editor), Sage
Publications:
Collet, S., 2007. Pursuing the true value of
people and the sea: introduction. pp. 5-8.
Larrre, R. & C. Larrre, 2007. Should nature be
respected? pp. 9-34
Collet, S., 2007. Values at sea, value of the sea:
mapping issues and divides. pp. 35-66.
Fall, M., A. Samba & F. Lalo, 2006. Fishing tactics

and strategies in coastal demersal trawling
fisheries in Senegal. Aquatic Living Resources,
19:307316.
Coordinator
Lalo, F., 2007. Information at the interface

between supply and demand for indicators:
the use of a model with estimated parameter
values as a base for indication in multicriteria
analyses. International Journal of Sustainable
Development, 10(2):3345.
CEMARE
H.M. Naval Base
Portsmouth PO1 3LJ
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 2392 84 40 85
Fax: +44 2392 84 46 14
Nol, J.-F. & J.-Y. Weigel, 2007. Marine protected

areas: from conservation to sustainable
development. International Journal of
Sustainable Development, 10(3):233-250.
Pierre Failler
Sall, A.., P. Morand, Pche artisanale et

migration des jeunes africains bord de
pirogues: Mythes et ralits, Politique Africaine
(in submission March 2008).
Partners
Failler, P. & H. Pan, 2007. Global value, full value

and societal costs: Capturing the true cost of
destroying marine ecosystems. pp. 109-134.
Tao Jiang, Liu Yu, Li Shi-Yu, Wang Xiao-Hong,

Duan Li-jie, 2007. Simulation of the Time
Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems in the Northern
Continental Shelf of South China Sea with
Ecosim Model. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium
Universitatis Sunyatseni, 46(4):108-112.
Bavinck, M. & I. Monnereau, 2007. Assessing the

social costs of capture fisheries: An exploratory
study. pp. 135-152.
Tao Jiang, Liu Yu, Wang Lei, Li Shiyu*, Duan Li

Jie. An Energy Flow Ecopath Model of the Pearl
River Estuary Coastal Sea, forthcoming.
Sall, A., 2007. Loss of biodiversity:

Representation and valuation processes of
fishing communities. pp. 153-188.
Thorpe, A., D. Whitmarsh & P. Failler, 2007. The

Situation in World Fisheries. UNESCO-EOLSS.
Article can be accessed by going to http://www.
eolss.net. When you reach this web-site users
from less developed countries can access both
this article # 5-05-05-04 (and all other articles
in the whole encyclopaedia) by clicking on the
section entitled Subscription Information,
then Educational Institutions from the UN list
of Least Developed Countries (LDCs) to access
the registration form. Users based in non LDCs
will have to register through their institutions
library (free trial provision 6-10 months) to
obtain access.
Christensen, V., K.A. Aiken & M.C. Villanueva,

2007. Threats to the ocean: on teh role of
ecosystem approaches to fisheries. pp. 67-86.
Lalo, F., 2007. Modelling sustainability: From
applied to involved modelling. pp. 87-108.
Doulman, D.J., 2007. Coping with the

extended vulnerability of marine ecosystems:
Implementing the 1995 FAO Code of Conduct
for Responsible Fisheries. pp. 189-237
Other journal articles and book chapters:
Chavance, P., P. Morand, L. Thibaut & M. B,
2007. Challenges and difficulties of cooperation
between fisheries information systems
Experiences in six west African developing
countries. Ocean and Coastal Management,
50:713-731.
Christensen, V., 2007. Ecopath with Ecosim:
Linking Fisheries and Ecology. Chapter 5.
Manuscript submitted April 2007 for inclusion
in Sven Erik Jrgensen et al. (eds.) Handbook of
Ecological Modelling, Network and Informatics.
CRC Press.
Dme, M., P. Failler. Les opportunits financires,
conomiques et techniques de la relance de la
crevetticulture au Sngal. Revue Sngalaise
des Recherches Agricoles et Agro-alimentaires,
forthcoming.
Duan Li-Jie, Li Shi-Yu, Liu Yu, Jiang Tao & P.
Failler. An Application of the Ecopath with
Ecosim Model to the Pearl River Delta Coastal
Sea.(in submission).
Failler, P., G. Van de Walle, M. Deme, D.I.
Balde, A. Dia & S. Carrier. Imperatives of the
governance of Marine Protected Areas in
West Africa. Journal of Coastal Conservation,
forthcoming.
Yu Liu, Jiang Tao, Wang Xiao-Hong, Duan Li-Jie,

Li Shi-Yu, 2007. Establishment and Analysis
of the Ecopath Model of the Ecosystem in the
Northern Continental Shelf of South China
Sea. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis
Sunyatseni, 46(1):123-127.
Villy Christensen
North Sea Centre (NSC)
PO Box 104
DK-9850 Hirtshals
Denmark
v.christensen@fisheries.ubc.ca
Jacques Moreau
Ecole Nationale Suprieur dAgronomie
de Toulouse Avenue de lAgrobiopole
BP 32607,
Auzeville Tolosane
31326 Castanet-Tolosan (Toulouse)
France
E-M: moreau@ensat.fr
Pierre Chavance
Dveloppement (IRD)
213, rue La Fayette
75480 PARIS Cedex 10
France
E-M: Pierre.chavance@ird.fr
Maarten Bavinck
Centre for Maritime Research (MARE)
Plantage Muidergracht 4
1018 TV Amsterdam
The Netherlands
E-M: mbavinck@mail.siswo.uva.nl
Failler, P., M. Dme. Dynamiques dexploitation

et de valorisation des ressources halieutiques
dans la Rserve de Biosphre du Delta du
Saloum (RBDS). , forthcoming.
152
ECOST
Marleen Brans
N. Than Phuong
Associate Partners
Public Management Institute (PMI)

Katholieke Universieit Leuven
E. Van Evenstraat 2B
B 3000 Leuven
Belgium
Can Tho University

College of Aquaculture and Fisheries
(CAF)
Can Tho University-Campus II, 3/2
street
CanTho City
Vietnam
E-M: Marleen.Brans@soc.kuleuven.be
Alfredo da Silva
Instituto Nacional de Estudios e
Pesquisa (INEP)
Complexo Escolar 14 de Novembro
Bairro Cohornel Bissau
Guine-Bissau
E-M: alfredo.simao.dasilva@iucn.org
Serge Collet
Centro di Ingegneria Economica Sociale
Contrada Vermicelli
Universita della Calabria
87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS)
Italy
E-M: RAVENSWORDFISH@t-online.de
Alkaly Doumbouya
Halieutiques de Boussoura
B.P. 3738/39
Conakry
Guinea
E-M: ntphuong@ctu.edu.vn
Ulf. Wijkstrom
Food and Agricultural Organization of
the United Nations (FAO)
FIPP
00100 Rome
Italy
E-M: Ulf.Wijkstrom@fao.org
Chaoyu Wu
Zhongsdan University
Coastal and Ocean Research Centre
(CORC)
Guangzhou 510275
China
E-M: eeswcy@zsu.edu.cn
Ruangrai Tokrisna
Faculty of Economics
Department of Agricultural and
Resource Economics
50 Paholyothin Road, Jatujark
Bangkok 10900
Thailand
E-M: ruangrai.t@ku.ac.th
E-M: adoumbouya@cnshb.org.gn
Victor Ruiz
Instituto Tecnolgico de Santo
Domingo & el Equipo de Investigacin
Social (EQUIS)
Avenida de los Prceres, Gal
Santo Domingo
Dominican Republic
E-M: ongorongorita@hotmail.com
K. Aiken
University of West Indies
Centre for Marine Sciences (CMS)
Mona Campus
Mona
Jamaica
E-M: kaaiken@uwimona.edu.jm
Benot Horemans
Department for International
Development (DFID)
Sustainable Fishery Livelihood
Programme (SFLP)
00100 Rome
Italy
E-M: benoit.horemans@fao.org
Carl-Christian Schmidt
Organisation Economique pour le
Commerce et le Dveloppement
(OECD)
2, rue Andr Pascal
F-75775 Paris Cedex 16
France
E-M: Carl-Christian.SCHMIDT@oecd.org
Mahfuz Ahmed
WorldFish Center (WFC)
PO BOX 500, GPO
10670 Penang
Malaysia
E-M: m.ahmed@cgiar.org
Amadou Kane Cir

Commission sous-rgionale des Pches
(CRSP)
B.P. 20 505
Dakar
Senegal
E-M: csrp@sentoo.sn
Milton Haughton
Caribbean Regional Fisheries
Mechanism (CRFM)
P.O.BOX 642, Princess Margaret Drive
Belize City
Belize
E-M: miltonhaughton@yahoo.co.uk
ECOST
153
INCOFISH
Integrating multiple demands
on coastal zones with emphasis
on aquatic ecosystems and fisheries
Project Number
INCO-CT-2005-003739

01/05/2005 to 30/04/2008 (36 months)
STREP
Coordinator
Dr. Rainer Froese
Leibniz Institut fr
Meereswissenschaften
Germany
Website
www.incofish.org
154
INCOFISH

INCOFISH
conducted
specifically
targeted strategic research towards reconciling multiple demands on coastal
zones. It evaluated and integrated
data, tools and concepts suitable to
contribute to achieving the goals set
by the World Summit on Sustainable
Development in Johannesburg, such as
restoring healthy fish stocks and ecosystems by 2015.
Activities
INCOFISH research activities were focusing on the following Integrated Coastal
Zone Management (ICZM) issues:
(i) document historical performance
of ecosystems to deal with the shifting baselines syndrome and provide
sound reference points for resource
restoration; (ii) provide electronic
maps for all coastal species to establish authoritative species inventories
and explore scenarios of global change
and invasive species; (iii) create spatial ecosystem models for selected
coastal ecosystems as a basis for understanding the resource; (iv) provide
guidelines and tools for best sizing
and placement of marine protected
areas; (v) research impact of ecotourism on coastal ecosystem and provide
best-practice guidelines; (vi) identify
suitable simple indicators to promote
and monitor sustainable fisheries; (vii)
provide valuation of coastal ecosystem
products and services and of different management regimes; (viii) review
legal instruments for sustainable fishing in coastal zones; (ix) revisit coastal
transects as a tool for structuring and
understanding multiple demands on
coastal zones; and (x) provide an archive and web portal for easy public
access to all data and tools relevant
for ICZM.
Main results
and outcomes
Combining an accommodating style of
coordination with strong leadership ensured that the components of INCOFISH
described below came together and
formed a comprehensive and powerful
package with the potential to improve
integrated coastal zone management. To
provide for maximum synergy between
work packages, all tools and concepts
resulting from INCOFISH research were
tested in real-world scenarios in selected coastal systems worldwide. All data
and tools are freely available online at
www.incofish.org. INCOFISH achievements were presented at international
meetings and at numerous occasions
in the media, see www.incofish.org/
News/IncoMed.php.
International,
cross-disciplinary teamwork One main
achievement of INCOFISH is certainly the
combined effort brought towards better management of coastal zones: Over
200 scientific staff from 35 public and
private institutions from 22 countries,
including 15 developing countries, have
joined forces in this effort. They included renowned senior scientists as well
as PhD students and technicians. Their
areas of expertise included such diverse
fields as fisheries science, ecology, modeling, taxonomy, biogeography, human
history, economics, social sciences, and
international law. These colleagues had
agreed to produce at least 50 scientific
publications related to ICZM. In April
2008, more than 60 are published or in
press, more than 30 have been submitted and more than 50 are still in various
stages of preparation. Most workshops
held during the project have included
participants from other workpackages
and established good relationships with
related INCO projects such as ECOST,
PASARELAS and CENSOR, and with other related projects and initiatives such
as the Sea Around Us project in Canada
and the international Census of Marine
Life programme.
Figure1: Species richness map for 7,200 marine

organisms, with diversity hotspots indicated in
dark red.
zone species. In April 2008, 7,200 maps

for species relevant to this project were
available on the INCOFISH portal.
Success story 3 Coastal Transects
Analysis Tool (CTAM)
Success story 1 Fish ruler

One of the first products of INCOFISH
was a fish ruler that shoppers can
use to ensure the fish they buy at the
market have had a chance to spawn
before being caught. A prototype has
been developed for common commercial fishes in Germany and tested with
local fish dealers. A related press-campaign was very successful and sparked
overfishing-related contributions in
newspapers, magazines, radio and
television. A sponsor was found for
an improved version, and finally the
German Consumer Protection Agency
(Verbraucherzentrale) became interested, re-designed the ruler and took over
the campaign through its many outlets
all over Germany (see www.fisch-o-meter.de). This again had a good echo in
the media. Response from fish dealers
was mostly positive.
Other INCOFISH members were running

similar campaigns in their respective
countries, e.g, in Peru where five regionally adapted types of a fish ruler called
Chikipez have been launched, or in
Senegal, where WWF Senegal has provided financial and logistical support
with the production and distribution
of a Senegalese version of the fish
ruler. The fish-ruler wizard at www.
incofish.org offers users a tool to build
their own individualized fish ruler.
Success story 2 Aquamaps
(www.aquamaps.org)
INCOFISH used biogeographic niche
modelling to define the preferred environmental conditions for key marine
coastal-zone species. This specific
niche information is then being used to
create standardised electronic maps of
predicted distributions for all coastal
Organizing the overwhelming amount

of information flows in the coastal zone
in a framework that provides insight
for integrated coastal zone management has been a formidable challenge.
INCOFISH presents an online tool that
tackles that problem, with standardized
information for more than 150 coastal
zone areas. The Coastal Transects
Analysis Model (CTAM) is a simple
visualisation and decision-support
tool that can assist coastal managers,
practitioners, policy makers, coastal
communities and other coastal stakeholders in addressing multiple present
and future demands in coastal areas.
CTAM analyzes interactions and flows
between natural and human systems,
with current emphasis on fisheries and
aquatic resources, using information
provided by users, coupled with literature and experts judgment.
Success story 4 Mobile seafood guide
(www.seafoodguide.mobi)
A mobile seafood guide has been developed to help consumers to buy fish
based on whether or not it has been
caught in a sustainable way. The guide
combines information from 18 different
seafood guides published by the WWF,
the Marine Conservation Society and
others. In addition, the size at maturity
is shown to enable consumers to recognize and reject babyfish. In accordance
with a scientific assessment of the fish
stocks general condition and the fishing
grounds, the guide tells the consumer
which fish can be eaten with a clear conscience. In this context, taking the size of
Figure 2: CTAM visualization tool at
http://www.incofish.org/Workpackages/WP6/
WP6Downloads.php
INCOFISH
155
INCOFISH
Contacts
the fish into consideration is important,

as it indicates whether the specimen has
reached sexual maturity and has thus
had a chance to reproduce before being caught, ensuring the survival of the
species. The information is accessible
online via computer or, more importantly, via web-enabled mobile phones,
so that it is available anywhere at any
time. In developing the tool we have
used mainly symbols so that the guide
simultaneously serves ten languages in
17 countries. A press release on occasion of the German launch of the Fisch
im Handy was taken up by over 70 news
outlets, including half a page in the local
newspaper Kieler Nachrichten.
The INCOFISH portal

Apart from above success stories, one
of the main achievements of INCOFISH
was the launch of several new services
on the INCOFISH portal at www.incofish.
org. These include an improved Species
Information Service, a new international
Seafood Advisory, a tool to identify invasive exotics for every country in the
world, a Retailers seafood guide, a stepby-step tool for placement and sizing of
marine protected areas, an Economic &
Social Database for coastal zone fisheries, reports on legal instruments for
(sustainable) fisheries in the European
Union, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Sri Lanka,
and South Africa, and an evaluation tool
for marine ecotourism sites. The usefulness of these tools and concepts is
confirmed by an exponential increase in
visitors of the INCOFISH portal to meanwhile more than 15,000 per month.
Coordinator
Arregun-Snchez, F., M. Ramrez-Rodrguez, M.J.

Zetina-Rejn & V.H. Cruz-Escalona, (In press).
Natural hazards, stock depletion, and decision
making in southern Gulf of Mexico fishery of
pink shrimp, Farfantepenaeus duorarum. Special
issue on Mitigating impact of natural hazards
on ecosystem fisheries. Amer.Fish.Soc.Proc.
Symp.
Fairweather, T.P., C.D. van der Lingen, A.J.
Booth, L. Drapeau & J.J. van der Westhuizen,
2006. Indicators of sustainable fishing for South
African sardine (Sardinops sagax) and anchovy
(Engraulis encrasicolus). African Journal of
Marine Science, 28:661-680.
Froese, R., A. Stern-Pirlot, H. Winker & D.
Gascual, 2008. Size Matters: How single-species
management can contribute to ecosystem-based
fisheries management. Fisheries Research,
92:231-141.
Rainer Froese
Christian-Albrechts-Universitt
Leibniz Institut fr
Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR)
Marine Ecology
24118 Kiel
Germany
TEL: +49 431 600 4579
FAX: +49 431 600 1699
Ojaveer, H. & B.R. MacKenzie, (In press).

Introduction: historical development of fisheries
in northern Europe - reconstructing chronology
of interactions between nature and man.
Fisheries Research.
Pinnegar, J.K. & G. Engelhard, 2008. The shifting
baseline phenomenon: a global phenomenon.
Reviews in Fish Biology & Fisheries, 18(1):1-16.
Sumaila, U.R., D. Zeller, R. Watson, J. Alder &
D. Pauly, 2007. Potential costs and benefits of
marine reserves in the high seas. Marine Ecology
Progress Series, 345:305310.
More than 80 others are in different

stages of the publication cycle.
Figure 3: Icons used in the

mobile seafood guide:
top = enjoy,
middle = questionable,
bottom = avoid
156
INCOFISH
Partners
Silvia Opitz
Christian-Albrechts-Universitt
Leibniz Institut fr
Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR)
Marine Ecology
24118 Kiel
Germany
Ratana Chuenpagdee
Dora Ann Lange Canhos
Coastal Development Centre (CDC)

50 Phaholyothin Road
10900 Chatuchak, Bangkok
Thailand
Centro de Referncia em Informao

Ambiental (CRIA)
Avenida Romeu Trtima, 388
13083-885 Campinas (So Paulo State)
Brazil
E-M: ratana.chuenpagdee@dal.ca
E-M: dora@cria.org.br
ratanac@mun.ca
Birane Samb
Stuart Banks
Charles Darwin Foundation for the
Galapagos Islands (CDF)
Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galapagos
Islands
Ecuador
(CRODT)
km 10 Route de Rufisque, B.P. 2241
Dakar
Sngal
E-M: sbanks@fcdarwin.org.ec
E-M: bsambe@yahoo.fr
John K. Pinnegar
Herbert Constante Nion Girado
The Centre for Environment, Fisheries

& Aquaculture (CEFAS), Lowestoft
Laboratory
Pakefield Road
Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 OHAT
United Kingdom
Direccin Nacional de Recursos

Acuticos (DINARA)
Departamento de Biologa Pesquera
Constituyente 1497
11200 Montevideo
Uruguay
E-M: j.k.pinnegar@cefas.co.uk
E-M: hnion@dinara.gub.uy
Francisco Arregun-Sanchez
Heqin Cheng
Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias

Marinas del IPN (CICIMAR)
Departamento de Pesqueras y Biologa
Marina
Instituto Politcnico Nacional (Playa el
Conchalito) S/N
La Paz, Baja California Sur
Mxico
East China Normal University (ECNU)

State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and
Coastal Research
Zhongshan North Road 3663
200062 Shanghai
China
Joe Ryan
E-M: farregui@ipn.mx
Gerd Winter
Center for Integrated Environmental

Management (CABAL S.A.)
Department of Tropical Coastal
Management
Apartado 161
Granada
Nicaragua
farregui@hotmail.com
University of Bremen (Uni Bremen)

Forschungsstelle fr Europisches
Umweltrecht
Universittsallee GW 1
28359 Bremen
Germany
E-M: sopitz@ifm-geomar.de
Mauro Figueredo
Aoes Para Preservaao dos Recursos
Naturais e Desenvolvimento
Economico Racional (APRENDER)
Entidade Ecolgica
Servidao do Jornalista, 150
88058724 Florianopolis/SC
Brazil
E-M: mauro@aprender.org.br
Maria Gasalla
Secretaria da Agricultura e
Abastecimento do Estado de So Paulo
Instituto de Pesca, APTA (IP)
Rua Ana Pimentel, s/n. Parque da Aqua
Branca
05001-900 So Paulo
Brazil
Contract terminated by 30th
November, 2005
See new email address under partner
IOUSP below.
E-M: nicavet2000@yahoo.com
Poul Holm
Syddansk Universitet (SDU)
Centre for Maritime and Regional
Studies
University of Southern Denmark
Niels Bohrs Vej 9
DK-6700 Esbjerg
Denmark
Contract terminated by 28th February
2006.
See new email address under partner
RUC below.
E-M: hqch@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn
E-M: gwinter@uni-bremen.de
Charlotta Jarnmark
FishBase Information and Research
Group, Inc. (FIN)
10460 Lopez Avenue, Batong Malake
Los Baos, Laguna
Philippines
E-M: c.jarnmark@cgiar.org
INCOFISH
157
INCOFISH
Carlos Bentes Rodrguez
Haigen Xu
Hernando Zambrano
Instituto del Mar del Per (IMARPE)

Demersal and Littoral Resources
Esquina Gamarra y General Valle s/n
Callao
Peru
Nanjing Institute of Environmental

Sciences (NIES)
Division of Nature Conservation and
Biodiversity
8 Jiangwangmiao Street, P.O. Box 4202
Nanjing 210042
China
Fundacin Malpelo y Otros

Ecosistemas Marinos (Fundacion
Malpelo)
Carrera 11 No. 87-51 Local 4
Bogot, D.C.
Colombia
E-M: cbenites@imarpe.gob.pe
Robert Kay
E-M: xuhg@public1.ptt.js.cn
International Government Solutions

(IGS)
2/104 Munster Road Fulham
London SW6 5RD
United Kingdom
xuhgs@sina.com
Camilo Bernardo Garca
University of Hull (UHULL)

Maritime Historical Studies Centre
Blaydes House, 6 High Street
Hull HU1 1NE
United Kingdom
Universidad Nacional de Colombia

(UNAL)
Facultad de Ciencias
Carrera 30 Calle 45
Bogot
Colombia
Universita degli Studi di Padova

(UNIPAD)
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Chemical Processes
Engineering
Via Marzolo 9
35131 Padua
Italy
E-M: D.J.Starkey@hull.ac.uk
E-M: cbgarciar@unal.edu.co
Sven Kullander
Ussif Rashid Sumaila & Kevin

Stephanus
E-M: lpalmeri@unipd.it
E-M: sven.kullander@nrm.se
Lynne Shannon
Annabelle Cruz Trinidad

Branch of Environmental Affairs and
Tourism (MCM-DEAT)
Foretrust House, Martin
Hammerschlag, Foreshore
8012 Cape Town
South Africa
PRIMEX - Foundation for Alternative

Management of the Environment
(PRIMEX-FAME)
Rm 502, Manila Luxury Condominium,
Pearl Drive, Ortigas Center
1600 Pasig City
Philippines
E-M: lshannon@deat.gov.za
E-M: abbie@trinidad.com.ph
Henn Ojaveer
Vachira Lheknim
University of Tartu
Estonian Marine Institute (MEI)
Dept. of Fisheries Research
Vana-Sauga 28
80031 Parnu
Estonia
Prince of Songkla University (PSU)

Faculty of Science, Department of
Biology
PO Box 3 Ko Hong
90112 Songkhla
Thailand
E-M: henn.ojaveer@ut.ee
E-M: vachira.l@psu.ac.th
E-M: robert@kayconsulting.com.au
Luca Palmeri
158
E-M: hzbio@hotmail.com
INCOFISH
David J. Starkey
Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NRM)

Department of Vertebrate Zoology
Frescativaegen 40
SE-104 05 Stockholm
Sweden
University of Namibia (UNAM)

Faculty of Agriculture & Natural
Resources
Department of Natural Resources &
Conservation
Mandume Ndemufayo No. 340
Pioneers Park
Winhoek
Namibia
E-M: r.sumaila@fisheries.ubc.ca
Hugo Arancibia
Universidad de Concepcin (UNI
CONCEPCION)
Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y
Oceanogrficas
Departamento de Oceanografa
Barrio Universitario s/n (Cabina 10)
Concepcin
Chile
E-M: harancib@udec.cl
Nicholas Polunin
Nyawira Muthiga
The University of Newcastle upon Tyne

(UNEW)
School of Marine Science and
Technology
6 Kensington Terrace
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU
United Kingdom
Kenya Sea Turtle Conservation

Committee (KESCOM)
Wildlife Conservation Society Western
Indian Ocean Project (WCS)
Marine Program
Kibaki Flats No. 12, Bamburi, Kenyatta
Beach
80107 Mombasa
Kenya
E-M: n.polunin@newcastle.ac.uk
Claire Armstrong
University of Troms (UiT)
Norwegian College of Fishery Science
Department of Economics and
Management
Breivika, Troms
Norway
E-M: claire.armstrong@nfh.uit.no
Moenieba Isaacs
University of the Western Cape (UWC)
Studies (PLAAS)
Modderdam Road
7535 Bellville, Cape Town
South Africa
E-M: misaacs@uwc.ac.za
E-M: nmuthiga@wcs.org
Maria de los Angeles Gasalla

Instituto Oceanografico da
Universidade de So Paulo (IUOSP)
Praa do Oceanografico, 191
Cidade Universitria, Butant
05508-900 So Paulo, SP
Brazil
E-M: mgasalla@usp.br
Poul Holm
Roskilde Universitetscenter (RUC)
Universitetsvej 1
DK-4000 Roskilde
Denmark
E-M: ph@ruc.dk
Graham Pierce
University of Aberdeen (UNIABDN)
School of Biological Sciences
Tillydrone Avenue
Aberdeen AB 24 2TZ
United Kingdom
E-M: g.j.pierce@abdn.ac.uk
Gnther Reck
(USFQ)
Instituto de Ecologa Aplicada
(ECOLAP)
Va Interocenica y Jardines del Este
Quito
Ecuador
E-M: gunter@usfq.edu.ec
ecolap@usfq.edu.ec
INCOFISH
159
TBT-IMPACT
Assessing impacts of TBT
on multiple coastal uses
Project Number
INCO-CT-2005-510658

01/03/2005 to 28/02/2009 (48 months)
STREP
Coordinator
Dr. Sangeeta Sonak
The Energy And Resources
Institute (TERI) (Scientific)
Dr Roberto Morabito
Ente per le Nuove tecnologie
lEnergia e lAmbiente
(ENEA)(Admin.)
Website
http://www.teriin.org/teri-wr/projects/
tbtimpacts.htm

The proposal seeks to address the issue of degradation of coastal resources
due to organotin compounds used in
antifouling paints. This will be achieved
with the following objectives:
1. Assessment of current policy concerns and developments with regards
to the ban on using organotin compounds in antifouling paints by the
International Maritime Organization
(IMO) and its implications to fishing,
aquaculture, shipping and cruise
tourism industry
2. Assessment of the impacts of organotin-based and other existing
antifouling paints on coastal environment such as water, sediment,
mangrove ecosystem, fish and other biota
3. Investigation on alternative antifouling strategies which will be safer to
fish and marine biodiversity
4. Analysis of costs and benefits of
various antifouling systems with
organotin based and organotin free
compounds
5. Generation of decision tools for better coastal health in the context of
organotin-based antifouling paints
6. Creation of greater awareness and
capacity building.
Activities
The project reviews current national,
EU and international coastal policies
and programmes in place. It establishes
baseline data of the level of organotin in
coastal ecosystems (waters, sediments,
mangroves and animals) in order to
monitor trends in concentration of TBT
(tributyltin) in coastal environments; assesses environmental impacts of other
160
TBT-IMPACT
existing antifouling paints through literature review, participatory methods

with various stakeholders, questionnaire
surveys and interviews of key informants; assesses the environmental and
economic implications of the IMO-led
policy changes to ban TBT and analyses
costs and benefits of various antifouling
systems using organotin compounds
and alternatives. It evaluates the effect
of TBT on the biochemical composition
of microorganisms; investigates other
novel antifouling measures; isolates
microorganisms for biodegradation
of TBT; develops indicators of coastal
health; produces quality control tools
for validation of analytical data; and develops a simple biomonitoring system
to support regulating TBT impacts and
implementing legislation. It carries out
awareness raising campaigns amongst
fishers and aqua-farmers documenting
impacts of TBT on marine organisms
and disseminates information.
Expected Results
and outcome
The project, at the international level,
will inform policy debate on the environmental and economic costs and benefits
of using organotin compounds and other alternatives. The project will provide
information to the shipping and cruise
tourism industry with a list of safer alternatives to organotin-based antifouling
paints. Further, it will help development
of better tools for monitoring of TBT/
organotin compounds in costal and marine environments such as indicators of
coastal health, propose a quality control
programme, data evaluation methods,
reference materials etc. that will be helpful in monitoring coastal health beyond
the life of the project. It will explore the
possibility of developing a waste disposal strategy for TBT. It will also create
improved awareness of various levels of
society towards environmental impacts
of organotin compounds.
Figure 1. Mapping of regulations concerning

organotins
of harmful organotins in antifouling

paints used on ships. It will enter into
force on 17 September 2008. In view of
the concerns raised against the prohibition of organotin-based compounds in
antifouling paints, a review of the existing regulations on organotins as well as
of the AFS Convention with a gap analysis on the difficulties in implementation
of the Convention was carried out with
some recommendations for improved
policies. Stakeholder mapping was also
done (Figure 2 below).
Current state of
results and outputs
1. Review of regulations in place
concerning organotins in marine
environment.
Consequential environmental impacts

of TBT led to regulation of TBT in many
countries. However, serious concerns
were raised concerning the complete
prohibition of organotin-based compounds in antifouling paints.
Organotin-based antifouling paints

were highly effective against most fouling organisms and their application
resulted in enormous savings to the
shipping industry. On the other hand,
TBT (tributyltin) in antifouling paints is
described as the most toxic substance
ever introduced in marine environment.
Therefore, though toxic impacts of

TBT are widely agreed, there was a
debate on the banning of organotins. After long deliberations, the AFS
Convention (Convention to control the
use of harmful antifouling systems on
ships) was adopted on 5 October 2001.
The Convention will prohibit the use
2. Assessment of the impacts of organotin-based and other existing

antifouling paints
Building of a database with data on the
distribution of organotin in European
marine environments is ongoing. This
database is filled with data collected
from papers, EU funded projects and
grey literature from 1997 to 2006. Only
the data produced with appropriate
quality control tools have been considered as source for the database. The
information considered in the database
is: Country, location, year of sampling,
matrix; level of TBT, DBT, MBT, MPhT,
DPhT, TPhT, others OTs; unit, QC tools
applied, Authors, Project or Monitoring
programme, Journal or Grey literature.
This database is filled with the collected and evaluated papers from 1997 to
2006. A series of templates have been
filled in with the data contained in the
selected papers. The data inserted are
(automatically) saved in the proper tables of the database. From these tables,
using appropriates filters, it is possible
to extract the information in aggregate
form (searching for compounds, for
matrices, for country etc.).
Figure 2. Mapping of relevant stakeholders
TBT-IMPACT
161
TBT-IMPACT
Analysis of sediment, water and animal
samples in India is also carried out. The
organotins were extracted from the samples and analysed by standard GC-MS
method. The database and the website
will be updated with this data shortly.
prepared. Identification of biomarkers for TBT contamination was also

a task carried out under this project. In the laboratory experiments
conducted to identify biomarkers in
bacterial cultures in the presence of
TBT, synthesis of some new PLFAs
in response to TBT were observed.
Such PLFAs, if found in natural conditions can be used as a signature
for the TBT contamination of the
environment. Identification of possible sentinel organisms for the TBT
impact studies is ongoing.
Effect
of
TBT
on
biochemical
composition of bacteria and on exopolysaccharides produced by bacteria
is studied.
3. Investigation of alternative antifouling strategies
a) An inventory of alternative antifouling compounds that exist
is carried out.
b. A quality control programme for

validation of analytical data
b) Isolation and identification of

micro-organisms that detoxify
TBT is done
c) A working model of ceramicbased diffusible antifouling
delivery for protection of moving surfaces against biofouling
is prepared for potential application on ship hull
4. Analysis of costs and benefits of

various antifouling systems with organotin based and organotin free
compounds
This is ongoing
5. Decision tools for improved coastal

health and restoration of degraded
coastal ecosystem
a. Indicators of coastal health for assessing and monitoring of coastal
waters in the context of organotin
compounds
162
Imposex analysis, which is routinely

used as an indicator of the organotin pollution was challenged by
several scientist. Hence a report on
indicators of organotin pollution is
TBT-IMPACT
6. Creation of greater awareness and

capacity building.
Several awareness raising activities
are carried out to raise awareness in
policy makers, industry, general public
and relevant users of the coast especially coastal fishers on the impacts of
organotin compounds. This includes
workshops, focus group discussions
and general meetings with stakeholders
along the coast of India.
A lack of capabilities for analysis of

organotins in marine environment
in India was observed. Hence, a
training programme was conducted
for training of Indian laboratories
in the implementation of analytical
methods for organotin determination in water, sediment and biota.
The development of a quality control programme for validation of
analytical data is ongoing. This involves inter-laboratory exercises for
evaluation of accuracy and uncertainty of data.
c. Waste disposal
strategy
at the end of the project and disseminated to various stakeholders,

particularly policy makers.
and
treatment
Evaluation
of
various
treatment options for disposal of
TBT-contaminated waste in field
conditions is ongoing.
d. Policy recommendation at national,

regional and international level.
A report on good management policies will be prepared after taking

into account feedback from all partners and work-packages and will
include environmental, economic,
technical and managerial aspects.
This final document integrating science into policy will be produced
Contacts
Rajagopal, S., B.J.A. Pollux, J.L. Peters, G.
Cremers, S.Y. Moon-van der Staay, T. van Alen,
J. Eygensteyn, A. van Hoek, A. Palau, A. bij
de Vaate & G. van der Velde, 2008. Origin of
Spanish invasion by the zebra mussel, Dreissena
polymorpha (Pallas, 1771) revealed by Amplified
Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
fingerprinting. Biological Invasions (In press).
Sonak, S., M. Sonak & A. Giriyan, 2008.
Shipping hazardous waste: implications for
economically developing countries International
Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and
Economics, 8:143159.
A special issue of the Journal of Environmental
Management on organotins is underway as
a part of the project output. Twelve papers
are being selected for publication. Papers
from project partners that are accepted for
publication are:
Jadhav, S., N.B. Bhosle, P. Massanisso, R.
Morabito, 2008. Organotins in the sediments of
the Zuari estuary, west coast of India.
Gipperth, L., 2008. The legal design of the
international and European Union ban of TBT
(Tributyltin) antifouling paint direct and
indirect effects.
Sonak, S., P. Pangam, A. Giriyan & K. Hawaldar,
2008. Implications of the ban on organotins for
protection of global coastal and marine ecology.
Mukherjee, A.K.V., M. Rao & U.S. Ramesh, 2008.
Predicted concentrations of biocides from
antifouling paints in Visakhapatnam harbour.
Submitted.
Scientific Coordinator
Sangeeta Sonak
The Energy and Resources Institute
(TERI)
Western Regional Centre, Sindhur
La Citadel Colony
Dona Paula 403004, Goa
India
TEL: +91 832 245 6064
FAX: +91 832 245 6053
E-M: ssonak@teri.res.in
sangeeta.sonak@gmail.com
Administrative Coordinator
Lena Gipperth
Gteborgs Universitet (UGOT)
Department of Law
Box 650
SE 40530 Gteborg
Sweden
E-M: lena.gipperth@law.gu.se
Gerard van der Velde

Stichting Katholieke Universiteit (KUN)
Department of Animal Ecology and
Ecophysiology Faculty of Science,
Mathematics and Informatics
PO Box. 9010
6500 GL Nijmegen
The Netherlands
E-M: gerardv@sci.kun.nl
Roberto Morabito
Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, lEnergia
e lAmbiente (ENEA)
Prot - Department of Environment,
Global Change, and Sustainable
Development
Via Anguillarese, 301
00123 Rome
Italy
TEL: +39 06 3048 4933
FAX: +39 06 3048 4525
Aditya Mukherjee
National Ship Design Research Centre
(NSDRC)
Port & Infrastructure Division
Gandhigram, Visakhapatnam 530 005
Andhra Pradesh
India
E-M: envis_nsdrc@rediffmail.com
admukh@hotmail.com
E-M: morabito@casaccia.enea.it
Partners
Narayan B. Bhosle
(NIO)
Marine Corrosion and Materials
Research
PO N.I.O.
Doa Paula - 403004 Goa
India
E-M: bhosle@darya.nio.org
R.R. Chaudhury
National Institute of Ocean Technology
(NIOT)
Velacherry-Tambaram Main Road
Narayanapuram
Chennai
Tamil Nadu,
India 601 302
E-M : rajat@niot.res.in
TBT-IMPACT
163
PUMPSEA
Peri-urban mangrove forests as filters and
potential phytoremediators of domestic
sewage in east Africa
Project Number
INCO-CT-2005-510863

01/02/2005 to 31/07/2008 (42 months)
STREP
Coordinator
Dr. Jos Guerreiro
ICAT Instituto de Cincia
Aplicada e Tecnologia
Portugal
Website
www.pumpsea.icat.fc.ul.pt
areas for strategic reforestation and

conservation.
Extensive amounts of sewage are currently

being released into peri-urban mangroves,
but there is hardly any understanding of
the consequences. There is evidence to
suggest that mangroves filter discharged
wastewater and prevent coastal pollution, but this ecosystem service has not
been conveyed to coastal managers, nor
has the filtration capacity been exploited. The mangrove is one of the worlds
most endangered habitats: more than a
third is already lost, and the remaining is
disappearing at a rate of 2-5% per year,
with little public notice. The peri-urban
mangroves are particularly hard hit. In
this light, the overall objective of this
project is to demonstrate the ecological
and economical service that peri-urban
mangroves provide by mitigating coastal
pollution through sewage-filtration, and
to offer innovative solutions for the exploitation and management of this quality.
The project will examine two innovative
ways in which mangrove filtration can
be utilised to preclude coastal sewage
pollution: (1) facilitating sewage filtration by conserving filtering mangroves
and replanting mangroves in deforested
areas exposed to sewage (strategic reforestation and conservation), and (2)
using constructed mangrove wetlands for
sewage treatment. The project will be developed in East Africa (Tanzania, Kenya
and Mozambique).
Activities
Five main activities are being developed
in order to achieve the main goals.
1. field evaluation of evidence and effects of sewage-filtration: evaluation
of the effects of sewage-filtration by
peri-urban mangroves on ecosystem
condition and processes; development of GIS-map location of sewage
input, measurement and mapping
mangrove degradation and destruction; identification of suitable
164
PUMPSEA
2. Experimental development of mangrove sewage filtration technology:

assessment of effects of sewage
exposure on the ecological, microbial and biogeochemical processes;
test and refine the remediating performance of a mangrove wetland;
provide experimental results that
optimise the sewage filtering performance of constructed mangrove
wetlands.
3. Ecological modelling: development
of ecological models combining
field observations and experimental
results; determination of filtering
effect of mangroves with respect
to long term stability and optimal
treatment regime of mangrove
wetlands.
4. Socio-economics and ecosystem
goods and services: comparison of
available sewage management options from a socio-economic and
ecological perspective, and evaluation of ecosystem goods and
services provided by mangroves
exposed or not exposed to sewage;
summarise the current drivers of
mangrove degradation and destruction within the study areas.
Implementation and governance issues: conception of a strategic plan
for implementing the use of mangrove sewage filtration, transforming
PUMPSEA findings into appropriate
governance guidelines.
Main Results and outcome

The expected outcomes of PUMPSEA
have direct relevance for regional environmental managers and policy makers
working to improve the current situation in East Africa. The key findings of
the project are being made immediately
Figure 1 Plan of the Dual Cell Field Trial

Constructed Mangrove Wetland.
available to the governmental agencies

participating in the project, particularly
low-cost, low technology approaches:
strategic reforestation and conservation
of mangroves in sewage problem areas,
and constructed mangrove wetland for
sewage treatment. This mangrove wetland technology can have an important
impact also in other regions because the
trees are endemic to all tropical coasts.
The designation of mangrove areas for
strategic reforestation, conservation or
constructed mangrove wetlands should
be important for those communities,
which highly depend on mangroves,
since such new management strategies
will lead to restricted access and exploitation of the mangroves.
The consortium developed successfully

the key issue of the PUMPSEA project,
which was to test the sewage treatment
performance of mangroves and particularly constructed mangrove wetlands.
The experimental plots constructed at
Jangwani beach (a touristic area with
several hotels) near Dar es Salaam
showed very encouraging results. The
source of sewage was the Belinda Hotel
which was linked to the experimental
plots. Testing different mangrove trees,
Avicenia marina showed the best performance. The mesocosm cells were
highly efficient in removing pathogens
from the sewage. Faecal Coliforms are
generally reduced by more than 90%
during a 12 hours residence time in the
cells irrespective of sewage dosing. In
many cases coliforms were not even

detectable in the water exiting the mesocosms. The exact same pattern was
observed for Enterococci spp. with only
few or no live cells detected in the water exiting the mesocosms. Economic
results exceed expectation. Actually the
Manager of the Hotel stated, during a
stakeholder/potential investors meeting, that the Hotel was saving 200,000
Tanzanian shillings every two days
(around 22,000/yr). The consortium
negotiated with several hotels in the
area to be linked to the Dual Cell Field
Trial Constructed Mangrove Wetland
which was constructed in order to test
the methodology at a real scale. Also
the Municipality of Dar es Salaam is
identifying a peri-urban area to test the
possibilities of this new methodology
to deal with urban sewage.
The consortium GIS mapped the main
mangrove areas (both pristine and polluted) near Dar es Salaam (Mtoni and Ras
Dege), Mombasa (Mikindani and Gazi
Bay) and Maputo (Costa do Sol and Saco
at Inhaca Island). Mangrove density and
basal area, species diversity and regeneration capacity were assessed. Additional
parameters that were recorded were
the density and basal area of stumps or
basal area of cut main stems in multiple
stemmed trees as indicators of cutting
intensity. Other additional parameters
were tree height, phenology, morphology and canopy cover. The extent and
zonation of the mangrove forests was
assessed using the available remote
sensing material at the time of the field
survey (either recent satellite imagery
or historic aerial photos). At each site,
transects were taken perpendicular to
Figure 2 Gazi Bay - mapping of mangroves

mudflats, degraded areas and points of sewage
input (D15)
PUMPSEA
165
PUMPSEA
tidal zones dominated by particular forest types. GPS readings were recorded at
one of the corners of each plot.
All field plots were digitized in a shapefile, imported into a GIS, linked to the
field forestry measurements and spatially analyzed.
Sewage impact maps were produced
based on the available information. In
order to detect deforested and regenerated mangrove areas and to detect
changes in the mangrove forest, a
change detection analyses based on
multitemporal remotely sensed material is done in a GIS environment.
A time series of aerial photos and satellite
imagery for every site was imported and
visually analysed for change detection in
a GIS. Changes were digitized (polygon
shapefile) and labelled. For each change
type, the number of patches and the
total area is given and an area change
balance is calculated for all sites.
Mapping the suitability for strategic
reforestation is based on natural regeneration levels: the number of seedlings,
saplings and young trees in the field
plots; severity of mangrove cutting:
the number of cut stems and stumps
in the field plots; water current and
water quality; seedling tolerance to
sewage exposure. Mapping the suitability for strategic conservation is based
on estimates of current sewage filtration levels and area proximity to known
sewage outlet.
Gas and nutrient balance in the sewage
impacted Mtoni mangrove forest and
the pristine Ras Dege mangrove forest
were assessed. Sewage pollution has
had antagonistic effects on cyanobacterial diversity, abundance and N2
fixation rate at Mtoni mangrove ecosystems, since it has promoted microalgal
abundance and inhibited biological N2
fixation rate and cyanobacterial diversity. It may be concluded that sewage
166
PUMPSEA
pollution has caused a negative impact on cyanobacterial diversity and

N2 fixation rate at Mtoni mangrove
sediments.
The differences in tree phenology indicate that Avicenia marina is more
tolerant to sewage than the other species,
suggesting its possible use in constructed wetlands. It also supports far more
fauna than Rhizophora mucronata.
The comparison between the mangroves
impacted and non impacted showed
significative differences for heavy metals in the water column, sediments
and macrofauna (oysters and polychaetes). The ecological model is being
developed containing a hydrodynamic
submodel,
a
transport/dispersion
submodel and an eutrophication submodel. The hydrodynamic submodel
is based on bathymetry, time series of
current velocity in input rivers/streams,
freshwater discharge, rain, evaporation and the tidal dynamic of the outer
mangrove boundary. The transport/
dispersion submodel is based on time
series of nutrients concentrations in
input rivers/streams, nutrient loading
(sewage) and nutrient concentrations
from the outer boundary (ocean). The
eutrophication submodel contains the
biological description, which include
the nutrient dynamics and the system
filtration capacity.
Sewage exposure impacts on societys
dependence on goods and services provided by mangroves were analyzed.
Ecosystem goods and services supported
by East African mangroves are identified based on available data, interviews
with standardised open-ended questionnaires, as well as data on nutrient
dynamics, mangrove degradation, forest
productivity and faunal standing stock.
To secure acknowledgement of social
and cultural values, the analysis separated ecosystem goods and services into
four categories: (i) overarching functions
maintaining biodiversity; (ii) regulating
functions; (iii) production functions; and

(iv) socio-cultural functions.
Five hundred interviews in impacted and
non-impacted sites in Tanzania, Kenya
and Mozambique were made. A coded
template file for inclusion of transcript
data from each individual interview
was developed and around 90% of interview transcripts were introduced.
Special focused interviews (n=80) with
stakeholders involved in the extraction, transportation and marketing of
shrimp and forest (poles, firewood and
charcoal) resources were carried out
around Maputo. Semi-structured interviews with 48 resource users from two
Kenyan villages show marked mangrove
dependence. Respondents identified 24
ecosystem goods, and ranked a variety
of food items, traditional medicine, fuel
and construction material as very important resources. Natural mangroves
were rated significantly higher than
plantations in terms of number and
quality of products, except for mangrove poles. Nine ecosystem services
were acknowledged, with significant
differences between natural and planted mangroves. Most respondents (71%)
were positive to the plantations, and
negative attitudes were entirely based
on the perception of limited information given to the community prior to
planting. Multivariate analyses show
distinct patterns among user groups
(based on gender, occupation and locality) with respect to recognized goods
and services, knowledge of mangrove
species and plantations, and attitudes
towards threats, community management and existing plantations.
Legal and institutional frameworks were
assessed. Both international and national
instruments are being analysed according with the guidelines developed.
Relevant institutions with responsibilities in wastewater treatment and
mangroves conservation are now fully
identified in each country. Institutional
matrices were refined and new information was included.

Meetings were held (in Mozambique
and Tanzania) with the institutional
stakeholders, dealing with wastewater
treatment and sanitation, mangrove
conservation and municipalities to: a)
present the PUMPSEA Project and its
methodological approach to wastewater
treatment; b) understand the present
state of the art for wastewater treatment and methodologies at national
and local level; c) identify a joint strategy to apply constructed wetlands
methodology for wastewater treatment
in spotted areas of Dar es Salaam; d)
establish a common methodology to
implement the findings/methods of the
PUMPSEA project in a near future.
An Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) Study was developed and a
Scoping Report and draft Terms of
Reference were approved by NEMC (national Tanzanian Authority for EIA).
A current sewage treatment matrix was
developed and data analysed. Results of
the analysis of the current sewage treatment approach showed that in the three
countries, the most common sanitation
system is pit latrines, followed by septic
tanks. Nairobi, Rift Valley, Central and
Nyanza are the Kenyan regions with
higher percentage of population served
by sewerage systems. In the case of
Tanzania the country regions with higher percentage of population served by
sewerage systems are Arusha, Dodoma,
Tanga and Zanzibar. Maputo city is the
Mozambican region with higher percentage (13.7%) of population served by
sewerage systems.
Bouillon, S., J.J. Middelburg, F. Dehairs, A.V.
Borges, G. Abril, M. Flindt, S. Ulomi & E.
Kristensen, 2007. Importance of intertidal
sediment processes and porewater exchange
on the water column biogeochemistry in a
pristine mangrove creek (Ras Dege, Tanzania).
Biogeosciences, 4:311-322.
Bouillon, S, F. Dehairs, B. Velimirov, G. Abril
& A.V. Borges, 2008. Dynamics of organic and
inorganic carbon across contiguous mangrove
and seagrass systems (Gazi bay, Kenya). Journal
of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences, 112:
G02018, doi:10.1029/2006JG00325.
Bouillon, S, R. Connolly & S.Y. Lee, 2008. Organic
matter exchange and cycling in mangrove
ecosystems: recent insights from stable isotope
studies. Journal of Sea Research, 59:44-58.
Cannicci, S., D. Burrows, S. Fratini, S.Y. Lee, J.
Offemberg, T.J. Smith III & F. Dahdouh-Guebas,
2008. Faunistic impact on vegetation structure
and ecosystem function. Aquatic Botany,
89(2):186-200.
Duke, N.C., J.-O. Meynecke, S. Dittmann, A.M.
Ellison, K. Anger, U. Berger, S. Cannicci, K. Diele,
K.C. Ewel, C.D. Field, N. Koedam, S.Y. Lee, C.
Marchand, I. Nordhaus & F. Dahdouh-Guebas,
2007. A world without mangroves? Science,
317:41-42.
Paredes, D., P. Kuschk, T.S.A. Mbwette, F. Stange,
R.A. Mller & H. Kser, 2007. New aspects
of microbial nitrogen transformations in the
context of wastewater treatment ? a review. Eng.
Life Sci., 7(1):13-25.
Kristensen, E., 2007. Mangrove crabs as
ecosystem engineers; with emphasis on
sediment processes. Journal of Sea Research,
doi:10.1016/j.seares.2007.05.004
Kristensen, E., S. Bouillon, T. Dittmar & C.
Marchand, in press. Organic carbon dynamics in
mangrove ecosystems, a review and speculative
outlook. Aquatic Botany (Invited review paper).
Kristensen, E., in prep. Carbon balance in
mangrove sediments: the driving processes and
their controls. In: Y.Tateda & R. Upstil (eds.).
Proceedings of the International Symposium
on Greenhouse Gas and Carbon Balances in
Mangrove coastal Ecosystems.
Vannini, M., R. Rorandelli, O. Lhteenoja,
M. Elisha & S. Fratini, 2006. Tree-climbing
behaviour of Cerithidea decollata (L.), a Western
Indian Ocean mangrove gastropod (Mollusca,
Potamididae). J.Mar.Biol.Ass. UK, 86:1429-1436.
From the meetings promoted with several stakeholders and potential investors
it is now possible to state that at this
point in time Dar es Salaam Municipality
and other hotels are interested to use
the PUMPSEA trial wetland.
PUMPSEA
167
PUMPSEA
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Jos Guerreiro
Jos Paula
ICAT Instituto de Cincia Aplicada e

Tecnologia
Institute
Edf. ICAT, Campus da Faculdade de
Cincias, Campo Grande
1749-016 Lisboa
Portugal
Tel: +351 21 750 00 06
Fax: +351 21 750 01 72
Laboratrio Martimo da Guia - IMAR

Estrada do Guincho s/n
2750-642 Cascais
Portugal
Kenya Marine & Fisheries Research

Institute KMFRI Research Institute
Mikomani, English Point
80100 Mombasa
Kenya
E-M: jpaula@fc.ul.pt
E-M: smwangi@kmfri.co.ke,
Nico Koedam
Salomo Bandeira
Vrije Universiteit Brussel VUB

Faculty of Sciences
Faculty of Sciences, Mangrove
Management Group (APNA-ANCH)
Pleinlaan 2
1050 Brussels
Belgium

Department of Biological Science
University Campus
Maputo
Mozambique
E-M: nikoedam@vub.ac.be
Yunus Daud Mgaya
Stephen N. Mwangi
E-M: jose.guerreiro@fc.ul.pt
Peter Kuschk
UFZ - Umweltforschungszentrum
Leipzig Halle GmbH
Department of Bioremediation
Permoserstrasse 15
04318 Leipzig
Germany
E-M: peter.kuschk@ufz.de
E-M: sband@zebra.uem.mz
University of Dar es Salaam,

Faculty of Aquatic Sciences and
Technology
Mlimani Campus, P.O.Box 35064
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
E-M: ymgaya@udsm.co.tz
Jamidy Hizzam Yahaya Katima

Institute of Biology
Campusvej 55
5230 Odense M
Denmark
Prospective College of Engineering and

Technology - PCET
Main Campus
P.O.Box 35131
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
E-M: holmer@biology.sdu.dk
E-M: jkatima@cpe.udsm.ac.tz
Marianne Holmer
E-M: jamidu_katima@yahoo.co
Marco Vannini
Universita di Firenze
Genetica LEO PARDI
via Romana 17/19
50125 Firenze
Italy
E-M: vannin_m@dbag.unifi.it
Patrik Rnnbck
Department of Systems Ecology
Universitetsvgen 10
SE-10691 Stockholm
Sweden
Jeremiah Daffa
National Environment Management
Council-NEMC
Tanzania Coastal Management
Programme
Tancot House 3RD Foor, Sokoine/
Pamba Road
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
E-M: jdaffa@eqip.or.tz
E-M: pat@system.ecology.su.se
168
PUMPSEA
MUGIL
Main Uses of the Grey mullet as Indicator
of Littoral environmental changes
Activities
The particular status of estuaries,

deltas and lagoons in coastal areas,
located at the interface between sea
and river influences, results in highly
variable environmental and ecological
conditions that shift over space and
time. The combined effects of climatic changes and human activities have
tremendous consequences on these
ecosystems. The conservation of these
environments is one of the biggest challenges for humanity. In order to achieve
integrated environmental management,
researchers and managers try to select
relevant indicators that can be used as
tracers of the state of estuarine areas.
These indicators are generally chosen
from living species or physicochemical
parameters or a combination of both.
The MUGIL project covers four areas

distributed worldwide (Europe, Africa,
Asia and America) and involves collaborators from southern Europe (France,
Spain, Greece) and INCO partner countries (Mexico, Senegal, Benin, South
Africa, Taiwan). It is based on collecting
and collating all information available
on the species Mugil cephalus around
the world inside the four main areas
(Europe, Africa, Asia and America). There
is also a global coordination of research
actions within four research fields:
population genetics, life history traits
(growth and reproduction), migration
and physiological responses to salinity
and pollution. Through seminars and
specific workshops, MUGIL will promote
the selection of relevant methodologies
in terms of sampling strategy, analytical
methods and biological surveys shared
by the consortium. Finally the project
aims at proposing this fish as an indicator species using selected tools to
follow littoral environmental changes in
a new research proposal within the 7th
Framework Programme
Among the fish species living in estuaries, very few occupy these ecosystems in
more than one oceanic region. However,
there is one particular species, Mugil
cephalus (Mugilidae), which is found
worldwide and is cosmopolitan in both
tropical and temperate coastal estuarine
zones. This species is an euryhaline and
estuarine-dependent marine fish, able to
live in widely different habitats and reproduce at sea. The mechanisms, which
are involved in this process, are poorly
known or are studied separately in each
area. Moreover this species and related
ones support important aquaculture and
capture fisheries, especially in developing countries. The aim of the MUGIL
project is to choose the species Mugil cephalus as a biological model, to build an
observation network and to coordinate
the action of using this species as an indicator of the integrity of estuarine areas
by analysing its genetic characteristics,
life-history traits and physiological responses to changing environments.
Project Number
INCO-CT-2006-026180

01/11/2006 to 30/04/2009 (30 months)
Coordinator
Dr Jacques Panfili
IRD (Institut de Recherche
pour le Dveloppement)
France
Website
http://www.mugil.univ-montp2.fr/
MUGIL
169
MUGIL
Contacts
Expected results
and outcome
Universit dAbomey Calavi (FSA/UAC)

01 B.P. 526
Cotonou
Benin
Jacques Panfili
To build an observation network

around a particular coastal fish species: this gathering of expertise on
Mugil cephalus has facilitated the
correction of internet pages on this
species at www.fishbase.org.

Dveloppement (IRD)
213 rue La Fayette
75480 Paris Cedex 10
France
Tel: +33 (0)4 67 14 41 23
Fax: +33 (0)4 67 14 37 19
To collect and collate information

available on this species around the
world within four main geographical areas (Africa, Asia, America, and
Europe) and to build a web based
database accessible through the
FishBase web-archive (www.fishbase.org). This database construction
is currently underway.
E-M: panfili@ird.fr
To coordinate the research action

involving the use of this species as
an indicator of the state of estuarine
areas that uses population genetics
and life history trait variations as
tracers of biological responses to
environmental constraints Different
methods for studying this biological information have been tested
and recommendations regarding
the best tool have been defined
for life-history trait, migration and
population genetic studies.
Philippe Laleye
Coordination
E-M: laleye@bj.refer.org
Beatriz Morales-Nin
Universidad Islas Baleares (UIB)
Carretera Valldemossa km.7,5
07122 Palma de Mallorca
Spain
E-M: beatriz.morales@uib.es
Partners
Wann-Nian Tzeng
Claude Casellas
Institute of Fisheries Science

National Taiwan University (IFS-NTU)
No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road
106 Taipei
Taiwan
Centre National de la Recherche

Scientifique (CNRS)
1919 route de Mende
34293 Montpellier Cedex 16
France
E-M: wnt@ntu.edu.tw
E-M: casellas@univ-montp2.fr
Vassiliki Vassilopoulou
Papa Samba Diouf
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research

(HCMR)
46,7 km Athens Sounion Bd
P.O. Box 712
19013 Mavro Lithari, Anavyssos
Greece
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)

Western African Marine EcoRegion
(WAMER)
9639 Sacr Coeur III
B.P. 22928
Dakar
Sngal
E-M: celia@ncmr.gr
Alan Whitfield
E-M: psdiouf@wwfsenegal.org
Domingo Flores Hernndez
To propose a new research programme within the next 7th

Framework Programme call focused on the species as a model
indicator to monitor changes in littoral environments.
Universidad Autnoma de Campeche

Centro EPOMEX (UAC EPOMEX)
Av. A. Melgar Entre Juan de la Barrera
y Calle 20
P.O. Box 520
24030 Campeche
Mxico
South African Institute for Aquatic

Biodiversity (SAIAB)
Somerset Street
P. B. 1015
6140 Grahamstown
South Africa
E-M: A.Whitfield@ru.ac.za
E-M: FloresDom@netscape.net
Francisco Javier Garcia de Len

Centro de Investigaciones Biolgicas
del Noroeste, S.C. (CIBNOR)
Mar Bermejo No. 195, Col. Playa Palo
de Santa Rita
P.O. Box 128
23090 La Paz, B.C.S.
Mxico
E-M: fgarciadl@cibnor.mx
170
MUGIL
CROSCOG
Cross Sectoral Commons
Governance in Southern Africa
Activities
Many Southern African natural resources are legally recognized as commons.

The governance of commons in
Southern Africa has received a good
deal of attention from both researchers and the responsible government
agencies. The objective of this Specific
Support Action is to share existing
research and experiences in the governance of large scale natural resource
commons across different ecosystem
types Southern Africa: including marine and other large water body coastal
zones; arid and semi-arid grasslands,
savannas and forest patches; and floodplain ecosystems in. The SSA builds on
existing research on commons governance done by institutions specialising
in particular resource management
problems. It takes as its starting point
the insight that addressing natural resource degradation in Africa meant
finding ways to identify, reproduce
and encourage existing positive practices of commons management across
wide scales. The dual challenge of
governance is to meet large scale problems with large scale solutions that are
rooted in local practices and to use and
ecosystem approach to integrate the
management of different types of commons, each of which may play a role
in the household survival strategies
of vulnerable populations. Experience
with governance in one type of commons can generate lessons of value to
the governance of other types of commons and for integrated governance.
The work programme consists of a series of preparatory tasks and workshops

in which researchers who have been
working on different kinds of commons
in Southern Africa comb their research
for lessons of use to other kinds of resources and then present this work at
joint workshops. The work takes pce in
two phases, each one having a theme:
Project Number
INCO-CT2007-043982

1 March 2007 28 Feb 2009 (24 Months)
1. Knowledge,
Power,
Economic
Transformation
and
Existing
Commons Practices; and
Coordinator
2. Building On Existing Practices

to Achieve Effective Governance
Across Extensive Scales.
Dr. Doug Wilson

Innovative Fisheries Management
Denmark
Each theme concludes with a workshop,

the Theme One workshopshop took
place in Maun, Botswana in December
2007. The project places a very strong
emphasis on dissemination of results.
On the academic level CROSCOG is
producing two special issues, one in
Development Southern Africa and the
other in the International Journal of the
Commons. For the policy making audience CROSCOG produces a policy brief
summarising the academic results. In
addition, we are combining the Phase
II workshop with a Policy Event to take
place in Cape Town in January 2009.
This event is aimed at practitioners and
policy makers as well as scholars and
the key note speakers will all be policy
makers. The International Association
for the Study of Commons and the
WorldFish Centre have agreed to act
as co-sponsors for this event. Finally
CROSCOG will be producing community information sheets for the use of
local community groups.
CROSCOG
171
CROSCOG
Results and outcome
During the first year of the project addressed the following more specific
questions as critical issues for the sustainable use of all three main types of
commons that CROSCOG is examining:
1. Tourism is having a major impact
on common resources.
Many developing countries in Africa
have offered their commons as bases
for nature-based tourism industries.
Trade-offs with the African communities living out of their commons has had
to be made. In some cases, local communities have been relocated and or denied
access to their commons and coerced
to adapt their livelihoods to tourism.
Tourism as a rapidly growing industry is
adding more dimensions to the conflicts
and trajectories of the commons.
2. The need to redress historical discrimination, particularly in respect to
race and gender, has made ensuring
the sustainability of commons much
more complex.
Africa is replete with historical cases of
discriminatory policies on access rights
to natural resources based on race,
gender and ethnicity. Political change
and recent development paradigms are
trying to address these historical multidimensional (e.g. racial, gender, ethnic)
imbalances in access to natural resources. These attempts to redress historical
discrimination have added to the complexities commons management when
they were combined with questions of
controlling access to commons to ensure sustainability.
3. HIV/AIDS has had a powerful impact on commons management.
Adaptations to the new situation include alternative livelihood strategies,
which are often found in informal sectors such as the exploitation of common
172
CROSCOG
pool resources (e.g. fisheries) creating

new, dislocated workforces vulnerable
to HIV due to social disruption and
lacking access to HIV related preventive or therapeutic services. Women are
particularly affected by the livelihood
changes when they relied on agricultural activities: Engaging in sexual
transactions, which exposes them to
HIV/AIDS, is often a last resort. At the
same time, chronic illness and death
related to HIV further weakens the
productivity of affected households,
requiring new survival strategies, creating more HIV vulnerable persons.
4. 4. How traditional institutions, particularly tradiational authorities, are used
in commons governance is a critical
variable, especially in respect to sustaining practices across large scales.
The highly variable roles of so-called
pre-colonial or traditional institutions,
rules and regulations and their transformation for the management of the
commons in the context of the nation
states is an extremely important variable in sustainability outcomes.
5. The commons is a critical element
in the intersection of urbanization, the
commercialization of agriculture and
food security.
The governance and management of the
African commons is becoming increasingly complex due to multiple pressures
on commonage land and resources. Two
such pressures are rapid urbanisation
and economic transformations of the
commons. The commons traditionally
provided the resources for food security
in Africa. Economic and social transformations during and since the colonial
period have broadened the options and
threats. Urbanisation and the expansion
of non-agricultural modes of employment have made it possible for growing
numbers of people across the continent
to be food secure without producing
food themselves. In many countries,
expanding commercial farming sectors

produce much of the food usually
on land excised from the commons.
Understanding the current and potential
contribution of the commons to African
food security means understanding the
often multiple, local and migrant strategies with which people construct and
try to sustain their livelihoods.
6. Security, insecurity and displacement have strong implications for
commons management.
In Africa, insecurity related to climate
change is a relevant issue. Many issues
arise including the equity of community principles, sustainability of
natural resources and the new concept
of resource. Periods of drought when resources normally available in commons
became rarer stress resource allocation
arrangements. The poor require more
resources from the commons to compensate for poor harvests. In addition,
the insecurity issue linked to climate
change can create many other conflicts through family dislocation, loss
of solidarity, and population displacement. Papers in this theme will address,
among other things, the implications of
climate linked to the conservation and
allocation of common resources.
Two special issues of academic journals are planned, one in Development
Southern Africa and the other in the
International Journal of the Commons.
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Dr. Doug Wilson
Prof. Benjamin Cousins
Innovative Fisheries Management

An Aalborg University Research Centre
Nordsforskerpark
P.O. Box 104
DK-9850 Hirtshals
Denmark
Tel: +45 9894 28 55
Fax: +45 9894 42 68

Studies (PLAAS)
Modderdam Road
Bellville, X17, 7535
South Africa
E-M: dw@ifm.aau.dk
The Centre for Social Research

Zomba, 278
Malawi
Mr. Cyprian Kapasa

Aquaculture and Fisheries Information
Vision House, Plot No. 1389, Chibuku
Road
c/o box 360246
Kafue
Zambia
Dr. Peter Mvula
Dr. Stephen Turner

Centre for International Cooperation
Vereniging Voor Christelijk Hoger
Onderwijs
Vrije Universiteit
De Boelelaan 1105
1081 HV Amsterdam
The Netherlands
Mr. Friday J. Njaya

Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environmental Affairs
Capital Hill Ring Road
Lilongwe, 593
Malawi
Dr. Larry Swatuk

The Harry Oppenheimer Okavango
Research Centre
Private Bag 0022
Gaborone
Botswana
Dr. Harry Chabwela

University of Zambia
National Road
Lusaka, 50110
Zambia
CROSCOG
173
WETLANDS
CASSARINA
Change, stress and sustainability aquatic ecosystem resilience in North Africa
Project Number
IC18CT960029

01/12/1996 to 30/11/1999 (36 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Patrick Simon & Dr. R.J. Flower
University College London,
United Kingdom

The North African countries of Morocco,
Tunisia and Egypt possess internationally important wetland lakes that are
undergoing recent environmental change
mainly as a result of human population
pressures. The nature and consequences of these ecosystem disturbances are
poorly understood and effective environmental monitoring programmes for
most sites are virtually non-existent.
For long-term objectives of ecosystem
sustainability and nature conservation
it is essential that the biological quality
of these threatened natural resources
is maintained. All wetlands are particularly sensitive to the effects of pollution
as well as to climatic change but in
North Africa, salinization, siltation and
chemical contamination and land-use intensification are the major factors that
reduce water quality and availability
causing loss of biological diversity. Such
processes seriously stress and degrade
natural habitats but, where long-term
biological and chemical monitoring is
absent, the impacts and time-scales
of these effects are difficult to assess
accurately. However, exploration of
sedimentary records of contamination,
disturbance processes, and community composition and structure of lake
ecosystems can reveal the extent of habitat change over a range of time scales.
Linked with modern base-line surveys,
this approach allows the current ecological status of valued sites to be assessed
with regard to past conditions.
Regulated environmental monitoring
of aquatic ecosystems at the species
level is almost completely lacking in
North Africa, but reliable and relevant
information about the current status
of sites is needed by planners and conservationists. Together with knowledge
about trends in recent environmental
change such information is essential
if ecosystem quality and sustainability
are to be reconciled with development.
To address this need the CASSARINA
176
CASSARINA
Project was initiated in 1996 and represents the first step in establishing
international integrity in environmental
change research in North Africa.
CASSARINA had four major objectives:
To assess the impact of land-use

practices and other changes on
nine shallow lake ecosystems in
intensively farmed coastal regions
during the 20th century.
To establish ecological baselines

and pre-disturbance communities
so that ecosystem changes during
the 20th century can be revealed for
each lake investigated.
To implement and integrate regional monitoring of aquatic organisms

and water quality with centrally imposed analytical quality control.
To establish internationally coordinated protocols for future

monitoring.
Activities
A combination of modern survey and
palaeolimnological techniques was
employed to help set ecological baselines for the late 20th century and
to reconstruct past environmental
changes at each of the nine sites during the 20th century. Communality in
scientific methodology and consensus
protocols for sample and data collection/ exchange were established at the
beginning of the project.
Co-ordinated sampling of water quality, phytoplankton, zooplankton and
fish and the monitoring of fixed littoral vegetation transects for each lake as
well as collection of sediment cores for
palaeoecological analysis.
Using sediment core chronologies
based mainly on radio-isotopes (210Pb
and 137Cs) and analysis of the sedimentary remains of aquatic biota

(diatoms, zooplankton, higher plants
and benthic animals), major changes
in the species abundances were demonstrated for the 20th century period.
These changes were interpreted in
terms relevant to biodiversity issues
and to water quality change.
Results and outcome

Lake contamination as assessed by
analysis of heavy metals and pesticide
residues in sediment cores was relatively small compared with some European
sites. However, significant lead contamination was noted at two sites and
the sedimentary concentrations of DDE
in Morocco and Tunisia showed a close
correspondence with known usage rates
for each country since the 1950s.
For all nine lakes, baseline data were
set for water chemistry, one lake was
acid with low salinity and all the other
sites had high alkalinity and to varying degrees brackish with NaCl usually
dominant. Total phosphorus measurements indicated that all sites were
usually eutrophic and phytoplankton
was mainly dominated by species of
green or blue-green algae. Where fish
were present, growth rates were high
with marginally highest rates in the
Egyptian Delta lakes.
Vegetation survey established littoral
vegetation sequences but only at the
Delta lakes are emergent macrophytes
still widespread. Here, their presence
is very important for isolating water
pollution. In 1998, one Moroccan wetland lake was drained completely and
the new land cultivated. The single acid
lake supports an acidophilous biota
that is unique in Tunisia but is rapidly diminishing due to increasing local
cultivation activity and inflow water abstraction in recent decades
Hydrological changes resulting from

land-use intensification during the 20th
century are the main cause of biodiversity disturbance at all nine CASSARINA
sites. These changes remain the greatest
imminent threat to the ecological integrity of remaining North African wetland
lakes. Reduction in freshwater supply
is the main, sometimes catastrophic, issue for many sites but, for several sites
(Merja Zerga and all three Delta lakes) enhanced freshwater supply by increased
agricultural irrigation and drainage has
been a significant driver of ecological
change during the 20th century.
Intensified time-space multidisciplinary
environmental monitoring of aquatic
ecosystems at the species level is identified as a key factor for effective wetland
lake management and for validating
future environmental change scenarios
in North Africa. In the 20th century,
droughts have occasionally strongly curtailed freshwater availability in North
Africa but the most persistent change
has been caused by the manipulation of
freshwater resources for human needs.
Coordinated monitoring and modelling should be integrated with satellite
surveillance for the larger lakes. These
aquatic ecosystems are a disappearing
resource yet, ultimately only through
a knowledge of their past and present
states can their true societal value be
fully estimated. CASSARINA has provided a foundation stone for wetland
lake research in North Africa that has
important implications for biodiversity
per se and for national obligations to
biodiversity responsibilities.
Overall, the project also enhanced environmental change research on lakes
and lagoons in North Africa, promoted
multi-disciplinary studies and strengthened links between North African and
European scientists. It resulted in over
12 peer reviewed publications and several institutional changes in North African
partner institutions were brought about
as a result of this project.
and Papers
Appleby, P.G., R.J. Flower, H.H. Birks, N.
Rose, M. Ramdani, M. Kraiem, & A. Fathi,
2001. Radiometrically determined dates and
sedimentation rates for recent sediments in nine
North African wetland lakes (the CASSARINA
Project). Aquatic Ecology, 35:347-367.
Birks, H.H., S. Peglar, I. Boomer, R.J. Flower,
P.G. Appleby, M. Ramdani, M. Kraiem, A. Fathi,
& H. Abdelzaher, 2001. Palaeolimnological
responses of nine North African lakes to recent
environmental changes and human impacts
detected by macrofossil and pollen analyses.
Aquatic Ecology, 35:405-430.
Birks, H.H., H.J.B. Birks, R.J. Flower, S. Peglar, &
M. Ramdani, 2001. Recent ecosystem dynamics
in nine North African lakes. Aquatic Ecology,
35:461-478.
Fathi, A., H. Abeldazer, R.J. Flower, M. Ramdani,
& M. Kraiem, 2001. Phytoplankton communities
in North African wetland lakes: the CASSARINA
Project. Aquatic Ecology, 35:281-302.
Flower, R.J., 2001. Change, stress, sustainability
and aquatic ecosystem resilience in North
African wetland lakes during the 20th century:
an introduction to integrated biodiversity
studies within the CASSARINA Project. Aquatic
Ecology, 35: 261-280.
Flower, R.J., S. Dobinson, M. Ramdani, M. Kraiem,
C. Ben Hamza, A. Fathi, H. Abdelzaher, H.H.
Birks, P.G. Appleby & S. Patrick, 2001. Recent
environmental change in North African wetland
lakes: diatom and other stratigraphic evidence
from nine sites in the CASSARINA Project,
Kraiem, M., C. Ben Hamza, M. Ramdani, A.
Fathi, H. Abdelzaher, & R.J Flower, 2001. Some
observations on the age and growth of thinlipped grey mullet, Liza ramada Risso, 1826
(Pisces, Mugilidae) in three North African
wetland lakes: Merja Zerga (Morocco), Garat
Ichkeul (Tunisia) and Edku Lake (Egypt). Aquatic
Ecology, 35:335-345.
Peglar, S., H.J.B. Birks, H.H. Birks, w.c.f. P.
Appleby, A. Fathi, R.J. Flower, M. Kraiem, S.
Patrick & M. Ramdami, 2001. Terrestrial pollen
records of recent land-use changes around nine
North African lakes in the CASSARINA Project.
Peters, A.J., K. Jones, R.J. Flower, & P.G. Appleby,
2001. Recent environmental change in North
African wetland lakes: a baseline study of
organochlorine contaminant residues in
sediments from nine sites in the CASSARINA
Project, Aquatic Ecology, 35:449-459.
Ramdani, M., R.J. Flower, N. Elkhiati, M. Kraiem,
A. Fathi, H.H Birks & S. Patrick, 2001. North
African wetlands lakes: Characterization of nine
sites included in the CASSARINA Project. Aquatic
Ecology, 35:281-302.
CASSARINA
177
CASSARINA
Contacts
Ramdani, M., N. Elkhiati, R.J. Flower, H.H. Birks,

with contributions from M. Kraiem, A. Fathi
& S. Patrick, 2001. Open water zooplankton
communities in North African wetland lakes: the
CASSARINA Project, Aquatic Ecology, 35:319-333.
Ramdani, M., R.J. Flower, N. Elkhiati, H.H. Birks,
with contributions from M. Kraiem & A. Fathi,
2001. Zooplankton (Cladocera and Ostracods)
and Chironomid remains in sediment cores from
nine wetland lakes: The CASSARINA Project.
Coordinator
Partners
Patrick Simon & Roger Flower
Mohammed Mejdeddine Kraiem1
University College London

Environmental Change Research
Centre
26 Bedford Way
London WC1H GAP
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 20 76 79 75 75
Fax: +44 20 76 79 75 65
Universit Tunis II
Facult des Science Campus
Universitaire
1060 Tunis
Tunisia
E-M: spatrick@geog.ucl.ac.uk
University of EI Minia
EL Minia 61111
Egypt
E-M: rflower@geog.ucl.ac.uk
E-M: medmejdeddine.kraiem@instm.rnrt.tn
Adel Ahamed Fathi
E-M: rumenia@russy.eg.net
Hilary Birks
Botanical Institute
Allegaten 41
Bergen N-SOO7
Norway
E-M: hillary.bircks@bot.ib.no
Mohamed Ramdani2
Universit Mohammed V
703 Charia Ibn Batota 703
10106 Rabat
Morocc
E-M: berraho@inrh.org.ma
Address at time of printing: INSTM Salammb, Laboratory

of aquaculture, Institute National des Sciences de la Mer Salammb, 28 rue du 2 mars 1934, Salammb 2025, Tunisia
Address at time of printing:Dpartement Zoologie & Ecologie

animales, Institut Scientifique, Universit Mohamed V, Avenue
Ibn Batouta, BP 703, Rabat-Agdal, Morocco
178
CASSARINA
Geo - environmental dynamics of Pantanal Chaco: multitemporal study and previsional

modelling

The Pantanal-Chaco region is located in
the upper and middle Paraguay River
basin, straddling Brazil, Bolivia and
Paraguay. The morphology of the area
is characterised by the planaltos, a plateau gently rising from 300 to 800 m
above sea level, and by the escarpas,
escarpments developing from 500 to
200 m above sea level and reaching the
Pantanal-Chaco alluvial basin through
a narrow pediment. The PantanalChaco, one of the largest wetlands in
the world (about 200,000 km2), every
year undergoes flooding after the rainy
season. This ecosystem is highly sensitive to anthropic pressure. During the
last three decades dramatic land cover
changes occurred in the area, mainly in
the planaltos. The pristine vegetation,
made up of shrubs (cerrado) and forest, was cleared to develop agricultural
lands and pastures. Denudation of soils
induced accelerated erosion of the unconsolidated superficial formations of
the highlands, with consequences for
the flood regime and increase of sedimentation rates in the wetlands.
The main objective of the project was
to evaluate the land cover changes
that occurred in the Pantanal-Chaco
area since the 1960s, to estimate the
increase of soil loss in selected pilot
areas and to develop predictive deforestation scenarios.
Activities
The land cover multitemporal study was
performed by means of topographic,
remotely sensed and fieldwork data related to the decades of 1960s, 1980s and
1990s. A geographic database was built
by digitising topographic maps at the
scales of 1/100,000 and 1/250,000. Land
cover data from topographic maps refe
to aerial photographs of the years 19641966. They are the oldest homogeneous
land cover data available for the area.
A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was

obtained by processing elevation and
hydrography datasets. Spatial analysis performed on the DEM allowed
to obtain a geographic database like
physiographic provinces, slope, aspect,
flow-direction, flow-accumulation, etc.
These outputs were used for geomorphologic and hydrological analyses,
soil erosion estimates and land cover
predictive modelling. Landsat TM images
related to the dry season of the years
1985 and 1996 were processed through
a procedure integrating supervised
classification and visual interpretation,
in order to obtain a multitemporal land
cover database for an extension of about
300,000 km2. The European CORINE
Land Cover project nomenclature was
tested and applied. Interpretation of
the Landsat TM images was supported
by data collected during several fieldwork missions.
The multitemporal land cover dataset reporting changes occurred in the
time spans 1966-1985 and 1985-1996
was built through pre-stratified delta
classification techniques. A statistical
analysis of the multitemporal dataset
was performed at the scales of a) the
whole project area, b) physiographic
provinces and c) municipalities, in order
to locate those areas which underwent
important changes since the 1960s.
Project Number
IC18CT960073

01/12/1996 to 31/03/2001 (52 months)
Coordinator
Prof. Luigi Carmigniani
Universit degli Studi di Siena
Italy
Website
http://www.egeo.unisi.it/
pantanal-chaco/project.htm
The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)

was applied through GIS (geographical
information system) procedures within
selected pilot areas of the planaltos, in
order to evaluate the change of potential soil loss induced by the recognised
land cover changes. The Soil and Water
Assessment Tool (SWAT), a river basin scale model developed to quantify
the impact of land management practices in large, complex watersheds,
was utilised to evaluate the impact of
both land management and changes on
water and soils in two important watersheds of the planaltos (Aquidauana
and Taquarizinho rivers). Finally,
179
Contacts
mathematical modelling applied to the

multitemporal land cover dataset, allowed to obtain deforestation scenarios
for the year 2010.
Results and outcome

The project provided information regarding man-induced environmental
changes occurred in the last thirty years
in the Pantanal-Chaco. In the planaltos,
since the 1960s, more than 20,000 km2
of cerrado and forest (approximately
60% of the total) were cleared in favour
of agricultural lands and pastures. In
the same time span also the northern
Pantanal experienced deforestation,
while in the southern Pantanal no dramatic land cover changes occurred.
The USLE showed that in many regions
the potential soil loss induced by land
cover changes exceeds the tolerance
values, in agreement with both the large
gully erosion phenomena observed in
the planaltos and the increase of solid
discharge detected in the Taquari River
from 1977 to 1997. The SWAT revealed
that land cover changes, while inducing
only moderate variation to potential
surface water and groundwater resources, caused significant increase of
soil erosion rate.
The project also allowed to provide
methods: a) to obtain a large scale
DEM from topographic data; b) to estimate land cover changes from remote
sensing imagery; c) to identify physiographic provinces by means of GIS;
and d) to determine the topographic
factor of the USLE through semi-automatic GIS procedures. A predictive
model was also built in the form of a
geographic database providing short
to medium-term scenarios of likely effects of forest clearing.
and Papers
Disperati, L., A. Rindinella, S. Virdis & R.
Salvini, 2003. Applicazione del metodo di
NDVI differencing per la valutazione della
deforestazione nel Mato Grosso meridionale
(Brasile). 7a Conferenza Nazionale ASITA Verona,
Italia, 28-31 Ottobre 2003, vol. II, 1009-1014.
Disperati, L., A.P. Fiori, M. Bocci, P.L Fantozzi &
L. Carmignani, 2000. Land-cover and soil loss
multi-temporal study in the Pantanal-Chaco
wetlands (Southern Brazil). 31st International
Geological Congress. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
August 617, 2000. Abstracts Volume (CD-ROM).
Geological Survey of Brazil CPRM.
Disperati, L., G. Righini, R. Salvini, A. Ciali, N.
Coscini, P.L. Fantozzi, L. Carmignani, A.P. Fiori,
A.C. Paranhos Filho & M. Bocci, 1999. Effects of
land-cover change on soil loss in the So Gabriel
do Oeste area (Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul,
Brazil). The EOS/SPIE Symposium on Remote
Sensing - A EUROPTO Series Meeting. 20-24
September 1999, University of Florence, Italy, pp.
207-218.
Disperati, L., G. Righini, P.L. Fantozzi, S. Kozciak,
A.C. Paranhos Filho & M. Bocci, 1998. Mapping
land use change through remote sensing and
GIS analysis: the case of the Rio Verde do
Mato Grosso area in the Pantanal region (MS,
Brazil). pp. 84-89 Procceding of the 7th ICCTA International Congress for Computer Technology
in Agriculture. Computer Technology in
Agricultural Management and Risk Prevention.
Accademia dei Georgofili, Ce.S.I.A., C.N.R. &
I.A.T.A., Florence, 15-18 November 1998, A.N.A.,
DLG, RASE, SAF.
Disperati, L., R. Salvini, A. Ciali, P.L. Fantozzi,
L. Carmignani, A.P. Fiori, M. Bocci & A.C
Paranhos Filho, 2002. Land Cover And Soil
Loss Multitemporal Analysis: An Application
of Geoindicators in the Pantanal Wetlands
(Brazil). In Bruzzone L. & P. Smits (eds.). Analysis
of Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Images.
Proceedings of Multitemp 2001. World Scientific
Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore, 217-224.
Fiori, A.P., C. Oka-Fiori, L. Disperati, A.C.
Paranhos Filho, S. Kozciak, J.A. Guedes & A.
Ciali, 2001. O processo erosivo nas bordas
leste e norte da Bacia do Alto Paraguai. Boletim
Paranaense de Geocincias, 49:63-78.
Oka-Fiori, C., S. Kozciak, A Ciali & A.P. Fiori,
1999. Estimativa da eroso dos solos da folha
de Rio Itiquira (MT/MS). Boletim Paranaense de
Geocincias, 47:31-44.
Righini, G., L. Disperati, P.L Fantozzi, U.
Pieruccini, L. Carmignani & A.P. Fiori, 1999.
Analisi della dinamica ambientale dellarea di
Rio Verde do Mato Grosso, Brasile, tramite dati
Landsat TM multitemporali. Rivista Italiana di
Telerilevamento, 14/15:33-44.
Salvini, R., L. Disperati & L. Carmignani, 2002.
Deforestation assessment and predictive modelling in the Pantanal wetlands (Mato Grosso, Brazil). 8th Annual Conference of the International
Association for Mathematical Geology, IAMG
2002, 15-20 September 2002, Berlin, Germany.
Terra Nostra, 04/2002(2):553-558.
Coordinator
Luigi Carmignani &
Leonardo Disperati
Universit di Siena, Centro di
Geotecnologie and Dipartimento di
Scienze della Terra
via Vetri Vecchi, 34
52027 San Giovanni Valdarno
Italy
Tel: +39 055 911 94 42
Fax: +39 055 911 94 39
E-M: luigi.carmignani@unisi.it
E-M: disperati@unisi.it
Partners
Giovanni Lombardi & Paolo Barsanti
Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, lEnergia
e lAmbiente - ENEA
Via Vasco Viviani, 23
56124 Pisa
Italy
E.M: lombardi@rserv.pisa.enea.it
E-M: barsanti@rserv.pisa.enea.it
Alberto Pio Fiori

Universidade Federal do Paran,
Departamento de Geologia Centro
Politecnico
PO BOX 19011,
Jardim das Amricas s/n
81531-990 Curitiba, Paran
Brazil
E-M: piofiori@terra.com.br
Joo Manuel de Carvalho

Ramalho Ribeiro
Estao Zootcnica Nacional
Fonte Boa
2000-763 Vale de Santarm
Portugal
E.M: stpa.ezn@mail.telepac.pt
Blanca Stella de Fasulli

Universidad Nacional de Asuncin
Direccin de Investigacin y Relaciones
i Coord. de Ecologa y Medio Ambiente
PO BOX 910/2064
Avenida Espaa 1098
Asuncin
Paraguay
E.M: mega@uamericana.edu.py
180
SALVINIA
Management of aquatic vegetation
in the Lower Senegal River Basin

After the construction of two dams in
the Senegal River (the Diama dam near
the mouth of the river, 25 km north of
the city of Saint Louis in Senegal, operational since 1988), and the Manantali
dam in Mali (operational since 1986) the
water level in the river was regulated. In
consequence, large parts of the floodplains were permanently dried up and
the brackish water in the lower part of
the river became fresh. This change in
ecological conditions led to an annually
recurrent, explosive development of the
floating aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes in
the Djoudj National Park during the first
half of the dry season.
The Park, located approximately 60 km
upstream from Saint Louis in Senegal
in the former floodplain, is artificially
flooded when inlets from the river are
opened during the rainy season. An
additional result of the changed ecological conditions is prolific growth of the
emergent weed Typha australis in the
lower part of the Senegal River. This
applies in particular to a shallow reservoir, just upstream of the Diama dam,
which was formed as a result of the construction of embankments (surface area
approximately 180 km) and the Lac de
Guiers, a lake which is about 50 km upstream of the Diama dam connected to
the river (surface area approximately
240 km). In September 1999 the very
aggressive floating weed Salvinia molesta was for the first time observed in
the Senegal River in the vicinity of the
Djoudj National Park.
The main objective of the project was to
conduct studies which could lead to an
ecologically sound, integrated control
of aquatic weeds in the Lower Senegal
River Basin. Studies were conducted on
the ecology of P. stratiotes, the feasibility to control this weed biologically by
means of the weevil Neohydronomus affinis, and the efficiency of an hydraulic
weed cutting boat to control T. australis.
In addition, maps were produced, based

on satellite data and results of a ground
data survey, to obtain a clear overview
of aquatic weed growth in the Lac de
Guiers. This lake, connected with the
Senegal River, is economically very
important as it is the city of Dakars
major drinking water supply and also
provides irrigation water for vast agricultural areas. During the third year
of the project conditions in the Lower
Senegal River Basin changed markedly
as a result of an infestation by the exotic weed Salvinia molesta. Consequently,
because of the potential disastrous effect, which this weed may bring about
to the Senegal River ecosystem, its
spread, as well as control options, were
also taken into consideration.
Project Number
IC18CT960080

01/10/1996 to 31/12/2000 (51 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Arnold Pieterse
Royal Tropical Institute
The Netherlands
Activities
Ecology and management of Pistia

stratiotes
Efficiency of a weed-cutting boat for
Typha control
Inquiry in villages along the Senegal
River regarding the problems
caused by Typha
Growth and development of aquatic

plants in the Lac de Guiers and their
relationships with environmental
conditions
Invasion of the Senegal River by the

floating aquatic weed Salvinia molesta: spread and control options.
SALVINIA
181
SALVINIA
Results and outcome
As far as P. stratiotes is concerned, its
survival strategy in the Djoudj National
Park was studied in detail. Pistia survival
in the Park is a race between successful seed formation to permit survival
during the dry season when waterbodies dry out and death of adult plants
due to increasing salinity. Flowering of
Pistia plants was markedly enhanced by
crowding, which implies that most seeds
were formed in a dense vegetation, notably in an area near a pelican colony,
which was fertilised by excreta of these
birds. Biological control of Pistia plants
by means of the weevil Neohydronomus
affinis, was quite effective, if this insect
was released directly after flooding of
the Park when the first Pistia plants
emerge from seeds. However, because
all Pistia plants eventually die in the
course of the dry season as a result of
an increased salt content of the water,
the insects have to be released again every year. A hydraulic weed cutting boat
(model Conver 480 H) was quite effective in removing Typha stands in the Lac
de Guiers. However, due to the excessively thick stems of the Typha plants,
cutting took much more time compared
to similar operations in Europe. It was
estimated that approximately 35 hours
were required to clear one ha of dense
Typha stands. Efficiency of mowing,
which was carried out when the Typha
plants were flowering at the end of the
dry season, was not related significantly
to depth of cutting. Eventual re-growth
was relatively slow which is probably
due to a destruction of the root zone as
a result of anoxic conditions. In subsequent experiments in the former bed of
the Gorom River, which is now located
within the newly formed shallow lake
near the Diama dam, showed that there
was no significant difference between
the effect of deep and surface mowing,
when the plants were flowering at the
end of the dry season. However, early
mowing, when the plants were not yet
flowering, was-less effective, and early
182
SALVINIA
deep mowing was more marked than

early surface mowing.
By means of GIS (Geographic Information
System) the extension of the halophyte
belt and occurrence of floating and submerged weeds in the Lac de Guiers were
shown in connection with environmental factors. The dominant halophyte is
Typha australis, which fills up all shallow areas. As it is restricted by depth
and exposure it may be concluded that
the northern part of lake is not threatened. An increase in the abundance of
some submerged plants may have resulted from a decreased salinity and a
more stable water level.
In September 1999 the very aggressive
floating weed Salvinia molesta was for
the first time observed in the Senegal
River in the vicinity of the Djoudj
National Park. It appeared that a stretch
of 50 km of the river had been invaded
between Rosso and the Diama dam. In
September 2000, it was also observed in
the Lac de Guiers. In the framework of
the project it was arranged that starter
colonies of the biological control agent
Cyrtobagous salviniae were transported from South Africa to Mauritania
and Senegal. This weevil is very effective against molesta and is absolutely
host specific. It was originally collected
from S. molesta, in its original habitat in
South America.
Hellsten, S., C. Dieme, M. Mbengue, S.R. Kloff,
N.G. den Hollander, H. Ahonen, J. Rantakokko,
G.A. Janauer & A.H. Pieterse, 1998. Mechanical
control of Typha stands in the Senegal River
valley by means of a weed cutting boat: impact
and time input. pp. 361-364. In Monteiro A., T.
Vasconcelos & L. Catarino (eds.), Proceedings
of the 10th EWRS International Symposium
on Aquatic Weeds. Management and ecology
of aquatic plants. Lisbon, Portugal, 21-25
September 1998. European Weed Research
Society/Associao Portuguesa dos Recursos
Hdricos, Lisbon, Portugal.
Hellsten, S., C. Dieme, M. Mbengue, G.J. Janauer,
N. den Hollander & A.H. Pieterse, 1999. Typha
control efficiency of a weed-cutting boat in the
Lac de Guiers in Senegal: a preliminary study
on mowing speed and re-growth capacity.
Hollander, N.G. den, I.W. Schenk, S. Diouf, M.J.
Kropff & A.H. Pieterse, 1999. Survival strategy
of Pistia stratiotes in the Djoudj National Park in
Senegal. Hydrobiologia, 415:21-27.
Hollander, N.G., S. Diouf, I. Schenk, L. Bastiaans,
M.J. Kropff & A.H. Pieterse, 1998. Crowding
enhances flowering of Pistia stratiotes. pp.
71-74. In Monteiro A., T. Vasconcelos & L.
Catarino (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th EWRS
International Symposium on Aquatic Weeds.
Management and ecology of aquatic plants.
Lisbon, Portugal, 21-25 September 1998. Lisbon.
European Weed Research Society/Associao
Portuguesa dos Recursos Hdricos.
Janauer, G.A., S.I Sylla, A.H. Pieterse, S. Diouf,
S. Hellsten & N. Exler, 1998. Monitoring aquatic
plant infestations by remote sensing and plant
mass estimate in Lac de Guiers, Senegal. pp.
269-272. In: Monteiro A., T. Vasconcelos & L.
Catarino (eds.), Proceedings of the 10th EWRS
International Symposium on Aquatic Weeds.
Management and ecology of aquatic plants.
Lisbon, Portugal, 21-25 September 1998. Lisbon.
European Weed Research Society/Associao
Portuguesa dos Recursos Hdricos.
Pieterse, A.H., S.K. Hellsten, G.A. Janauer, C.
Dieme, S. Diouf & N. Exler, 2002. Management
of aquatic vegetation in the lower Senegal
River basin. Verh. Internat. Verein Limnol., 28,
549-555.
Schenk, I.W., N.G. den Hollander, S. Diouf,
M.J. Kropff, S. Hellsten, G.A. Janauer & A.H.
Pieterse, 1998. Seasonal advance and retreat
of Pistia stratiotes in the Djoudj National Park
in Senegal: a race between seed formation and
increasing salt concentrations. pp. 285-288. In
Monteiro A., T. Vasconcelos & L. Catarino (eds.),
Proceedings of the 10th EWRS International
Symposium on Aquatic Weeds. Management
and ecology of aquatic plants. Lisbon, Portugal,
21-25 September 1998. Lisbon. European Weed
Research Society/ Associao Portuguesa dos
Recursos Hdricos.
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Arnold Hubert Pieterse
Seppo Hellsten
Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen

63 Mauritskade
1092 AD Amsterdam
The Netherlands
TEL: +31 205 688307
FAX: +31 205 688498
Technical Research Centre of Finland

1 Kaitovyl
PO Box 19042
90571 Oulu
Finland
E-M: Seppo.hellsten@vyh.fi
E-M: apieterse@kit.nl
Georg Janauer
Universitt Wien
14 Althanstrasse
1090 Wien
Austria
E-M: janauer@pflaphy.pph.univie.ac.at
Sara Diouf
Ministre de lEnvironnement et de la
Protection de la Nature
PO Box 5135
Dakar
Sngal
E-M: dpnsbpnd@telecomplus.sn
SALVINIA
183
LLANOS
Ecological bases for the sustainable
management of flooded tropical ecosystems case studies in the Llanos, Venezuela and the
Pantanal, Brazil
Project Number
IC18CT960087

01/12/1996 to 30/11/1999 (36 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Prof. Francisco Daz Pineda
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Spain
Activities
The project addressed the important

issue of the progressive disappearance
of wetland systems all over the world
and mainly in the neotropical systems.
Wetlands are widely transformed to
agricultural systems. In this context,
short-term aims prevail over long-term
objectives at the expense of sustainability, biological diversity and biomass
production.
The following activities were carried

out at the two scales examined:
The aim of the project was to study the

ecological consequences of the changes
engendered by the recent intensification
of human use in the flooded neotropical
savannas. Such intensification consists
in the building of a network of dams
(mdulos) for regulating surface run
off. In addition, the project attempted
to apply various methodologies already
tested in Europe to different landscapes
and test their suitability for the context.
The research was carried out at two
complementary scales:
1. Territory: Typification of recent
changes in the last thirty years.
1. At landscape scale:
a) Habitat heterogeneity and changes
induced by changing land uses during the last 30 years. Consequences
of the dams system. Mapping and
description of the study area used
field observations, satellite imagery
and radar images.
b) Monitoring landscape changes resulting from changing land use and
transformation processes over the
last 30 years. Measuring the rate
of replacement of habitat types using old aerial photocover (1960).
The temporal changes in habitat
were represented through a GIS
(Geographical Information System).
The procedure followed three steps:
2. Ecosystem: Characterisation of the

changes in the system linked to hyperseasonality (flooding/drought)
and to grazing pressure.
Development of a
Terrain Model (DTM).
Digital
Analysis of the development

of forests elements in the
savannah.
Introduction of the land use
data, ecosystem data and the
hydrological models into the
DTM.
c) Water budget of the flooded savannah ecosystem.

2. At ecosystem scale:
d) Productivity and forage quality of
flooded savannahs under three different stocking rates.
184
LLANOS
Land resources inventory at

plot level. Information on species characteristics, life forms,
phenology, soil profile, floristic composition, crop of
consumable biomass, production and its relationship with

biodiversity, soil respiration,
mineral nitrogen, carbon and
nitrogen of biomass, soil microbial biomass, denitrification
and nitrogen fixation.
Animal ecology approach (major plant species consumed

through the year and their caloric values, energy efficiencies
and ratio animal diversity/wetland diversity). In the Pantanal
research focused on the seasonality of the system and the
impact of stocking density
from 0 to 0.35 cattle/ha. In the
Llanos de Orinoco the building
of dams for regulating surface
run off has increased cattle
density at the farm level.
Data have been analysed using laboratory

analysis, statistical analysis and spatial data analysis. Scales of the analysis
were 1:250,000, 1:50,000 and 1:20,000
(Pantanal) and 1:100,000, 1:60,000 and
1:25,000 (Llanos de Orinoco).
Results and outcome

The results of the project show that the
Apure catchment occupies a gradient
within the Orinoco River between old
and young deposition layers. Flooded
landscape units are found particularly
in flat zones where dikes exist. Nonflooded landscapes are more recent
and have a higher percentage of banks.
Dike building has led to smaller flooding units and a longer availability of
water in more places with possibility
for increasing cattle grazing. It has also
caused changes in the water budget and
the flooding pattern as shown by the
digital elevation model and flooding
maps. Higher evapotranspiration rates
are related to this change in flooding
pattern and the change in distribution
of natural species.
A negative aspect for agricultural landuse is that upstream of the dike, in the
wet season, cattle is concentrated and
therefore uses less land. This leads to
overgrazing translating into a change
from grassland vegetation to less palatable species and an increase in shrub
and forest. The dike building also made
it possible for natural aquatic bird
species to survive on more places in a
larger area than before. It seems that
Capybara benefited from its protection status where it occurs. Heron, ibis
and stork changed their distribution
pattern due to the increase in wetland
area. Available data confirm changes of
aquatic bird diversity.
Campo Dora. Grazing seemed to fill in

an open niche in the ecological system
and it helps to keep the system relatively stable. The faunal communities
are diverse but all species are relatively
low in numbers. In addition, the system
of bafa is a mature wetland system.
There is a high habitat diversity but all
these are small in area. This might explain the low animal numbers.
The system of the Pantanal is overall
stable except from the impact of landuse change upstream. The Taquari
River, one of the major tributaries of
the Paraguay River, is affecting the
hydrological equilibrium of the riverrelated part of Pantanal of Nhecolandia.
Although the Pantanal is normally
considered one of the less disturbed
wetland systems, it is still important to
be aware of and monitor the different
external influences. The methods applied in the Llanos to develop flooding
maps proved to be a good tool.
The Llanos have shown the same
changes as in most wetland systems
in the world, but at a much lower degree of intensity. These changes lead to
more livestock production and less distinctiveness, which results in a loss of
biodiversity. A well-preserved ecosystem should be valued both in economic
and ecological sense. Extensive cattle
raising and eco-tourism can be of great
importance for their maintenance.
From the Pantanal thematic maps, variability and changes in water level and
grazing pressure have been recorded.
The maps show vegetation patterns
and soils at regional and intermediate
scales. Spatial diversity in hydrology is
well reflected in vegetation patterns.
It shows clear differences between
the open, river-related system (Campo
Dora) and the closed landscapes of
bafa (Nhumirim). It appeared that
the system was more dynamic in the
LLANOS
185
LLANOS
Contacts
Dehorter, A. & A. Tamisier, 1999. Wintering
waterflow in Orinoccos floodplains. Evaluation
and perspectives. 6th Neotropical Ornithological
Congress. Monterrey, Mexico. Oct. 1999.
Dehorter, A. & A. Tarnisier, 1999. Los Llanos, un
refugio de invierno para el Barraquete aliazul, un
pato de America del Norte? 1st Ibero-American
Congress in biodiversity. Pamplona, Spain.
January 1999.
Prez Gutirrez, P., M.P. Martn de Agar, C.T.
Lpez de Pablo & F.D. Pineda, 2000. Analysis
of landscape changes with integrated criteria:
application to sustainable management of
natural resources. Oral paper. International
Conference on Multifunctional Landscapes.
Interdisciplinary Approaches to Landscape
Research and Management: Roskilde. p. 210.
Pott, A. & V.J. Pott, 1999. Biomassa de plantas
aquticas em lagoas na fazenda Nhurnirim,
Nhecolandia, Pantanal. Congresso Nacional de
Botnica, 50, Blurnenau, Blurnenau, Sociedade
Brasileira de Botanica, Resurnos, p. 258.
Sarmiento, G. & M. Pinillos, 1999. A conceptual
model relating ecological constraints to livestock
production in tropical American seasonal
savannas. In Mader, V. & R Jongman (eds.).
Ecological and Socio-Economic Consequences of
Land Use Changes, WIT Press Southampton.
Smith, J.K., E.J. Chacon-Moreno, R.H.G. Jongman,.
P. Wenting. & J.H. Loedeman, 2005. Effect of dike
construction on water dynamics in the flooding
savannah of Venezuela. Earth Surface Processes
and Landforms, 31(1):81-96.
Coordinator
Partners
Francisco Daz Pineda
Alain Tamisier
Facultad de Biologa
Departamento de Ecologa
28040 Madrid
Spain
Tel: +34 913 94 44 38
Fax: +34 913 94 50 81

Scientifique
Route de Mende 1919
BP 5051
34293 Montpellier
France
E-M: alain.tamisier@cefe.cnrs-mop.fr
E-M: pacopi@bio.ucm.es
Guilllermo Sarmiento
Centro de Investigaciones Ecolgicas
de los Andes Tropicales
Universidad de los Andes
5101 Mrida
Venezuela
E-M: marygui@arnet.com.ar
Robert Jongman
Ruimtelijke Planvorming
Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen
13 Generaal Foulkesweg 13
6703 BJ Wageningen
The Netherlands
E-M: Rob.Jongman@wur.nl
Arnildo Pott
Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do
Pantanal
Embrapa - Empresa Brasileira de
Pesquisa Agropecuaria
1880 Rue 21 de Setembro 1880, Bairro
N. Sra. Fatima
PO Box 109
79320-900 Corumba
Brazil
E-M: apott@cnpgc.embrapa.br
186
LLANOS
EUTROP
Natural resource functions,
biodiversity and sustainable
management of tropical wetlands
Activities
Tropical peatlands, especially those

situated in lowland situations are a
major target for land conversion and
development. In their natural state
these are covered in diverse rain forest and they perform a wide range of
natural resource functions. There is
little published information on these
values and attributes or how tropical
peatlands should be managed sustainably. Peatlands globally have acquired
a high profile in recent years owing
to their pivotal role in carbon balance
processes and this is particularly so
in Southeast Asia where major land
conversion projects and fire are threatening this resource.
The study design incorporated environmental audit and assessment, involving

remote sensing and extensive ground
checking. The status of the peatland
resource was established and the impacts upon it determined, prior to
preparing guidelines for its sustainable
management. Large-scale satellite survey applied sophisticated techniques of
remote sensing, including the Synthetic
Aperture Radar (SAR) satellites ERS-1/2
(EU) and JERS-1 (Japan) that could penetrate the cloud which frequently covers
this part of Kalimantan. The results of
remotely sensed vegetation, peat and
land use mapping were linked to extensive field surveys, ecological studies
and laboratory analyses. Natural, secondary, developed and degraded peat
swamp forests (PSF) were investigated.
Forest sub-types and structure were
documented, compared and evaluated, together with determination of
peatland area, peat thickness, geochemistry, hydrology and hydrochemistry,
tree biomass and nutrient dynamics in
order to understand the ecological processes and natural resource functions
of tropical peatland and the impact
of development upon these. Special
emphasis was placed upon the socioeconomic values of both developed and
undeveloped PSF and how these can be
catered for within strategies for environmentally sustainable management.
The overriding rationale of this project

was to undertake a comprehensive evaluation (including biodiversity, ecological,
environmental and socio-economic attributes) of tropical peatlands based
upon studies at different spatial scales.
At the largest scale, mapping enabled
the role of undisturbed and developed
tropical peat of Southeast Asia for carbon dioxide storage and emission to be
determined. Medium scale approaches
focused on the Indonesian Province
of Central Kalimantan (Borneo) where
there is a major Government sponsored
impetus for peatland development.
Local studies concentrated upon several adjacent peat-covered catchments
within the latter. This scalar approach
was essential in order to encompass
the ecological heterogeneity and range
of sector developments within tropical
peatland systems. Data obtained in this
study was used to prepare guidelines
for the sustainable management of
tropical peatlands based upon a model
ecohydrological catchment plan.
Project Number
IC18CT980260

01/10/1998 to 30/09/2001 (36 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Jack Rieley
University of Nottingham
United Kingdom
EUTROP
187
EUTROP
Results and outcome
The project major achievements and
significant outcomes:
188
Established the importance of

tropical peatlands as reservoirs of
biodiversity and stores of carbon.
Highlighted
the
problems
of
converting this ecosystem to commercial forms of land use.
Emphasised the vulnerability of
this sensitive ecosystem to fire,
especially following drainage and
human impact.
Proved that this ecosystem is one
of the largest carbon stores in the
world and showed that major proportions of this can be transferred
to the atmosphere as a result of fire
and land use change thereby adding
to the greenhouse effect.
Reliable data are now available with
which to prepare guidelines for implementing wise use strategies for
environmentally sustainable management of tropical peatlands.
Governments in Indonesia and
Malaysia are taking note of the
above outcomes and are preparing to incorporate information into
their own policies and strategies for
tropical peatland.
Information from the project is
being provided to International
Conventions to support global
initiatives on biodiversity, conservation and climate change.
A large body of highly qualified and
knowledgeable scientists is available in both the EU and SE Asia
capable of addressing a wide range
of problems associated with tropical peat and peatlands.
EUTROP
The EUTROP Project was followed by

another Project (STRAPEAT) on tropical peat that incorporated the data
available into procedures to develop
strategies for the implementation of
sustainable management of peatlands
in Borneo.
The STRAPEAT Project ended in
November 2004 and was succeeded by
RESTORPEAT, an EU INCO-DEV Project
under the 6TH Framework Programme.
Updated information can be found in
this URL: www.strapeat.alterra.nl
and Papers
Boehm, H.-D.V., & F. Siegert, 2004. The impact
of logging on land use change in Central
Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Peat
Journal, 12:310.
Couturier, S., D. Taylor, F. Siegert, A. Hoffmann &
M.Q. Bao, 2000. ERS SAR backscatter: a potential
real-time indicator of the proneness of modified
rainforests. Remote Sensing of Environment,
76:410-417.
Page, S.E., & J.O. Rieley, 1998. Tropical peatlands:
a review of their natural resource functions,
with particular reference to Southeast Asia.
International Peat Journal, 8:95-106.
Page, S.E., F. Siegert, J.O. Rieley, H-D.V. Boehm, A.
Jaya & S.H. Limin, 2002. The amount of carbon
released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia
in 1997. Nature, 420:61-65.
Page, S.E., J.O. Rieley, W. Shotyk, & D. Weiss,
1999. The interdependence of peat and
vegetation in tropical peat swamp forest.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society,
Series B, 354:1-13.
Salampak, Sabiham & J.O. Rieley, 2000. Phenolic
acids in tropical peat from Central Kalimantan.
International Peat Journal, 10:97-103.
Weiss, D., W. Shotyk, J.O. Rieley, S.E. Page, M.
Gloor, S. Reese & A. Martinez-Cortizas, 2002.
The geochemistry of major and selected trace
elements in a forested peat bog, Kalimantan,
SE Asia, and its implications for past
atmospheric and dust deposition. Geochemica et
Cosmochimica Acta, 66:2307-2323.
Two major international symposia were

organised and held successfully under
this project:
1999: International Symposium on Tropical
Peat Swamps, Penang, Malaysia. 250
participants. Opened by the Malaysian Minister
of Environment, proceedings were published
in 2004.
2001: International Symposium on Tropical
Peatland Peatland for people, Jakarta,
Indonesia. 250 participants. Opened by the
Indonesian Minister of Research and Technology.
Proceedings were published in March 2002.
Rieley, J.O. & S.E. Page (eds.), 2002. Peatlands
for People: Natural Resources Management
and Sustainable Management. Symposium
Proceedings, Jakarta, Indonesia, August 2001.
BPPT & IPA.
Mansor, M., A. Ali, J.O. Rieley, A.H. Ahmad, &
A. Mansor, 2004. Tropical Peat Swamps - Safeguarding a Globa lNatural Resource, Proceedings
of the International Conference and Workshop on
Tropical Peat Swamps, 27.-29.07.1999, Penang,
Malaysia. Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau
Pinang, ISBN 983-251458-4, 356 pp.
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Jack Rieley
Harri Vasander
University Park
NG7 2RD Nottingham
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 115 95132 16
Fax: +44 115 9513251
Department of Forest Ecology

University of Helsinki
P.O. Box 27
00014 Helsinki
Finland
E-M: harri.vasander@helsinki.fi
E.M:Jack.Rieley@nottingham.ac.uk
Susan Page
University of Leicester
University Road
LE1 7RH Leicester
United Kingdom
E-M: sep5@leicester.ac.uk
Viktor Bhm & Florian Siegert1

Kalteng Consultants
2 Kirchstockacher Weg
85635 Hhenkirchen
Germany
E-M: Viktorboehm@t-online.de
E-M: siegert@rssgmbh.de
Suwido Limin
University of Palangka Raya
Jalan Yos Sudarso, Tunjung Nyaho
73111 Palangka Raya
Indonesia
E-M: cimtrop_suwido@yahoo.com
Bostang Radjagukguk
Gadjah Mada University
Faculty of Agriculture
Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281
Indonesia
E-M: bradjagukguk@yahoo.com
Fachrurrozie Sjarkowi
Sriwijaya University
Srijaya Negara Bukit Besar
30139 Palembang
Indonesia
E-M: fsjarkowi@yahoo.com
Mashhor Mansor
University Sains Malaysia
Minden
10800 Minden
Malaysia
E-M: mashhor@usm.my
EUTROP
189
Coastal and inland wetlands in China and

Pakistan: Colonial waterbirds as bioindicators
of pollutant levels and effects
Project Number
IC18CT980294

01/09/1998 to 28/02/2002 (42 months)
Activities
Public concern about the state of the

environment has dramatically increased due to the growing evidence
that pollution causes severe environmental degradation and may ultimately
pose human health risks e.g. through
accumulation effects in food webs.
Wetlands in Pakistan and China are
subject to increasing pollution from industrial, urban and agricultural sources,
there is a growing urgency to monitor
contamination.
The Little Egret was used as bioindicator of environmental pollution. The

study species, is one of the most widespread predators in the wetland food
webs. The research involved the noninvasive sampling of eggs, of nestling
feathers and of their prey, assessment
of contaminants by chemical analysis of the samples. Measurement of
eco-ethological variables, for certain
wetlands exposed to industrial-urban
pollution (Karachi in Pakistan and
Pearl River Delta in China), for other
wetlands exposed to agricultural pollution (Tounsa in Pakistan and TaiHu
in China), and for wetlands thought to
be relatively unpolluted (Haleji Lake
in Pakistan and Poyang Hu in China).
These wetlands are among the largest water bodies of inland China and
Pakistan. Both, pollutant levels and
their effects were assessed.
Coordinator
Dr. Mauro Fasola
Universit degli Studi di Pavia
Italy
Website
http://www.unipv.it/webbio/labweb/
ecoeto/cina/index.htm
This project aimed to assess pollutant

levels and effects in selected wetlands
in Pakistan and China, using as bioindicator one colonial waterbird (the Little
Egret, Egretta garzetta) of the family
Ardeidae. Specific goals were:
To measure residues of organochlorines and polychlorinated biphenyl

(PCBs), and of heavy metals and
other trace elements.
To measure population size, breeding success of the Little Egrets, and to

record aspects of their ecology that
may be related to contamination.
To infer exposure of the Little

Egrets to pollutants and the general
bioavailability of pollutants.
To assess ecosystem-level contamination.
To identify whether concentrations

of contaminants are at levels associated with adverse effects.
To disseminate the results among

environmental toxicologists, ecosystem managers, environmental
policy formulators and legislators.
Specific techniques involved:

1. Eco-ethological observations. All
breeding colonies within each
wetland were identified and their
breeding populations censused.
Breeding success was recorded for a
sample of nests in one focal colony
for each study area, usually the biggest and centrally located colony.
Foraging habitat and prey type were
recorded during focal-animal observations of a sample of adults.
2. Sampling and preparation of material for chemical analyses. The number
of samples was optimised under the
assumption that differences exist
between unpolluted, industrial and
agricultural-polluted sites and that
within-site variance is low.
190
Eggs: one egg was sampled

from 10 nests at each of the 6
study sites. The samples were
analysed for organic contaminants and for trace elements
using
Atomic
Absorption
Spectophotometry (AAS) and
Neutron Activation Analysis
(NAA). Shell thickness that
could be related to contamination, was measured.
Feathers were collected from

nestlings at each of the nests
from which eggs had been collected and were analysed by
AAS and NAA.
Prey: 10 pools (of 10 individuals
each) of the 3 main prey types
were collected at each of the 6
study sites and were analysed
as for eggs and feathers.
3. Chemical analysis. Concentrations

of trace metals, of other elements
and of organic contaminants were
measured by:
AAS for Hg, Pb, Cd and Cr.

NAA for Br, Co, Cs, La, Sc, Se, Zn,
using irradiation positions of a
Triga Mark II Nuclear Reactor.
Gas Liquid Chromatography
(GLC) for Dichloro-diphenyltrichloroethane
DDT
and
derivates, other organochlorines (HCH+HCB, -HCH, -HCH,
-HCH, heptachlor-epoxide -endosulfan), and PCBs.
The study species is not protected internationally, and no special permits

were required for sample export.
The populations and behaviour to be
studied could be relatively simply observed. Comparability of results was
assured by the use of identical methods at each study area and by the fact
that each type of analysis (NNA, AAS,
GLC) was carried out in only one of the
three laboratories. Methods were standardised during coordination meetings
and their uniform application was guaranteed through the participation by

European researchers to fieldwork in
Asia and by Asian researchers to laboratory analysis in Europe.
Results and outcome

The main goals, assessing contamination levels and their effects at 6 study
areas, were attained and all the planned
operations were accomplished.
The project delivered the first information on contaminant levels for some
areas of South and East Asia, and detailed knowledge of the ecology of the
study species and populations.
The general conclusion was that the average level of persistent contaminants
is lower than the thresholds known to
harm wildlife, both for trace elements
and for organic compounds, both in
Pakistan and China. These results are
mostly welcomed, in that they testify a
reduced environmental contamination.
However, persistent organochlorines
(particularly DDT derivates) and trace
metals were found in most samples at
detectable concentrations. Moreover,
some of the samples showed high concentration of particular contaminants,
thus indicating that local sources of
intense contamination exist. Therefore,
a continued monitoring is advisable in
relation to these substances.
The results were disseminated among

planners, technicians and the general
public through circulation of the final
report, media coverage and workshops
in Pakistan and China in order to: (1)
stimulate improved management of
the wetlands studied; (2) contribute to
national policy formulation for pollution control and wetland conservation;
(3) contribute to the strengthening of
national pollution control regulations
and their application; (4) stimulate further monitoring of pollution in colonial
waterbirds and wetlands; (5) enhance
general awareness of the risks and
hazards of environmental pollution in
China and Pakistan.
In addition to the scientific and technical achievements, these outputs
could be useful for the management
of these important wetlands, for national policy formulation for pollution
control and wetland conservation and
for the strengthening of pollution control regulations.
Less sharp than expected were the differences in contamination between

the study sites presumably exposed to
industrial-urban pollution (Karachi and
Pearl River Delta), those presumably exposed to agricultural pollution (Tounsa
and TaiHu), and those considered as
relatively unpolluted (Haleji Lake and
Poyang Hu). Indeed, contaminants were
found in all the study areas, with rather
minor differences.
191
Contacts
and Papers
Dong, Y., Z. Gong, Q. An & M. Fasola, 2001.
Monitoring residues of organic micro-pollutants
in a wetland ecosystem in Lake Taihu, China. pp.
267-272. In Gawlik, B.M. et al. (eds.). Freshwater
Contamination in China: Current Topics of
Research. European Commission.
Fasola, M., Y. Zhang, D. Zhao, Y. Dong & H.
Wang, 2001. Age-assortative mating related to
reproductive success in Black-crowned Night
Herons. Waterbirds, 24:272-276.
Gong, Z. &Y. Dong, 1998. Studies on bioaccumulation of heavy metals and its bioindication in environment. Resource and
Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 8:163-168 (in
Chinese).
Gong, Z., Y. Dong & Q. An, 2001. Residue
character of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
in eggs of night heron. China Environmental
Science, 21:124-127 (in Chinese).
Gong, Z., Y. Dong, Q. An, H. Wang, Y. Li, K.
Yang, L. Ruan, Y. Zhang & M. Fasola, 2001.
Organochlorine residues in eggs of night
heron breeding in Yuantouzhu, Wuxi and their
functions as bio-indicator. Environmental
Science, 22:110-113 (in Chinese).
Sanpera, C., X. Ruiz, G.A. Llorente, L. Jover &
R. Jabeen, 2002. Persistent Organochlorine
Compounds in Sediment and Biota from the
Haleji Lake: a Wildlife Sanctuary in South
Pakistan. Bul. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.,
68(2):237-44.
Zhang, Y., L. Ruan, Y. Dong, Z. Gong, Y. Li, H.
Wang & M. Fasola, 2000. Breeding biology of night
heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and little egret
(Egretta garzetta) in Taihu Lake of Wuxi, China.
Zoological Research, 21(4):275-278 (in Chinese).
Coordinator
Partners
Prof. Mauro Fasola
Xavier Ruiz

Piazza Botta 9
27100 Pavia
Italy
Tel:+39 038 250 63 00
Fax: +39 038 250 62 90
Universitat de Barcelona
645 Avenida Diagonal 645
08028 Barcelona
Spain
E-M: fasola@unipv.it
Umar Khan Baloch
E-M: xruiz@porthos.bio.ub.es
National Agriculture Research Centre

45500 Islamabad
Pakistan
E-M: ukbaloch@hotmail.com
Najam Khurshid
World-Wide Fund for Nature
Sidco Avenue Centre
74200 Karachi
Pakistan
E-M: wwfkhi@khi.compol.com
Dai Nianhua
Jiangxi Academy of Sciences
108 Shangfang Road
330029 Jiangxi
China
E-M: nhdai@public.nc.jx.cn
Yuanhua Dong
Institute of Soil Science
Chinese Academy of Sciences
PO Box 821
210008 Nanjing
China
E-M: yhdong@ns.issas.ac.cn
192
ECOTOOLS
Tools for wetland ecosystem resource
management in Eastern Africa
Activities
The Lake Victoria wetlands are some

of the most productive systems in the
region and are vital to the local and
regional socio-economic development
and biodiversity. Recent modifications
in land use, overexploitation of the resource base and demographic changes
could lead to degradation of the ecosystem integrity. The ECOTOOLS project
main objective was to create tools for
natural resource management that
relate sustainable resource use to ecosystem quality and productivity. The
study sites of the project are multiuse
wetland areas of Lake Victoria which
were chosen as transitional ecosystems
with important local and regional interests (economic and social) and where
actual resource management tools are
proven to be inefficient.
The project was designed to develop indicators, monitoring and management

tools for the sustainable use of wetland
ecosystem resources in Eastern Africa.
To achieve this, the following activities
were undertaken:
The project objectives were:

To gather an integrated information
base of resource quality, resource
use, management practises and productivity of the wetland ecosystems
and ecotone.
To explore development trends and

their potential impacts on resource
quality
To determine material and energy fluxes into and out of the

ecosystem
To develop ecological and economic models and indicators to

study sustainable limits of resource
extraction
ICA4-CT2001-10036
This project aimed at developing wise

use practises and adaptative management programmes, together with
long-term indicator based monitoring
of sub-Sahara wetland systems.
Project Number
In-depth review of available data

(ecological, social, economic) and
past literature related to local
production values and local productivity of key resources (flora and
fauna) and ecosystem functioning.
Data gathering of key ecological,
physical-chemical, economic and
socio-cultural data related to the
ecosystem functioning, land use and
resource in particular fish extraction, in particular the analysis of;
the ecotone fish habitat, the catchment land use for two study sites,
the nutrient retention capability of
littoral wetlands, the carbon and
water exchange between wetland
and atmosphere and the release of
humic substances into Lake Victoria
by the floating wetlands.
The development of ecological, hydrological and ecological-economic

models and the creation of systems based indicators and criteria
for ecosystem management The
models operated on an integrated
platform.
The development of management

tools based on the models and data
obtained in the preceding workpackages and with the support
of the local and regional actors. A
management approach was used to
conserve the ecosystems productivity and functional capacity on both
a local and regional scale.
01/11/2001 to 30/04/2005 (42 months)

Shared Cost - Action
Coordinator
Prof. Claudio Rossi
University of Siena
Italy
Website
www.unisi.it/ecotools
ECOTOOLS
193
ECOTOOLS
Results and outcome
The data obtained through data archaeology, field analysis and satellite
analysis was integrated into the biological/chemical and ecological analysis
and ecological/economic models that
were developed. Results have made important advances in the understanding
of the role of wetland ecotones on the
Lake ecosystem.
The ecological analysis results demonstrated a dynamic ecosystem that has
undergone through significant changes
in the last ten years. Furthermore, the
results of the analysis and historic data
demonstrated the importance of the littoral wetland areas in the biochemical
and energetic cycles of the lake inshore
areas. The quantification of the phosphorus and nitrogen retention capacities
of wetlands with different management
history and environmental stress allowed to develop ecological models of
nutrient loads, water quality analysis
of lake eutrophication and economic
models that relate wetland extension
to fisheries and fisheries income. The
analysis of the inorganic carbon cycle
within the wetlands allowed to examine productivity of wetland vegetation,
considering also the nutrient retention
capabilities of the studied wetlands.
Latent energy exchange measurements
allowed a better understanding of the
role that the areas have on local environmental conditions.
local basis was a high priority during

the project and significant efforts were
made to create a widespread interest of
regional scientists and policy makers
on the results of the project.
Cozar, A. L. Bracchini, A. Dattilo & S. Loiselle,
2005. Characterization of the Ugandan inshore
waters of Lake Victoria based on temperatureconductivity diagrams. Water Resources
Research, 41
Loiselle, S. S. Simonit, et al., 2005. Development
of tools for wetland ecosystem resource
management in Eastern Africa (ECOTOOLS). In
J.T.A. Verhoeven, B. Beltman, R. Bobbink & D.F.
Whigham (eds.). Welands as a natural resource,
Vol. I. Ecological Studies, Springer Verlag.
Simonit S. & C. Perrings, 2005. Modelling the
economics of ecosystem services: nutrient
retention and fisheries in Lake Victoria.
iodeweb1.vliz.be.
Simonit, S. & C. Perrings, 2005. Indirect economic
indicators in bioeconomic fishery models:
agricultural price indicators and fish stocks in
Lake Victoria. ICES Journal of Marine Science,
62:483-492.
Simonit, S. & C. Perrings, 2004. Trophic state
variables and prices in bioeconomic fishery
models: indirect economic indicators of
freshwater fish stocks. Centre for Environment
and Development Economics working paper,
CEDE/04-01, Environment Department,
University of York. http://www.york.ac.uk/res/
cede/resources/CEDE_04_01.pdf
The project focused on the economic

values (fisheries, tourism, vegetation) of
two the wetland regions, Yala swamp,
and Nabugabo, historical trends of land
use and resource value were analysed.
The project contributed to the development of collaboration with regional and
international researchers; field collaborations made it possible to develop new
approaches to the study of the littoral
areas of the lake. Dissemination on a
194
ECOTOOLS
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Claudio Rossi
Michael Jones
Department of Chemical and

Biosystem Sciences
Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo
Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase
Via Ettore Bastianini 12
53100 Siena
Italy
Tel: +39 057 723 20 22
Fax: +39 057 723 20 04
Fellows and Scholars of the College
of the Holy and Undivided Trinity
of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin
hereinafter Trinity College, Dublin
College Green
2 Dublin
Ireland
Charles Perrings
Environment Department
University of York
Heslington
YO1 5DD York
United Kingdom
E-M: cap8@york.ac.uk
E-M: mike.jones@tcd.ie
E-M: rossi@unisi.it
Peter Kelderman
International Institute for
Infrastructural, Hydraulic and
Environmental Engineering
95 Westvest 7
P.O.Box 3015
2601 DA Delft
The Netherlands
E-M: p.kelderman@unesco-ihe.org
Frank Kansiime
Institute of Environment & Natural
Resources
Makerere University
P.O. Box 7062
Kampala
Uganda
E-M: fkansiime@muienr.mak.ac.ug
Sam Rubanza Bikangaga

Department of Planning and Quality
Assurance
Ministry of Water, Lands and
Environment
Parliamentary Avenue, Plot 15, Century
House
P.O. Box 7096
256 Kampala
Uganda
E-M: sbikangaga@mwle.go.ug.
Moses M. Ikiara
Kenya Institute for Public Research
and Analysis
Bishops Road
P.O. Box 56445
Nairobi
Kenya
E-M: mmikiara@kippra.or.ke
ECOTOOLS
195
FINGERPONDS
The dynamics and evaluation of finger ponds
in East African freshwater wetland ecotones
using appropriate fish production techniques
Activities
01/08/2001 to 31/07/2006 (60 months)

Shared Cost Action
In the riparian communities of the

Lake Victoria Basin, East Africa, there
was a perceived need to enhance
appropriate fish production in conjunction with agriculture to reduce
poverty and improve quality of life.
Fingerponds utilise innovative extensive/semi-intensive fish production
and agricultural techniques to provide
additional protein in the dry season.
Coordinator
The main objectives of the Fingerponds

project were to:
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10037
Prof. Patrick Denny and

Dr. Anne van Dam
UNESCO-IHE Institute for
Water Education, The Netherlands
1. establish criteria for optimal fish

yields.
Ponds are dug from the landward

edge of wetlands and extend like
fingers into the swamps. Soil from
the ponds is heaped between to
form raised beds for cultivation.
Seasonal flooding of wetlands will
concentrate natural fish stocks in
the ponds. As the waters recede,
trapped fish can be cultured in the
ponds enriched with natural organic
wastes (e.g. kitchen waste, manure).
Fingerponds will be located in 6 villages distributed in three countries

(Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania two
villages in each country). Within
each village the effects of additional
fringe vegetation and manure additions will be tested in a full factorial
design, yielding a total of 24 ponds.
Fingerpond construction, cultivation, security, maintenance, records
of fish catches, general husbandry,
harvesting and marketing will be
co-managed by villagers who will
receive training and supervision
where appropriate.
Training and exchange of scientists

in the framework of PhD and MSc
training.
Local community training and capacity building
2. assess socio-economic benefits and

evaluate trade-offs between fingerponds and other ongoing activities.
Website
www.ihe.nl/fingerponds
3. develop and leave for use practical,

integrated fish production/ agricultural tools and guidelines.
196
FINGERPONDS
Dissemination activities through

yearly technical and management
workshops, publication of research
papers and of three PhD theses,
an International Seminar/wrap-up
workshop and production of fingerpond management manuals/guides.
Contacts
Results and outcome
Results include: (i) evaluation of the systems for potential development within
wise-use wetland strategies, and (ii)
improved understanding of the ecological processes that govern production
in fingerpond systems, e.g. water and
nutrient balances, food webs isolated
in the ponds, fish yields and possibilities to optimise them, the assessment
of sustainability and productivity of the
food webs and socio-economic costs
and benefits, and integration of fingerponds into riparian farming systems
in East Africa. Key outputs are also
the three PhD theses on the different
aspect of fingerponds in East Africa:
(i) Organic manure and artificial substrate use, (ii) Sustainable integration
of fingerponds into riparian farming
systems, and (iii) Studies on Fish ecology and production.
Bailey, R., R. Kaggwa, J. Kipkemboi. & H.

Lamtane, 2005. Fingerponds: an agrofish
polyculture experiment in East Africa.
Aquaculture News 32 (October 2005), 9-10.
Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling,
Scotland.
The knowledge and expertise developed by and through the research

team, and, more particularly the skills
and know-how developed by the village communities, have been spread
through awareness programmes so that
other villages and riparian communities
may take advantage of the technology. Interaction with stakeholders and
extension services support that the
idea will catch on, evolve and be used
throughout the region. With a positive
cost-benefit analysis and adoption of
the scheme, riparian people could put
the fingerponds concept to good use,
especially households with limited resources. They could obtain protein for
domestic consumption and for trade
through controlled fishing through the
dry season.
Coordinator
Denny, P., J. Kipkemboi, R. Kaggwa & H. Lamtane,

2006. The potential of Fingerpond systems
to increase food production form wetlands in
Africa. International Journal of Ecology and
Environmental Science, 32:41-47.
Patrick Denny1 & Anne van Dam

Department of Environmental Resources
UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education
P.O.Box 3015
2601 DA Delft
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 15 215 18 28
Fax: +31 15 212 29 21
E-M: patrickdenny@btinternet.com
Kaggwa, R.C., F. Kansiime, P. Denny A.A. and

van Dam, 2005. A preliminary assessment of the
aquaculture potential of two wetlands located
in the northern shores of Lake Victoria, Uganda.
pp. 350 368. In J. Vymazal (Ed.). Natural and
Constructed Wetlands: Nutrients, Metals and
Management. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. The
Netherlands.
E-M: a.vandam@unesco-ihe.org
Kansiime, F., J. Kipkemboi, R.C. Kaggwa, J.

Pokorny & P. Denny (eds.), 2006. Practical
guidelines for constructing and operating
Fingerponds in East Africa. Wetlands Inspection
Division, Ministry of Water, Lands and
Environment, Kampala, Uganda.
Life Science Division

Kings College London
Stamford Street 150
SE1 9NN London
United Kingdom
Kipkemboi, J., A.A. van Dam & P., Denny, 2006.

Biophysical suitability of smallholder integrated
aquaculture-agriculture systems (Fingerponds)
in East Africas lake Victoria freshwater
wetlands. International Journal of Ecology and
Environmental Sciences, 32:75-83.
E-M: roland@pokestoges.freeserve.co.uk
Pokorn, J., I. Pikryl, R. Faina, F. Kansiime, R.C.

Kaggwa, J. Kipkemboi, N. Kitaka, P. Denny, R.
Bailey, H.A. Lamtane & Y.D. Mgaya, 2005. Will fish
pond management principles from the temperate
zone work in tropical Fingerponds. pp. 382-399
In J. Vymazal (ed.). Natural and Constructed
Wetlands: Nutrients, Metals and Management.
Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Roland Bailey1
Jan Pokorny
Enki Public Benefit Corporation
Dukelska 145
37901 Trebon
Czech Republic
E-M: pokorny@enki.cz
Jude Mutuku Mathooko

Egerton University
P.O. Box 536
20009 Njoro
Kenya
E-M: mathookoj@yahoo.com
Yunus Mgaya
Department of Zoology and Marine Biology
University of Dar Es Salaam
P.O. Box 35064
Dar Es Salaam
Tanzania
E-M: ymgaya@ucc.udsm.ac.tz
Frank Kansiime
The technical work helped to understand some of the ecological dynamics

of the fingerponds, but adoption at the
end of the project was still slow as a
result of socio-economic conditions.
Institute of Environment & Natural

Resources
Makerere University
P.O. Box 7062
Kampala
Uganda
Retired
Partners
E-M: fkansiime@muienr.mak.ac.ug
FINGERPONDS
197
MELMARINA
Monitoring and modelling coastal lagoons:
making management tools for aquatic
resources in north Africa
Project Number
ICA3-CT-2002-10009

01/12/2002 to 28/02/2006 (39 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Dr. Simon Patrick
United Kingdom
Website
http://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/melmarina/
in specialist areas of aquatic resource

monitoring and modelling.
Many North African coastal lagoons

are severely degraded yet some remain
high value aquatic ecosystems that are
important as natural resources for local human populations and contribute
substantially to regional biodiversity.
North Africas lagoons are all impacted
by a variety of environmental change
processes but human activities have
had the greatest effect during the 20th
century. Pressures resulting from these
activities are set to continue and in
many cases increase through the 21st
Century. Environmental monitoring
within North Africas aquatic ecosystems
is inadequate and management planning and policies are poorly supported
by relevant scientific information. This
proposal concerns the development
of lagoonal ecosystem monitoring (by
field survey, long-term monitoring
through field instrumentation and remote sensing) and its integration within
hydraulic/ecological modelling. It has
several aims and objectives designed to
help tackle current deficiencies.
General objectives are:
Establish and evaluate long-term

research on monitoring, measuring
and modelling sustainable development in the coastal lagoonal areas.
Assess and model the impact of human activities on water availability,

distribution and quality.
198
MELMARINA
Development of early warning tools

and decision support systems that
examine with the environmental
equilibrium between the aquatic
resources of specific coastal and inland lagoonal areas.
Promote communality in research

methodology through information
exchange and by instigating training
programmes for young scientists within North African partner institutions
Forge active links with other international and national bodies

concerned with management of
aquatic (especially lagoonal) resources and to exploit further the
results of the project by widely disseminating results.
Activities
Three key sites have been selected for
the intensive task of implementing full
monitoring and modelling exercises,
secondary sites will be used to provide
reference conditions. These and associated data will be incorporated into
site specific dynamic models of lagoon
function. In order to achieve this basic aim, the skills and co-operation of
research scientists in five partner countries is required together with several
important sub-contracts to specialists
elsewhere. During the prosecution of
the project skills transfer in monitoring, modelling and remote sensing
techniques will take place between the
European and North African groups
and within the North African groups. In
the final phase of the project the models will be tested and demonstrated to
management agencies in each North
African country.
The workplan structure includes the
collection of high quality environmental data from monitoring and from
spatial survey (including water and sediment quality), identification of aquatic
ecosystem linkages and attributes,
hydrology, establishing long term monitoring, environmental reconstruction
and plant-environment interactions,
data analysis and modelling with applications to integrated management.
Additional activities include data exchange, training and quality control and
information dissemination. A series of
workshops will be needed to initially
Contacts
workshop
proceedings,
training seminars and a www site GIS
database.
establish common methodologies and

to check and verify on-going progress.
Results and outcome

Water quality and freshwater availability are the principal factors regulating
the quality of North African lagoonal
systems. Within key sites in three North
African countries (Morocco, Tunisia
and Egypt) hydrological instrumentation will be installed and programmes
of water quality and ecological monitoring initiated.
Implementation of an integrated
monitoring programme at each key
site to establish space-time changes
in hydroecological characteristics.
Automated measurement and best
practice procedures (from the EU
Water Framework Directive) will be
introduced.
Monitoring the extent of aquatic
vegetation and water resources,
detecting long-term trends in hydroecological
and
topographic
conditions (including estimates of
historical water levels). Baselines
for present and past vegetation and
for open water areas.
Identification of environmental
variables controlling aquatic vegetation characteristics to generate
relationships between environmental controls and site vegetation
characteristics. Identification of
controlling variables and empirical
relationships.
Ahmed, M.H & A.E. Abdel Aal, 2003. Study of
molluscan shells and their enclosed bottom
sediments in Manzala Lagoon, Nile Delta,
Egypt. Bull Nat. Inst. of Oceangr. & Fish. A.R.E.,
29:423-446.
Ahmed, M.H., D. Noha & M.A. Fahmy, 2006.
Eutrophication assessment of Lake Manzala
Egypt using GIS techniques. Journal of
Hyrdroinformatics, Hydro., 8(2):101-109.
Ahmed, M.H., S. Zaghloul, S. El Kafrawy, R.
Flower, J. Thompson & C. Chambers (eds),
2006. Proceedings of The First International
Conference on Environmental Change in
Lakes, Lagoons and Wetlands of the Southern
Mediterranean region. pp 334-342. ECOLLAW,
4-7th January 2006. NARSS, Cairo.
Ahmed, M.H. & D. Noha, 2007. Spatial
investigation of water quality of lake Manzala
using GIS techniques. Egyptian Journal of
Remote Sensing and Space Science, 10:63-86.
ISSN 1110-8923.
Coordinator
Robert Flower, J. Thompson &
Simon. Patrick
Department of Geography
26 Bedford Way
WC1H OAP London
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 207 679 55 45
Fax +44 207 679 75 65
E-M: rflower@geog.ucl.ac.uk
j.thompson@geog.ucl.ac.uk
spatrick@geog.ucl.ac.uk
Partners
E. Rassmussen
DHI - Water & Environment

Agern Alle 11
DK-2970 Horsholm
Denmark
E-M: ekr@dhi.dk
M. Saghi
El Kafrawy, S.B., M.H. Ahmed & M.M. Abu Zaied,

2006. Environmental assessment of seasonal
biological variations of Manzala Lagoon. The
First International Conference on Environmental
Change of Lakes, Lagoons and Wetlands in the
Southern Mediterranean Region. 4-7 Jan. 2006,
Cairo, Egypt.
Institut Scientifique-Universit
Mohamed V
Dept. Zoologie et Ecologie Animale
Avenue Ibn Batouta
10106 Rabat
Morocco
Erik, K.R., S.P. Ole & M.H. Ahmed, 2006. A

hydrodynamic-ecological model of the Manzala
Lagoon, Egypt The First International Conference
on Environmental Change of Lakes, Lagoons and
Wetlands in the Southern Mediterranean Region.
4-7 Jan. 2006 Cairo, Egypt.
E-M: direction@israbat.ac.ma
Zakaria, H.Y., M.H. Ahmed & R. Flower, 2007.

Environmental assessment of spatial distribution
of zooplankton community in Lake Manzalah,
Egypt. ACTA ADRIAT., 48(2):161 172. ISSN:
0001-5113 AADRAY.
Development of simulations for

key lagoons Model simulations of
future scenarios (concerned with
eutrophication, sea level change
and hydrologic manipulations) will
be undertaken.
Making data and model simulations
available to end-users, through
A. Amor
Institut National des Science et

Technologies de la Mer
Dpt. Aquaculture
Rue de 2 Mars 1934
2025 Salambo
Tunisia
E-M: amor.elabed@instm.rnrt.tn
F. Ayache
Faculte des Lettres et des Science

Humaines de Sousse
Dept Geography
Cite Erryadh
4000 Sousse
Tunisia
E-M: fayaches@yahoo.fr
M. Ahmed
National Authority for Remote Sensing

& Space Science
23 Burrows Joseph Tito St. El Nozha El
Gadida
1564 Alf Maskan, Cairo
Egypt
E-M: mahahmed_narss@yahoo.com
MELMARINA
199
INREP
Institutions and research for the Pantanal:
towards a bi-regional research agenda to
support policy institutions, legal frameworks
and social action
Project Number
INCO-CT-2005-014997

01/11/2005 to 30/04/2007 (18 months)
Coordinator
Dr Rob Jongman
Alterra
Wageningen UR
The Netherlands
of the Pantanal and the Upper

Paraguay River Basin (UPRB);
The project aimed to develop cooperation within the Pantanal and the Upper
Paraguay River Basin in order to develop sustainable water management
at river-basin scale and efficiency in
water use. Its background motive was
to strengthen the cooperation between
policy makers, stakeholders and scientific institutions in Brazil, Bolivia and
Paraguay and to stimulate the cooperation between these three countries,
the European Science Community and
NGOs working in the region. It has been
concluded that the need for cooperation was great as there are economic,
political and landscape ecological links
between the three countries involved:
All three are depending on wise water
management; all three have common
interests in the Pantanal for water,
shipping and economic development
and all three share this area but have
different political systems that are not
yet well coordinated. This project has
been considered of interest for Europe
as it has a long-standing tradition in
river management, biodiversity and related research. The Water Directive and
European concepts for water management have been partly guiding water
legislation in Brazil. European environmental research groups from different
countries have long-term research ongoing in the area, but cooperation and
linkagee with authorities were weak
or absent. NGOs work in the region,
but did not yet cooperate closely with
European research.
The project proposed to build an agenda
for international research cooperation
between Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay,
the European Union teams and others.
Therefore the objective of the project
was twofold:
200
INREP
Developing insights into the scientific, political and socio-economic

actions, problems and solutions in
relation to sustainable management
Strengthening institutional and scientific cooperation at national and

international levels for the region.
To attain these objectives a process has

been started to bring people of all parties
together in workshops and a biregional
symposium (Latin America-Europe);
country reports and a research agenda
for the Pantanal have been developed
and reported to the Brazilian, Bolivian
and Paraguayan governments and the
European Commission. The process of
formulating this agenda has been open
to everyone, promoting transparency in
all phases of the process.
Activities
Development of a policy-supporting
research agenda has been carried out
involving representative groups in the
region. With support of enthusiastic
persons involved in the Pantanal two
preparatory workshops, a symposium
and an additional workshop in Bolivia
have been held.
A preparatory workshop in Cuiab (Mato
Grosso) with 37 participants (representing Paraguay, Bolivia, Mato Grosso and
Federal Government of Brazil) has been
held making use of a SWOT framework
(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities,
Threats). A second workshop has been
held in Campo Grande with 35 participants (representing Mato Grosso do Sul,
Paraguay and Federal Government of
Brazil) in April 2006. Both workshops
were based on country reports for each
country and discussed the problems
and opportunities for the future.
The documents produced here have
been the basis for the Campo Grande
symposium in July 2006, where 82 participants from Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia,
Germany and the Netherlands have
been discussing the SWOT analysis

and turned this into a research agenda.
During this Symposium use has been
made of interactive computer maps for
discussion of localised problems as well
as for identification of spatial relationships. Observers were present from the
EU representation in Brazil, UNESCO, the
Dutch embassy and the US embassy.
The Nature Conservancy, Brazil
Meetings have been organised to inform potential partners and interested

parties (not complete):
Conservation International, Brazil
The consortium was aware of the social situation in the region as well as
developments in the political arena.
The symposia and workshops had to
be organised in periods that this was
politically and socially convenient. That
meant that periods of holidays in Latin
America, Carnival and elections had to
be avoided. All politicians and other important representatives (representing,
among others, Embassies, EU representatives, larger NGOs), the press and
television have been kept informed.
In this period of 18 months of the project, the political situation was changing
in Bolivia as a result of the elections and
the referendum on decentralisation. As
the civil servants and politicians with
whom appointments had been made
changed position, special visits had to
be made to Santa Cruz de la Sierra and
La Paz. Nevertheless, the situation in
Bolivia was rather fluid at the time of
the symposium. This made the Bolivian
participants decide to organise an additional workshop in Santa Cruz de la
Sierra to validate results and enable
engagement with a broader set of people and groups. It was organised with
participation of 20 local organisations
(public sector, private sector and research groups) on 7 November 2006.
The final results have been presented by
representatives from governments and
NGOs from the three countries involved
as well as the European researchers on
24 April 2007 in a workshop in Brussels
to representatives from the European
Commission and the Embassies of
Brazil and Paraguay. The presentation
WWF Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, The

Netherlands, Germany
of the research agenda has been done

by the regional partners in the project
as they are considered to be best placed
to speak for the region.
Federal Government of Brazil,

Ministry of Environment, Programa
Pantanal
Federal
Government
Ministry
of Science and Technology (FP7
Contact)
Agncia Nacional de Aguas (Brazil)
Fundacin dos Amigos del Museu

Noel Kempff (Bolivia)
Various regional NGOs in the field
of environment, agriculture and water management in Brazil, Bolivia
and Paraguay.
Results and outcome
Environmental Agency of Paraguay

(SEAM), Asuncin, Paraguay
Ministry of Environment of Bolivia

La Paz, Bolivia
Department of Hydrology La Paz,

Bolivia
Embassy of the Netherlands in La

Paz, Bolivia
Environmental Department of the

Prefecture of Santa Cruz, Bolivia
Brazilian Embassy in Brussels
The project produced country documents for the three countries, analysing
the political and institutional situation and results of the SWOT analysis.
These documents have been produced
in Spanish, Portuguese and partly in
English. Based on these country-focused
documents the symposium resulted in
a document with priority actions for
the region. Sustainable management
of natural resources requires an innovative way of acting with respect to
safeguarding economic development
in a restricted biosphere. It was concluded that there is a need to develop
integrated analytical approaches to
cope with the complexity and the inherent uncertainty of the natural system at
the scale of the UPRB and the Pantanal.
Consequently, it was concluded that it
is imperative to promote research activities focusing at filling these gaps,
as well as to provide tools to help making decisions such as Decision Support
Systems (DSS). This can allow stakeholders and decision makers to make
well-balanced decisions, meeting the
challenges of the integration of resource
use and natural resources management
for future generations.
Telephone
contact
with
the
Paraguayan and Bolivian Embassy
in Brussels
The Research Agenda links river management in different countries and

across borders. Research therefore
Delegation of the European Union in

Brazil, Environmental Department
Embassy of the Netherlands in

Brasilia and La Paz
Environmental Agency of Mato

Grosso (SEMA), Cuiab, Brazil
Environmental Agency of Mato

Grosso do Sul (IMA-P) Campo
Grande, Brazil
INREP
201
INREP
has to aim on integration of hydrology and ecology into integrated river
organisation and management, including economic, social and institutional
aspects. River systems in the Pantanal
need integration and a cooperative
management approach, which can contribute to the development of regional
and international coordinated knowledge basis. The Research Agenda has
been made to:
is part of the Hidrova Paraguay-Paran

navigation project that is considered by
the governments of Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay to be
the infrastructure backbone of plans
for integrating the regional economy.
However, the Pantanal is also the most
important evapotranspiration window
in a region where desertification and
salinisation are potential threats. The
participants concluded that a better nav-
for the regional climate and its relation

to climate change, biodiversity, agriculture and productivity of the Cerrado and
the Chaco regions are important issues
in the decision making on its future development of Latin America.
2. Assessment and mapping; this includes the international cooperation in

a monitoring system and the exchange
of data for the whole of the UPRB that is
crucial for the understanding
Focus
of human influence on the
objectives and
guidelines for sustainecosystems and can promote
able water management
international cooperation in
on the key processes in
the region. It was concluded
river systems, including
that setting up a monitoring
the role of flooding;
system and the exchange
of data for the whole of
Emphasise the role of
the UPRB is crucial for the
stakeholders, socio-ecounderstanding of human innomic
developments,
fluence on the ecosystems
national water resources
and can promote internalegislations, policies and
tional cooperation in the
policy options in the
region. Building a database
countries involved;
requires political agreement
between the regions and
Address research quesstates involved and should
tions that link ecological The delegation of the INREP project in front of the EC building Square de
include institutes which can
river processes and socio- Mees after presentation of their results.
take the responsibility to act
economic consequences
as coordinating body. This
into an institutional environment igable Paraguay River can be especially means that a cost-efficient monitoring
for river management, including the of interest for transport routes from and system should be developed, combining
interests of stakeholders.
to Bolivia. Until now, all studies and eval- enhanced process understanding, state
uations have been done by parties that of the art modelling, the necessary new
The Research Agenda for the region has are thought to have an interest in the de- technologies for in-situ measurements
been formulated based on the outcomes velopment or in the conservation of the adapted to the frequency of processes
of the INREP project. Within the major status quo. A study towards the develop- and changes, integrating measurements
themes desirable actions have been ment of the Paraguay as a waterway is, of chemical, biological, ecological paformulated to focus the action and re- however, complex and includes inter- rameters and climatic parameters at
search question. The following issues national political, economic, hydraulic, scales (temporal and spatial) of relhave been presented as major themes:
hydrological and ecological aspects. A evance to water policy of the UPRB.
rational way to help resolve the debate Links can be sought with GEO (Global
1. Environmental impacts: diagnosis and between status quo and pro-Hidrova Environmental Observation) and EUWIremediation; this includes the Hidrova parties is through hydraulic modelling LA (European Union Water Initiative
of the Paraguay River and the role of the of the river, with hydrological model- Latin America).
Pantanal for the climate of the region ling of the river basin, and an analysis
and the Plata Basin under changing cli- of the land use, biodiversity and policy
matic conditions. This issue can become consequences under supervision of an
a major case for conflicts but also for independent steering committee. The
environmental and climatic deteriora- participants concluded that analysis of
tion of the region. The Hidrova Paraguay the function of the Pantanal and the UPRB
202
INREP
3. Sustainable natural resources management; which includes the special way

that wetlands have to be managed by
farmers, fisherman cost-benefit analysis
and other and land as well water quality
maintenance essential for the Pantanal.
Sustainable land and water management is part of all three country reports
and the participants all concluded that
it needed to apply legislation, have incentives, guidelines and integrated
planning of land use. Farmers and land
users should learn that the catchments
they work and live with are vulnerable
to their activities, but that methods exist to maintain sustainable management
practices when regarding certain policy
and management principles. Sustainable
land and water management requires
legislation,
incentives,
guidelines
and integrated planning of land use.
Farmers and land users new in this area
should learn that the catchments they
work and live with are vulnerable for
their activities. But there are methods
to maintain a sustainable management
practice when regarding certain policy
and management principles. Moreover,
treatment of urban and industrial
wastewater is essential for maintaining
the function of the Pantanal. A costs and
benefits study can be carried out in this
respect to solve the equation: economic
growth with reduced environmental
impacts and social conflicts. As possible research activities are mentioned
among others studies on best practices
or enterprises that are environmentally,
socially and economically compatible,
Identification, development and diffusion of productive technologies and
sustainable production chains, useful to
the UPRB society (pilot projects or demonstrative units) and development of
local technologies to promote sustainable agriculture, fishing and tourism;
4. Governance, laws, institutions and
policy; research into social interaction, stakeholder participation are of
utmost importance to understand the
complex relations in water and land
management, social participation in

the process of decision making can
long term cooperation and sustainability. Civil organisations can adapt their
working programmes to each other
and, in this way, better mobilise forces.
International and national and regional
communications and platforms of NGOs
are important to maintain and build a
society that can live in a sustainable
way. Research on social interaction and
stakeholder participation is of utmost
importance to understand the complex relations in UPRB promote social
participation in the process of decisionmaking and build platforms for mutual
long-term cooperation.
5. Sustainable development: diagnosis
and solutions; scenario models can help
to develop Decision Support Systems
being based on different options for
management, taking into account the
extent of the area, the low density of
the population and the predominant
natural processes. For decision making in the UPBR and the Pantanal sound
scientific arguments are needed, considering the anxieties and wishes of
the different stakeholders. To address
this issue, scenario models could be developed and Decision Support Systems
can be of use. Decisions will have to be
based on different options for management in the specific context. Therefore
developing scenarios using reliable and
integrated models for river management is considered crucial.
Barbosa Pereira, M.P., J.M. Leeuwestein & R.H.G.
Jongman, 2006. Estabelecimento de uma poltica
conjunta de gerenciamento e de uma agenda de
pesquisa relacionada para o Pantanal INREP,
Contribuies para a identificao das Foras,
Oportunidades, Fraquezas e Ameaas para o
gerenciamento; documento do Bolvia, 28 p.
(with Spanish and English translation)
pesquisa relacionada para o Pantanal INREP;
gerenciamento; documento do Paraguai, 33 p.
(with Spanish and English translation)
pesquisa relacionada para o Pantanal INREP;
gerenciamento; documento do Brasil, 72 p. (with
Spanish and English translation)
Girard P., J.M. Leeuwestein & R.H.G. Jongman
(eds), 2007. Research agenda for the Pantanal
and the Upper Paraguay River Basin, 12 p. (With
Portuguese translation)
Goede, J., 2007. Water Use and Management of
the Bolivian Pantanal. MSc Thesis, Wageningen
University, Irrigation and Water Engineering
Group, 79 p.
Jongman, R.H.G., J.M. Leeuwestein & P. Girard,
2007. A research agenda for the Pantanal and
the Upper Paraguay River Basin. In:Bunce, R.G.H.,
Jongman, R.H.G., Hojas L. and Weel S. (eds). 25
years Landscape Ecology: Scientific Principles
in Practice. Proceedings of the 7th IALE
World Congress 8 12 July Wageningen, The
Netherlands, IALE Publication series 4, 521 p.
Moscoso, A., 2006. Taller de acciones prioritarias
para la Cuenca Alta del Ro Paraguay (regin
del Pantanal). Instituto para la Conservacin de
Ecosistemas Acuticos-ICEA, 7 p.
6. Capacity building is cross cutting

the five preceding issues involving the
identification of gaps in education,
information, technologies, methodologies, institutional frameworks and
services and followed by the provision
of support to fill the gaps. Sustainable
water management is still underdeveloped in this part of Latin America and
it needs strengthening, not only for
practical management, but also to make
decision makers aware of the potential
impact of decisions.
INREP
203
INREP
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Rob Jongman
Jrgen Leeuwestein
Alterra Wageningen UR
PO Box 47
NL 6700 AA Wageningen
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 317 47 46 26
Fax: +31 317 41 90 00
Ecobusiness LTDA
SCRN 712/713, Bloco B, Entrada. 10,
Ap. 302,
70760-620, Braslia/D
Brazil
E-M: Jorgenml@yawl.com.br
E-M: rob.jongman@wur.nl
Pierre Girard
Centro de Pesquisa do Pantanal
CPP
Universidade Federal do Mato
GrossCidade Universitria, Bloco CCBS
III, 1a andar
78060-900, Cuiab/MT
Brazil
E-M: pierreg@cpd.ufmt.br
Gabriela Priante
Secretaria Estadual do Meio Ambiente
Centro Poltico Administrativo
Rua C, esquina com a Rua F
78050-970, Cuiab/MT
Brazil
E-M: gabrielapriante@sema.mt.gov.br
Mrcia P. da Mata Salles

Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente
e Recursos Hdricos do Mato Grosso do
Sul - Sema/Ms
Rua Desembargador Leo Neto do
Carmo, s/n
Quadra 03 - Setor 03 - Parque dos
Poderes
79031-902, Campo Grande/MS
Brazil
E-M: marciamat@hotmail.com
204
INREP
AQUACULTURE
CATFISH
Characterisation, utilisation and
maintenance of biological diversity for the
diversification and sustainability of catfish
culture in South-East Asia
Project Number
IC18CT960043

01/11/1996 to 30/06/2000 (44 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Marc Legendre
Dveloppement (IRD)
France
Activities
Catfishes, and particularly the Clariidae

and Pangasiidae, are important aquatic
resources in Asia, where their culture
represented an annual production of
about 124,000 tons in 1993. Further
development of this catfish culture industry faced difficulties related to the
poorly known systematics of these fish
groups, the scarce knowledge of the
biology and aquaculture potential of
autochthonous species, the limitation
of seed supply and the declining performances reported in some cultivated
stocks. In this context, the Catfish
Asia project has focussed on two catfish families, Clariidae and Pangasiidae,
with two main goals:
1. To acquire a more solid knowledge of the biological diversity of

SE Asian catfishes and to enhance
their utilisation through a correct
identification and characterisation
of valuable species and populations
of aquaculture interest.
2. To acquire sound biological bases
for the diversification and optimisation of catfish culture in the South
East Asian region.
Since November 1996, the Catfish Asia

project has been coordinated by IRD
and 6 associated research institutions,
from France (IRD and CIRAD), Belgium
(MRAC and KU-Leuven), Indonesia
(CRIFI-RIFF) and Vietnam (CTU). A part
of the research was also conducted
in close cooperation with the Agifish
Company in Vietnam and the services
of the Directorate General of Fisheries
in Indonesia, allowing real possibilities
for a rapid and efficient transfer of scientific results for their application in
the production sector.
206
CATFISH
Identification and characterisation

of species, populations and strains
using three complementary disciplines and methods: morphometry,
genetics and parasitology (specifically Monogenea). The genetic studies
included different techniques adapted to the research goals: Protein
electrophoresis, mitochondrial DNA
analysis and microsatellite DNA
analysis.
Evaluation and comparison of zootechnical performances (survival,

growth, sexual maturation) by means
of culture trials carried out in experimental aquaculture stations.
Identification of environmental requirements of broodfish to attain full

sexual maturity under rearing conditions and optimisation of induced
breeding, artificial insemination and
egg incubation procedures.
Identification of the natural prey

preferentially selected by the larvae
and of their feeding requirements;
optimisation of larval rearing
methods.
Results and outcome

Many significant results were obtained
in terms of both basic and applied research. They can be summarised as
follows for the two main research fields
of the project:
Biological diversity
From the numerous surveys carried
out, reference collections of SE Asian
catfishes have been deposited in different museums. Field observations
provided better knowledge on the biology and habitats of these fishes. The
Contacts
phylogenies inferred from mitochondrial DNA and allozymes clarified the

systematics of the two catfish families
studied, and provided new insights on
their zoogeography and evolution. Two
new species were discovered in the
Pangasiidae and several others are currently being described in the Clariidae,
based on genetic and morphologic
evidence. New identification keys to species have been produced and represent
essential tools to avoid misidentification of fish used in aquaculture. About
seventy new Monogean parasite species
were also discovered, most of them
being host-specific. Nine polymorphic
microsatellite markers were isolated for
Pangasius hypophthalmus and Clarias
batrachus. DNA analyses were used to
identify the small-scale genetic structure of some clariids in Sumatra Island.
They also permitted to retrace the origin of Clarias gariepinus, introduced
in Asia from Africa, and showed high
levels of inbreeding in the SE Asian cultivated stocks of this species.
Aquaculture
Stocks of Pangasius species were
constituted from the wild and their
robustness, growth and sexual maturation were compared. This approach led
to identify a new candidate species (P.
djambal) for aquaculture in Indonesia.
Its reproduction in captivity has been
obtained for the first time, as is the case
for three other species (P. conchophilus,
P. kunyit and P. larnaudii) in Vietnam.
The artificial propagation techniques
were also optimised for Pangasius species formerly used in aquaculture (P.
hypophthalmus, P. bocourti), resulting in
significant improvement of broodstock
management, hatching rates and survival of larvae. Depending on species,
detailed or preliminary information of
the nutritional requirements was obtained. New hybrids with interesting
characteristics were also identified;
particularly in the pangasiids, but their
possible use in aquaculture now face
the problem of their fertility and potential impacts on wild fish populations.
The knowledge gained on the biology of
target species and the methodologies
developed during the project already
led to significant changes in the catfish
aquaculture production, particularly in
Vietnam.
Hung, L.T., B. Tam, P. Cacot & J. Lazard, 1999.
Larval rearing of the Mekong catfish, Pangasius
bocourti (Pangasiidae, Siluroidei): Substitution
of Artemia nauplii with live and artificial feed.
Aquat. Living Resour., 12:229-232.
Legendre, M., L. Pouyaud, J. Slembrouck,
R. Gustiano, A.H. Kristanto, J. Subagja, O.
Komarudin, Sudarto & Maskur, 2000. Pangasius
djambal: a new candidate species for fish culture
in Indonesia. IARD Journal, 22:1-14.
Legendre, M., J. Slembrouck, J. Subagja & A.H
Kristanto, 2000. Ovulation rate, latency period
and ova viability after GnRH- or hCG-induced
breeding in the Asian catfish Pangasius
hypophthalmus (Siluriformes, Pangasiidae).
Pouyaud, L., G.G. Teugels, R. Gustiano, L.
Pouyaud & G.G. Teugels, 1999. Description
of a new pangasiid catfish from Northeast
kalimantan, Indonesia (Siluriformes,
Pangasiidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters,
11:193-200.
Pouyaud, L., G.G. Teugels, & M. Legendre, 1999.
Description of a new pangasiid catfish from
South- East Asia (Siluriformes, pangasiidae).
Cybium, 23:247-258.
Subagja, J., J. Slembrouck, L.T. Hung & M.
Legendre, 1999. Larval rearing of an Asian
catfish Pangasius hypophthalmus (Siluroidei,
Pangasiidae): Analysis of precocious mortality
and proposition of appropriate treatments.
Coordinator
Marc Legendre
Dveloppement
Dpartement Ressources Vivantes
213 rue La Fayette
75480 Paris cedex 10
France
Tel: +33 4 67 41 61 00
Fax: +33 4 67 41 63 30
E-M: Marc.Legendre@mpl.ird.fr
Partners
Filip Volckaert
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
59 De Beriotstraat 32 (Gelijkvloers)
3000 Leuven
Belgium
E-M: filip.volckaert@bio.kuleuven.ac.be
Guy G. Teugels (deceased)

13 Steenweg op Leuven
3080 Tervuren
Belgium
Jerme Jean Lazard

Centre de Cooperation Internationale
en Recherche Agronomique pour le
Developpement - Cirad
10 Rue Pierre Curie
94704 Maison Alfort
France
Teugels, G.G., R.C. Diego, L. Pouyaud & M.

Legendre, 1999. Redescription of Clarias
macrocephalus (Siluriformes, Clariidae) from
South-East Asia. Cybium, 23:285-295.
E-M: jerme.lazard@cirad.fr
Volckaert, F.A.M., B. Hellemans & M. Legendre,

1998. The genetic variability of some catfishes
of the genus Pangasius and Clarias in SE Asia as
measured with DNA microsatellites. J. Fish Biol.,
53 (suppl. A):446.
Central Research Institute for Fisheries

2 Jl. Raya Sukamandi 2
11410 A Jawa Barat
Indonesia
Volckaert, F.A., B. Hellemans & L. Pouyaud, 1999.

Nine polymorphic microsatellite markers in the
catfishes Pangasius hypophthalmus and Clarias
batrachus. Anim.Genet., 30:283-284.
Nguyen Anh Tuan
Oman Komarudin
Can Tho University

30/4 Street 30/4
92000 Cantho City
Viet Nam
CATFISH
207
AQUATOXSAL
Aquaculture management and ecological
interaction of noxious phytoplankton
developments in the south of Latin America
Project Number
IC18970157

01/01/1998 to 30/06/2001 (42 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Genevive Arzul
Institut franais de recherche pour
lexploitation de la mer (IFREMER)
France

The exponential growth of the fish farming industry in South America during
the last ten years produced important
socio-economic benefits in several
regions. For example, the salmon farming industry had reached a production
level of around 250 000 tonnes placing
Chile second in the world after Norway.
This industry and its further development is, however, adversely affected
by re-occurring noxious phytoplankton
blooms in coastal waters throughout
the regions. The implications are relevant for human and fish health as
well as engendering social and economic effects (potential losses for the
industry due to re-occurring events are
estimated to be greater than 50 million
US $). Our capability to predict harmful algal phenomena is limited because
of incomplete knowledge of both, the
dependent and independent processes
involved in these phenomena.
The overall objective of this project was
to provide management-tools in support of the sustained development of
aquaculture in the Southern Chile. The
specific objectives of the project were
to estimate the ecological impact of fish
farming on coastal seawater quality, on
benthic disturbances, and to determine
primarily how these impacts relate to
harmful phytoplankton blooms.
Activities
To achieve these objectives the key activities were:
1. In situ measurements to describe
pelagic environment in three different areas, including water quality
criteria, in particular benthic conditions used in predictive modeling
of carbon deposition under and
around farms.
208
AQUATOXSAL
2. In situ and laboratory experiments

on physiological responses of
phytoplankton species to environmental change in order to identify
parameters related to aquaculture
and climate: effects of animal excretion, uneaten fish feed, atmospheric
disturbance in term of UV.
3. The results of the above studies
were synthecized in order to derive
recommendations for aquaculture
management. These included the
development of impact indices, a predictive dispersion model to be used
in the benthic domain while also considering harmful bloom assessment
Results and outcome

The project provided a wealth of scientific data to assist in identifying the
potential role of fish farm waste on
eutrophication processes. In particular
it has been shown that the form of nutrients inputs is of great importance in
affecting phytoplankton biomass and
populations assemblage, while factors
involved in long-term climate change
may also be critical in interacting with
the overall response of phytoplankton
communities to natural and man-made
changes, but on different time scales.
The following conclusions can be drawn
from the findings:
1. The results obtained in Chile are in
accordance with the observations made
in other regions of the world where
salmon farming in coastal cages takes
place: they confirm the global change
conditions illustrated by red tides intrusion in the inland sea, and selection of
resistant phytoplankton species under
changed ultraviolet radiations exposure, a consequence of the increased
depletion of the ozone layer at times of
high productivity.
2. For Chile, it becomes urgent to carry

out a comprehensive assessment of the
mass balance contributions in nutrients
regulating eutrophication. This should
involve flux models. While site-specific
impacts can well be regulated in order
to lead to a sound risk management
and prevention strategies, it is suggested to take into account the following
scientific considerations and integrated
management options:
2.1 Salmon/seaweed
integrated
aquaculture should be seriously
considered to improve coastal water quality, by removing (converting
on or near site) the nutrient input
due to fish farming. This integrated
cultivation constitutes an interesting bioremediation by converting
organic and nutrient discharge into
production and in the same time,
enabling diversification of the fish
farming industry.
2.2 While there is quite a good understanding of the immediate, localized
impact of fish farming allowing to
set site-specific production limits
for environmental protection, there
is room for developing further
mitigation measures to control remaining avoidable consequences,
through improved husbandry techniques and through appropriate
monitoring programmes. data for
modelling the regional and area specific conditons could help improve
estimating the carrying capacity
in order to safeguard the environment and the industry in its further
development. Hydrodynamics and
production (primary and secondary
in the trophic web) are not appropriately mirrored in the present work,
for the reasons mentioned above.
2.3 The salmon farming industry in
the Chilean region does provide
a substantial nutrient source that
has the potential to influence primary productivity at least locally.
The field work however, does at the

present time not provide sufficient
evidence to conclude that the increased nutrient load through fish
farming in the region is the major
contributor to productivity and community change in the aquatic food
web. Analysing theoretical dilution
of wastes alone is insufficient to assess the fish farm impact in a local
area concerning the harmful bloom.
Better understanding how the local hydrographic regimes around
fish farming centers in southern
Chile are interlinked with the larger
events along the coastal shelf seas
is needed.
2.4 For future activities the study of
oceanographic water mass exchanges in order to gain more information
that could be used to estimate the
regional mass balance of inputs and
fluxes is recommend. A very good
understanding of the dispersive capacity within the area exploited for
fish farming along the entire Chilean
coast (including areas considered
for further development) appears
indispensable, in order to assess the
risk of harmful algal developments
associated to their deleterious effect on fish productivity and to
environmental disturbance. The
results observed under experimental conditions demonstrated that
several rare but highly toxic species
may be unintentionally promoted.
Some areas are more exposed than
others to promote the development
of harmful species: areas of low dynamics, proximity to oceanic water
masses suspected to contribute as
factor for inocculation.
2.5 Among the consequences of red
tides, the remanence of cells constitutes a risk for the future. Along
the same lines of argument, the
presence of permanent cysts as
resting stages available in anoxic
sediments under and around farms
pose a serious threat when re-suspended at the wrong time of the

season. Modelling of benthic carbon
deposition along with regulations
requiring a minimum benthic diversity (bio-turbation) is one way
to limit this risk of anoxia. Another
aspect of risk reduction to be considered in the future is co-regulation
for various industries involved in
unintentional transfer of aquatic organisms (e.g. aquaculture, fisheries,
boating and commercial shipping)
in order to reduce the associated
risks of introduction of parasites,
diseases, and resting cysts of toxic
algal species via trade. These transfer risks are real and can affect
aquaculture severely, be it through
life transport of fish for stocking,
or through the more and more globalised shipping industry. Ballast
water of the shipping industry is
one case of internationnal importance which constitute a threat not
only to environmental quality but
also to the sustainability of coastal
aquaculture development.
Monitoring the hydrological conditions
in view of phytoplankton bloom prediction, with probes sensors constitute a
promising technology for fish kill prevention within the farming industry. In
the context of a short term prediction,
the use of bio-optical methodologies
(Lunven et al., 2002) are now operational for application in exploited areas. In
the very short term, several technologies are used by fish farmers (pumps
and artificial upwelling). Additional
preventive methods are proposed
(adaptation in progress). It can be anticipated that in the future remote sensing
techniques will become also an important tool to monitor the areas of early
outbreaks of blooms, their extent over
time as well as their dissipation.
There seems still to be a need to apply
appropriate feeding technology thereby reducing unnecessary loss of feed
AQUATOXSAL
209
AQUATOXSAL
and unnecessary discharge of organics
and nutrients into the environment.
Improving the feeding technique and
feed conversion, working towards higher energy feeds and reducing protein
content for various size classes, would
greatly help to minimize impacts or at
least, keep impacts at the same level
while increasing overall production
in an area. The incentive for such development must come from consumer
acceptance and from eco-labelling as
the highest quality fish feed resource
is readily available in the area, and the
need for fish meal replacement is not
based on the same economic pressures
as in other regions of the world.
During the project it became obvious that improved husbandry and
management practices will lead to better environmental compatibility but
requires solid and comprehensive education of farm operators to better utilise
the available options of modern system
and farm technology for environmental protection. Improving education
and managerial skills is necessary at
farm and management level. The most
effective measure is believed to be
auto-regulation by the producers and
their organisations and through certification. The well-being of the industry
and sustained growth can only be maintained through careful and professional
management aiming simultaneously at
environmental compatibility.
These interacting environmental and
economic factors can present an incentive to achieve ecosystem preservation
and should be seriously considered by
the producers themselves as well as by
the authorities in charge of setting the
policies for aquaculture management.
While dealing with a large variety of
tasks and disciplines, the team engaged also in discussions related to
multiple resource use issues. One area
of concern not covered by the project
directly, but frequently addressed, was
210
AQUATOXSAL
the potential transmission of disease

agents and toxic algal species via other
human activities such as shipping. This
poses new threats to the environment
and the fish farming industry. The potential of harmful algal blooms (HAB)
species transmission in ship ballast water needs urgent attention and studies
need to be initiated on how to reduce
the risks of transfer of HAB species. In
particular, ballast tank sediments carry
a lot of cysts and pose potentially a
similar high risk to coastal ecosystems
by transferring harmful species as suboptimally managed large-scale cage
culture systems. The problem became
obvious during the project. For example, the Japanese microalga Chatonella
sp., first recognized in the south-eastern North Sea during 1998, caused a
first bloom in early 2001 (February to
March) subsequently being responsible for a massive kill of cultured
salmon (about 1000 tonnes) in southern Norway. Ballast water volumes
transmitted intercontinentally increase
steadily. The intended offshore ballast water exchange strategy presently
being promoted by the International
Martime Organization (IMO) through
The International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL) seems not necessarily to be
a satisfactory solution. Chances are
that new threats arise when bloom species are carried to other areas. Studies
should be initiated to follow the fate
of HAB species after release into new
habitats. In particular, survival capabilities of species while in transit between
continents should be assessed as well
as the risk arising from the release of
tank bottom sediments containing dormant cysts and other resting stages of
HAB. Considering the overall value of
the salmon farming industry in Chile,
allocating a small percentage of its value to preventive measures would give it
a considerable comparative advantage
at a global scale.
Beyond the project consortium partners Planctons Andino Lmtd (Chile)

and Coastal Resource & Management
(Germany) signed a joint venture to
offer know-how and services for monitoring, analyses, and environmental
impact assessment for the aquaculture
industry, combining expertise in benthic and planktonic systems.
Contacts
Special Edition (peer reviewed):
Arzul, G. (ed.), 2002. Aquaculture, Environment
and marine phytoplankton. Brest, 21-23 May
2001. Ed. Ifremer, Actes Colloq., 34:248 p.
Individual contributions from:

Arzul, G., G. Bodennec, A. Youenou & M.P.
Crassous. Effect of uneaten fish feed on the
phytoplankton growth: in vitro tests on fish feed
elutriates. pp 135-144.
Arzul, G., M. Seguel, A. Clment, A. Youenou
& M.P. Crassous. Effect of marine animal
excretions on phytoplankton growth in
laboratory experiments: the contribution of
organic components. pp 115-125.
Bodennec, G., G. Arzul, M.P. Crassous & A.
Youenou. Influence of dead fish and uneaten
fishfeed elutriates on the toxic potential of
certain microalgae. pp 145-156.
Carignan, M.O., N.G. Montoya & J.I. Carreto.
Long term effects of ultraviolet radiation on the
composition of pigment and mycosporine-like
amino acids MAAs composition in Alexandrium
catenella. pp 191-207.
Carreto, J.I, M.O. Carignan & N.G. Montoya.
Short term effects of ultraviolet radiation on
the pigment and mycosporine-like amino acid
(MAAs) composition in Alexandrium catenella.
pp 173-190.
Clement, A., A. Grnewald, A. Aguilera & X.
Rojas. Water column conditions in a fjord
subject to intense fish farming. pp 31-40.
Clement, A. & X. Rojas. Identification of the high
risk period for HAB. pp 230-231.
Guzmn, L., G. Pizarro & P. Mejias. Control of
natural phytoplankton populations by ultraviolet
radiations. pp 157-158.
Lunven, M., P. Gentien, A. Clment & G. Arzul.
Particle populations around fish farms. pp 41-56.
Montoya, N.G., J.I. Carreto & M.O. Carignan.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the toxin
composition of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium
catenella. p. 208.
Piker, L., P. Krost, M. Hevia, D. Petersen & H.
Rosenthal. The impact of salmon farming in the
X region of Chile on the benthic compartment.
pp 57-70.
Pizarro, G. & L. Guzman. Production in seawater
of inorganic nutrients by ultraviolet irradiation
of organic substances. pp 159-172.
Other publications:
Coordinator
Carreto, J.I., M. Seguel, N.G. Montoya, A. Clment

& M.O. Carignan, 2001. Pigment profile of the
ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sp.
from a massive bloom in southern Chile. J.
Plankton Res. 23:1171-1175.
Genevive Arzul
Carreto, J.I., M.O. Carignan & N.G. Montoya,

2001 Comparative studies on mycosporinelike amino acids, paralytic shellfish toxins and
pigment profiles of the toxic dinoflagellates
Alexandrium tamarense, Alexandrium catenella
and Alexandrium minutum. Mar. Ecol. Progr.
Ser., 223:49-60.
Montoya, N.J.,. M.O. Carreto, M. Carignan & H.R.
Benavides, 2004. Effects of ultraviolet radiation
on the toxin composition of the dinoflagellate
Alexandrium catenella, pp. 393-395. In
Steidinger, K.A., J.H. Landsberg, C.R. Tomas &
G.A. Vargo (eds.), Harmful Algae 2002. Florida
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission,
Florida Institute of Oceanography, and
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
of UNESCO.
Clment, A., M. Seguel, G. Arzul, L. Guzmn &
C. Alarcn, 2001. A widespread outbreak of a
haemolytic, ichthyotoxic Gymnodinium sp. in
southern Chile. In Hallegraeff, S.I., C.J. Blackburn,
Bolch & R.J. Lewis (eds). Harmful Algal Blooms,
2000. G.M. Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission of UNESCO, Paris, 2002:66-69.
Gentien, P., M. Lunven, M. Lehatre & J.L. Duvent,
1995. In situ depth profiling of particles. DeepSea Research, 42:1297-1312.
Hernando, M., J. Carreto, M. Carignan, G. Ferreyra
& C. Gro, 2001. Effects of solar radiation on
growth and mycosporine-like amino acids
content in Thalassiosira sp, an Antarctic diatom.
Polar Biology, 25:12-20
Hevia, M.G., H. Rosenthal & R.J. Gowen, 1997.
Modelling benthic deposition under fish cages.
J.Appl. Ichthyol., 12(2):71-74.
IFREMER
Department of Biogeochemistry and
Ecotoxicology
BP 70
29280 Plouzan
France
Tel: +33 2 98 22 43 26
Fax: +33 2 98 22 45 48
E-M: genevieve.arzul@ifremer.fr
Partners
Harald Rosenthal (retired)
Institut fr Meereskunde
University of Kiel
24105 Kiel
Germany
Jos Carreto
Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y
Desarrollo Pesquero
Casilla De Correo 175
7600 Mar Del Plata
Argentina
E-M: jcarreto@inidep.edu.ar
Alejandro Clement1
Instituto Tecnolgico del Salmn S.A.
Luis Ross 548
Puerto Montt
Chile
E-M: alexcle@telsur.cl
Levent Piker
Coastal Resource and Management
Tiessenkai 12
24159 Kiel
Germany
E-M: levent.piker@crm-online.de
Seguel, M., A. Clement & G. Arzul. The effect of

fish farm waste on phytoplankton communities
in southern Chile. pp 105-114.
Address at point of printing: Plancton Andino Lmtda., P.O. Box:

1036, Puerto Varas, Chile
AQUATOXSAL
211
SCALLOPS
Improvements of scallop production
in rural areas
Project Number
IC18970188

01/12/1997 to 30/11/2000 (36 months)
Coordinator
Prof. Patrick Sorgeloos
Ghent University
Gent, Belgium

Coastal fishing communities need to
develop alternative sources of income
in the face of unsustainable exploitation
patterns of natural resources. Enabling
the transition from capture to culture
fisheries with appropriate scientific
knowledge in one segment (high-value
scallop production) would provide new
opportunities. Such transition from
hunting to ranching and intensive lifestock management has earlier happened
on land, but is a key challenge in the
aquatic domaine. Creation, accumulation and sharing of knowledge on basic
biology, reproduction etc. is key to enable this transition. The objectives of
the project were:
1. To determine the effects of nutrition, microbial flora, genetic
background and water quality on
the survival and quality of larval
and juvenile stages of scallops derived from hatchery cultivation and
natural recruitment.
2. To characterise and identify bacteria
that play a role in seed production,
either beneficial (improving growth,
survival and/or settlement success)
or detrimental (pathogens).
3. To determine the critical nutrients (mainly vitamins and lipid
compounds) in hatchery rearing
of scallops (broodstock, larval and
postlarval stages).
4. To assess the genetic diversity in
wild and cultivated stocks using
both traditional (allozymes) and
innovative (microsatellites and mitochodrial DNA) genetic markers.
management strategies, triploidy

induction) in scallop rearing.
6. To evaluate adapted zootechniques
on a experimental scale in rural
hatcheries and their effect on growout success in the field.
Activities
Nutrition:
Development and preparation of specific supplement diets to supply essential/
limiting nutrients to scallop broodstock
and larvae, development of feeding
regimes for artificial diet supplementation to live algae, verification of the use
of supplementation diets for local species in Latin-America, nutritional status
and potential of seed collected in nature versus hatchery-produced seed.
Microbiology:
Characterisation of microflora, confirmation of pathogenicity (challenge test),
confirmation of beneficial/detrimental
bacterial strains, evaluation of the potential use of selected bacterial strains
under the conditions of rural hatcheries,
microbiological analysis of the environment, microbiological safety.
Genetics:
Assessment of genetic resources in wild
and cultivated scallops using allozyme
techniques and novel biotechnological
markers, optimisation of the genetic
component of broodstock management
strategies, microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA techniques, triploidy
induction development and evaluation.
5. To improve microbial control (use

of probionts), nutrition (through
live algae as well as through the use
of artificial supplements), and genetic aspects (through broodstock
212
SCALLOPS
Contacts
Results and outcome
The following results were achieved:
Barria, R., G. Gajardo & J.M. Navarro, 2002.

Multiple-locus heterozygosity, physiological
traits and growth in a cohort of the ChileanPeruvian scallop Argopecten purpuratus
(Lamarck, 1819). Aquaculture, 204(2002):191.
Supporting with relevant scientifically validated knowledge an

activity with a great potential as
a sustainable source of income
for rural communities in South
America (Chile and Brazil) that
have switched from artisanal fisheries to mollusc growing.
Improving the predictability and
sustainability of scallop seed
production.
Better understanding of the various nutritional, microbiological
and genetic factors determining
the success of scallop larviculture.
In particular, the genetic work
provided baseline data for genetic
improvements of scallops stocks
and the conservation of genetic
resources.
Collaboration between European
and Latin-American partners which
provided an opportunity for a high
degree of training in methodology
and strengthen the research capability both of the young researchers
involved and their host institutions.
The multidisciplinary study of scallop culture in two very different
environments has improved the expertise of the European partners.
Gajardo, G., M. Parraguez, & N. Coliheuque,

2002. Karyotypic analysis and banding pattern
of Argopecten purpuratus. Journal of Shellfish
Research, 21(2):585-590.
Nevejan, N. & M. Hauva, 2001. Effect of lipid
emulsions on larval development of Argopecten
purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819). Proceedings of 13th
International Pectinid Workshop, Coquimbo,
Chile (18-24 april 2001). pp. 53-55.
Nevejan, N., I. Saez, G. Gajardo & P. Sorgeloos,
2002. Relative importance of DHA and EPA for
Argopecten purpuratus larvae (Lamarck, 1819).
Taller Internacional larvicultura de invertebrados
marinos: Estado del arte y sus proyecciones,
Puerto Montt, Chile (7-11 Januari 2002).
Universidad Austral de Chile, pp. 21-26.
2003. Energy versus essential fatty acids: what
do Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819)
larvae need most? Comp.Biochem.Physiol.,
134:599-613.
2003. Supplementation of EPA and DHA
emulsions to a Dunaliella tertiolecta diet: effect
on growth and lipid composition of scallop
larvae, Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819).
Aquaculture, 217:613-632.
Nevejan, N., V. Courtens, G. Gajardo & P.
Sorgeloos, 2003. Effect of lipid emulsions on
production and fatty acid composition of scallop
eggs: the case of Argopecten purpuratus. Mar.
Biol., 143:327-338.
Pickerell, T., S. McConnel & D. Skibinski,
2004. Isolation and characterisation of three
microsatellite loci from the Chilean scallop
Argopecten purpuratus. Ann.Zool.Fennici,
41:455-457.
Coordinator
Patrick Sorgeloos
Ghent University (RUG)
Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia
Reference Center
Rozier 44
B-9000 Gent
Belgium
Tel: +32 9 264 37 54
Fax: +329 264 41 93
E-M: Patrick.Sorgeloos@ugent.be
Partners
John A. Beardmore
University of Wales Swansea
Singleton Park
Swansea SA2 8PP
United Kingdom
E-M: j.a.beardmore@swansea.ac.uk
Jaime F. Ferreira
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Trindade S/N PO Box 476
88040-900 Florianopolis
Brazil
E-M: jff@cca.ufsc.br
Gonzalo Gajardo
Universidad de los Lagos
S/N Avenida Fuchslocher S/N
Po Box 933
40 Osorno
Chile
E-M: ggajardo@ulagos.cl
SCALLOPS
213
MUDCRAB
Sustainable production of mud crab Scylla sp.
through stock enhancement in mangroves
Project Number
IC18970189

01/01/1998 to 31/03/2002 (52 months)
Coordinator
Universiteit Gent
Belgium

Sustainable production systems, which
harness use of natural productivity of
ecosystems for production of food,
other products and services, are a key
challenge in the years to come. A variety of transition stages from production
almost exclusively based on capture
fisheries (of fish and invertebrates)
towards various degrees of control of
the production system is expected to
offer considerable gains in the future.
Interaction between capture and culture fisheries need careful attention, if
cultivated broodstock and its offspring
is not to lead to reduced genetic variability of wild populations.
MUDCRAB
To measure migrations and movements of (re-)released juveniles

throughout the life cycle and compare with cultured juvenile release.
To produce in hatchery different age

or performance classes and assess
survival and growth after release to
identify most suitable groups for
restocking purposes.
To reduce costs for production of

juveniles at economic scale under
local backyard conditions.
Activities
The main objectives of this project

were:
214
An experimental study on stock enhancement of the mud crab Scylla

serrata and the possible impact of
fisheries on it. A specific biotope
with a local mud crab population
was selected in Vietnam with the
following advantages:
Confined area with control &

monitoring possibilities over the
mangrove crab population;
Agreements with local fishermen on

capture and recapture reporting;
Local partner Can Tho University

was already involved in a mangrove replantation project for this
biotope. Restocking was done with
specific batches of tagged mud crab
juveniles produced under controlled
conditions in a local hatchery. The
mark and recapture technique was
standardised and allowed to estimate fluxes of the population in
natural mangrove.
Testing of new technologies adopted

from other larviculture operations
(e.g. penaeid shrimp hatcheries)
first at experimental scale in order to improve the consistency of
To develop mud crab broodstock

maturation system, which promotes
consistent spawning of good quality larvae: optimisation of hormonal
implant, eyestalk ablation and feeding regime.
To standardise hatchery production of Scylla serrata by improving
zootechnics, feeding regime and
microbial conditions: promotion of
consistent and increased survival
rates and quality of postlarvae.
To assess survival and growth rate

of cultured vs. wild crabs after tagging and (re-)release and evaluation
of a sustainable technique for the
cultivation of mud crab.
To use recapture data to estimate

population densities of wild mangrove crabs and measure impact of
fishery effort.
To include in the above estimates

of the effect of selective fishing on
wild stocks e.g. fishing for juveniles
for pond culture, immature for fattening and adults for marketing.
Contacts
production success of the hatchery operation and to guarantee

the required fry quality. Optimised
protocols were integrated in a pilotscale hatchery in Vietnam, allowing
production of specific batches and
the study of the profitability of mud
crab hatchery operations.
Results and outcome

The project accomplished:
1. A standard technique for mud crab
broodstock maturation focused
on Scylla paramamosain, the predominant species in Vietnam and
Indonesia; though more difficult
than for other species, improvements of survival to first crab instar
reached 10-20%.
2. A standard hatchery technique for
production of mud crab postlarvae
was tested in a pilot hatchery in
Vietnam.
3. A standard tagging technique for
mud crab species was successfully
applied in the field.
4. Restocking results provided estimates of Scylla populations in
natural mangroves and the impact
of fisheries and allowed evaluation
of the success of restocking with
implications on levels of sustainable fisheries.
5. Field studies included a plankton survey and an analysis of crab landings
which provided useful information
relevant to management strategies.
Christensen, S.M, D.J MacIntosh & N.T. Phuong,
2004. Pond production of the mud crabs Scylla
paramamosain (Estampador) and S. olivacea
(Herbst) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, using
two different supplementary diets. Aquaculture
Research, 35(11):1013-1024.
Christensen, S.M., D.J. MacIntosh & N.T. Phuong,
2002. Enhancing income opportunities in mangrove aquaculture systems by introducing semiintensive mud crab aquaculture (Scylla spp.).
Quantitative Approaches in System Analysis,
24:73 84.
Djunaidah, I.S., M. Mardjono P. Lavens & M.
Wille. 1998. Effect of light and feeding regime
on culture performance of mud crab (Scylla
sp.) larvae. International Forum on the Culture
of Portunid Crabs. Boracay, Aklan, Philippines,
December 1998.
Djunaidah, I.S., M. Mardjono, M. Wille, E.K. Kontara & P. Sorgeloos, 2001. Investigations on the
reproductive performance of mud crab Scylla
sp. broodstock: A research review. Workshop on
Mud Crab Culture, Ecology and Fisheries. Can
Tho University. Vietnam, January 2001.
Djunaidah, I.S.; M.Wille; E.K. Kontara & P.
Sorgeloos, 2003. Reproductive performance and
offspring quality in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) broodstock fed different diets.Aquaculture
International, 11:3-15
Fortes, R.D., 1999. Mud crab research and development in the Philippines. In Keenan, C.P. &
A. Blackshaw (eds.). Mud crab aquaculture and
biology. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria,
Australia. ACIAR Proceedings, 78:216 p.
Keenan, C.P., 1999. Aquaculture of the mud crab,
genus Scylla - past, present and future. In Keenan, C.P. & A. Blackshaw (eds.). Mud crab aquaculture and biology. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood,
Victoria, Australia. ACIAR Proceedings, 78:216 p.
Le Vay, L., 2001. Ecology and management of mud
crabs, Scylla spp. Asian Fish. Sci., 14:101-111.
Le Vay, L., V.N. Ut & D.A. Jones, 2001. Seasonal
abundance and recruitment in an estuarine
population of mud crabs, Scylla paramamosian,
in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Hydrobiologia,
449:231-239.
MacIntosh, D.J., F. Goncalves, A. Soares Moser
& N. Paphavisit, 1999. Transport mechanisms
of crab megalopae in mangrove ecosystems,
with special reference to a mangrove estuary in
Ranong, Thailand. In Keenan, C.P. & A. Blackshaw
(eds.). Mud crab aquaculture and biology. CSIRO
Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia.
ACIAR Proceedings, 78:216 p.
Coordinator
Patrick Sorgeloos
Gent University (RUG)
Reference Center
Rozier 44
B-9000 Gent
Belgium
Tel: +32 9 264 37 54
Fax: +32 9 264 41 93
Partners
David Alan Jones
University of Wales Bangor
Menai Bridge
Anglesy LL59 EY, North Wales
United Kingdom
E-M: levay@compuserve.com1
Truong Trong Nghia

Can Tho University
Institute of Marine Aquaculture
3th of February Road
Can Tho City
Viet Nam
E-M: ttnghia@ctu.edu.vn
Endhya Kusnendar Kontara

Brackishwater Aquaculture
Development Center
JI. Pemandian Kartini
P. O. Box 1
59401 Jepara
Indonesia
E-M: endhay@telcom.net
MacIntosh, D.J., J.L. Overton & H.V.T. Thu, 2002.

Confirmation of two common mud crab species
(genus: Scylla) in the mangrove ecosystem of
the Mekong Delta. Journal of Shellfish Research,
21:259265.
Truong Trong, N., M. Wille M. & P. Sorgeloos,
2001. Overview of larval rearing techniques for
mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) with special attention to the nutritional aspects, in the Mekong
delta, Vietnam. Workshop on Mud Crab Culture,
Ecology and Fisheries. Can Tho University, Vietnam, January 2001.
Current e-mail: oss00a@bangor.ac.uk
MUDCRAB
215
PAISA
The potential of periphyton-based
aquaculture systems in South Asia
Project Number
IC18970196

01/10/1997 to 31/03/2001 (42 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Malcolm C.M. Beveridge
United Kingdom

The overall objective of the project
was to determine the technical and
economic performance of periphytonbased aquaculture systems in South
Asia. It thus addresses one of the key
constraints to the poor benefiting from
fish culture, namely limited access to
resources such as fertilisers and feeds,
while trying to maximise the efficiency
of conversion into fish.
Acadjas (brushparks) have been used
as a fishing device for centuries in lagoons and lakes in West Africa and
South Asia. Lately, the same principles,
which involve the addition of substrate upon which periphyton growth
is encouraged, were applied to brackish
water fishponds in West Africa, with
some success. The hypothesis was that
part of the nutrients lost in traditionally managed ponds was converted into
periphyton and subsequently into fish
and that because of increased grazing
efficiencies of fish, less of the primary
production is processed through the
microbial loop. As a result, this would
enable farmers to enhance fish production levels while reducing demands for
fertilisers and food.
Specific objectives included the determination of:
216
PAISA
growth and production of periphyton in various aquatic ecosystems

(pond, beel) using different substrates and substrate conformations
and the response to fertilisation
factors which determine periphyton

quality as food for fish
the abilities of different fish species

to feed on periphyton and grazing
rates
fish production under different

stocking density regimes
nutrient and energy budgets and

ecological footprints from different
production systems
the sustainability and economics
of
periphyton-based
fish
production for food and for reservoir restocking.
Activities
The project, which focused on indigenous fishes, comprised a number of
field and laboratory-based experimental
trials carried out in Bangladesh, India
and the Netherlands. Complementary
experimental work and training, at
technician, Masters and PhD level was
also carried out in all project partner
laboratories. Links were forged with
the development community, especially
the DFID (Department for International
Development) funded LIFE project of
CARE Bangladesh and the Government
of Bangladesh Northeast Fisheries
Extension Project.
Eight candidate species of the cyprinid family (carps and minnows),
mostly indigenous to Bangladesh and/
or India, including Puntius gonionotus
(introduced), Labeo gonius, Puntius
sophore, L. calbasu, L. rohita, L. fimbriatus, Tor khudree (reported only
for India in www.fishbase.org), and
Catla catla were selected on the basis of their feeding behaviour, ease of
breeding and market value. Functional
feeding morphology and laboratory
based trials were carried out in three
species to determine the influence of
species, body size, group interactions
and substrate type on feeding. Field
trials were conducted to evaluate the
influence of substrate type and density on periphyton and pond algal
production. Single species and polyculture trials determined the influence
of substrate addition for periphyton
production on pond fish production.
Interviews with beneficiaries of the
Contacts
CARE-LIFE development project were

conducted to assess the potential of
periphyton technology to benefit the
rural poor from a sustainable livelihoods perspective.
fisheries and aquaculture, is published

in 2005 (Azim et al., 2005). Nine MSc
students, both European and Asian, and
three PhD students undertook training
in the course of the project.
Results and outcome
The technical viability of periphytonbased pond aquaculture was clearly

demonstrated. Where low-medium fertilisation and feed inputs are used, the
addition of substrate with an area broadly equating that of the pond surface
results in increases in fish production
of 30-80% under monoculture and 70180% under polyculture conditions.
Although bamboo proved superior
in terms of periphyton production,
preliminary economic and social evaluations show that cheaper substrates,
such as scrap bamboo (kanchi), local
brushwood (e.g. hizol) or even jute
may be more economically sustainable.
Livelihoods analysis and experiences
from the NGO sector in Bangladesh suggest that small-scale farmers may well
adopt the technology. However, larger
scale trials with farmers and development of better indicators are necessary
in order to fully assess the relative merits of the technology.
Azim, M.E., M.A. Wahab, A.A. van Dam, M.

Beveridge & M.C.J. Verdegem (eds.), 2001. The
potential of periphyton-based culture of two
Indian major carp, rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton)
and gonia Labeo gonius (Linnaeus). Aquaculture
Research, 32:209-216.
In addition to dissemination of information through the project web-site,

during the project period, a workshop
was held during the final phase of the
project to disseminate information
among the development community
and to provide guidelines that could be
used in implementing the technology in
a development context. The Proceedings
were distributed via the Asian Fisheries
Society. Thirty peer reviewed papers
have been published under the project
and a book, which draws heavily on information produced during the course
of the project and which also includes
contributions by leading world experts,
reviews current knowledge of periphyton, its ecology and utilisation in
Azim, M.E., M.C.J. Verdegem, M.M. Rahman,

M.A. Wahab, A.A. van Dam & M.C.M. Beveridge,
2002. Evaluation of polyculture of Indian major
carps in periphyton-based ponds. Aquaculture,
213:131-49.
Azim, M.E., M.C.J. Verdegem, I. Singh, A.A. van
Dam & M.C.M. Beveridge, 2003. The effects of
periphyton substrate and fish stocking density
on water quality, phytoplankton, periphyton and
fish growth. Aquaculture Research, 34, 685-96.
Azim, M.E., M.C.J. Verdegem, A.A. van Dam
& M.C.M. Beveridge (eds.), 2005. Periphyton:
Ecology, Exploitation and Management. CAB
International, Cambridge, 352 p.
Huchette, S., M.C.M. Beveridge, D.J. Baird &
M. Ireland, 2000. The impacts of grazing by
tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus L.) on periphyton
communities growing on artificial: substrate in
cages. Aquaculture, 186:45-60.
Keshavanath, P., B. Gangadhar, T.J. Ramesh, J.M.
Van Rooij, M.C.M. Beveridge, D.J. Baird, M.C.J.
Verdegem & A.A. Van Dam, 2001. Use of artificial
substrates to enhance production of freshwater
herbivorous fish in pond culture. Aquaculture
Research, 32:189-197.
Keshavanath, P., B. Gangadhar, T.J. Ramesh, A.A.
van Dam, M.C.M. Beveridge, & M.C.J. Verdegem,
2004. Effects of bamboo substrate and
supplemental feeding on growth and production
of hybrid red tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis
mossambicus x Oreochromis niloticus).
Coordinator
Malcolm Beveridge1
FK9 4LA Stirling
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1224 29 44 10
Fax: +44 1796 47 35 23
E-M: beveridgem@marlab.ac.uk
Partners
Marc Verdegem
PO Box 338
6700 AH Wageningen
Netherlands
E-M: marc.verdegem@wur.nl
Abdul Wahab
Department of Fisheries Management
Bangladesh Agricultural University
2202 Mymensingh
Bangladesh
E-M: wahabma@bdonline.com
Perar Keshavanath
College of Fisheries
University of Agricultural Sciences
Mathsyanagar
PO Box 527
560034 Bangalore
India
E-M: keshavanth@usa.net
van Dam, A.A., M.C.M. Beveridge, M.E. Azim &

M.C.J. Verdegem, 2003. The potential of fish
production based on periphyton. Reviews in Fish
Biology and Fisheries, 12:1-31.
Wahab, M.A., M.A. Mannan, M.A., Huda, M.E.
Azim, A. Tollervey & M. Beveridge, 1999. Effects
of periphyton grown on bamboo substrates on
growth and production of Indian major carp
rohu (Labeo rohita Ham.). Bangladesh Journal of
Fisheries Research, 3:1-10.
Wahab, M.A., M. Azim, M.H. Ali, M.C.M. Beveridge
& S. Khan, 1999. The potential of periphytonbased culture of a native major carp calbaush,
Labeo calbasu Hamilton. Aquaculture Research,
30:409-420.
Address at point of printing: FRS Freshwater Laboratory,
Faskally Pitlochry, Perthshire PH16 5LB, United Kindom. Tel:
+44 (0)1224 29 44 10 Fax: +44 (0)1796 47 35 23
PAISA
217
Organic Pond
Analysis and management of organic
matter and nitrogen in aquaculture
ponds for a minimal waste production
and optimal efficiency
Project Number
IC18970202

01/01/1998 to 30/06/2001 (42 months)
Coordinator
Prof. Johan Verreth
The Netherlands
Activities
Aquaculture ponds play an important

role in world aquaculture production,
but ponds are complex systems that
are difficult to manage. Dynamic models that simulate the processes in ponds
can help in developing science-based
management procedures. The general
objective of this 42-month project was
to collect empirical data on carbon and
nitrogen fluxes in feed-driven fish and
shrimp ponds and use these to construct,
calibrate and validate a dynamic simulation model that can be developed into
a management tool. It was hypothesized
that by manipulating the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the diet and the feeding
strategy, accumulation of nutrients in
the pond sediment can be avoided.
To achieve these objectives the following activities were carried out:
Coordinating all project activities with regard to the conceptual

model.
Collecting the information needed

for parameterisation and calibration of the model.
Validating the model, independent

testing of the model with experimental data.
Collecting data on the autotrophic

and heterotrophic production in
ponds and utilisation of these by
fish.
Developing the model into a management tool.

1. Quantify the nitrogen and organic
carbon flows under different (quantitative and qualitative) levels of
nutrient input.
2. Investigate nitrogen and organic
carbon conversions in the water column and pond sediment along the
algal and bacterial food chains up
to the fish/shrimp.
3. Model the flows of organic matter,
carbon and nitrogen.
4. Use the model(s) for designing and
testing feed compositions and pond
management procedures that will
contribute to the ultimate goal.
218
Organic Pond
Results and outcome

Experiments were done to collect data
for the elaboration of a dynamic simulation model for fish production in
stagnant, feed-driven fishponds. In an
initial version of the model, fish growth
and dissolved nitrogen species were
simulated well but the model needed
improvement with respect to the accumulation of organic matter at the
pond bottom. Research then focused
on sedimentation and resuspension at
the pond bottom and on decomposition of organic matter. A new module
for organic matter accumulation was
added to the model and improved the
simulation results considerably. The
model could not be improved in the
area of utilisation of heterotrophic
microbial production by fish because
of delays in the experimental work.
Experimental data regarding decomposition of organic matter in in-vitro
pond systems became available after
termination of the project and data on
Contacts
the use of microbial production by fish

were analysed in the FP5 project Zafira
(ICA4-CT-2000-10025).
Preliminary
calculations to evaluate the effects
of different management measures
showed that the model can be used to
develop optimal management strategies that take into account the various
interrelated processes in the pond.
The project contributed to the training
of young students. Five M.Sc. theses and
one Ph.D. thesis were elaborated under
the auspices of the project. A PhD student that started her research as part of
Organic Pond successfully finished her
dissertation in 2005 with further funding from other sources.
Avnimelech, Y.& M. Kochba, 2003. Shrimp and
fish pond soils: processes and management.
Avnimelech, Y., G. Ritvo, L.E. Meijer & M. Kochba,
2001. Water content, organic carbon and dry
bulk density in flooded sediments. Aquaculture
Engineering, 25:25-33.
Avnimelech, Y., M. Kochva & J. A. Hargreaves,
1999. Sedimentation and resuspension in
earthen fish ponds. Journal of the World
Aquaculture Society, 30(4):71-83.
Jimnez-Montealegre, R., Y. Avnimelech, J.A.J
Verreth. & M.C.J. Verdegem, 2005. Nitrogen
budget and fluxes in Colossoma macropomum
ponds. Aquaculture Research 36:8-15
Jimnez-Montealegre, R., M.C.J. Verdegem, A.A.
van Dam & J.A.J. Verreth, 2002. Conceptalization
and validation of a dynamic model for the
simulation of nitrogen transformations and
fluxes in fish ponds. Ecological Modelling 147:
123-152.
Jimnez-Montealegre, R., M.C.J. Verdegem, A.A.
van Dam & J.A.J. Verreth, 2005. Effect of organic
nitrogen and carbon mineralization on sediment
organic matter accumulation in fish ponds.
Aquaculture Research, 36(10):1001-1014.
Jimnez-Montealegre, R., M.C.J.Verdegem,
M. Zamora & J.A.J. Verreth, 2002. Organic
matter sedimentation and resuspension in
tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ponds during a
production cycle. Aquacultural Engineering,
26:1-12.
Jimnez-Monteralegre, R., 2001, Nitrogen
transformations and fluxes in fish ponds:
a modeling approach. PhD dissertation,
Wageningen University, The Netherlands. pp.
185. (ISBN: 90-5808-401-9)
Meijer, L.E. & Y. Avnimelech, 1999. On the use
of micro-electrodes in fish pond sediments.
Aquaculture Engineering, 21:71-83.
Coordinator
Johan Verreth
Aquaculture and Fisheries Group
PO Box 338
6700 AH Wageningen
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 317 48 33 07
Fax: +31 317 48 39 37
E-M: Johan.verreth@wur.nl
Partners
Ricardo Jimenez-Montealegre
Universidad Nacional Costa Rica
PO Box 86
3000 Heredia
Costa Rica
E-M: RJimenez@una.ac.cr
Omar Calvario-Martinez
Centro de Investigacin en
Alimentacin y Desarollo Agrario
S/N Sbalo Cerritos
82000 Mazatln - Sinaloa
Mxico
Yoram Avnimelech
Faculty of Agricultural Engineering
Technion - Israel Institute of
Technology
32000 Haifa
Israel
E-M: agyoram@techunix.technion.ac.il
Marten Scheffer
Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality
Management Group
Ritzema Bosweg 32a
6703 AZ Wageningen
The Netherlands
E-M: Marten.scheffer@wur.nl
Organic Pond
219
Chinese Bays
Carrying capacity and impact of aquaculture
on the environment in Chinese bays
Project Number
IC18980291

01/11/1998 to 31/10/2001 (36 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Cedric Bacher
IFREMER CREMA
France
Website
http://www.ecowin.org/china/
Activities
Aquaculture in Asia has a long history of combining different species in

polyculture. This embraces principles
of ecological engineering within integrated farming systems, to achieve
more sustainable solutions through the
recycling of wastes from culture cages,
culture ponds and sewage outfalls into
high-value protein crops that may be
removed for human consumption. In
China alone, the annual output from
aquaculture is more than 20 million
tons, which is 30% higher than the wild
catch, and represents more than 60% of
total global aquaculture.
Aquaculture was studied and modelled

in two bays; Jiaozhou and Sanggou, both
in Shandong Province. A metadatabase
was first constructed which synthesised
existing data from historical records,
statistics for mariculture production,
available databases and spatial information both on cultivated species and
hydrobiological characteristics. Data required to calibrate and ground truth the
models was obtained through additional
field work that involved in situ spatial
and temporal variability in natural environmental variables, measured monthly
at seven stations in each bay. Measures
included stock assessment, growth rates
and population dynamics of the cultivated species, as well as ecophysiological
measures of interactions between those
species and the environment.
The general objective of this project

was to model and define the carrying
capacity for sustainable development of
aquaculture in Chinese semi-enclosed
bays - e.g. the maximum number or biomass of cultivated species which can be
cultivated in a zone without decrease of
the yield and deleterious environmental
effects, taking into account constraints
due to cultivation practices.
Specific objectives included:
1. To improve scientific knowledge
on the interactions between aquaculture and environment in coastal
areas, including the interactions between different types of aquaculture
or exploitation of natural resources,
with an emphasis on polyculture.
2. To establish models to predict the
carrying capacity for aquaculture
and its impacts resulting from
different types of aquaculture in
different environments.
3. To provide scientific information and recommendations that
facilitate sustainable aquaculture
management.
220
Chinese Bays
Findings defined the effects of temperature, nitrogen availability and light

intensity on growth of the main cultured
macroalgae, the kelp Laminaria japonica. In addition, for each main species of
cultured shellfish, which included the
Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri, the
Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum
and the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas,
we developed separate dynamic models
to replicate responsive adjustments in
feeding, metabolism and growth across
full natural ranges of temperature, food
availability and food composition.
Models defining ecophysiological responses in each main cultured species
were coupled with hydrodynamic and
biogeochemical elements in common
geographic grids, allowing analyses
of key processes in a range of simulations at different spatial and temporal
scales, according to different modelling objectives.
At the local farm scale, towards a practical tool which could be used locally
by marine farmers to predict the effects of culture density upon shellfish
growth at different sites, a depletion

model was developed that combines
each model of shellfish ecophysiology with a one-dimensional horizontal
transport formulation.
At wider bay scales, two complementary strategies were employed to assess
environmental carrying capacities for
culture, taking into account interactions between each cultivated species,
as well as between those species and
their environments.
Firstly, a two-dimensional coupled
physical-biogeochemical model was
developed for Sanggou Bay, based on a
bathymetric grid of 1120 cells affording a spatial resolution of 500 m, to
simulate short term responses (e.g. one
year) to changes in cultivation practice.
Secondly, a box model was developed
using a quasi one-dimensional approach
without spatial variability to assess effects of culture practice on production
in the longer term. Both of these bay
scale models accounted for the same
processes: primary production, bivalve
and kelp ecophysiology and growth, exchange with the ocean, mineralisation
of detritus, particle sedimentation and
resuspension, species densities, and
times of seeding and harvesting.
Integrated assessments were undertaken using these tools to consider how
different scenarios of multi-species
culture may affect ecosystem functioning and sustainable capacities for
exploitation. The scenarios considered
were recommended by local fisheries
managers, and the outputs considered
collectively in associated workshops, as
significant contributions in the development of local fisheries practice.
Training sessions and workshops took
place throughout the project, both
in China and Europe. This included
training in database management,
ecophysiology experiments, ecophysiology and ecosystem modelling.

Elements of the models defining shellfish responses are cutting edge. In
particular, for the first time in such
models, significant adjustments were
resolved in the relative processing of
living chlorophyll-rich phytoplankton
organics, non-phytoplankton organics
and the remaining inorganic matter
during both differential retention on
the gill and selective pre-ingestive rejection within pseudofaeces. A facility
to simulate the energy content of nonphytoplankton organics was included.
This was significant, for that energy
content was very much more variable
than for phytoplankton organics, and
which represented less than 20% of all
suspended particulate organic matter.
Such resolution of the relative processing of different particle types allowed
simulation of how the rates, organic
compositions and energy contents of
filtered, ingested and deposited matter
change in response to wide differences in seawater temperature, seston
availability and seston composition.
Dependent relations predict rates of
energy absorption, energy expenditure and excretion. By these means,
resulting models were more adaptable
that past models of shellfish physiology, replicating dynamic adjustments
in feeding and metabolism across full
ranges of relevant natural variability,
and successfully simulating growth
from larvae or seed to harvestable size
under different temporal and spatial
scenarios of culture.
Measurements and simulations of the
effects of culture on hydrodynamics
indicated that disregard for physical
barriers associated with culture would
result in a serious overestimation of
the particle renewal term and thus
an overestimation of carrying capacity. Coupling the models of bivalve
ecophysiology and one-dimensional
hydrodynamics, the resulting depletion model for use by farm managers
demonstrated how shellfish density

had an increasingly negative effect on
growth in regions with higher water
residence times or lower depths, and
which could be used to establish optimal densities for aquaculture at
different locations throughout the bay.
The coupled bay-scale models were
used to simulate various culture scenarios, each scenario representing a
whole cultivation cycle, whilst depicting differences in time of seeding and/
or harvesting, according to recent
changes in aquaculture practice, including different spatial distributions and/
or densities of the main cultivated species. Findings established how coupled
models of this kind were increasingly
able to simulate the general behaviour of key ecosystem variables, both
in space and time, at least within the
context of this relatively simple marine
system, dominated by a few species.
Main innovative findings within the
content of community ecology generally included how very sensitive total
production could be to changes in the
composition, densities and/or distributions of dominant cultured species,
where changes in local density may
have effects at the bay scale.
Collective findings from different
simulations using both the 2D and
box models at bay-scale suggest that
Sanggou Bay was already being exploited close to the environmental carrying
capacity for scallop production, albeit with some potential for increased
oyster production. This reflected inter-specific competition for food, with
a competitive advantage for oysters
compared with scallops, despite being
cultivated in different areas of the bay.
Given apparent limitations on harvest
yield for scallops, a hypothetical analysis was requested by local managers
to assess whether scallop production
might be increased without changing bivalve loads, in which the total quantity
Chinese Bays
221
Chinese Bays
Contacts
of scallops and oysters remained the

same as present, but when the scallops
are distributed over the area currently
given over for cultivation of both scallops and kelp, thereby creating areas
of combined kelp and scallop culture,
in which average scallop density is
reduced. Predictions under this alternative management scenario suggested
that oyster yield would be maintained,
yet scallop production increased by
more than three fold. This represented
an increase of nearly 50% in the total
combined yield of shellfish in comparison with current aquaculture scenario.
The change was consistent with past
observations whereby similar combinations of scallop and kelp culture had
been proven successful elsewhere, and
which we now understand is being trialled in Sanggou Bay.
Bacher, C., J. Grant., A.J.S. Hawkins, C. Fang, M.
Zhu & M. Besnard, 2003. Modelling the effect of
food depletion on scallop growth in Sungo Bay
(China). Aquat. Living Resources, 16(1):10-24.
Bricker, S.B., J.G. Ferreira, A.M. Nobre, X.L.
Zhang, M.Y. Zhu, B.D. Wang, X.J. Yan, R.
Callender & G.C. Matlock, 2005. Application
of the ASSETS eutrophication assessment
methodology to four contrasting Chinese
coastal systems. ASLO Summer Meeting 2005,
Santiago, Spain. http://www.sgmeet.com/aslo/
santiago2005/viewabstract2.asp?AbstractID=60
2&SessionID=SS72
Duarte, P., R. Meneses, A.J.S. Hawkins, M. Zhu, J.
Fang & J. Grant, 2003. Mathematical modelling
to assess the carrying capacity for multi-species
culture within coastal waters. Ecol. Model.,
168:109-143.
Grant, J. & C. Bacher, 2001. A numerical model
of flow modification induced by suspended
aquaculture in a Chinese Bay. Can.J.Fish.Aquat.
Sci., 58:1003-1011.
Hawkins, A.J.S., P. Duarte, J.G. Fang, P.L. Pascoe,
J.H. Zhang, X.L. Zhang & M.Y. Zhu, 2002. A
functional model of responsive suspensionfeeding and growth in bivalve shellfish,
configured and validated for the scallop
Chlamys farreri during culture in China. J.Exp.
Mar.Biol.Ecol., 281:13-40.
Coordinator
Cedric Bacher
Institut Franais de Recherche pour
lexploitation de la Mer IFREMER
Crema
BP 5, Place Du Seminaire
17137 LHoumeau
France
Tel: +33 5 46 50 94 40
Fax: +33 5 46 50 06 00
Anthony Hawkins
Prospect Place
The Hoe
Plymouth PL1 3DH
United Kingdom
E-M: ajsh@pml.ac.uk
Joao Gomes Ferreira
E-M: cbacher@ifremer.fr

IMAR Instituto do Mar
CME DCEA FCT/UNL
2825-114 Quinta da Torre
Portugal
Partners
E-M: joao@hoomi.com
Mingyuan Zhu
Jon Grant
First Institute of Oceanography

Xianxialing Road
266061 Qingdao
China
Dalhousie University
Dept. of Oceanography
1355 Oxford Street
B3H 4JI Halifax
Canada
E-M: mbfio@sdqd.qdinfo.gov
E-M: jon.grant@dal.ca
Qisheng Tang
Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
Yellow Sea Fisheries Res. Institute
106 Nanjing Road
266071 Qingdao
China
E-M: mcdel@public.qd.sd.cn
Shaodun Mou
Shandong Mariculture Institute
N. 47, Guizhou Road
266002 Qingdao
China
Xiuren Ning
Second Institute of Oceanography
9 Xixihexia Road
PO Box 1207
310012 Hangzhou
China
E-M: ning@zgb.com.cn
Nunes, J.P, J.G. Ferreira, F. Gazeau, J. LencartSilva, X.L. Zhang, M.Y. Zhu. & J.G. Fang, 2003. A
model for sustainable management of shellfish
polyculture in coastal bays. Aquaculture, 219(14):257-277.
222
Chinese Bays
NEMATODES
Development of bio-encapsulated feed
for larval fish based on nutritionally
enriched nematodes

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing agricultural sectors, particularly in
Southeast Asia. Fish larvae nutrition
is one of the biggest problems in larval rearing due to the fact that larvae
of many species need live food of adequate size during the first days.
The overall goal of this research was to
enhance larval fish production through
the use of a suitable feed based on nutritionally enriched nematodes. Due to
their small size and round elongated
shape the nematodes can serve as
excellent live food organism for smallmouthed fish larvae replacing the
actually used living organisms such us
rotifers and brine shrimp nauplii.
Although nematodes have been proven
to be an excellent food source for some
fish species, for aquaculture purposes
their use has not been widespread due
to problem involved in mass production.
On the other hand, large-scale production processes have been developed for
entomopathogenic nematodes.
The project integrated the different
expertise of the research teams and
an industrial participant in order to
achieve the goals.
1. Enhance the nutritional value of
nematodes (Pangrellus redivivus) as
a food source for larval fish.
2. Development of large scale, economically
feasible
production
process of nematodes suitable as a
food sources for larval fish.
3. Development of a kit easily and
economically
manageable
by
aquaculturists.
Methods had to be developed to massproduce, to bio-load with particular
nutrients and to formulate nematodes.
The resulting nematodes were tested
on a variety of fish species. This enabled to:
Project Number
1. carry out the experiments throughout the year covering the periods in
which the different species spawn;
IC18980333
2. study both warm and cold water

fish; and
3. evaluate the suitability for freshwater and marine species.
01/09/1998 to 28/02/2001 (42 months)

The project concentrated on a few species as described below.
Coordinator
Activities
Dr. Manuele Ricci

BioTecnologie B.T. S.r.l.
Italy
For the first objective Enhancement of

the nutritional value of nematodes by
adding nutritional components to their
growth medium, the effect of nutritional additives on nematode growth
and the effect of nutritional additives on
the chemical composition of bio-loaded
nematodes were determined. The effect
of bio-loaded nematodes on larval fish
survival and growth was evaluated using larvae of the following fish species:
carp (Cyprinus carpio), common whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus lavaretus),
Asian redtail (river) catfish (Hemibagrus
nemurus), Java barb (Puntius gonionotus), bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis),
milkfish (Chanos chanos) and orangespotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides).
For the second objective Development
of large scale, economically feasible production process of nematodes suitable
as a food sources for fish the culture
medium and physical parameters were
optimised to obtain high and constant
yield of nematodes in 15 litre plastic
bags. The production was scaled up to
50 and 200 litre plastic bags. A down
stream process (cleaning and concentration of mass produced nematodes
to allow the formulation process) was
studied. Various materials (alginate gels,
NEMATODES
223
NEMATODES
granules etc.) were tested for nematode
formulation to confer stability in storage
and shipment. All these methods were
scaled up to the most convenient size.
For the final objective Development of a
kit easily and economically manageable
by aquaculturists, a kit for nematode
production was developed and the
chemical composition of produced nematodes determined. Selected fish farmers
or people involved in aquaculture in developing countries were interviewed, in
order to define the potential market and
to further improve the kit.
Results and outcome

The project demonstrated that the freeliving nematode Panagrellus redivivus is
a suitable live food for rearing the following larval fish species: carp (Cyprinus
carpio), common whitefish (Coregonus
lavaretus lavaretus), Asian redtail (river) catfish (Hemibagrus nemurus), Java
barb (Puntius gonionotus), bighead carp
(Aristichthys nobilis), milkfish (Chanos
chanos) and orange-spotted grouper
(Epinephelus coioides).
The use of different culture media
to produce P. redivivus affects the
multiplication (reproduction) of the
nematodes as well as their gross chemical composition and fatty acid content.
In turn, the composition of the mass
produced nematodes influences the
carcass composition of the fish larvae
as well as their performance.
The effect on amino acid composition is
still subject to confirmation. Provided
that the lipid requirements of fish larvae are known, fatty acid composition
of P. redivivus can be tailored to meet
these demands. It was demonstrated
in this project, that enrichment of the
free-living nematodes is necessary due
to the lower growth response of the
fish larvae compared to the control, in
most cases.
224
NEMATODES
Moreover, the possibility to modify

gross chemical composition, fatty
acid pattern and isotopic ratios (13C,
15N) of P. redivivus opens completely
new ways for nutritional and physiological studies with fish larvae requiring
live food. The mass production of the
free-living nematode P. redivivus was
demonstrated together with its scale
up to semi-industrial size. During the
development of this technology, great
effort was put on the maximisation
of the yields and on the reduction of
the production costs. All of these targets were reached. In fact the yields
were extremely high (about 300000
nematodes/g of media) and the costs
were low.
enable fish hatchery operators to rely

on a cheap, standardised and permanently available live food for first
feeding fish larvae. The feedback received from potential customers about
this potential product, was positive,
although the kit needs refinement and
evaluation of costs. The findings have
generated plenty of beneficial information documented in academic theses
and publications in scientific journals.
scientific journals.
Low production costs were achieved

by: creating culture media based on
cheap ingredients, the small inoculum
required to start the production, the
short (12 days) production period and
the low general requirement of energetic inputs This technology is easily
transferable to those sites with minor
equipments and some experience on
basic microbiological techniques.
In contrast to entomopathogenic nematodes, the amount of culture media
residues in the final product should
be minimised in order to avoid pollution of the fish rearing water. The down
stream process was simplified during
this project by the development of a
semi-purified medium, but it is still a
very labour intensive step to clean the
mass produced nematodes.
The particular physiology of P. redivivus, which does not include a resting
stage, did not allow the development
of a formulation for long-term storage.
The formulation of nematodes based
on clay or sponge material allows the
storage of nematodes for up to one
month, but is therefore only suitable
for a market that is positioned close to
the production facility. However, the
kit for self-production of nematodes,
developed during this project, should
Contacts
Ricci, M., A.P. Fifi, A. Ragni, C. Schlechtriem &
U. Focken, 2003. Development of a low cost
technology for mass production of the free living
nematode Panagrellus redivivus as an alternative
live food for first feeding fish larvae. Applied
Microbiology and Biotechnology, 60(5):556-559.
Santiago, C.B., A.C. Gonzal, M. Ricci & S. Harpaz,
2003. Response of bighead carp Aristichthys
nobilis and Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus
larvae to free-living nematode Panagrellus
redivivus as alternative feed. Journal of Applied
Ichthyology, 19(4):239-243.
Santiago, C.B., M. Ricci & A. Reyes-Lampa, 2004.
Effect of nematode Panagrellus redivivus density
on growth, survival, feed consumption and
carcass composition of bighead carp Aristichthys
nobilis (Richardson) larvae. Journal of Applied
Ichthyology, 20(1):22-27.
Schlechtriem, C., D.R. Tocher, J.R. Dick & K.
Becker, 2004. Incorporation and metabolism of
fatty acids by desaturation and elongation in the
nematode, Panagrellus redivivus. Nematology,
6(6):783-795.
Schlechtriem, C., M. Ricci, U. Focken & K. Becker,
2004. Mass produced nematodes Panagrellus
redivivus as live food for rearing carp larvae:
preliminary results. Aquaculture Research,
35(6):547-551.
Schlechtriem, C., M. Ricci, U. Focken & K.
Becker, 2004. The suitability of the free-living
nematode Panagrellus redivivus as live food for
first-feeding fish larvae. J. Applied Ichthyology,
20(3):161-168.
Schlechtriem, C., U. Focken & K. Becker, 2004.
Stable isotopes as a tool for nutrient assimilation
studies on larval fish feeding on live food.
Aquatic Ecology, 38(1):93-100.
Effect of different lipid extraction methods on
13 C of lipid-free fractions of fish and different
fish feeds. Isotopes in Environmental and Health
Studies, 39(2):135-140.
Digestion and assimilation of the free-living
nematode Panagrellus redivivus fed to first
feeding coregonid larvae: Evidence from
histological and isotopic studies. Journal of the
World Aqua. Soc., 36(1):24-31.
Coordinator
Partners
Manuele Ricci
Sheenan Harpaz
Biotecnologie B.T. S.r.l.

Agrifood Technology Park of Umbria
Fraz. Pantalla di Todi
06050 Perugia
Italy
Tel: +39 075 89 50 91
Fax: +39 075 88 87 76
Agricultural Research Organization1

Volcani Center
Ministry of Agriculture
State of Israel
P.O. Box 6
50-250 Bet Dagan
Israel
E-M: mricci.bt@parco3a.org
E-M: harpaz@agri.huji.ac.il
Klaus Becker
Universitt Hohenheim (480B)
Institute of Animal Production in the
Tropics & Subtropics
Dept. of Aquaculture Systems &
Animal Nutrition
70599 Stuttgart
Germany
E-M: kbecker@uni-hohenheim.de
Mohd Salleh Kamarudin

University Putra Malaysia
Dept. of Agrotechnology
Faculty of Agriculture 2
43400 Serdang
Malaysia
E-M: msalleh@agri.upm.edu.my
Corazon Santiago
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development
Center
Dept. Aquaculture
Binangonan Freshwater Station
1940 Rizal Binangonan
Philippines
E-M: cbsantiago@yahoo.com
This partner resigned his obligation from August 1st, 2000, after
24 months from the beginning of the project.
NEMATODES
225
GLAIKIT
Global aquaculture:
identification of key international
research themes
Project Number
ICA4-CT-1999-50006

01/12/1999 to 30/11/2000 (12 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Malcom Beveridge
United Kingdom

Aquaculture is growing more rapidly
than any other food production sector
and is an increasingly important means
of producing high quality food, especially in developing countries where its
role in food security is now widely recognised. In addition to the rapid growth
of the aquaculture sector in Asia and
elsewhere, many sectors of the industry
are intensifying, leading to increased
demand for resources and production
of wastes. The additional demands on
so-called environmental goods and
environmental services, together with
the effects of changing land use and
demand for skills in rural areas and
the impacts of increased production on
markets and prices, have implications
for the sustainability of many sectors
of the industry. The development of
key strategies, including the prioritisation of researchable constraints, to help
both policy makers and industry is thus
crucial for the future sustained growth
of aquaculture.
The Bangkok Conference was designed
to continue the work-initiated in Kyoto,
with the objective of developing a strategy to facilitate the sustainable growth
of the sector and harness its potential
contribution to greater social development. As with Kyoto, the results are
intended to assist government policy
makers and other stakeholders concerned with aquaculture development
to meet the social, technical and regulatory needs of aquaculture over the next
20 years.
The key objective of the accompanying
measure (AM) was to support the involvement of European scientists in the
conference on Aquaculture in the Third
Millennium held in Bangkok in February
2000. The conference, co-sponsored by
the FAO of the UN and the Network
of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
(NACA), developed themes initiated at
the landmark meeting held in Kyoto in
226
GLAIKIT
1976 and focused on the development

of a strategic plan for sustainable aquaculture development on a global basis.
Activities
Main activities included:
Ensuring a strong EU presence and

input by selecting key representatives from different areas.
Identifying researchable constraints

to be addressed through the collaboration of EU member states and
developing countries.
Preparation
contributions.
Editing contributions for

Conference Proceedings.
of
conference
the
Results and outcome

The AM facilitated strong inputs from
scientists and industry from EU member states to the conference. It allowed
fourteen EU member states scientist involved in the key areas of strategy and
research supporting aquaculture development in the future to participate.
Project participants helped prepare
position or summary papers in their
particular field of expertise prior to the
conference. The AM also provided some
financial contribution towards the dissemination and publication material.
As the Conference was an agenda-setting strategic exercise, the conference
programme was structured so that
there were only two days of parallel
sessions. The parallel sessions dealt
with the six thematic sessions covering policy and the six that addressed
technical issues in order to promote
greater interaction and participation
in the discussion of issues associated
with the biological, technical, social,
Contacts
economic, environmental, policy and

legal aspects of aquaculture development. The participatory and iterative
procedure allowed every participant
an ample opportunity to contribute
to the discussions and framing of the
Declaration and Strategy.
The various sessions developed conclusions and recommendations that
were synthesised by the Technical
Drafting Committee (TDC) into a draft
Declaration and Strategy that was discussed and adopted in principle during
the final plenary session. Relevant comments and proposals made during the
final plenary discussion and those submitted over subsequent weeks were
incorporated by the TDC with the assistance of the Conference Secretariat into
the final document.
NACA/FAO, 2000. Aquaculture Development
Beyond 2000: the Bangkok Declaration and
Strategy. Conference on Aquaculture in the Third
Millennium, 20-25 February 2000, Bangkok,
Thailand. NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome. 27 p.
Subasinghe, R.P., P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C.
Hough, S.E. McGladdery & J.R. Arthur (eds.),
2001. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium.
Technical Proceedings of the Conference on
Aquaculture in the Third Millennium, Bangkok,
Thailand, 20-25 February 2000. NACA, Bangkok
and FAO, Rome, 341 p.
Coordinator
Malcolm Beveridge1
FK9 4LA Stirling
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1224 29 44 10
Fax: +44 179 6 47 35 23
E-M: beveridgem@marlab.ac.uk
Furthermore, the conference was designed to provide the opportunity for

more stakeholders to participate in
this process, and to discuss the opportunities and functions of modern-day
technologies in the development of
sustainable aquaculture. To achieve
these purposes, the conference: envisioned the likely state of aquaculture in
the first 20-30 years of the new millennium, identified possible constraints to
the future development of the sector,
and recommended strategies to solve
these constraints, with emphasis on regional and global cooperation.
Address at time of printing: FRS Freshwater Laboratory,

Faskally Pitlochry, Perthshire PH16 5LB, United Kindom.
Tel: +44 (0)1224 29 44 10 Fax: +44 (0)1796 47 35 23
GLAIKIT
227
REAQWO
Responsible Aquaculture: a world research
and technological challenge
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2000-50001

15/03/2000 to 14/05/2001 (14 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Rosa Flos
Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya
Spain

The need for quality food worldwide has
stimulated a rapid growth of aquaculture both in developed and developing
countries. Challenges and constraints
are mainly related to technical and
environmental issues as well as socioeconomical aspects. In this context, the
problem of defining global responsible
approaches has to be solved.
This accompanying measure aimed to
facilitate the contact between scientists/industries of the Community and
scientists from developing countries
enhancing long-term collaboration in
order to contribute to a sustainable
aquaculture development. This was
achieved through the participation
of selected experts from developing
countries in the international meeting
AQUA2000 Responsible Aquaculture
in the New Millennium, which combined the joint annual meetings of
European Aquaculture Society (EAS) and
the World Aquaculture Society (WAS).
228
REAQWO
To ensure the presence of high-level

scientists/experts from developing
countries in different regions to
AQUA2000.
To look for world-based strategies
for responsible aquaculture development with the participation of
experts representing a panel of different regional approaches.
To provide key subjects for future

research related to responsible
aquaculture, including the conclusions of the Conference held in
Bangkok in February 2000.
To promote direct interactions

between the scientist and production sectors as well as between
policy makers from the Community
with key actors from developing
countries in order to further develop scientific and technological

cooperation.
Activities
In order to ensure the achievement of
these objectives, several steps were
taken:
1. Identification of scientist/experts
from different regions of the world:
2. Requesting their participation in the
meeting as well as their contribution to a regional and/or scientific
approach to the main thematic sessions of the AQUA2000 Conference
in Nice, France.
3. Coordination of a special work session in AQUA2000. The objectives
of the session were:
4. Ensuring direct interactions between
the scientific and production sectors as well as policy makers from
the European Community with key
actors from developing countries.
5. Identification of key subjects
for future research related to responsible aquaculture, including
reference to the conclusions from
the Aquaculture Conference held in
Bangkok in February 2000.
6. Summary of the presentations and
discussion.
7. Report editing and dissemination.
Contacts
Results and outcome

The international meeting AQUA2000,
World Aquaculture Society and the
European Aquaculture Society took
place in May 2000 in Nice, France.
The overall theme of the conference
Responsible Aquaculture in the New
Millennium was reflected in the numerous sessions covering technical
knowledge about many of the species
involved in aquaculture around the
world, as well as addressing the issues
and concerns facing the aquaculture
industry from Europe, Eastern Europe,
Africa and the Middle East.
A session on Cooperative aquaculture research in developing countries
was sponsored by this Accompanying
Measure.
Representatives from fifteen countries/regions
(Asia/Pacific
region,
Brazil, Caribbean, China, Egypt, India,
Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Mozambique,
The Philippines, South Africa, Thailand,
Tunisia and West Africa).attended the
Conference.
Research priorities identified during
the presentations can be summarised
as follows:
1. a) Improvement of breeding techniques; b) ability to produce seed
all year round.; c) improvement of
genetic stocks for growth and disease resistance and d) conservation
of genetic stocks.
of vaccines; c) use of immune enhancers, and environment-friendly,

effective chemical or therapeutic
agents; d) development of rapid
diagnostic tools; e) work on quarantine strategies.
4. Issues related to environmental
degradation. a) Improvement of
water quality for recycling systems
(bioremediation); b) treatment of
pond effluent.
Coordinator
Rosa Flos1
Comte dUrgell 187
08036 Barcelona
Spain
E-M: rosa.flos@upc.es
5. Conservation of mangroves.
6. Social economic
issues.
and
marketing
7. Countries that were planning future

aquaculture development highlighted the need of a Master Plan.
8. Training, awareness campaigns to
educate entrepreneurs and training
at higher education institutions.
A compilation of the session was edited. It included the contact details of
the participants and summaries of the
presentations.
Flos, R. & L. Cresswell (eds.), 2000. Abstracts of
contributions at the International Conference
AQUA2000 held in Nice, France, May 2-6, 2000.
EAS Special Publication No.28
2. a) work on formulated feeds; b) reduction of feed cost by using local

ingredients; c) finding alternative
live feed to replace Artemia and d)
improvement of food conversion rations (FCR).
3. Fish health issues a)
derstanding of the
environment and the
immune systems; b)
better unpathogens,
host and
production
Coordinator moved from CSIC to Universitat Politcnica de

Catalunya during the project.
REAQWO
229
ARTEMIA
Artemia biodiversity:
Current global resources and
their sustainable exploitation
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10020

01/01/2002 to 31/12/2004 (36 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Universiteit Gent
Belgium
Website
http://www.aquaculture.ugent.be/
rend/INCO/index.htm
Recent research on the brine shrimp

Artemia has indicated the need for integration of basic and applied knowledge.
Triggered by current advances mainly
on the fields of ecological/evolutionary
genetics and strain characterisation,
a global Artemia study was initiated
aiming at recording biodiversity and
materialising worldwide interest into a
conceptual framework. Under this perspective, a number of objectives were
specifically outlined in order to achieve
a concerted set of methodological and
theoretical approaches on most aspects of Artemia biology. This global
concerted Artemia study consisted of
a programme of workshops and study
visits, aiming at technical intercalibration, integration of current ecological
and evolutionary concepts, and uniform methods to assess population
dynamics. The objectives were:
Worldwide exchange of expertise

and technical intercalibration of
Artemia strain characterisation;
focus on areas critical for Artemia
supplies and/or endangered status of species (Central Asia, China,
South America, Mediterranean);
definition and harmonisation of
current species/strain concepts.
Upgrading of expertise of DCinstitutions; uniformity of practices

on Artemia species/population description and on exploitation policy
among DC-partners.
Intensification of scientific EU-DC

links.
Global workshop at Artemia Reference

Center (UGent), Belgium; regional workshops at Salt Research Institute (SRI),
China; University de los Lagos (ULL),
Chile, and Urmiah University (UU), Iran.
The workshops focused on the following aspects:
Promotion of multidisciplinary
approach (based on morphology,
biometry, physiology, genetic markers, life span and reproduction).
Harmonisation (integration/intercalibration) of methods to assess
population dynamics, standing crop
size and maximal harvests.
230
ARTEMIA
Issuing of scientific, technical and

policy guidelines on species/population description, sustainable
exploitation and introduction of
foreign strains.
Use Artemia as model organism,

with principles applicable to other
animals facing similar risks.
1. Organisation of workshops:
Contribution to Artemia biodiversity preservation and sustainable

exploitation.
Activities
Improve cohesion in Artemia study

among EU partners.
UGent: General topics of species

description and species characterisation, population description,
biodiversity, intercalibration of
methodologies.
SRI: Artemia resources in China
(coastal and inland); endangering
local species by introduction of foreign species.
ULL: Artemia resources in Latin
America; genetics and speciation.
UU: Artemia resources in Central
Asia; sustainable exploitation (a
special effort will be made here to
attract attendants from Central
Asian (ex-Soviet) republics).
Proceedings of each workshop have

been published, acting as technical, scientific and policy guidelines on Artemia
study, exploitation and preservation
2. Training courses:
Training provided to developing countries partners, for training at UGent,
University of Thessaloniki (AUTH),
Greece, and the Instituto de Acuicultura
(CSIC), Castelln, Spain.
Topics included:
UGent: Life cycle (diapause, hatching, reproductive) characteristics,

DNA fingerprinting.
AUTH: Cytogenetics (chromosome
study), population genetics, species
characterisation (biochemical and
molecular markers).
CSIC: Biometry, morphology, ecological requirements; physiological
tolerances; strain co-existence.
Trainees focused on intercalibration: familiarization with strain
characterization techniques, as being used at EU- institutes.
Results and outcome
All workshops and numerous study

visits were successfully organised. The
project contributed considerably to
the harmonisation of techniques and
thoughts among Consortium members
and other Artemia specialists, and gave
the opportunity to young aspirants
for scientific research. At the technical and research level, the project led
to an intensification of contacts and
improved exchange of study material,
allowing scientific progress to be made
at a faster pace and within a conceptual
framework shared by all partners.
Abatzopoulos, T.J., G.V., Triantaphyllidis, N.

Roedaki, A.D. Baxevanis, A. Triantafyllidis &
P. Sorgeloos, 2003. Elevated salinities may
enhance the recovery of hydrated heat-shocked
Artemia franciscana cysts (International Study
on Artemia. LXV). Belgian Journal of Zoology,
133(2):103-109.
The introduction of molecular systematic analyses and powerful DNA

markers has had substantial implications for a) the study of evolutionary
mechanisms in Artemia by introducing
harmonised methodologies shared by
several research groups, and b) the advancement of aquaculture applications.
Scientists share now common tools to
define questions regarding phylogenetic relationships between species,
mechanisms of speciation, models of
population structure and patterns of
distribution and invasion. Through this
project, Artemia research has thus been
provided with multidisciplinarity, methodological uniformity and matching of
basic and applied research. The project
was also the direct incentive to common
activities like the creation of an integrated cyst bank, (http://www.aquaculture.
ugent.be//rend/INCO/database.htm),
the database of Artemia sites, a website with Artemia-biodiversity related
information (http://www.aquaculture.
ugent.be//rend/INCO/index.htm), and
a manual with guidelines and protocols
for study of strains and populations,
and for sustainable exploitation.
Abatzopoulos, T.J., I. Kappas, P. Bossier, P.

Sorgeloos & J.A. Beardmore, 2002. Genetic
characterization of Artemia tibetiana (Crustacea:
Anostraca). Biological Journal of the Linnean
Society, 75:333-344.
Amat, F., F. Hontoria, O. Ruiz, A. Green, M.
Snchez, J. Figuerola & F. Hortas, 2005. The
American brine shrimp as an exotic invasive
species in the Western Mediterranean. Biological
Invasions, 7:37-47.
Amat, F., R.G. Cohen, F. Hontoria, J.C. Navarro,
2004. Further evidence and characterization of
Artemia franciscana (Kellogg, 1906) populations
in Argentina. Journal of Biogeography, 31:17351749.
Baert, P., Thi Ngoc Anh Ngueyn, A. Burch & P.
Sorgeloos, 2002. The use of Artemia biomass
sampling to predict cyst yields in culture ponds.
Baxevanis, A.D., T.J. Abatzopoulos, 2004. The
phenotypic response of ME2 (M. Embolon,
Greece) Artemia clone to salinity and
temperature. Journal of Biological Research,
1:107-114.
Bossier, P., W. Xiaomei, F. Catania, S. Doom,
G. Van Stappen, E. Naessens & P. Sorgeloos,
2004. An RFLP database for authentication of
commercial cyst samples of the brine shrimp
Artemia spp. (International Study on Artemia
LXX). Aquaculture, 231:93-112.
Castro, M.J., B.T. Castro, G.J. Arredondo, M.
Castro, A.R. De Lara & S.A. Malpica, 2004. Crossbreeding studies in seven Artemia franciscana
strains from Mxico. Journal of Biological
Research, 2:35-41.
Gajardo, G., J. Crespo, A. Triantafyllidis, A. Tzika,
A.D. Baxevanis, I. Kappas & T.J. Abatzopoulos,
2004. Species identification of Chilean Artemia
populations based on mitochondrial DNA RFLP
analysis. Journal of Biogeography, 31(4):547-555.
Kappas, I., T.J. Abatzopoulos, N.V. Hoa, P.
Sorgeloos & J.A. Beardmore, 2004. Genetic
and reproductive differentiation of Artemia
franciscana in a new environment. Marine
Biology, 146:103-117.
Mura, G. & B. Brecciaroli, 2004. Use of
morphological characters for species separation
within the genus Artemia (Crustacea,
Branchiopoda). Hydrobiologia, 520:179-188.
Pastorino, X.I., E. Marschoff & R.G. Cohen, 2002.
Reproductive and brood cycles of Artemia
persimilis Piccinelli & Prosdocimi from Colorada
Chica Lake (Province of La Pampa, Repblica
Argentina), under laboratory conditions.
Van Stappen, G., L. Sui, N. Xin & P. Sorgeloos,
2003. Characterisation of high-altitude Artemia
populations from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, PR
China. Hydrobiologia, 500:179-192.
ARTEMIA
231
ARTEMIA
Contacts
Coordinator
Patrick Sorgeloos
Ghent University (UGent)
Reference Center
Rozier 44
B-9000 Gent
Belgium
Tel: +32 9 264 37 54
Fax: +32 9 264 41 93
Partners
Daan Delbare
Agricultural Research Center-Ghent/
Department of Sea Fisheries (CLO-DVZ)
Ankerstraat 1
B-8400 Oostende
Belgium
E-M: daan.delbare@dvz.be
Theodore Abatzopoulos
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
(AUTH)
Department of Genetics, Development
& Molecular Biology Faculty of
Sciences, School of Biology
540 06 Thessaloniki
Greece
E-M: abatzop@bio.auth.gr
Francisco Amat
Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre
de la Sal, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Cientficas de Espaa
(CSIC)
Larval Food Larviculture and
Ecotoxicology group
12595 Ribera de Cabanes (Castelln)
Spain
E-M: amat@iats.csic.es
Graziella Mura
Universit La Sapienza (LA SAPIENZA)
Dipartamento di Biologia Animale
dellUomo
Viale dell Universit
00185 Rome
Italy
E-M: graziella.mura@uniroma1.it
Graciela Cohen
Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA)
Departamento de Ciencias Biolgicas,
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y
Naturales
Ciudad Universitaria
Nez, Pab. II, 4P
C1428 EHA Buenos Aires
Argentina
E-M: cohen@bg.fcen.uba.ar
Van Hoa Nguyen

Can Tho University (CTU)
Institute of Science for Aquaculture
3rd February Street, Campus II
Can Tho
Vietnam
E-M: nvhoa@ctu.edu.vn
nvhoa.ct@bdvn.vnd.net
Mohamed Salah Romdhane

Universit de Carthage
Institut National Agronomique de
Tunisie (INAT)
43 av. Charles Nicole
1082 Tunis
Tunisia
E-M: romdhane.medsalah@inat.agrinet.tn
Tom Hecht
Rhodes University (RU)
Department of Ichthyology and
Fisheries Science
PO Box 94
Prince Alfred Street
6140 Grahamstown
South Africa
E-M: t.hecht@ru.ac.za
Xin Naihong
300450 Tanggu, Tianjin

PR China
E-M: srisalt@public.tpt.tj.cn
Naser Agh
Artemia and Aquatic Animals Research
Center (AAARC) Urmia University (UU)
165 Shahid Beheshty Av.
57153 Urmia
Iran
E-M: n.agh@mail.urmia.ac.ir
Thala Castro Barrera

Universidad Autnoma MetropolitanaXochimilco (UMAX)
Depto. El Hombre y su Ambiente,
Calz. Del Hueso No. 1100., Col. Villa
Quietud
Mxico, 04960, D.F
Mexico
E-M: cabt7515@cueyatl.uam.mx
Marcos Camara Rogerio

Departamento de Oceanografia e
Limnologia,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do
Norte (UFRN)
Campus Universitario, BR 101
59072-970 Natal
Brazil
E-M: mrcamara@ufrnet.br
Gonzalo Gajardo
Department of Basic Sciences
Laboratory of Genetics & Aquaculture
Universidad de Los Lagos (ULL)
P.O. Box 933
Osorno
Chile
E-M: ggajardo@ulagos.cl
Peter Marian1
Institute for Artemia Research and
Training (IART)
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
Rajakkamangalam, 629 502
Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu
India
E-M: petermar@md5.vsnl.net.in
Salt Research Institute (SRI)

Yingkou Road 831
Passed away in 2006
232
ARTEMIA
EPIFIGHT
Control of epiphytism in
Gracilaria chilensis mariculture

Cultivation of the marine red alga
Gracilaria chilensis for the production
of agar hydrocolloids is a major asset of Chilean aquaculture. More than
500 farming operations are established
across the country, mainly in northern
(Regions III and IV) and southern (Region
X) Chile, with annual yields of over
120,000 wet metric tons. Gracilaria is
propagated vegetatively (i.e. no spores
are used to r e- stock the farms), on
the form of thallus bundles planted or
fastened to sand- filled plastic tubes
on the sea bottom. A main nuisance to
farmers is the widespread occurrence
of infections by algal epiphytes, which
negatively affect the crop growth rate,
lead to biomass losses due to increased
drag and result in products with lower
economic value. There has been no attempt to develop Gracilaria strains with
improved resistance against epiphytes
and no practical method to control epiphytes is available today.
are its defence responses, both on

the form of upregulated enzyme activities and chemicals.
Activities
This study brought together scientists
from Chile, Argentina and Europe as
well as Gracilaria farmers in Chile. The
following activities were undertaken:
In this context, the main objectives of

EPIFIGHT were defined as follows:
1. To understand the phenomenology
of the colonization of Gracilaria
chilensis by epiphytes, i.e., which
are the species involved and how
colonization takes place, including
at the early, microscopical stages of
encroachment.
2. To establish a methodology to assay for resistance to epiphytism in

G. chilensis and to look for plants
potentially resistant or sensitive to
attack by epiphytes.
3. To assess the genetic variability of

Gracilaria chilensis in Chile.
4. To decipher the bases of the host-epiphytes interactions, i.e., to identify
which are the mechanisms by which
Gracilaria chilensis can perceive encroachment by epiphytes and which
Studies in farms of Gracilaria chilensis in Northern (Regions III and

IV) and Southern (Region X) Chile as
well as in field populations, to monitor micro- and macro-epiphytism
throughout the year, to identify
potentially resistant- or susceptible
host individuals, to define a hierarchical sampling for population
structure analysis and to set up
experimental plots to assay for epiphyte resistance.
Studies in controlled laboratory
conditions, to investigate the development of epiphytes, to establish
unialgal cultures of the main epiphytes and to develop a bioassay for
testing the resistance of Gracilaria
chilensis to epiphytism.
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10021

01/10/2001 to 01/04/2005 (42 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Dr. Bernard Kloareg
Centre National de
la Recherche Scientifique
France
Website
http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/UMR7139/
en/def-proto.html
Identification in Gracilaria chilensis

of variable neutral, multi- or singlelocus molecular markers, which will
then be used to estimate the genetic
structure of the cultivated and wild
populations of this red alga.
Identification of defence elicitors
and response pathways in Gracilaria
chilensis and metabolic profiling of
potential chemical defences. Once
structurally identified, these defence compounds will be chemically
synthesised in larger amounts and
assayed for their biological activity
against epiphytes.
EPIFIGHT
233
EPIFIGHT
Contacts
Results and outcome
The principal result of EPIFIGHT is a

clear taxonomic status of G. chilensis and a better understanding of the
biological bases of the interactions
between G. chilensis and its main epiphytic pests, including the recognition
and defence mechanisms of the host,
at the chemical, biochemical and cellular levels. Numerous significant
results were also achieved concerning
the population genetics of this species. In particular, a dramatic loss of
genetic variability was demonstrated
in intensively cultivated populations. It
was also shown that the main origin of
most of the cultivated populations is in
the areas of Concepcin and Channel of
Chacao which correspond to a zone of
high genetic variability. In order to limit
the probabilities of over-exploitation or
extinction, a genetic and demographic
survey of the natural populations located in these regions is suitable. Another
outcome of EPIFIGHT was to select G.
chilensis genotypes with an improved
resistance against epiphyte which was
validated during several months in onfarm conditions despite presence of
dormant pests, in view of building up
a better-suited propagation stock for
the mariculture of this alga by Chilean
farmers operating from Chiloe in the
South to Caldera in the North. Despite
scientific progress at the end of the
project, the recent collapse of international prices for G. chilensis agars
have induced larger farms to abandon
Gracilaria culture in favour of more
renumerative bivalves and other organisms. The initially expected transfer to
aquafarmers is thus unlikely to occur.
However, some of the features found
during the research will be useful in
other bio-prospecting activities.
Cohen, S., S. Faugeron, E. Martinez, J.A. Correa, F.

Viard, C. Destombe & M. Valero, 2004. Molecular
identification of two sibling species under
the name Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta,
Gracilariales). Journal of Phycology, 40:742-747.
Coordinator
Guillemin, M.-L., C. Destombe, S. Faugeron,

J.A. Correa & M. Valero, 2005. Development
of microsatellites markers in the cultivated
seaweed, Gracilaria chilensis (GRACILARIALES,
RHODOPHYTA). Molecular Ecology Notes, 5:155157.
Weinberger, F., P. Leonardi, A. Miravales, J.A.
Correa, U. Lion, B. Kloareg & P. Potin, 2005.
Dissection of two distinct defense-related
responses to agar oligosaccharides in Gracilaria
chilensis (Rhodophyta) and Gracilaria conferta
(Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology, 41:863-873.
Leonardi, P.I., A.B. Miravalles, S. Faugeron, V.
Flores, J. Beltrn, J.A. Correa, 2006. Diversity,
phenomenology and epidemiology of epiphytism
in farmed Gracilaria chilensis (Rhodophyta) in
northern Chile. European Journal of Phycology,
41(2):247-257.
Bernard Kloareg
Scientifique
UMR 7139, CNRS-UPMC
Station Biologique
Place Georges Teissier
BP 74
29682 Roscoff
France
Tel: +33 298 29 23 00
Fax: +33 298 29 23 24
E-M: kloareg@sb-roscoff.fr
Partners
Myriam Valero
Scientifique
UMR 7144, CNRS-UPMC
Station Biologique
Place Georges Teissier
BP 74
29682 Roscoff
France
E-M: valero@sb-roscoff.fr
Juan Correa
Departamento de Ecologa
Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
Casilla 114-D, Santiago
Chile
E-M: jcorrea@genes.bio.puc.cl
P. I. Leonardi
Bioqumica y Farmacia
Universidad del Sur
San Juan 670
8000 Bahia Blanca
Argentina
E-M: leonardi@criba.edu.ar
Georg Pohnert
Max Planck Institut fr Chemische
Ecologie
Carl Zeiss Promenade 10
07745 Jena
Germany
E-M: pohnert@ice.mpg.de
234
EPIFIGHT
CAMS
Culture and management of Scylla spp.
Activities
It is generally recognised that stock

enhancement needs to be based on an
integrated approach including studies
of population dynamics and genetics of
wild stocks, habitat-stock interactions,
fitness of hatchery-produced juveniles
and appropriate fisheries management.
However, fiscal and practical constraints typically mean that this may be
a rarely-attainable ideal. In response,
CAMS has been a complex project that
had addressed a range of technical,
ecological and resource management
issues in two parallel approaches that
set out to:
Overall the project was organised into

six work packages. The first four were
focused on the first objective and targeted key areas for improvement to
hatchery and growout production of
mud crabs. Hatchery elements focused
on bacterial disease control and refinement of broodstock nutrition and larval
quality. These elements included selection and identification of beneficial
bacterial strains, protocols for administration of probiotics by inoculation
in culture water or via pre-colonisation
of live food leading to protocols for
routine manipulation of microflora of
large scale mud crab larval cultures.
Development of a better understanding
of broodstock nutrient requirements
used the approach of analysis of wild
and captive mud crab gonads, eggs
and/or larvae followed by selection of
nutrients for supplementation studies
and hence improved feeding schemes
for broodstock. Improved feeding
schemes for larvae were developed by
investigation lipid requirements of optimal growth and survival, evaluation
of live food regimes and high density
production of rotifers. Comparison of
hatchery performance of all the various Scylla species under standardised
conditions set out to support selection of species for future development
of culture techniques. The third work
package focused on nursery production
systems and also on grow out of crabs
in integrated aqua-silviculture systems
which present an alternative approach
to enhancing productivity in mangrove
areas without loss of ecosystem functions and services.
1. Improve the reliability and economic viability of mud crab hatchery

and nursery production to support
development of mangrove-pond
aqua-silviculture production systems and stock enhancement.
2. Study crab populations and fisheries,
using mark-recapture, catch-per-unit
effort analyses and long-term monitoring to quantify growth, migration
and mortality rates of the different
species, the impact of wild seed
collection on natural populations
and the effect of mangrove restoration on recruitment and fishery
productivity.
Integration of the results of these two
approaches enabled comparative assessment of technical, biological and
ecological criteria for selection of species for domestication and for stock
enhancement. This further led to assessment of the effectiveness of fishery
enhancement through release of hatchery-reared juveniles and comparison of
fisheries and socio-economic benefits of
habitat restoration and management.
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10022

01/12/2001 to 31/11/2005 (48 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Dr Lewis Le Vay
Bangor University
United Kingdom
Website
http://inco-cams.seafdec.org.ph/
The final two work packages were

conducted in parallel to the culture elements, and set out to study in detail
mud crab populations and fisheries
in a range of sites in Vietnam and the
Philippines. This provided baseline data
on fisheries productivity and led to selection of two sites, one in each country,
CAMS
235
CAMS
Figure 1. Percent (%) recovery of stocked Scylla
spp. (all species combined) in monthly landings
of mud crabs from the mangroves of Naisud and
Bugtong Bato, Ibajay, Aklan, Philippines, June
2004-November 2005. Black bars represent
percent of wild Scylla spp., white bars represent
released crabs.
100
80
60
40
for release trials with translocated and

hatchery-reared crabs. The comparison
of the effectiveness of the release trials
and the range of fisheries productivity in natural, replanted and degraded
mangrove areas then supported an
comparison of stock enhancement and
habitat management as approaches to
increasing fisheries productivity.
236
CAMS
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Results and outcome

As a result of the hatchery and nursery
research conducted within the project,
hatchery production of mud crabs is
becoming technically and economically
more feasible, enabling both development of sustainable expansion of
crab farming and stock enhancement.
Results of comparative studies of the
physiology and culture performance of
the four Scylla spp. will support species
selection for production in different
areas and for various applications.
Refinement of mangrove pen on-growing systems for mud crabs by partially
replacing the fish requirements with
low-cost pellets has been shown to be
cost effective, with a 55% return on investment and 1.8 yr payback period.
Sensitivity analysis showed improved
economic performance by increasing
survival from 37.2% to 50%, and by
expanding pen areas from 1000 m2
to 2000 m2. Evaluation of mangrove
community structure showed that crab
culture did not affect mangrove trees,
although it reduced species diversity
and also numbers and biomass of seedlings. Therefore mud crab pen culture is
recommended for mangrove sites with
mature trees, but not newly planted or
newly colonized (wild) areas.
In selected study areas long term monitoring of fisheries landings of wild

crabs were initiated to develop baseline
information on crab populations in a
range of natural and replanted mangrove habitats in the Mekong Delta,
Vietnam and Panay, Philippines. These
have provided estimates of fishery
yields ha-1, patterns of recruitment
and estimates of growth for two of the
Scylla species, S. olivacea and S. paramamosain, which comprise the majority
of landings in the study areas in Panay
and the Mekong Delta respectively, and
more limited information on S. serrata
and S. tranquebarica. In a series of enhancement trials batches of wild Scylla
olivacea were translocated to a selected
mangrove system from nearby replanted mangroves and a series of batches
of several species of hatchery-reared
produced crabs introduced. Hatcheryreared (HR) crabs were either released
directly from the hatchery into the mangroves without undergoing conditioning
or were first transferred to the earthen
ponds and reared for 1-1.5 months prior to release (HR-conditioned). A total of
30 batches of crabs were released overall. The recovery rates for translocated
and released HR crabs were generally
very high and the percentage of recovered Scylla spp. in total monthly catches
ranged from 11.9% (June 2004) to 62.3%
(May 2005) (Figure 1). This high recovery efficiency supported increases in
fisheries yield by up to 46% over baseline catches. Of the three Scylla spp.,
S. olivacea had the highest recovery
rates (mean 55.9 6.3%). In contrast
to previous studies that have shown
that S. olivacea is the slowest growing
of the mud crab species, growth rates
of translocated and hatchery-reared S.
olivacea were significantly higher than
those exhibited by either of the other
species. Data from baseline fisheries
and experimental trapping surveys that
showed that S. olivacea constituted over
95% of mud crabs present at this site,
indicating the importance of selecting appropriate habitat for release of
Mangrove
Mangrove+
Shore
Coastal
All
Increases fishing (%)
81
82
79
56
73
Nursery site (%)
97
94
86
88
91
Acts as a barrier against storm damage (%)
100
97
93
90
95
Increases biodiversity (%)
84
85
79
63
77
Acts as sediment trap (%)
84
82
86
61
77
% who want to protect the mangrove
100
100
97
95
98
Annual mean donation offered (US$)
7.92
4.01
2.27
2.38
4.00
Table 1 Perceived benefits for fishers in a replanted

mangrove area at Buswang, Aklan Philippines.
Groups are defined as users of mangrove-only,
mangrove+ other habitats, shoreline only and
coastal areas only. Table shows percentage of
fishers who want the mangrove protected and the
amount they are willing to pay.
even closely-related species. Releaserecapture data indicate that there are

differences in growth, survival and
recovery rates between wild and hatchery-reared crabs and while results also
show that these may be ameliorated by
pre-release conditioning, there is scope
for considerable further work to optimise juvenile quality.
The habitat fidelity exhibited by the
Scylla species also suggests that restoration of lost or damaged mangrove
habitat may be effective in promoting stock recovery through natural
recruitment, with potentially lower associated capital and management costs.
In advance of experimental stock enhancement trials, baseline assessment
of crab populations at a range of natural
and degraded mangrove sites demonstrated for the first time that indeed
abundance in replanted mangroves may
be equivalent or even superior to that
of natural forests. The socio-economic
studies also show that the economic
value of fisheries products in replanted
mangroves can be equivalent to that of
natural mangroves (Table 1).
The baseline fisheries studies also indicate that there may be areas where
recruitment is limiting fishery yields,
whatever the condition of the habitat. Thus the project clearly indicates
the need for adoption of a balanced
approach to stock management that
integrates both hatchery-release and
habitat restoration programmes. The
increases in overall fisheries yield due
to releases is a very positive outcome
of the project, as it demonstrates that
release-programmes may generate economic benefits to small-scale fishers
even in areas where effective imposition of fishery restrictions is likely to
be difficult. This benefit can be gained
over relatively short time-scales of
a few months, which suggests that
complementary approaches of stock
enhancement and mangrove rehabilitation may be possible. This makes
the results highly relevant to potential
stock enhancement initiatives for these
species throughout SE Asia.
CAMS
237
CAMS
Contacts
Alava, V.R., E.T. Quinitio, J. de Pedro, F.M. Priolo,
Z.G.A. Orozco & M. Wille, 2007. Lipids and fatty
acids in wild and pond-reared mud crab Scylla
serrata (Forsskl) during ovarian maturation and
spawning. Aquaculture Research, 38(14):14681477.
Alava, V.R., E.T. Quinitio, J. de Pedro, Z. Orosco
& M. Wille, 2007. Reproductive performance,
lipids and fatty acids of mud crab Scylla serrata
(Forsskl) fed dietary lipid levels. Aquaculture
Research, 38(14):1442-1451.
de Pedro, J.B., E.T. Quinitio & F.D. Parado-Estepa,
2007. Formalin as an alternative to trifluralin
as prophylaxis against fungal infection in mud
crab Scylla serrata larvae. Aquaculture Research,
38(14):15541562.
Lavilla-Pitogo, C.R., L.D. de la Pea & D.D.
Catedral, 2007. Enhancement of white
spot syndrome virus infection in hatcheryreared mud crab (Scylla serrata) juveniles
by temperature manipulation. Aquaculture
Research, 38(14):16001603
Le Vay, L., V.N. Ut & M. Walton, 2007. Population
ecology of the mud crab Scylla paramamosain
(Estampador) in an estuarine mangrove system;
a mark-recapture study. Marine Biology, 151:
1127-1135.
Le Vay, L., G. Carvalho, E.T. Quinitio, J.H.
Lebata & V.N. Ut, 2005. Quality of hatcheryreared juveniles for stock enhancement. Europ.
Aquaculture Soc.Spec.Publ., 36:282-283.
Le Vay, L., G. Carvalho, E.T. Quinitio, J.H. Lebata,
V.N. Ut & H. Fushimi, 2007. Quality of hatcheryreared juveniles for marine fisheries stock
enhancement. Aquaculture, 268:169180.
Le Vay, L., J.H.L. Lebata, M. Walton, J.H.
Primavera, E.T. Quinitio, C. Lavilla-Pitigo,
F. Parado-Estepa, E. Rodriguez, V.N. Ut,
Truong Trong Nghia, P. Sorgeloos & M. Wille.
Approaches to enhancement in mangroveassociated fisheries, 2008. Reviews in Fisheries
Science, 16:1, 72 80.
Lebata, J.H., L. Le Vay, J.H. Primavera, M. Walton
& J. Bias, 2007. Enhancement of fisheries for
mud crabs Scylla spp. in the mangroves of
Naisud and Bugtong, Ibajay, Aklan, Philippines
Baseline assessment of species abundance.
Bulletin of Marine Science, 80:891-904.
Lumasag, G., E.T. Quinitio, R.O. Aguilar L., R.B.
Baldevarona & C.A. Saclauso, 2007. Ontogeny
of feeding apparatus and foregut of mud crab
Scylla serrata larvae. Aquaculture Research,
38(14):15001511.
Nghia, T.T., M. Wille, T.C Binh, H.P. Thanh,
N.V. Danh & P. Sorgeloos, 2007. Improved zootechniques for mud crab Scylla paramamosain
larvae. Aquaculture Research, 38(14):1539-1553.
Quinitio E.T, J. de Pedro & F.D. Parado-Estepa,

2007. Ovarian Maturation Stages of the Mud
Crab Scylla serrata. Aquaculture Research,
38(14):1434-1441.
Coordinator
Rodriguez, E., F. Estepa & E. Quinitio, 2007.

Extension of nursery culture of Scylla serrata
juveniles in net cages and ponds. Aquaculture
Research, 38(14):15881592.

College of Natural Sciences
Bangor University
Menai Bridge
LL59 5AB Anglesey
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1248 38 81 15
Fax: +44 1248 71 26 33
Lewis Le Vay
Seneriches-Abiera, M.L., F. Parado-Estepa & G.A.

Gonzales, 2007. Acute toxicity of nitrite to mud
crab Scylla serrata (Forsskal) larvae. Aquaculture
Research, 38(14):14951499.
Ut, V.N., L. Le Vay, T.T. Nghia, N.H. Loc &
L.V. Liem, 2007. Development of nursery
culture techniques for the mud crab Scylla
paramamosain. Aquaculture Research,
38(14):15631568.
E-M: l.levay@bangor.ac.uk
Ut, V.N., L. Le Vay, T.T. Nghia, N.H. Loc & L.V.

Liem, 2007. Comparative performance of
hatchery-reared and wild Scylla paramamosain
in pond culture. Aquaculture Research,
38(14):15931599.
Partners
Patrick Sorgeloos
Walton, M.E.M., G. Samonte, J.H. Primavera, G.

Edwards-Jones, L. Le Vay, 2006. Are mangroves
worth replanting? The direct economic benefits
of a community-based reforestation project.
Environmental Conservation, 33:335-343.
Walton, M., L. Le Vay, J.H. Lebata, J. Binas, J.
Tapper & J.H. Primavera, 2007. Effectiveness
of mangrove replanting in the restoration of
fisheries: abundance and distribution of mud
crabs, Scylla olivacea in intact, degraded and
rehabilitated mangroves. Biological Conservation,
151:1127-1135.
Walton, M., L. Le Vay, J.H. Lebata, J. Binas &
J.H. Primavera, 2006. Seasonal abundance,
distribution and recruitment of mud crabs
(Scylla spp.) in replanted mangroves. Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science, 66:493-500.
Laboratory of Aquaculture and

Artemia Reference Centre
Faculty of Agricultural and Applied
Biological Sciences
Gent University
44 Rozier 44
9000 Gent
Belgium
E-M: patrick.sorgeloos@ugent.be
Truong Trong Nghia
Walton, M., L. Le Vay, L.M. Truong & V.N.

Ut, 2006. Significance of mangrove-mudflat
boundaries as nursery grounds for the mud crab,
Scylla paramamosain. Mar.Biol., 149:1199-1207.
Institute for Marine Aquaculture

Agriculture College University of Can
Tho
Third February Street, Campus II
92000 Can Tho
Vietnam
E-M: ttnghia@ctu.edu.vn
Jurgenne H.
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development
Center
P.O. Box 256
5000 Iloilo City
Philippines
Primavera
E-M: jhprima@aqd.seafdec.org.ph
nykjprim@skyinet.net
Nghia, T.T., M. Wille, S. Vandendriessche P.

Sorgeloos, 2007. Influence of highly unsaturated
fatty acids in the live food on larviculture
of mud crab Scylla. Aquaculture Research,
38(14):1512-1528.
Primavera, J.H., 2005. Mangroves, fishponds,
and the quest for sustainability. Science,
310(5745):57-59.
238
CAMS
IMMUNAQUA
Anti-infectious immune effectors in marine
invertebrates: characterization and application
for disease control in aquaculture

The aquaculture of marine molluscs
and crustaceans concerns all parts of
the world and this activity contributes
significantly to the economical development of tropical countries from both
Asia and Latin America. However, today all producing countries around the
world are concerned by the repeated appearance of new infectious diseases that
affect cultured species and so threaten
the sustainability of aquaculture.
The objectives of the present project were to provide new antimicrobial
agents and new approaches for the control of infectious diseases in mollusc
and shrimp production.
Characterise antimicrobial peptide/protein (AMPs), effectors of

innate immunity that are naturally produced in the invertebrates
and investigate these molecules as
candidate for treatment in larvae
productions.
Investigate selection breeding programmes based on criteria of non
specific resistance to pathogens using the expression of AMP encoding
genes as markers.
Activities
Characterization of antimicrobial
peptides/proteins (AMPs) from
cultured molluscs and shrimps
by biochemical and molecular approaches. Full primary structures
and cDNA cloning of the isolated
effectors will be obtained.
Large-scale production of AMPs by

chemical synthesis, purification
from animals or by expression in
recombinant systems.
Determination of antimicrobial activities and properties of the AMPs
by in vitro assays against a wide

range of micro-organisms (bacteria,
virus, fungi) and protozoa.
In vivo assays for monitoring the effect of selected AMPs on live food,
Artemia and algae, and on larvae;
analyse of potential protection
against infection on mollusc and
shrimp larvae.
Analyse of AMP gene expression
and distribution in molluscs and
shrimps in response to microbial
challenge and infections and during
development.
Potential use of AMPs as markers for increased resistance to
diseases
in
Marker-Assisted
Selection programme
Results and outcome
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10023

01/11/2001 to 31/07/2005 (42 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Dr. Evelyne Bachre
lExploitation de la Mer
France
Website
www.immunaqua.com
The project has provided new data and

new tools for the control of diseases in
mollusc and shrimp aquaculture.
1. Antimicrobial
peptides/proteins
(AMPs) have been characterized
by both biochemical and genomic
approaches from the cultured molluscs, Mytilus chilensis, Crassostrea
gigas, C. rhizophorae and from the
various shrimp species, Litopenaeus
stylirostris, L. schmitti, Penaeus
monodon, Fenneropenaeus chinensis
and Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Full
primary structures and/or cDNA
cloning of isolated effectors have
been obtained for further studies
on their biological properties and
gene expression. Additionally, genomic data have been generated
available on public databases and
a specific database (PenBase) has
been established for nomenclature
and classification of penaeidins, an
AMP family ubiquitous for shrimps.
IMMUNAQUA
239
IMMUNAQUA
2. Large-scale production of AMPs
has been obtained either by chemical synthesis or by expression in
recombinant systems. These AMPs
have been screened for their antimicrobial activities and properties by
in vitro assays against a wide range
of microorganisms (bacteria, virus,
fungi) and protozoa.
3. In parallel, in vivo assays have been
developed for monitoring the effect
of AMPs on live food, Artemia and
algae, and on mollusc, shrimp and
fish larvae. Several AMPs appears to
be good candidates for further R&D
work on their use at the level of
aquaculture as therapeutic agents.
4. In other respect, analyse of AMP
gene expression and distribution
in molluscs and shrimps has been
considered in response to microbial
challenge and infections and during
development. In particular, in the
shrimp L. stylirostris, AMP gene expression profiles have been shown
to be correlated to the capacity of
the animals to survive a Vibrio infection, therefore permitting to
discriminate shrimps according to
their immune capability. Finally, in
an attempt to develop genetic selection programs based on criteria
of immune capability, genetic map
and microsatellite markers have
been started to be established in
shrimps, which will allow to further
locating immune genes of interest.
The results revealed that the approaches proposed in the frame of the project
can be now used for development of
AMPs as therapeutic agents and for
development of assays for monitoring
immune capability of animals for prophylaxis and genetic selection. Thus,
their will contribute to generate environment friendly technologies for a
sustainable development of the aquaculture industry.
240
IMMUNAQUA
Bachre, E., 2000. Shrimp Immunity and Disease
Control. Aquaculture, 191:3-11.
Bachre, E., D. Destoumieux & P. Bulet, 2000.
Penaeidins, antimicrobial peptides of shrimp:
a comparison with other effectors of innate
immunity. Aquaculture, 191:71-88.
Bachre, E., Y. Gueguen, M. Gonzalez, J. de
Lorgeril, J. Garnier & B. Romestand, 2004.
Insights into the anti-microbial defense of
marine invertebrates: the penaeid shrimps and
the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Immun. Reviews,
198:149168.
Barracco, M.A., 2004. Mecanismos de resistncia
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Barracco, M.A., J. de Lorgeril, Y. Gueguen &
E. Bachere, 2005. Molecular characterization
of penaeidins from two Atlantic brazilian
shrimp species, Farfantepenaeus paulensis and
Litopenaeus schmitti. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2005;
250:117-120.
Binz, P.A., F. Abdi, M. Affolter, L. Allard, J.
Barblan, S. Bhardwaj, W.V. Bienvenut, P. Bulet, J.
Burgess, O. Carrette, G. Corthals, F. Delalande,
H. Diemer, P. Favreau, E. Giuliano, Y. Gueguen et
al., 2003. Proteomics application exercise of the
Swiss Proteomics Society: report of the SPS02
session. Proteomics, 3:1562-1566.
Bulet, P. & R. Stcklin, 2005. Insect antimicrobial
peptides: structures, properties and gene
regulation. Prot. Pept. Letters, 12:3-11.
Yao, C.-L., C.-G. Wu, J. Xiang & D. Bo, 2005.
Molecular cloning and response to laminarin
stimulation of Arginine Kinase in haemolymph
in Chinese Shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis.
Fish & Shellfish Immunol., 19(4):317-329.
de Lorgeril, J., D. Saulnier, M. Janech, Y. Gueguen
& E. Bachre, 2005. Identification of genes that
are differentially expressed in hemocytes of
the Pacific blue shrimp (Litopenaeus stylirostris)
surviving an infection with Vibrio penaeicida.
Physiol Genomics, 21:174-183.
Dong, Bo, F. Liu, J. Xiang, F. Li & H. Gao,
2005. Expression profile of penaeidin from
Fenneropenaeus chinensis in response to WSSV
and vibrio infection bz real time PCR. Acta
Oceanologica Sinica, 24(2): 131-140.
Gueguen, Y., J.P. Cadoret, D. Flament, C.
Barreau-Roumiguiere, A.L. Girardot, J. Garnier,
A. Hoareau, E. Bachre & J.M. Escoubas, 2003.
Immune gene discovery by expressed sequence
tags generated from hemocytes of the bacteriachallenged oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Gene,
303:139-145.
Gueguen, Y., J. de Lorgeril, L. Robert, B.
Romestand & E. Bachre, 2004. Anti-infectious
gene expression in penaeid shrimps. Marine
Biotechnol., 6:S112-S117.
Gueguen, Y., J. Garnier, L. Robert, M.-P. Lefranc,
I. Mougenot, J. de Lorgeril, M. Janech, P.S. Gross,
G.W. Warr, B. Cuthbertson, M.A. Barracco, P.
Bulet, A. Aumelas, Y. Yang, Dong Bo, J. Xiang,
A. Tassanakajon, D. Piquemal & E. Bachre,
2006. PenBase, the shrimp antimicrobial
peptide penaeidin database: sequence-based

classification and recommended nomenclature.
Dev.Comp.Immunol., 30: 283-288.
Gueguen, Y., A. Herpin, A. Aumelas, J. Garnier,
J. Fievet, J.M. Escoubas, P. Bulet, M. Gonzalez,
C. Lelong, P. Favrel & E. Bachre, 2006,
Characterization of a defensin from the oyster
Crassostrea gigas: recombinant production,
folding, solution structure, antimicrobial
activities and gene expression. J. Biol.Chem.,
281:313-323.
Guo, Z. & J. Xiang, 2003. Differential display of
peptides induced during the immune response
of the shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis by
capillary zone electrophoresis. Oceanologia et
Limnologia sinica, Special,:pp.68-73.
Guo, Z., Dong Bo, J. Chuanzhen & J. Xiang, 2004.
Expression of antimicrobial peptide during
the growth period of shrimp Fenneropenaeus
chinensis, Marine science, (in Chinese), 28(1):4851.
Kang, C.J, J.X. Wang, X.F. Zhao & J.H. Xiang,
2002. Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding
a mature antimicrobial peptide from shrimp,
Penaeus chinensis. Journal of Shandong
University, 37:552-556.
Kang, C.J., J.X. Wang, X.F. Zhao, X.M. Yang, H.L.
Shao & J.H. Xiang, 2004. Molecular cloning and
expression analysis of the Ch-penaeidin, an
antimicrobial peptide from Chinese shrimp,
Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Fish and Shellfish
Immunol., 16:513-25
Li, L., J.-X. Wang, X.-F. Zhao, C.-J. Kang, N.
Liu, J. Xiang, F. Li, S. Sueda & H. Kondo, 2005.
High level expression, purification, and
characterization of the shrimp antimicrobial
peptide, Ch-penaeidin, in Pichia pastoris. Prot.
Express. Purif. 39:144-151.
Liu F., Y. Liu, F. Li, D. Bo & J. Xiang, 2005,
Molecular cloning and expression profile of
putative anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF)
in Chinense shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis.
Marine Biotechnol., 7(6):600-608.
Marshall, S.H. & G.Arenas, 2003. Antimicrobial
Peptides: A natural alternative to chemical
antibiotics and a potential for applied
biotechnology. Electronic J. Biotechnology.
http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol6/
issue3/full/1/index.html
Meng, Xianhong, Kong Jie, Liu Ping et al., 2005.
Screen of white-spot-syndrom-virus (WSSV)
resistance molecular markers in Fenneropenaeus
chinensis. J. Fishery Sci. of China, 12(1):14-19.
Muoz M, F. Vandenbulcke, Y. Gueguen &
E. Bachre, 2003. Expression of penaeidin
antimicrobial peptides in early larval stages
of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Dev. Comp.
Immunol., 27:283-289.
Muoz, M., F. Vandenbulcke, J. Garnier, Y.
Gueguen, P. Bulet, D. Saulnier & E. Bachre, 2004.
Involvement of penaeidins in defense reactions
of the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris to a
pathogenic vibrio. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 61:691-972.
Shen, Y.Q, J.H. Xiang, B. Wang, F.H. Li & W. Tong,
2004. Discovery of immune related factors in
Fenneropenaeus chinensis by annotation of ESTs.
Progress in Natural Science, 14(1):47-54.
Contacts
Somboonwiwat, K., M. Marcos, A. Tassanakajon,

S. Klinbungad, A. Aumelas, B. Romestand, Y.
Gueguen, H. Boze, G. Moulin & E. Bachre, 2005.
Recombinant expression and antimicrobial
activity of anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF)
from the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon.
Dev.Comp.Immunol.,. 29:841.851.
Supungul,-P, S. Klinbunga, R. Pichyangkura,
I. Hirono, T. Aoki & A. Tassanakajon, 2004.
Antimicrobial peptides discovered in the black
tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon using the EST
approach. Dis.Aquat. Organ., 61(1-2):123-35.
Wilson, K., Y. Li, V. Whan, S. Lehnert, K. Byre,
S. Moore, S. Pongsomboon, A. Tassanakajon,
G. Rosenberg, E. Ballment, Z. Fayazi, J. Swan,
M. Kenway & J. Benzie, 2002. Genetic mapping
of the black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon
with amplified fragment length polymorphism.
Yang, Y., J. Poncet, J. Garnier, C. Zatylny, E.
Bachre & A. Aumelas, 2003. Solution structure
of the recombinant penaeidin-3, a shrimp
antimicrobial peptide. J.Biol.Chem., 278:3685936867.
Yu, Li-M., X. Zhang & J. Xiang, 2003. Primary
culture of haemocytes from Chinese shrimp,
Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Oceanologia et
Limnologia Sinica, Special, pp.60-67.
Yue, Z., W. Wang, J. Kong et al., 2004.
Construction of genetic linkage maps of
Fenneropenaeus chinensis based on double
pseudo-testcross strategy and AFLP markers.
High Technology Letter, 5:88-93.
Yue, Z., W. Wang, J. Kong et al., 2005. AFLP
analysis of four selected generations on diseaseresistance trait of Fenneropenaeus chinensis. J.
Fishery of China, 29(1):13-19.
Databases
EST Crassostrea gigas hemocyte
database:
http://www.ifremer.fr/GigasBase
SSH Litopenaeus stylirostris hemocyte
database:
http://www.ifremer.fr/StyliBase
Penaeidin database:
http://www.penbase.immunaqua.com
Coordinator
Evelyne Bachre
lExploitation de la Mer
IFREMER / CNRS/UM2, UMR 5098
2 Place E. Bataillon, CC 80
34095 Montpellier
France
Tel:+33 4 67 14 47 10
Fax: +33 4 67 14 46 22
E-M: ebachere@ifremer.fr
Partners
Sergio Marshall
Inst. Biologia, Laboratrio Genetica,
Immunologia Molecular
Avenida Brasil 2950
PO Box 4059
Valparaiso
Chile
E-M: smarshal@ucv.cl
Anchalee Tassanakajon
Dept. Biochemistry
Phayathai Road
10330 Bangkok
Thailand
E-M: Anacalee.k@chula.ac.th
Philippe Bulet
Atheris Laboratory
Chemin dAlcire Arare
1228 Plan les Ouates
Genve
Switzerland
E-M: philippe.bulet@atheris.ch
Jean Louis Nicolas
Jianhai Xiang
Institute Oceanology
Chinese Academy of Sciences, IOCAS
Exp. Marine Biology Laboratory, EMBLC
Nanhai Road n7
266071 Qingdao
China
E-M: jhxiang@ms.qdio.ac.cn
IFREMER, DRV/RA, LPI

Centre de Brest, BP 70
29 280 Plouzan
France
Tel: +33-2-98 22 43 99
Fax: +33-2-98 22 46 53
E-M: jlnicolas@ifremer.fr
Patrick Sorgeloos
Lab. Aquaculture & Artemia Reference
Center
Ghent University
Rozier 44
9000 Gent
Belgium
Margherita Barracco
Penaeus monodon EST database:
http://pmonodon.biotec.or.th
Dept. Biol. Celular, Embriologia e

Genetica
University Santa Catarina
CP 476
88.040-900- Florianopolis
Brazil
E-M: Barracco@mbox1.ufsc.br
IMMUNAQUA
241
ECOCARP
New native fish species for Asian aquaculture:
conserving natural genetic reserves and
increasing options for sustainable use of
aquatic resources
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10024

01/11/2001 to 30/09/2004 (35 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Dr. Sven Kullander
Sweden
Website
http://www.nrm.se/ve/pisces/ecocarp/

China has the greatest fish biodiversity
of temperate Eurasian countries, including as many as 1010 known species
of fishes, representing about 80% of the
estimated total in the nation. China
produces about 50% of the world total
reported yield from inland capture of
fishes, and fish is a major source of
animal protein in the region. Chinese
aquaculture has developed by optimised use of small-scale polyculture of
a limited number of species, adequate
for the needs of the pre-industrial
community.
Several elements of Chinese origin
such as bighead carp and silver carp,
or species which are closely related to
Chinese species, such as the European
carp, are currently of key importance
in European aquaculture and environmental management. It is believed that
additional resources for aquaculture
and sustained fisheries are not yet
exhausted.
Nearly 10% of the Chinese fish species
are now known to be endangered or
extinct. The responsible factors developed rapidly over the last 20-30 years.
Several of those species are or could be
economically important and their loss
would be a threat to sustainable use of
natural biodiversity.
The main objectives of the project were

to investigate and propose management and utilisation strategies for fish
resources in China, using a multidisciplinary biological approach:
Identification of suitable new species and strains for aquaculture.

To locate, identify, analyse, profile,
and propose suitable fish aquaculture species based on consensus
information from ecology, systematics, genetics, aquaculture and
conservation aspects.
Species profiles relevant to aquaculture and conservation. To establish

biological baseline information for
a wide range of non-traditional
aquaculture and fisheries species
and disseminate such information
to the biology, aquaculture and environmental sectors.
Analytical tools and information

dissemination. Such consists of genetic and morphological markers
for identification; consistent application of species concept and
scientific nomenclature; documentation of species profiles in existing
databases, and through publications and training of fisheries and
aquaculture personnel.
The basic understanding of Chinese fish

systematics, distribution, ecology, genetic components and conservation is in
considerable need of improvement and
globalisation. All these fields of research
are required in concert to develop sustainable use of fish resources and
management tools for conservation.
242
ECOCARP
Activities
Results and outcome
ECOCARP was organised as seven

workpackages, with tasks distributed
among nine partners and one subcontractor. There was a flow from the core
workpackages Sampling, Systematics,
and Ecology to applied workpackages
Genetics, Aquaculture, Conservation,
and Dissemination.
The project elucidated the systematic

status of several potential aquaculture
species, e.g., correcting the identification of the species commonly called
Distoechodon tumirostris to D. multispinnis. A new fossil cyprinid fish was
identified, which extends the age of early
radiation of south Chinese cyprinids to
the early Miocene or earlier. A modern
fish fauna, comprising common aquaculture species was discovered in the
Middle Miocene in Mongolia. Location
of Spinibarbus in the Pliocene of Beijing
indicates that the climate there was
warmer than now.
The project focussed on the distribution, morphology, and genetic aspects of

Zacco platypus, as a primary candidate
for aquaculture, conservation, biogeographic analysis and experimental
genetics. Genetic markers were developed to population level for species of
Zacco, Opsariichthys and Saurogobio
and for additional Chinese cyprinids
within a phylogenetic context. Directed
aquaculture screening of 14 species
provided positive potential particularly
for six species not in culture in China
at present, viz. Ancherythroculter nigrocauda, Bangana rendahli, Culter
alburnus,
Megalobrama
pellegrini,
Opsariichthys bidens, Procypris rabaudi, and Zacco platypus.
Sampling was performed in the Hunan,
Sichuan, Guangxi, and Beijing provinces, providing material of more than 100
species, represented by over 10 000
specimens. Samples were preserved in
ethanol for morphological analysis and
as vouchers, and tissue samples for
molecular analysis were taken from target species.
Genetic studies were performed using
introns and sequencing of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b) and nuclear
(ND4) genes, serving primarily to detect
geographic structuring but also phylogenetic information and genetic
population markers. Ecological studies
focussed on shape analysis to assess
trophic specialisations. Aquaculture
screening was exerted through literature
search and larval rearing experiments.
threatened through overfishing and /

or river damming. Thus the results on
aquaculture screening also has potential to contribute to conservation issues
(e.g. re-stocking measures).
Results were published in widely distributed scientific journals, as well as in
local conservation journals. A synopsis
of the information pertinent to proposed
aquaculture species is issued on a freely
available CD-ROM for use by extension
workers and fish culturists (http://filaman.uni-kiel.de/ecocarp/). The project
also maintained a website at http://
www.nrm.se/ve/pisces/ecocarp/.
The principal species studied, Zacco

platypus, was found to be genetically
variable with distinct populations diagnosed by mitochondrial haplotypes.
The phylogeographic pattern is clear,
and shows that widely distributed species should be considered as composed
of distinct species or Evolutionary
Significant Units that require special
conservation concern. Assessment of
the conservation status of the Chinese
fish fauna points to a large number of
factors leading to a decline in biomass
and diversity in nature. A model management plan was elaborated, with clear
conservation concerns distinguished.
Community structure was analysed
from wild fish, and suggest that environmental variables explain most of the
variation in species abundance, whereas longitude was the major parameter
of the structure of fish abundance.
High Fishing pressure might explain
this pattern.
Directed aquaculture screening of 14
species provided positive potential particularly for six species not presently in
culture in China, viz. Ancherythroculter
nigrocauda, Bangana rendahli, Culter
alburnus,
Megalobrama
pellegrini,
Opsariichthys bidens, Procypris rabaudi,
and Zacco platypus. Among those species some are considered to be seriously
ECOCARP
243
ECOCARP
Contacts
Atarhouch, T., M. Rami, G. Cattaneo-Berrebi,
C. Ibanez, S. Augros, E. Boissin, A. Dakkak
& P. Berrebi, 2003. New primers for EPIC
amplification of intron sequences for fish and
other vertebrate population genetic studies.
BioTechniques, 35:676-682.
Berrebi, P., E. Boissin, F. Fang & G. CattaneoBerrebi, 2005. Intron polymorphism (EPICPCR) reveals phylogeographic structure of
Zacco platypus in China: A possible target for
aquaculture development. Heredity. 94(6):589-98.
Johansson, F., P. Rdman & J. Andersson, 2005.
The relationship between ontogeny, morphology
and diet in the Chinese hook snout carp
(Opsariichthys bidens). Ichtyological Research. In
press.
Perdices, A., C. Cunha & M.M. Coelho, 2004.
Phylogenetic structure of Zacco platypus
(Teleostei, Cyprinidae) populations on the
Chang Jiang (=Yangtze) drainage inferred from
cytochrome b sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics
and Evolution, 31:192-203.
Probst, W.N., D.Tan, Y. Gao, A. Drossou, C.
Petereit, B. Wecker, M. Xiong, B. Ueberschr, J.
Chang & H. Rosenthal, 2006. Rearing of Procypris
rabaudi during early life-history stages. Journal
of Applied Ichthyology, 22(6):530-535.
Wang, L., H. Xu & J. Mingkang, 2004. Biodiversity
of Tianquanhe River Rare Fish Nature Reserve
and its sustainable development strategies.
Sichuan Environment, 23(5):25-27 (in Chinese
with English Abstract).
Xu, H. & H. Bao, 2004. On the methods of
ecological security design for nature reserves.
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 15(7):12661270 (in Chinese with English Abstract).
Xu, H., L. Wang & H. Bao, 2003. Designing of
Nature Reserve Network: A Case Study of the
Red-Crowned Crane Nature Reserve. Rural Ecoenvironment, 19(4):5-9 (in Chinese with English
Abstract).
Yang, L. & J.F. Gui, 2004. Positive selection on
multiple antique allelic lineages of transferrin
in the polyploid Carassius auratus. Molecular
Biology and Evolution, 21:1264-1277.
Yang, L., L. Zhou & J.F. Gui, 2004. Molecular
basis of transferrin polymorphism in goldfish
(Carassius auratus). Genetica, 121:303-313.
Manuela Coelho
Coordinator
Departamento de Zoologia
Fundao da Faculdade de Cincias
Campo Grande, Bloco C2, 3 piso
1749-016 Lisboa
Portugal
Sven Kullander
Frescativaegen 40
P.O. Box 50007
SE-104 05 Stockholm
Sweden
Tel: +46 851 95 41 16
Fax: +46 851 95 42 12
E-M: mmcoelho@fc.ul.pt
Haigen Xu
E-M: sven.kullander@nrm.se
Partners
Jianfang Gui
State key Laboratory of Freshwater
Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of
Hydrobiology
Donghu Nanlu 7
Wuchangghezan 430072
China
Division of Nature Conservation and

Biodiversity
Nanjing Institute of Environmental
Sciences
State Environmental Protection
Administration of China
Jiang Wang Miao 8
P.O. Box 4202
Nanjing 210042
China
E-M: xuhg@public1.ptt.js.cn
Patrick Berrebi
CNRS UMR5119 - Laboratoire
Ecosystmes Lagunaires
Universit de Montpellier II
Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc
Place Eugne Bataillon, 2
34095 Montpellier
France
E-M: jfgui@ihb.ac.cn
Lennart Persson
Department of Ecology and
Environmental Science
University of Umeaa
Uminova Science Park
Umeaa 901 87
Sweden
E-M: berrebi@univ-montp2.fr
Chun Guang Zhang
E-M: lennart.persson@emg.umu.se
Bernd Ueberschr
Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences at
the University of Kiel (IFM-GEOMAR)
Fisheries Department
24105 Kiel
Germany
Center of Zoological Evolution and

Systematics
Institute of Zoology
Zhongguancun Lu 19
Beijing 100080
China
E-M: fish@ioz.ac.cn
E-M: bueberschaer@ifm-geomar.de
Meemann Chang
Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology
and Paleoanthropology
Xizhimenwai Street
Beijing 100044
China
E-M: zhangmiman@pa.ivpp.ac.cn
244
ECOCARP
ZAFIRA
Zero discharge aquaculture by farming in
integrated recirculating systems in Asia
Activities
The ultimate goal of the Zero discharge

Aquaculture by Farming in Integrated
Recirculating systems in Asia (ZAFIRA)
project was to find viable ways to recycle waste and to minimise the discharge
to the environment. The ZAFIRA project aimed to develop an innovative,
integrated aquaculture system, which
minimised consumption of water and
discharge of waste and nutrients to the
environment.
The general objective of the ZAFIRA

project was based on a linkage of different forms of aquatic production and
different species that occupy different
niches in the food web into one single
integrated system, so that wasted nutrients could be recycled. This results
in reduced environmental emissions; at
the same time the production per unit of
water intake increases. The ZAFIRA project developed such an applied system
concept, whereby the Western European
expertise in intensive recirculation aquaculture systems was linked with Chinese
integrated aquaculture. The ZAFIRA
project embarked on a systematic study
of all components in an integrated recirculating aquaculture system, whereby
the different compartments or nutrient
loops were being studied in parallel work
packages. Each of the work packages
were designed in a similar way, according to basic steps of nutrient flows in
integrated aquaculture systems:
The project ZAFIRA focused on the

combination of modern Western approaches
regarding
recirculating
aquaculture systems with traditional
Chinese techniques regarding integrated farming to outline a zero nutrient
discharge facility. Different (local and
commercial) feeds were evaluated in
growth experiments for salt and freshwater fish. Different waste treatments
were tested to valorise the sludge for
later use, e.g. through the production
of single cell protein by bacteria or as
direct feed for aeries or sea cucumber.
The essence of designing Western recirculating aquaculture systems is that the
waste production and composition by
the farmed fish is precisely estimated
in time and that these fluxes are purified in the subsequent reactors within
the system. Therefore, to develop the
ZAFIRA concept, nutrient balances
and growth performance had to be determined from each organism in the
multi-trophic chains that were considered, whereby the waste from one
component (organism) was used as the
(feed/nutrient) input in the subsequent
component in the chain. Experiments
were done on lab scale and pilot-scale
level to prove their applied character.
Data derived from these experiments
were used to develop a bioenergetic
model of processes within such systems in an attempt to search and find
the optimal overall balance between the
different components (organism productions) within the system.
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10025

01/01/2002 to 31/06/2006 (54 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Prof. Johan Verreth
The Netherlands
Website
http://www.afi.wur.nl/UK/Research/
ZAFIRA+Project/
The analytical concept of this Zafira

system comprised a hypothetical system design with five modules: (1) the
conversion of feed nutrient into fish
biomass, the Fish-Biomass-Converter;
(2) the separation of solid and dissolved
fish waste/nutrients; the Fish-WasteProcessor; (3) the conversion of
dissolved fish waste/nutrients, the
Phototrophic-Herbivore-Converter;
(4) & (5) the conversion of solid fish
waste, the Bacterial-Waste-Converter,
or the DetrivorousConverter. In each
of the workpackages, the conversions
within each of these converters were
analysed based on nitrogen and phosphorous balances using a mass balance
approach. The activities per workpackage were:
(1) Fish Waste Reactor
In different experiments the nutrient
balances for tilapia, Japanese flounder and sea bass were determined for
ZAFIRA
245
ZAFIRA
different diets, comprising different
feed ingredients. These experiments
were focussing on the effects of fishmeal replacement by other feed stuffs
on the nutrient balance, The altered
feed ingredients were derived from
other resources or from processes
that can be integrated in the ZAFIRA
concept. Next to standard laboratory
techniques, advanced statistical means
were used to evaluate the obtained results. In one of the experiments, SCP
(single cell protein) was used as a possible fish meal replacement in tilapia
diets. Furthermore the attraction of SCP
for shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei)
was tested in a behaviour study.
(2) Organic/ FishWaste Processor
Suspended solids are a valuable recycling material that can be processed in
secondary detrivorous reactors. For the
investigations with small, medium and
larger juvenile sea bass (Dicentrarchus
labrax) an experimental recirculating
aquaculture system (total water volume
3.4 m) was set up in the research facilities at IFM-GEOMAR. In doing so the
investigations into the waste removal,
the influence of ozone and the operation of a fish waste based detrivorous
reactor could be carried out under realistic conditions with medium sized and
larger fish. Parallel to the experiments in
Kiel, smaller fish (Dicentrarchus labrax)
were investigated in a second prototype
recirculation system at Erwin Sander
Elektroapparatebau GmbH in Eltze, a
cooperating SME. The results were included in the data set that was made
available for the model development in
the frame of the ZAFIRA project.
During the project the qualitative and
quantitative changes of total suspended
solids (TSS) in a RAS were investigated,
specifically addressing the particle size
distribution and the removal efficiency
for various size fractions of particles
that were retained by the installed filtration units. The RAS configuration
246
ZAFIRA
under study was designed to evaluate

the performance of a system configuration that involved a two-step solid
separation procedure (swirl separator
and foam fractionation), each of them
independent, however, partly affecting
each others performance. The system
was also designed to operate at low energy consumption and at a low water
replacement. The study period lasted
437 days. The performance of fish
served as criteria to assess the functionality of the system in terms of fish
growth and feed conversion efficiency.
The system was operated at a temperature of about 23C. Water quality was
continuously monitored and was always
maintained within safe limits. Water replacement in the system accounted to
1% per day of the total system volume
on average. The two step solid separation techniques allowed to obtain clear
water conditions. The swirl separator
worked effectively capturing larger solids, while fine particles were removed
by the foam fractionator. The nutrient
composition of the solids varied over
time, depending on the nutrient content
in the feed. The use of ozone was beneficial resulting in reduced bacteria counts
in the water. The results allowed to estimate nutrient inputs (feed), nutrient
retention (fish growth and conversion)
as well as waste output (soluble and
particulate wastes) as base for the design of secondary detrivorous reactors.
Part of the results were compiled in a
PhD dissertation (Orellana 2007). The
detrivorous reactor was stocked with a
marine polychaete (Nereis diversicolor).
The solid waste was collected from the
primary recirculating aquaculture system for European Sea bass.
bacteria conversion of carbon supplemented fish waste using lab scale

bacteria growth reactors, analytical,
statistical and modelling methodologies (Schneider 2006).
(3) Bacterial Waste Converter
The five ZAFIRA modules can be

envisaged as elements of a polyculture approach, but separated from
each other to allow for optimised
nutrient conversion in each module,
independently from the performance
of another module. The ZAFIRA project characterised first the waste
Waste produced from a pilot-scale fish

farming unit was evaluated in batch
experiments for its suitability to serve
as substrate for heterotrophic bacteria
production. The results of this study led
to a PhD dissertation on heterotrophic
(4) Algae-Herbivore Chain

In the experiments dealing with microand macroalgae integrated together with
herbivorous organisms the potential of
phototrohic conversion of dissolved
fish waste was demonstrated.
The potential of an outdoor culture of
the diatom Navicula lenzii, as a candidate for nutrient removal from marine
aquaculture effluents was demonstrated (task 1).
(5) Detrivore reactor
Three experiments, with different stocking densities of N. diversicolor were
carried out at low (188 - 235 Individuals
per m) and high stocking densities
(376 - 470 Individuals per m) in order
to monitor the effect of sludge composition on survival and growth.
(6) Overall model- ZAFIRA model
The general objective to approach a
zero discharge system can only be
reached when all converters are in balance with each other, so that as much
as possible of the original feed inputs
in the system are converted in harvestable biomass through all combined
nutrient loops/chains. To analyse such
a system a model was developed that
integrated all the studies of the different workpackages.
conversion processes in each of these

modules separately.
A more detailed description of the specific experiments has been provided
in the appendix I, the model report.
Generally, the data were evaluated using
linear and non-linear regression techniques (NLREG (4.1 Sherrod Software,
USA, 1998), Excel (Version 2003,
Microsoft, USA, 2003), Curve Expert
(1.34, Microsoft, USA, 1997)). The obtained equations were integrated using
Stella (8.1.1, ISEE systems, USA, 2004)
or Microsoft Excel.
Results and outcome

(1) Fish Waste Reactor
The results of the experiments were
published as a conference contribution
and peer-reviewed papers. The used
methodologies were transferred to partner SFU, to evaluate their experiments.
This resulted in joined publications.
The shrimp behaviour study demonstrated that the shrimp were attracted
by SCP, thereby suggesting indirectly
that it has potential as feed resource.
However, the present data do not allow
yet to conclude that SCP can be used
successfully as a feed ingredient. That
needs more specific experimentation.
(3) Bacterial Waste Converter

Only by supplementing the substrate
with organic carbon (first sodium acetate as reference and later molasses
as a more natural product were tested)
bacteria production was significantly enhanced and reached levels of
100-120gVSS/kg feed. Together with
this conversion of the solid waste,
also 90-95% of the dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus was converted.
Furthermore other parameters, such
as carbon supplementations levels, different nitrogen sources or variations
of hydraulic retention times were studied. Finally the bacterial product was
evaluated by biochemical and molecular methods and the re-use potential
as aquatic feed determined. The last
part of the work focused on the hypothetical reactor design integrated in a
100MT African catfish farm. From the
experiments in the ZAFIRA project we
concluded that production of bacteria biomass on the solid waste of fish
is technically feasible, but at the current status of knowledge, economically
only possible in small volumes. The
upscaling to commercial size and the
upgrading of the technology into an economically viable system still needs to
be done. The results are summarized in
different peer-reviewed papers, conference communications and a book.
(4) Algae-Herbivore Chain
(2) Organic/ FishWaste Processor

Based on the results of (1), the amount
of waste removed in the two different
types of solid separators (mechanical filters) could be estimated and was
made available to design the secondary detrivorous reactor. Protein and
energy content of applied solid waste
ranged from 10 to 36 % and 11.6 to 18.7
kJ per gram dry weight, respectively.
Reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD) was in the range of 6.7 to 24 %.
A sequential-batch culture system

which removed almost 100% of the nutrients in the intensive marine fish pond
effluents was developed. Its worth
mentioning that nitrate and phosphate
removal rates using Navicula lenzii is
limited to 0.5 gN/m2/d and 0.06 gP/
m2/d), respectively.
Techniques and management practices
were developed for an outdoor microalgae culture system. A protocol was
developed as to reach a stable growth
pattern which maintained Navicula
lenzii as a monoculture at its log phase

independent of the season. This was
achieved by using harvesting cycles of
3-7 days (summer or winter, respectively) of 50% of the culture tank volume,
through continuous replacement and
separation of the algae based on a solids
filtration upflow bead filtration system.
The use of silicate (Na2SiO3) and FeCl2
enrichment and daily use of Sodium
Hypochlorite supported the monoculture of N. lenzii at concentrations of up
to 0.5 106 cells ml-1.
Modelling the nutrient uptake and
growth performance of the algae shows
that 55.8% of the excreted N and 69.2%
of the excreted P from the fish tank
could be accounted for in the micro algae system, but only 60.5% and 89.1%,
respectively, was retained in the algae
biomass. The loss of remaining N and
P could not be explained by the algal
growth but could potential be in a microbial sink which we did not measure.
Artemia salina can serve as an efficient
herbivore of N. lenzii produced in such
bio filtration systems. Better Artemia
growth performance was obtained in indoors system with higher SGR, nitrogen
and phosphorus retention efficiency
and lower FCR.
Modelling the nutrient uptake and
growth performance of Artemia shows
that only 16.7% of algal N and 0.06% of
algal P was retained in Artemia while
the rest was released to the medium (as
DIN and faecal matter).
In both algal models (N. Lenzii and
Ulva lactuca) we found relatively large
unexplained sinks of nutrients so that
the apparent uptake values were higher than measured accumulation of N
and P in the added growth by both the
microalgae and Ulva. This could be potentially explained by an accumulation
in a microbial biomass. This was not
measured in this project.
ZAFIRA
247
ZAFIRA
Table 1: increase of nutrient retention in intensive
aquaculture systems.
1 based on Knoesche et al 1974;

2 based on Schneider et al, submitted
Fish
20 42 %
Fish + Plants
60 85 %
Fish + Plants + Herbivore
29 45 %
Fish + Bacteria1
Fish + Bacteria + Fish2
50 55 %
Fish + Worms
+ 0,06 %
A major drawback of incorporating algae in a multi-trophic system such as

the ZAFIRA concept was the high volume
needed to grow algae. The experiments
at NCM further demonstrated that in the
tested configuration, P removal efficiency seemed not high enough. Next, when
an algae step is inserted in the system
using the effluents of a fish recirculation system, nitrogen is mainly supplied
to the algae as nitrate which is less
favourable for algal growth than ammonia. This can be bypassed when either
an appropriate algal species is used or
(possibly more easy) the effluent from
the fish tank is used directly as input
to the algae tanks without first passing
trough a bacterial nitrification reactor.
Techniques for culture of microalgae
diatom Navicula lenzii in an outdoor
culture system have to be improved in
order to achieve algae performance like
in indoor conditions. Further, in the
present set of experiments, Artemia
was used as herbivore. For future system development, other more valuable
algal grazers such as oysters or abalone
should be tested in different integrated
system configurations.
(5) Detrivore reactor
Attempts were made to rear Nereis,
but worm survival and growth under
laboratory condition were lower compared to the tideland. Also the nutrient
retention proved to be low. Average
mortality ranged between 9 to 21 %
during experiments. No relation between stocking rate and mortality and
food composition and mortality was
observed. A relationship between the
specific growth rate and the amount
of daily supplied energy per individual
worm was elaborated. The average protein content of N. diversicolor reared
248
ZAFIRA
+7%
under the experimental conditions

ranged from 57 to 64 %. Protein retention due to growth of the worms ranged
from 0.3 to 8.8 %.
Beside of that, spontaneous reproduction occurred in the reactor that would
allow to continuously produce and restocks the reactor in the future. Under
the given conditions, the worm life cycle can potentially be closed in about
120 days. However, the control over
reproduction and growth is still not
completely understood and needs further investigations.
(6) Overall model- ZAFIRA model
The experimental data, which were collected during the project, were used to
draft a simulating model for a multitrophic aquaculture system based on
the ZAFIRA concept. This model may
help and evaluate production strategies
for intensive integrated aquaculture
systems in the future.
The model allowed to:
1) transfer experimental results into
numeric equations that allowed
judging the waste conversion efficiency and performance of the
single modules,
2) join single modules with each other
and to study the effect of module
interaction on nutrient retention,
3) investigate the effect of a changed
performance of one module on the
subsequent module, 4) compare the
nutrient retention of intensive integrated aquaculture production to
conventional intensive fish production methods.
During the project period (2002-2006)

several aquatic conversion processes
were investigated in two environments:
fresh and marine water. Four different fish species were used as waste
producers: African catfish and tilapia
(freshwater) and Sea bass & Japanese
flounder (marine water). Because the
separation of fish waste into solid and
dissolved waste was recognised as an
important treatment step in providing
nutrients to the subsequent modules, the
partitioning of the fish waste in these 2
waste streams was studied as a separate
process. Studies on waste separation
efficiencies are still scarce. Because
separation processes in freshwater
systems have been studied intensively
already (1997; 2001), the ZAFIRA work
focused on seawater systems, using
European sea bass as a model of study.
The original purpose was to validate the
relations found in the detailed sea bass
studies, done in Europe, with data obtained in China on Japanese Flounder.
Unfortunately, the latter data were insufficient to make this valdidation.
Furthermore, four different primary
waste conversion processes have been
studied: the conversion of fish waste
into heterotrophic bacteria in freshwater systems, two phototrophic processes
applying macro- and microalgae, both
in seawater, and conversion of solid
waste by worms. Again, the latter was
only studied in marine water systems.
The produced bacteria were intended to
be used as feed for shrimp or fish. The
phototrophic conversion products were
used as feed for herbivores (macroalgae
for sea urchins, microalgae for Artemia).
The worms were treated as a valuable and harvestable end product. As a
consequence the following conversion
chains were investigated experimentally
and the found nutrient balances used
for the model:
Fish Biomass Converter-Bacteria

Waste Processor - Bacterivorous
Conversion (freshwater system)
Fish Biomass Converter Fish Waste
Processor -Phototrophic Converter
Herbiborous Converter (marine
system)
Fish Biomass Converter Fish Waste
Processor Fish Waste processor
Detrivorous Converter (marine
system)
The developed model integrates all the

experimental results on the mentioned
nutrient chains into one model approach.
According to the model output, the integration of multi-trophic conversion
processes increases nutrient retention
in intensive aquaculture systems.
The project results showed that the
combination of fish culture with subsequent phototropic and herbivorous
conversion increases nutrient retention
in the culture system (e.g. 20-42% feed
N to 29-45% feed N). Fish culture with
phototrophic conversion increased
nutrient retention of feed nitrogen (N)
by 15-50% and feed phototrophic (P)
by up to 53%. If in addition herbivore
consumption was included, nutrient
retention decreased again by 60-85%
feed N and 50-90% feed P. This was according to the general observation of
nutrient losses from one trophic level
to the next. The conversion of nutrients
into bacteria and detrivorous worm
biomass contributed only in smaller
levels (e.g. 7% feed N and 6% feed P
and 0,06% feed N 0,03 x10-3 % feed P,
respectively) and their incorporation
in a multi-trophic production system
can be questioned when the purpose
is to develop a Zero Nutrient Discharge
Aquaculture System. Further, the model allowed evaluating system-planning
and design for integrated systems. It
was generally concluded that integrated intensive fish production systems
offer a possibility to reduce nutrient
discharge and to increase nutrient retention in harvestable products.
Concluding Remarks
During the project period, objectives
were achieved. Nutrient balances for
different aquatic species were established and nutrient conversion kinetics
determined. Data derived were used
as input for a simulation model that
can be used for design and planning
of integrated recirculation systems.
The investigated species were: Nile
tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, African
catfish, Clarias gariepinus, Sea bass,
Dicentrarchus
labrax,
Japanese
Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, Sea
urchin, Strongylocentrotus intermedius,
Artemia, Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube
(polychaete), Navicula lenzii and different heterotrophic bacteria in aquatic
environments. Selection of species was
done based on their potential for use
in such a multi-trophic system, their
interest for farming in Asia and on
practical considerations of research
conditions and expertise available at
the different partner institutes. Some
species have a low potential for farming in Asia but were very instrumental
in developing the required input/output ratios and nutrient flux kinetics for
the model. Data obtained at Chinese
partner institutions were often less
detailed but proved to be highly valuable to validate model estimations for
realistic Asian conditions. Based on the
nutrient balances and the related model, deeper knowledge on these species
has been provided and their potential
to upgrade fish waste into a valuable
product been elucidated. Findings on
these are summarised in the ZAFRIA
model report and in the literature mentioned above. These results may help
future decision makers and system designers how to compose multi-trophic
aquaculture systems.
Selected publications
Bai, Z. ., S.F. Li & X.J. He, 2003. Relationship
between the nitrogen budget and diet types in
juvenile of Oreochromis niloticus (in Chinese).
Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University,
12(4):298-302.
He, J., C.-F. Liu, H. Wang & B.-H. Zhao, 2003.
Treatment of cultivating wastewater by three
types of filter media. Journal of Fishery Sciences
of China, 10(3):242-245. (in Chinese with English
abstract)
He, J., C.-F. Liu & H.-X. Zhang, 2003. Nitrification
performances of biofilm on three types of filter
media. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,
10(1):65-68. (in Chinese with English abstract)
He, J., C.-F. Liu, Y. Wu, 2003. Nitrification
kinetics of biofilm on three types of filter media.
Chinese Journal of Applied & Environmental
Biology9(5):546-548. (in Chinese with English
abstract)
He, J., Y.-X. Ma, Z. Li, F. Yang, L. Wen, B.-S. Du
& Y.-Z. Lei, 2003. Water quality of cultivating
Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus of
different densities in self - purification tanks.
Journal of Dalian Fisheries University, 18(2):8489. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Li, S.F. & J. Verreth, 2006. Abstracts of INCOZAFIRA workshopIntegrated and recirculating
aquaculture systems in Asia. June 27-30,
Shanghai, China.
Liu, C.-F., J. He, J.-X. Zhang, H.-F. Wei & Z.-S.
Yan, 2005. The theories and techniques of the
cleaner production for aquaculture. Fishery
Modernization, (3):8-10. (in Chinese with English
abstract)
Liu, C.-F., Z.-R. Qi, J. He &, J.-X. Zhang, 2002.
Environmental friendship aquacultureZero
discharge integrated recirculating aquaculture
systems. Journal of Dalian Fisheries University,
17(3):220-226. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu, C.-F., Z.-S. Yan, J.-X. Zhang, J. He & H.-J.
Xi, 2005. Advances in treatment technology of
effluent from aquaculture. Journal of Dalian
Fisheries University, 20(2):142-148. (in Chinese
with English abstract)
Ma, Y.-X., C.-F. Liu, H. Shao, T.-T. An & J.-X.
Zhang, 2004. Dynamics of heterotrophic bacteria
and ammonification in biofilms associated
with two carriers. Journal of Dalian Fisheries
University, 19(2):139-141. (in Chinese with
English abstract)
Ma, Y.-X., H. Shao, Y.-B. Zhou, C.-F. Liu, Q. Li & H.L. Tan, 2005. Numbers and metabolic activities
of heterotrophic bacteria, ammonifiers and
ammonia oxidizing bacteria in the Nereis closerecirculating culture system. Journal of Dalian
Ma, Y.-X., Y. Wu, C.-F. Liu & J.-Q. Wang, 2003. The
application of probiotic bacteria as biocontrol
agents in aquaculture. Journal of Dalian Fisheries
University, 18(3):180-185. (in Chinese with
English abstract)
Orellana, J., B. Wecker, M. Sander & U. Waller,
2005. Particulate matter in a modern marine
recirculation system: what, where, and how
much. In Aquaculture Europe 2005: Lessons
from the past to optimise the future, EAS Special
Publication, No.35.
ZAFIRA
249
ZAFIRA
Contacts
Schneider, O., 2006. Fish waste management by

heterotrophic bacteria conversion. Wageningen,
The Netherlands, Wageningen University.
Schneider, O., A.K. Amirkolaie, J. Vera-Cartas,
E.H. Eding, J.W. Schrama & J.A.J. Verreth, 2004.
Digestibility, faeces recovery, and related C, N,
and P balances of five feed ingredients evaluated
as fishmeal alternatives in Oreochromis niloticus
L. Aquaculture Research, 35(14):1370-1379.
Schneider, O., J.A.J. Verreth & E.H. Eding, 2001.
ZAFIRA, Introduction of a framework of Zero
Nutrient Discharge Aquaculture by Farming
in Integrated Recirculating Systems in Asia.
Aquacultural Engineering Societys 2001 Issues
Forum, Shepherdstown, USA, Aquacultural
Engineering Society, 305-317.
Schneider, O., M. Chabrillon-Popelka, H.
Smidt, O. Haenen, V. Sereti, E.H. Eding & J.A.J.
Verreth, (accepted). HRT and nutrients affect
bacterial communities grown on Recirculation
Aquaculture System effluents. FEMS Microbial
Ecology.
Schneider, O., T.L. Cong, V. Sereti, J.W. Schrama,
E.H. Eding & J.A.J. Verrethn 2006. Bacteria or
commercial diet: The preferences of Litopenaeus
vannamei. Aquaculture Research, 37:204-207.
Schneider, O., V. Sereti, E.H. Eding & J.A.J.
Verreth, 2004. Analysis of nutrient flows in
integrated intensive aquaculture systems.
Aquacultural Engineering, 32(3/4):379-401.
Schneider, O., V. Sereti, E.H. Eding, J.A.J. Verreth
& A. Klapwijk, (in press). Kinetics, design and
biomass production of a bacteria reactor treating
RAS effluent streams. Aquacultural Engineering.
Schneider, O., V. Sereti, M.A.M. Machiels, E.H.
Eding & J.A.J. Verreth, (in press). The potential
of producing heterotrophic bacteria biomass on
aquaculture waste. Water Research.
Wang, J.-Q. & Y. Li, 2003. Influence of stocking
density and polyculture with Ulva pertusa on
growth of Japanese flounder juveniles. Marine
Sciences, 27(2):1-4. (in Chinese with English
abstract)
Wang, J.-Q., Y.-X. Sun, J.-C. Zhang, 2006. Effects
of Chinese herb additives on growth, digestive
activity and non-specific immunity in flounder
Paralichthys olivaceus. Journal of Fisheries of
China, 30(1):90-96. (in Chinese with English
abstract)
Wang, L., A.-H. Chen, D.-Z. Yang, X. Zhao, J.-C.,
Zhang, L. Wang & Y.-B. Zhou, 2005. Preliminary
studies on the diurnal variation of metabolism
of Perinereis aibuhitensis. Journal of Fisheries
of China, 29(1):48-54. (in Chinese with English
abstract)
Coordinator
Partners
Amos Tandler
Aquaculture and Fisheries Group

Po Box 338
6700 AH Wageningen
The Netherlands Johan Verreth
Tel: +31 317 48 33 07
Fax: +31 317 48 39 37
National Centre of Mariculture Israel

Oceanographic & Limnological
Research Institute
North Beach
PO Box 8030
88112 Eilat
Israel
E-M: Johan.verreth@wur.nl
E-M: tandler@ocean.org.il
Uwe Waller
Arbeitsgruppe Fischereibiologie
Fachbereich 3: Marine Okologie
Institute for Marine Research
niversity of Kiel
Duesternbrooker Weg 20
4105 Kiel
Germany
E-M: uwaller@ifm-geomar.de
Chang-Fa Liu
College of Marine Environmental
Engineering
Key Laboratory of Maricultural Ecology
and Biotechnology
Dalian Fisheries University
No.52 Heishijiao Street
116023 Dalian
China
E-M: liucf@mail.dlptt.ln.cn
Si-Fa Li
Key Laboratory of Ecology &
Physiology in Aquaculture
Shangai Fisheries University
334 Jungong Road
200090 Shanghai
China
E-M: lsf038@mail.online.sh.cn
Wang, L., A.-H. Chen, X. Zhao, L. Wang, J.-C.,

Zhang & Y.-B. Zhou, 2004. Effect of temperature
and body weight on respiration and excretion in
Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube. Journal of Dalian
At least four Master theses were also

produced within this project.
250
ZAFIRA
PONDLIVE
Improved resource use efficiency in Asian
integrated pond-dike systems

Many farming communities in Asia are
characterized by a high population pressure and the need for intensive use of
available resources for food production.
In peri-urban areas, excess nutrients are
a threat to the environment. In contrast,
nutrient limitation in rural areas calls for
more efficient nutrient use and transformation into highest possible value on a
sustainable basis. The integration of an
aquaculture component into agricultural farming systems results in pond-dike
systems that are self-sustaining, efficient
and ecologically sound, producing value
through a diverse range of products on
a sustained basis. Where aquaculture
was adopted, ponds have often stayed
marginal within the context of overall
farming activities carried out by rural
households. Fish yields from ponds are
often low, which has been related to a
variety of factors, like the lack of fry or
fingerlings of species and pond inputs
(i.e. feed, fertilizers to trigger primary
production) in rural areas. However, fish
yield alone is too narrow a criterion to
measure the success of pond-dike systems development. There is evidence
that ponds contribute to economic and
social farm viability in other ways: e.g.
food security, water storage for irrigation and horticulture, sanitation or
comfort. For this reason, identifying
researchable issues that are relevant to
the development of pond-dike systems
require an interdisciplinary approach.
3. do develop a modelling tool for nutrient cycling in pond-dike systems

that can be used in technology development and policy making. This
project combined participatory
on-farm technology development
with bio-economic modelling and
on-station research. The project
started with a situation appraisal
in three countries, followed simultaneously by: on-farm participatory
experimentation, data analysis and
modelling,
on-station
experiments, and policy development and
dissemination.
Activities
The backbone of the project consisted
of 3 years of participatory (i.e. on-farm)
experimentation with techniques for
improving the nutrient efficiency of
pond-dike systems in three Asian countries. The experiments were monitored
closely for livelihood indicators, bioresource flows and nutrient input and
output. Concurrently, three lines of
activities supported the on-farm work:
on-station experiments; data analysis
and modelling; and policy development
and dissemination. Extension workers and policy makers were actively
involved in the research to ensure the
approach was well embedded within
the institutional framework in the three
research sites: Northeast Thailand;
Mymensingh, Bangladesh; and the
Mekong Delta, Vietnam.
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10026

01/11/2001 to 31/10/2005 (48 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Dr. Marc Verdegem
University of Wageningen
The Netherlands
Website
http://www.north-south.nl/
index.php/item/773/
The main goals of the project were

1. to analyze the impact of pond aquaculture on the livelihoods of Asian
farming households and to enhance
the role of fishponds in nutrient cycling on farms,
2. to contribute to policies for enhancing the adoption of new aquaculture
technologies that are developed within the livelihoods context through
participatory approaches, and
The POND-LIVE research for development methodology based upon the

Participatory Learning in Action approach and was composed of 6 phases.
The collection of secondary data in
phase 1 allowed the selection of three research areas with integrated pond-dike
systems in each country. In phase 2 the
results of a Participatory Community
Appraisal (PCA) were discussed in State
of the System (SOS) workshop involving
government organisations (GOs), NGOs,
PONDLIVE
251
PONDLIVE
Table 1 The three treatments of the on-farm
fish fattening trials in Sisaket Province
Traditional based on
on-farm available wastes
Green water
using fertiliser
Green water using fertiliser,

supplemented with a homemade feed
14
20
55
96
Fish.m-2
Feeding method
Number of ponds
Gross margin
(Euro.pond-1)
fish traders and fish growers. The PCA
and SOS provided a foundation for the
fieldwork of phase 3 (baseline survey),
phase 4 (household monitoring), and
phase 5 (technological interventions).
Phase 6 consisted of policy workshops
and dissemination at local, national
and international levels. The research
was carried out within a livelihoods
framework to ensure that the impact of
pond-dike systems was evaluated not
only in terms of aquatic production volume, but also in terms of employment
opportunities, well-being, improved
resilience and sustainability of the resource base. Parallel data analysis and
on-station research ensured that research results could be placed in a wider
conceptual framework. Multivariate
procedures were used to analyse trends
in experiments with a small number of
ponds. This framework was presented
to policy makers and extension agents
who were involved in its development
throughout the project.
Results and outcome
the three countries, the fluctuating

market prices and the lack of capital
for basic investment were ranked high.
The quality of seed and brood stock
were a common problem for most production sectors. Often the necessity to
develop technologies using less pesticides and herbicides was stressed, as
well as a need for training of farmers
and extension workers. In Vietnam the
flood-protection dikes decrease the alluvial deposition and the nutrient input
from of pond mud can contribute to
maintaining soil fertility and farmers
income. The issues retained for on-farm
research were as follows:
Thailand: the quality of the inputs,

the amounts required and the
methods to feed the fish;
Bangladesh: the utility of the pond

mud for the vegetables and the
choice of the fish species;
Vietnam: the improvement of resource use in pond-dike systems

integrated with livestock.
Situation appraisal.
On-farm research
The situation appraisals showed that
the ponds had become essential for
peoples livelihoods: the current production of fish is more important than
was expected at the time of pond construction in all 3 countries. From initial
fish traps the ponds have changed in
fish culture ponds. Not every farm
household in the surveyed areas had
a pond, mainly due to soil properties,
farm priorities and restricted land
size. According to the stakeholders,
the pond-dike systems had economic,
social and ecological benefits. Though
constraints were not similar between
the sites and social groups, throughout
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PONDLIVE
In Northeast Thailand the on-farm experiment with sex-reversed Tilapia

had 2 phases: nursing and fattening.
Before the monthly monitoring workshops in every village fish growth was
assessed to gauge progress and to adjust the dosage of the feed/fertiliser.
The farmers recognized the importance
of nursing fingerlings before stocking in ponds. The fish gained around
1 g. week-1 and after 8 weeks the average weight of the fish was 9 g. The
average survival rate was 89%. Nonstabilized hapas and not following the
recommended feeding strategy, due to
constraints and the shared responsibility for feeding, explained the variation
between sites. During the six month
period the farmers tested three methods to fatten Tilapia (Table 1). The use
of fertilizers was efficient. Though the
estimated gross margin was negative
for some farmers, almost all perceived
a benefit because we accounted for an
opportunity cost for on-farm wastes,
but not for the nutrient value of the
pond water and sediment used for the
crops. The farmers had a preference for
methods with medium stocking density
(4 fish.m-2) demanding less labour and
less expenditures (and possibly also reducing risk of disease).
In Mymensingh Province, Bangladesh,
many less well-off people maintain a polyculture of carps using on-farm waste for
family consumption and sell the excess
produce; the well-off farmers mostly
raise Pangasius sutchi (Thai catfish)
using commercial feed regularly. The
baseline monitoring of 4 farms showed a
dramatic difference in nutrient budgets
between rich and poor farms, the latter
had mostly negative nutrient budgets.
Both categories of farmers could have 5
farm components (fish, crop, vegetable,
livestock and poultry), but the size of
the components was larger among the
well-off. Per hectare the dike output biomass was higher in low input systems
than that of high input systems. Overall,
the low input mixed pond-dike systems
were more profitable in comparison to
high input systems. Those existing carp
poly-culture were improved by stocking
10% Tilapia and applying feed-fertilizer,
against a good cost benefit ratio, mainly
due to increased yield of carp (Table
2). Adding Tilapia while only doubling
fertilizer application resulted in higher
efficiency of nutrient use in the pond.
Applying a high level of both feed and
Table 2 Fish yield and gross margin in

different management systems in Mymensingh.
Carp
Carp + Tilapia
Carp + Tilapia
+ increased feed-fertilizers
Yield in kg.ha-1
1,840
2,080
5,310
Gross margins
in Euro.ha-1
990
1,110
2,700
fertilizer gave high positive nutrient balances for the pond; using the sediments
of those ponds on the dikes resulted in
higher plant yields and improved some
of the soil fertility characteristics. As a
result, the gross margins of the entire
pond-dike systems would even show
better results.
3. extensive. In each system different

technological interventions were
applied in a second year to address
the constraints identified during
the first year. All ponds had polycultures of stocked and wild fish.
(1) Farming systems with intensive
aquaculture had easy access to markets and obtained high fish yields but
had negative returns mainly due to the
high water exchange rate. Decreasing
the water exchange four-fold and
increasing the input of manure and adjusting feed input enhanced the ponds
dissolved oxygen, algae and primary
production and reduced nutrient loss
through water exchange. The amount
of organic matter and phosphorus
stored in the mud increased; fish yield
tripled, gross margins doubled and net
returns improved (See table 3).
In the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, multivariate analysis distinguished three

pond systems with different levels of
water exchange, waste and home-made
feed utilization, based on the monthly averages of one year. The on-farm
trials addressed farming systems practising three levels of aquaculture:
1. intensive,
2. semi-intensive, and
(3) In systems dominated by horticulture the fish were raised in the trenches
of orchards and the yields were usually low due to shading from the trees.
Increasing the manure application fivefold, while reducing the water exchange
by three times improved the concentration of nutrients in the pond mud and
the fish yield doubled, gross margin tripled but net returns decreased sharply.
The aquatic primary production and
ensuing fish production was limited by
the reduced access of sunlight to the
water surface. In a second trial the farmers pruned the tertiary branches of the
longan trees (Dimcarpus longan). As a
consequence of the pruning, the longan
(2) In systems dominated by rice and

livestock with a semi-intensive aquaculture component, the fish ponds
were fertilised with by-products from
crops and manure; efficiency was low
due to the use of species with a low
market value, to the nutrient losses
caused by water exchange, and to non
Table 3 The factors distinguishing the 10

ponds in the first year and changes in fish
yield and in financial returns of the three
systems (Euro.ha-1.yr-1) after technological
interventions in the second year.
Categories
equilibrated fertilisation. Halving the

water exchange rate, decreasing input
of manure while supplementing with
inorganic NPK fertilizer and increasing
the stocking ratio of silver carp and
Nile tilapia improved water quality
and increased primary productivity.
Fish yield decreased but nutrient input was reduced to half and the net
returns improved with more than 20%
(Table 3).The pond mud contained
fewer nutrients, which decreased the
environmental risks.
System 1: intensive
System 2: semi-intensive
System 3: extensive
Manure & human wastes
Home-made feed & manure
Low
Water exchange
High (21%)
Low (1.5%)
Medium (8%)
Pond width (m)
Large (12.0)
Large (18.1)
Narrow (2.3)
Pond depth (m)
Deep (1.2)
Shallow (0.6)
Shallow (0.7)
Less intensive
Less intensive
Intensive
Number of ponds
Fish nutrient inputs
Fruit farming
Fish yields
Gross returns
Net returns
1st year
2nd year
1st year
2nd year
1st year
2nd year
4062
10512
6570
5377
536
1,298
299
759
3,039
2,548
2,485
6,138
- 314
- 40
438
533
1,757
578
PONDLIVE
253
PONDLIVE
yield decreased with 862 kg.ha-1.year-1
and the fish yield increased on average
with 107 kg.ha-1.year-1 and 276 kg.ha-1.
year-1, respectively for of manure input
levels of 80 kgN.ha-1.year-1 and 600
kgN.ha-1.year-1. Considering a constant fish market price of 0.5 Euro.kg-1,
and longan prices of 0.1 to 0.17 Euro.
kg-1 the effect of pruning the branches
of longan is negative at lower levels but
positive for the higher levels of manure
input for longan prices of 0.17 Euro.
kg-1 and lower. The mixed production
of fish and fruit in ditch-dike systems
clearly cannot be evaluated on a one
year basis but should be evaluated at
the long run: fish being the main source
of income in the first years of the plantation and fruit providing the main
contribution once the trees are adult
and fish production becomes extensive,
as was farmers practice.
Data analysis and modelling
Data analysis contributed to the interpretation of the surveys and the
on-farm and on-station experiments.
Most existing fish pond models consider only one species, while in practise
farmers stock several species in polycultures. Moreover, the sustainability
analysis of the pond-dike systems may
not be restricted to the ponds only.
We formulated a poly-culture pond model with a food production and a food
consumption module using StellaTM
modelling software. The food production module had sub-modules for
detritus, benthos, zooplankton and phytoplankton. The feed input sub-modules
reacted logically to changes in nitrogen,
oxygen and light. While tilapia was assumed not to feed on benthos it still
affected the benthos biomass through
interrelations between the food resources. In the mono-culture carp model the
interaction between carp and phytoplankton was not stable and all benthos
disappeared within 10 to 50 days. In the
simulated poly-culture the carp growth
254
PONDLIVE
was more stable compared to the monoculture and the growth of tilapia showed
a positive synergy until day 200. Typical
stocking times on-farm range from 180
to 300 days. At higher stocking densities
of carp the positive synergy levelled off
after 350 days. The simulation of food
selectivity of tilapia showed that they
switch to feeding on benthos when phytoplankton is lacking.
The effect of the introduction of fishponds on the nutrient balance of
farming systems was simulated in
NUTMON with 5 available datasets for
Kenya. Assuming ideotyped integrated
aquaculture systems and assuming
available nutrients are directly utilized
in fishponds instead of stored, the
nutrient balances for farms were recalculated. The simulation was done in
two runs: with a fishpond up-slope or
with the pond down-slope of the fields.
Integrating fishponds increased a
farms nitrogen inputs because of additional nitrogen input from atmospheric
deposition and nitrogen fixation in fishponds. The combined farms nutrient
losses are reduced. By recycling nitrogen
contained in pond sediment and drainage water for crop irrigation, nutrient
inputs in fields increased resulting in
less negative nitrogen balances for all
considered farming systems. Nitrogen
balances become even less negative if
the fishponds were constructed at the
lower slopes of agricultural fields.
On-station research
The experiments showed that the content of nutrients in the sediments of
ponds with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) does not increase after 6
months probably due to demineralisation, seepage and leaching. Therefore,
development of mechanisms for the
frequent extraction of nutrient saturated bottom sediments would be
beneficial to farmers and reduce environmental pollution. However, the
labour cost of manual recovery is high
and the available technologies for mechanical abstraction viable in Viet Nam
and China should be tested on-farm in
other regions. The study revealed and
established that sediment could provide a considerable amount of N and K
and the full requirement of P to morning glory (Ipomoea reptans L.) and chilli
pepper (Capsicum annuum longum)
without hampering fish growth and
yield. Pond sediment can be effectively
used as a soil conditioner to improve
moisture content, pH and aggregate
stability of alluvial acid sulphate soil
in Central Thailand. Residual levels of
P after harvesting crop indicate that
mixing sediment with agricultural soils
would help making use of its additional
P. Further research is necessary to evaluate the effects of pond sediments on
marginal sandy soils using leguminous
crops. Depending on the availability and the purpose of application,
i.e. fertilizer supplementation or soil
conditioner, farmers may mix either
25% or 50% sediment with farm soils.
Supplementary use of locally available
NK fertilizers is recommended.
The effect of stocking multiple fish species on feed utilisation and fish yield
was studied in ponds and aquaria using
common carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.), and
rohu, (Labeo rohita Hamilton). Stocking
common carp in the pond next to rohu
enhanced natural food availability,
food utilisation and rohu growth and
production. The administration of artificial feed increased the availability
of zooplankton and benthos but not
of phytoplankton. Without added feed,
rohu ingested more phytoplankton
than zooplankton but in the presence
of formulated feed rohu shifted its
food preference from Euglenophyceae
(algae) and phytoplankton to zooplankton. The addition of artificial feed
decreased the ingestion of natural food
by common carp but affected its growth
positively. Common carp naturally ingested mainly zooplankton and benthic
macro-invertebrates as well as small
quantities of phytoplankton. Common

carp had a preference for macro-invertebrates up to the point where, in
absence of added feed, the population
disappeared. Consequently, both the
water quality parameters and the quantity of all nitrogenous and phosphorous
species increased. The overall highest
N and P retention efficiencies in fish,
phytoplankton and zooplankton were
observed in ponds without added feed
and in ponds with intermediate stocking rates. Using video observations next
to aquaria confirmed that common carp
preferred benthic macro-invertebrates
and zooplankton both living near the
bottom. In presence of common carp,
rohus grazing shifted partially from
water column to wall and near bottom
as rohu spent 5% of its total time following common carp.
The on-station experiments of partner 1
support previous indications that with
equal nutrient inputs and stocking densities the manure driven ponds could
perform equally well as those driven
by manufactured feed. The trophic
structure in organically fertilised and
fed ponds is similar as autotrophic
and heterotrophic pathways are important processes in both environments.
They provide natural foods that are a
main part of the diet in both environments. The analysis supports emerging
evidence that manufactured feeds may
not be well utilised by tilapia in outdoor stagnant ponds. Further research
on tilapia feeding behaviour and feed
selection in feed and organic fertilizerdriven ponds is needed.
Policy development and
dissemination
The POND-LIVE research for development approach was effective because
it produced high quality research published in double-refereed journals and
generated technologies that are used by
farmers. The dissemination started in an
iterative way through the implication of
the project leader in regular meetings

with regional and national authorities.
In Thailand, at present many farmers
still use hapas for nursing, and they are
teaching this technology to neighbours,
friends and relatives. The success the
improved fattening technology can be
measured by the first availability of
a credit from a commercial bank for
a rural farmer to extend his fish production. In Thailand the preliminary
results were reported on a poster to the
national meeting of vocational education institutes and the provincial policy
workshop was held on 27th September
2005 with farmers, extensions officers
and teachers of vocational schools. In
Bangladesh, the re-use of pond-mud
and the poly-culture was well appreciated by farmers and extension services.
The policy workshop organised at
National level on 24th of October 2005
gathered 50 participants: policy makers, planners, extension officials, NGOs,
public representatives, university teachers, and selected farmers. The workshop
recommended the pond-dike farming
systems as a technology for wider dissemination; flyers were produced and
the development of audio-visual material for the dissemination is on-going in
Bangladesh. In Vietnam the farmers realised that they were wasting precious
nutrients and the reduction of water exchange improved their livelihoods and
reduced environmental pollution. The
results were presented to the heads of
the Agricultural Policy Office, Extension
Services and Aquaculture Services of 5
Mekong Delta provinces on 23 August
2005. Extension leaflets resuming the
main results of the on-farm trials were
drafted. In general, the project lifetime
was too short to monitor the implementation of the project results in the
development programmes at local level, though a kick-off was made already
during project lifetime.
Most papers submitted to double refereed scientific journals still have
to appear, but they will also be included in the thesis reports of the
PhD students. The 11 PhD thesis of
Bangladesh Agriculture University,
the Asian Institute of Technology and
Wageningen University all contain
at least four publishable papers. The
Pond-Live project was matched by the
University funded INREF-Pond project
that also provided key results.
Bosma, R.H., P. Le Thanh, U. Kaymak, J. van den
Berg, H.M. Udo, M.E.F. van Mensvoort & T. Le
Quang, 2005. Farmer Motivations for Integrating
Agriculture and Aquaculture Systems in the
Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Netherlands Journal
of Agricultural Science (in press).
Kabir, M.S., M.A. Wahab, M. Karim, M.C.J.
Verdegem & D.C. Little, 2004. Comparison
between existing low input and high input
integrated pond-dike aquaculture systems in
some villages of Muktagacha, Mymensingh. J.
Bangladesh Agricultural Univ., 2(1):103-112.
Little, D.C., C. Arjinkit, D. Turongruang, 2004.
Learning about farmer attitudes to ponds in
Northeast Thailand. Aquaculture News, 30:19-20.
Muendo, P.N., A. Milstein, A. van Dam, E.-N.
Gamal, J.J. Stoorvogel & M.C.J. Verdegem, 2005.
Exploring the trophic structure in organically
fertilized and feed-driven tilapia culture
environments using multivariate analyses.
Aquaculture Research, 37(2):151-163.
Rahman M.M., A. Yakupitiyage & S.L.
Ranamukhaarachchi, 2004. Agricultural use
of fishpond sediment for environmental
amelioration. In Thammasat International
Journal of Science and Technology, Volume 9(4),
2004.
Uddin, M.S., M.E. Azim, M.A. Wahab & M.C.J.
Verdegem, 2006. The potential of mixed
culture of genetically improved farmed tilapia
(GIFT, Oreochromis niloticus) and freshwater
giant prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
in periphyton-based systems. Aquaculture
Research (in press).
Uddin, M.S., S.M.S. Rahman, M.E. Azim, M.A.
Wahab, M.C.J. Verdegem, J.A.J. Verreth, 2007.
Effects of stocking density on production and
economics of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium
rosenbergii) polyculture in periphyton-based
systems. Aquaculture Research, 38(16):1759
1769.
Verdegem, M.C.J., R.H. Bosma & J.A.V. Verreth,
2006. Reducing water use for animal production
through aquaculture. Water Resources
Development, Vol. 22(1):101113.
PONDLIVE
255
PONDLIVE
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Marc C.J. Verdegem
David Little
Wageningen Institute of Animal

Sciences (WIAS)
Chairgroup Aquaculture and Fisheries
Marijkeweg 40, P.O. Box 9101
6700 AH Wageningen
The Netherlands
Fax: +31 317 48 39 37
FK9 4LA Stirling
United Kingdom
E-M: marc.verdegem@wur.nl
E-M: d.c.little@stir.ac.uk
AmararatneYakupitiyage
Agricultural, Aquatic Systems and
Engineering Program
School of Environment, Resources and
Development
Asian Institute of Technology
PO Box 2754
12120 Pathum Tani Klong
Thailand
E-M: amara@ait.ac.th
Chittra Arjinkit
Sisaket College of Agriculture and
Technology
Kusikum Road 91/14
33000 Sisaket
Thailand
E-M : carjinkit@hotmail.com
Abdul Wahab
Department of Fisheries Management
2202 Mymensingh
Bangladesh.
E-M: wahabma@bdonline.com
DR. Le Thanh Duong

Rice / Fish Laboratory
Mekong Research & Development
Institute
Can Tho University
Campus II, 3/2 street
92100 Can Tho City
Vietnam
E-M : ltduong@ctu.edu.vn
256
PONDLIVE
ASIARESIST
Hazard analysis of antimicrobial
resistance associated with
Asian aquacultural environments

Use of antibiotics in the aquaculture
environments of South East Asia (SEA)
poses a risk that resistance to antibiotics will develop in environmental
organisms, in the endogenous bacterial population of farmed species, and
in their pathogens. Antibiotic resistant
bacteria constitute a direct threat to
farmers, consumers and other forms
of livestock through potential transfer of resistance to human and animal
pathogens, and threaten the viability of
export markets.
Obtain a preliminary indication of

the extent of antibiotic resistance in
SEA aquaculture;
Identify the
involved;
resistance
ICA4-CT-2001-10028
Determination of the distribution

of resistance genes among a sub-set
of antibiotic resistant plasmid-harbouring bacterial isolates.
Assessment of transferability of
resistance from the aquaculture
ecosystem.
Development
of
a
core
public database dealing with monitoring of antibiotics in aquaculture
environments.
01/12/2001 to 31/05/2005 (42months)

Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Prof. Alan Teale
United Kingdom
Website
genes
Assess the potential for transfer of

antibiotic resistance from the aquaculture environment to possible
human pathogens;
Identify critical control points (CCP)

at which SEA fish farmers can apply
monitoring systems to prevent or
eliminate antibiotic resistance;
Disseminate
control
protocols
among farming and disease control
communities in SEA.
Results and outcome
http://www.medinfo.dist.unige.it/
asiaresist
With the exception of identification of

CCPs, all of the project objectives were
achieved, as follows:
Activities
Characterisation of resistance to
antimicrobials in bacterial populations from different compartments
of SEA aquaculture ecosystems.
Project Number
The project aimed to:
Provision of a taxonomic description

of new bacterial taxa isolated from
SEA aquaculture environments.
Development of Standard Operating

Procedures (SOPs) for use in SEA
aquaculture systems for bacterial sampling, isolation and
preservation, for antibiotic susceptibility testing and determination of
the extent of antibiotic resistance,
for resistance plasmid isolation and
for bacterial conjugation assays.
Tools and protocols for identifying and characterising antibiotic

resistance in SEA aquaculture were
developed. Six SOPs were developed and validated for collection of
samples from aquaculture environments, isolation and preservation of
chloramphenicol-resistant bacterial
isolates, assessment of resistance
level, assessment of the extent of
resistance (to multiple antibiotics),
resistance plasmid preparation and
bacterial conjugation assays. A collection of 558 antibiotic resistant
isolates was made from aquaculture sites in three SEA countries, all
identified to family level and 95% to
genus level, and archived for future
research. An internet-based interactive database containing detailed
data on aquaculture sampling sites
and on bacterial isolates obtained
ASIARESIST
257
ASIARESIST
Contacts
from them was developed, and

serves as a model for others to use
in control campaigns.
New knowledge of antibiotic resistance in SEA aquaculture includes

insights into the nature and extent of antibiotic resistance, which
appears to be significant and widespread, and its ability to transfer
between bacterial strains. The nature of the commonest resistance
determinants was described.
Increased awareness and understanding of the prevalence of
antibiotic resistance in SEA aquaculture was achieved through an
international workshop organised
by the project in Chiang Mai,
Thailand in February 1995, which
was attended by approximately 50
scientists, technologists and decision- makers from across SEA. In
addition, a project website makes
available or promulgates the important outputs.
The website, which will be maintained beyond the project, and the
workshop ensure that in future
there will be an increased ability to
monitor and control antibiotic resistance in SEA aquaculture systems.
Coordinator
Bartie, K.L., G. Huys, J. Swings, D.T.H. Oanh,

N.T. Phuong, M. Shariff, F.M. Yusoff, T. Somsiri,
S. Chinabut, S. Bertone, M. Giacomini & A.J.
Teale, 2006. Hazard Analysis Of Antimicrobial
Resistance Associated With Asian Aquacultural
Environments. Proceedings of the International
Workshop on Antibiotic resistance in Asian
aquaculture environments, ISBN N88-901344-3-7
Alan Teale
FK9 4LA Stirling
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1786 46 78 72
Fax: +44 1786 47 21 33
Bertone, S., C. Ruggiero, F. Raffo & M. Giacomini,

2003. A microbiological web-based database
for bacteria resistant to antibiotics used in
aquaculture: a user friendly structure. World
Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical
Engineering WC2003, Sydney (Australia) 2429/08/2003; 174:60.02.
E-M: a.j.teale@stir.ac.uk
Huys, G., K. Bartie, M. Cnockaert, D.T. Hong

Oanh, N.T. Phuong, T. Somsiri, S. Chinabut, F.M.
Yusoff, M. Shariff, M. Giacomini, A.J. Teale and J.
Swings, in press. Biodiversity of chloramphenicolresistant mesophilic heterotrophs from
Southeast Asian aquaculture environments.
Research in Microbiology, in press.
Universiteit Gent
Laboratorium voor Microbiologie
K.L. Ledeganckstraat, 35
B-9000 Gent
Belgium
Somsiri, T. & S. Chinabut, 2003. Chloramphenicol

Resistance Bacterial associated with Aquaculture
System in Thailand. Thai AAHRI New 2003, 13(2)
(Abstract in English).
Nguyen Thanh Phuong
Somsiri, T., D.T. Hoang Oanh, S. Chinabut, N.

Thanh Phuong, M. Shariff, F. Yusoff. K. Bartie, M.
Giacomini, M. Robba, S. Bertone, G. Huys, & A.J.
Teale, 2005. A simple device for sampling pond
sediment. Aquaculture, 258(1-4):650-654.
Partners
Jean Swings
E-M: jean.swings@rug.ac.be
Can Tho University

Institute for Marine Aquaculture,
College of Agriculture
Campus 2, 3-2 Street, Ninhkieu District
Can Tho City
Vietnam
E-M: ntphuong@ctu.edu.vn
Hong Oanh, D.T., on Nht Phng, Nguyn

Minh Hu v Nguyn Thanh Phng, 2004.
Isolation and preservation of chloramphenicol
resistance bacteria from aquaculture farms in
the Mekong River Delta, Viet Nam. Scientific
Journal of Can Tho University, No. 2, 2004. (in
Vietnamese, Abstract in English)
Mohamed Shariff
Hong Oanh, D.T., N.T. Phuong, T. Somsiri, S.

Chinabut, F. Yusoff, M. Shariff, K. Bartie, G.
Huys, M. Giacomini, S. Bertone, J. Swings & A.J.
Teale, 2005. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of
aquaculture associated bacteria originating from
integrated farming systems in the Mekong River
Delta, Viet Nam. Scientific Journal of Can Tho
University, 2005.
Huys, G., M. Cnockaert, K. Bartie, D.T. Hoang
Oanh, N. Thanh Phuong, T. Somsiri, S. Chinabut,
F. Yussoff, M. Shariff, M. Giacomini, S. Bertone,
J. Swings & A.J. Teale, 2005. Intra- and
interlaboratory performance of antibiotic disk
diffusion susceptibility testing of bacterial
control strains of relevance for monitoring
aquaculture environments. Diseases of Aquatic
Organisms, 66:197-204.
Universiti Putra Malaysia

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
43400 Serdang, Selangor
Malaysia
E-M: shariff@vet.upm.edu.my
Supranee Chinabut
Aquatic Animal Health Research
Facility
Kasetsart University Campus, Jatujak
Bangkok 109000
Thailand
E-M: supranee@fisheries.go.th
Stefania Bertone
Ricerca e Informatica per il Laboratorio

Ambientale
Biomedico R.I.L.A.B. s.r.l
Via Guerrazzi 24/12B
16146 Genova
Italy
E-M: administration@rilab.it
258
ASIARESIST
PORESSFA
Policy research for sustainable shrimp
farming in Asia: a comparative analysis of
Bangladesh, India, Thailand, and Vietnam
with particular reference to institutional and
socio-economic aspects
The background to this 3-year research
project lies in the global expansion of
shrimp aquaculture and increasing
importance of social and environmental disruptions related to this activity
in rural and coastal areas in Asia. The
development policy issue addressed is:
Can shrimp farming be used as a factor
for rural development and national economic growth for third world countries
in Asia and if so, under which social,
institutional and environmental conditions? To address this question, the
project carried out a comparative analysis of four major producer countries
in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Thailand
and Vietnam) and investigated the socio-institutional conditions and policy
orientations that are necessary to promote the sustainable development of
the shrimp farming industry in Asia.
The direct output of the project was a
set of policy guidelines to assist international and national policy-makers in the
establishment of an improved legal and
institutional framework for a greater
coherency between the economic priorities, environmental considerations and
social acceptability of shrimp farming
in Asia.
Tropical shrimp aquaculture has been
characterised by an increasing expansion over the last 20 years, particularly
in Asia. However, the economic success
of this activity has been accompanied by major negative environmental
impacts (destruction of mangrove, saltcontamination of agricultural lands)
and social and institutional disruptions
(impoverishment
and
marginalisation of rural populations, transfer of
property rights from small farmers to
local wealthy entrepreneurs). The Asian
governments are now facing a difficult
development policy decision between
continuing or stopping the expansion
of this remunerative but environmentally and socially disruptive activity. The
main objective of this research project
was to provide policy-makers with the

necessary information to re- establish
a legal and institutional framework capable of ensuring coherency between
the economic priorities, environmental
considerations and social acceptability
of shrimp farming in Asia.
Activities
To achieve the objective mentioned
above, the project brought together the
expertise of scientists from Bangladesh,
India, Thailand and Vietnam in Asia
and from France and U.K. in Europe.
The consortium was drawn upon the
local knowledge of the Asian teams
complemented by the expertise of the
European teams to perform the following tasks:
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10042

01/05/2002 to 30/06/2005 (38 months)
Coordinator
Dr. Denis Bailly
Universit de Bretagne Occidentale
France
1. To develop a multidisciplinary analytical framework which permits an

integrated investigation of shrimp
farming activity for the different
types of production systems (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive)
operated in Asia. This framework
was based on the combination of
three successive assessment exercises: a social impact assessment (SIA),
an institutional arrangement analysis (IAA), and a policy analysis (PA).
2. To apply this framework to the different case-studies (sites) selected
in the four Asian countries participating in the project (Bangladesh,
India, Thailand, and Vietnam) and
to perform an inter- countries /
inter-production systems comparative analysis on the results obtained
from the three assessment exercises (SIA, IAA, PA).
3. To use this comparative analysis
to produce a typology of the institutional arrangements, social,
economic and legal constraints and
advantages of the different shrimp
farming
production
systems,
PORESSFA
259
PORESSFA
including an evaluation of their environmental and equity impact(s).
4. Based on this typology, to identify
the legal and institutional framework which would promote at the
national and international levels the
conditions satisfying the economic
priority environmental sustainability and social acceptability of the
shrimp farming activity within the
specific context of Asian countries.
5. To draw upon these findings to produce the final output of the project
in the form of a set of policy guidelines for policy-makers.
Results and outcome

The project milestones include: (i) a
bibliographic review, (ii) an institutional
arrangements analysis, (iii) a social impact assessment, (iv) a policy analysis,
(v) a comparative analysis and typology
and (vi) policy recommendations.
All those activities were successfully
completed. The comparative analysis
and typology worktask was turned into
a series of participative stakeholders
workshops. The reorientation of the
policy analysis workphase toward a
participatory process reinforced the adhesion of stakeholders to the project.
As a preliminary work to the assessment of national and international
policies and regulations, a comprehensive description of the institutional
arrangements of the shrimp farming
activities was produced in the four
countries studied, as well as nature of
the socio-economic transformations
induced by the development of shrimp
aquaculture. The project issued more
than eighty publications in addition
to documents published in native language. Among these, key documents
target each objective for each country
and in a comparative way.
260
PORESSFA
The consultations and dissemination

workshops as well as the consultations
in the fields and sharing of findings with
policy makers, fisheries officials at local
and regional levels, farmers, traders, extension workers, development agencies,
NGOs and other actors have improved
understanding regarding the problems
and prospects of the shrimp sector. It is
also expected that this new understanding of the issues (i.e., social, economic,
institutional, livelihood, equity, gender,
environment, trade and promotion of
bio-technologies in shrimp sector) will
lead to meaningful collaboration and
collective actions among the key actors
and stakeholders towards sustainable development of the sector. This
new knowledge and initiated collective
actions at different levels may also influence policy and programmes and
thus contribute to achieving sustainability of the shrimp sector.
This takes the shape of:
National
Policy
Agendas
for
Sustainable Shrimp Farming built
on PORESSFA findings and following the PORESSFA stakeholders
workshops. Built and designed with
and for stakeholders, these agendas
typify the opportunity given to act
in common, exchange among stakeholders and issue in common for the
first time a key document on policy
for sustainable shrimp farming.
A set of 7 Policy Briefs provide Policy

Guidelines to assist international
and national policy-makers in the
establishment of an improved legal
and institutional framework leading
to a greater coherency between the
economic priorities, environmental
considerations and social acceptability of shrimp farming in Asia.
Translated in national languages,
these Policy Briefs cover a wide
range of key issues for sustainable
shrimp farming, from production
to marketing and from technical
to social and environmental issues.

Transversal issues are also taken
into account through institutions
and governance for sustainable
shrimp farming. Dealing with the
dimensions of the issue, its impacts,
potential responses and illustrations, Policy Briefs are accessible
to everybody without any restrictions of language of understanding.
Dissemination is ensured through
mailing, website and conferences.
The project produced scientific information necessary for the establishment
of the legal and institutional framework
ensuring the sustainable development
of shrimp farming in Asia. By focussing more in depth on shrimp farming
issues and especially practical policy
issues, the Policy Guidelines edited by
the PORESSFA project over the four
Asian partners countries present a
different and complementary view
of the International Principles for
Responsible Shrimp Farming edited
by the Consortium on Shrimp Farming
and the Environment hosted by the
Network of Aquaculture Centres in
Asia-Pacific (NACA).
Contacts
Ahmed, S.A., D.L. Mallick, M.L. Ali & A.A. Rahman,
2002. Literature review on Bangladesh shrimp.
Individual partner report for the project: Policy
research for sustainable shrimp farming in Asia.
INCO-DEV Project PORESSFA, ICA4-CT2001-10042,
CEMARE, University of Portsmouth, UK, and BCAS,
Dhaka, Bangladesh, 31 p.
Bn, C., 2005. The good, the bad and the ugly.
Discourse, policy controversy and the role
of science in the politics of shrimp farming
development. Development Policy Review,
23(5):585-614.
Coordinator
Partners
Denis Bailly
Somsak Boromthanarat

Centre de Droit et dEconomie de la
Mer - CEDEM
12 rue de Kergoat bt. B
C.S. 93837
29238 Brest Cedex 3
France
Prince of Songkla University

Coastal Resources Institute - CORIN
Hat Yai Campus
90112 Songkla
Thailand
E-M: denis.bailly@univ-brest.fr.
Le Thanh Luu
Nhuong, T.V. & Le Thanh Luu, 2002. Vietnam

shrimp farming review. Individual partner report
for the project: Policy research for sustainable
shrimp farming in Asia. INCO-DEV Project
PORESSFA, ICA4-CT2001-10042, RIAI, Bac Ninh,
Vietnam, 18 p.
Nhuong, T.V., T.Q. Tu & B.T.T. Ha, 2003. Shrimp
farming in Vietnam: Institutional arrangement
analysis (IAA). Individual partner report for the
project: Policy research for sustainable shrimp
farming in Asia. INCO-DEV Project PORESSFA,
ICA4-CT2001-10042, RIA1, Hanoi, Vietnam, 31 p.
Nissapa, A. & S. Boromthanarat, 2002. Shrimp
farming in Thailand. Individual partner report
for the project: Policy research for sustainable
shrimp farming in Asia. INCO-DEV Project
PORESSFA, ICA4-CT2001-10042, Prince of
Songkla University, Coastal Resources Institute,
Songkla, Thailand.
Tam, P.T.M., T.V. Nhuong, B.T.T. Ha, T.Q. Tu
& T.T.A. Nguyet, 2003. Influence analysis of
shrimp farming activity on society and poverty
in Vietnam. Individual partner report for the
ICA4-CT2001-10042, RIA1, Hanoi, Vietnam, 25 p.
Raux, P., D. Bailly & T.V. Nhuong, 2006.
Vietnamese shrimp farming at a key point in
its development: A review of issues examining
whether development is being carried out
in a sustainable way. Chapter 8 pp. 107-129
In PingSun Leung & C.R. Engle (eds.). Shrimp
culture: Economics, markets, and trade.
Blackwell Publishers, 335 p.
Vasudevappa, C., Y.S. Arunkumar, Y. Basavarayu
& D. Seenappa, 2004. Social impact of The
Supreme Court judgement on shrimp farming
in India. Individual partner report for the
ICA4-CT2001-10042, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Bangalore, India.
E-M: bsomsak@ait.ac.th
Research Institute for Aquaculture N1

RIA-1
Dinh Bang Tu Son
Bac Ninh
Vietnam
E-M: ria1@hn.vnn.vn
Atiq Rahman
Bangladesh Centre for Advanced
Studies
House # 10 (3rd floor)
Road # 16/A, Gulshan - 1
Dhaka- 1212
Bangladesh
E-M: atiq.rahman@bcas.net
Chindi Vasudevappa
Marine Research Station
Hebbal
Bangalore -560 024
Karnataka
India
E-M: cvasudevappa@gmail.com
Premachandra Wattage
Centre for the Economics &
Management of Aquatic Resources CEMARE
Boat House No. 6, College Road, H.M.
Naval Base
Portsmouth, POL 3LJ
United Kingdom
E-M: Premachandra.Wattage@port.ac.uk
PORESSFA
261
Aquachallenge
Aquaculture challenge-Asia: International
workshop to discuss strategies to achieve
the goals of sustainable aquaculture, highquality environmentally acceptable products,
with current technological, scientific and
environment
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-50017

01/01/2002 to 30/09/2002 (9 months)
Coordinator
Prof. Anastasius Eleftheriou
Dep. of Ecology and Biodiversity
Crete, Greece
Website
www.aquachallenge.org
Activities
The Asia-Europe Meeting known as

ASEM, is a process of dialogue and cooperation set up with the aim of bringing
together the EU Member States and the
European Commission, together with
ten Asian countries. Summit meetings
are held every two years (Bangkok 1996,
London 1998, Seoul 2000, Copenhagen
2002). This unique bi-regional dialogue
process is carried forward through a
series of Ministerial and working-level
meetings, in which the dialogue addresses political, economic and cultural
issues, with the objective of strengthening and enhancing the relationship
between the two regions, in a spirit of
mutual respect and equal partnership.
Keynote presentation
The ASEM process is built around the

three pillar framework of political,
economic and social aspects within
which there is considerable potential to
achieve positive results in identified priority areas, i.e., sustainable aquaculture,
along with forestry, water, food safety
and clean industrial production.
The following thematic areas were discussed during the workshop:
The AQUACHALLENGE Workshop
3. Adaptive and appropriate use of

biotechnology and genetics
The challenge was to develop sustainable aquaculture in the new millennium

within the context of the current social,
economic and environmental situation.
The workshop brought together participants from ASEM partner countries,
scientists, technologists and industrialists of differing experiences, but with
similar needs. A main objective was
to develop an action-oriented agenda
for ASEM scientific co-operation and,
by means of well-prepared discussion
sessions, in which specially invited
panel members participated, to develop a platform for multi-stakeholder
dialogue, networking and continued
coordination.
262
Aquachallenge
The Workshop opened with a review of

the R& D priorities as perceived by aquaculture farmers as well as scientists,
which made its first impact at Bangkok,
in the AquaMillennium Conference organised by the Network of Aquaculture
Centres in Asia (NACA) and FAO in
2000. Main topics concerned environmental issues, genetics, nutrition and
disease control. The conclusions were
that risks of major environmental and
human health problems need to be
weighed against achieving a more cautious rise in production which is, in the
longer term, sustainable.
1. Environmentally
systems
sound
grow-out
2. Integrated management, ecosystem

health and biodiversity
4. Nutrition and feeding

5. World economics, marketing and
distribution
6. Best Environment Practice, health,
monitoring, regulations, Codes of
Conduct.
Results and outcome

Thematic area contributions
1. Environmentally sound grow-out
systems
The urgent issue of how to make growout systems more environmentally
sound was tackled with experts from
Asia and Europe offering a) information
(on the European scale and the national
scale, Vietnam); b) insights into closed
recirculation systems in Europe and
biological filters in Southeast Asia and
c) recommendations concerning the rehabilitation of degraded mangrove sites
utilising the Polluter Pays principle,
to methods of improving traditional
polyculture of Chinese carps, to the reduction of fishmeal and fish oil inputs
in feeds. Changes such as these require
a paradigm shift from the short-sighted commons exploitation of water,
mangroves and other resources to the
ecological footprint approach that incorporates not only inputs, but also outputs
such as facilities to treat effluents.
2. Integrated management, ecosystem
health and biodiversity
The session addressed the interactions (negative and positive) of the
most important resource users, such
as tourism, shipping and fisheries as
well as aquaculture, in the opening contribution. The need for cooperation in
developing management strategies that
protect the resource while optimising
its utility for all users was exemplified
in a case study from the Richibucto
waters in Canada where developing
a thorough and integrated investigation of the economic carrying capacity
of the Richibucto estuary for shellfish
aquaculture. Investigation was seen as
a major tool in participatory coastal
zone management. This approach was
echoed in a presentation made concerning several Chinese government
projects, which also focused on the
importance of models to predict the

potentiality of new sites for mariculture based on their ecological carrying
capacity as well as their mariculture
carrying capacity. However, it was also
recommended that for structure optimisation of a single culture system,
cultured species among or between
which there is mutualism in niche or
in food resource utilisation should be
selected. Integrated systems which
optimise the utilisation of nutrients derived from aquaculture for agriculture
use were also recommended.
3. Adaptive and appropriate use of
biotechnology and genetics
The objective in this session was
to obtain a better understanding of
the potential of biotechnology to
enhance
aquaculture
productivity.
Developments in the following areas
were shown: transgenesis whereby fish
with enhanced performance such as fast
growth and increased disease resistance
are produced; molecular diagnostics
and vaccines of pathogens; molecular
genetics and selection enabled; microbial/microalgal genetic engineering
for water quality management or as
probiotics/feed supplements; reproductive and sex control. However,
issues were also raised such as risks
to human health and the environment
(Genetically Modified Organism issues)
and ownership (Intellectual Property issues), the latter of particular concern
in Asia, with the very real possibility
of the marginalisation of small-holders
in rural areas, who are unable to keep
up with such biotechnology advances.
Another important issue was highlighted: the need for genetic assessments
of the degree of population structuring and gene flow, not only to preserve
the existing biodiversity, but also to
keep valuable adaptive resources. In an
ongoing project, SEFABAR, which concerns the future use of genetics, one
main option for aquaculture was seen
as follows: to redefine breeding goals
for fish into a wider perspective by a)

producing animals with an economic
productive life without giving signs of
disturbed health and welfare in a specific environment and b) by optimising
input/output and feed efficiency with
sustainable feed resources.
4. Nutrition and feeding
The aims of this session were a) to
stress the importance of sound nutrition and feeding on most issues facing
the aquaculture such as productivity,
environmental and product quality and
food safety; b) to illustrate the functional role of nutrition in ensuring complete
domestication including reproductive
success and larval development c) to
discuss on how far existing know-how
can be extended to other species and
situations and d) to evaluate the potential for alternative protein/oil sources
for fishmeal and fish oil.
5. World economics, marketing and
distribution
The challenge of aquaculture in the
present and near future is to balance
the local social goals of equity and
more even distribution of income
and employment with the global development of markets. The opening
contribution emphasised that it is not
enough to implement present knowledge, but it is essential to be able to
read the signs of markets and politics
as well. The transition period includes
the risk of destabilisation of prices,
incomes, employment and settlement
patterns, which means that the liberalisation of fish trade might therefore
create new market imperfections and
anomalies. Key topics raised: sustainability and management regime;
multiple services and joint production;
market development; social implications of policy; international policy
(FAO, WTO, OECD).
Aquachallenge
263
Aquachallenge
Contacts
6. Best Environment Practice, health,

monitoring, regulations, Codes of
Conduct
Improved techniques and methodology arising from BEP can lead to a
reduction in environmental impacts.
By identifying the effects of aquaculture production on the water column
and the sediments, either by traditional techniques or by whole system
monitoring and assessment which look
to the carrying capacity of an area, it
may be possible to achieve a system
compatible with the interests of all the
stakeholders involved. Good environmental practice, linked to a realistic
set of regulatory measures, could make
sustainable aquaculture a real possibility because of the demonstrable benefits
to all the players in the different conflicting interest groups. This could
in turn lead to the establishment of a
code of conduct which might also provide a measure of quality control and
thus lead to penetration of the global
market. The distinction between Codes
of Conduct and Codes of practice was
clearly made.
Coordinator
Prof. Anastasios Eleftheriou
The following report presents the

Proceedings of the Workshop:
Eleftheriou, M. & A. Elefetheriou (eds.),
2003. Proceedings of the ASEM Workshops
AQUACHALLENGE, Beijing, April 27-30, 2002.
Aquaculture challenges in Asia after the Bangkok
Declaration on Sustainable Aquaculture. The
next step. Luxembourg, OPOCE, ASEM Science &
Technology Workshops, (2):158 p.

Port of Heraklion
P.O. Box 2214
71003 Poros Irakleiou Kritis
Greece
Tel: +30 810 33 77 50
Fax: +30 810 33 78 22
E-M: telef@imbc.gr
The Workshop Proceedings with 30

papers was produced in hard copy
in time to be sent for consideration
at the ASEM Ministers Meeting in
Copenhagen in September 2002. A CDROM with all the presentations, along
with the abstracts of the papers and
the CVs of the participants, was made
and circulated to all those who gave
presentations (31 copies).
264
Aquachallenge
MAMAS
Managing Agrochemicals in
Multi-use Aquatic Systems

A trend towards diversification from
flooded rice monoculture towards
value-added agro-ecosystems in much
of Asia has greatly increased dependence on the use of agrochemicals.
These trends, occurring in tandem with
dynamic changes in water and land
management, have implications for the
structure and function of contiguous
aquatic ecosystems and broader impacts on the welfare of people and their
communities. A cultural attachment
and dependence on rice and fish by
people in both Northwest Sri Lanka and
Central Thailand make these changes
particularly important; the evolution of
rice culture and fish capture in flooded
fields to pesticide-dependent, intensive
horticulture has typically developed in
these locations where fish production
and consumption is particularly high.
The rise of more complex and productive cropping systems in the tropics
presents a major challenge for establishing sustainable management plans.
Currently there is a lack of sufficient
relevant information on important
ecological, hydrological and land-use
processes that underpin the fate and
impact of agrochemicals used within
them. This paucity of scientific information, related to the lack of suitable
tools and methods appropriate to these
conditions, has constrained policy development
regarding
agrochemical
marketing and the use and extension of
alternative approaches to pest control.
Models developed for risk assessment
in the European context remain undeveloped for application and use in Asia.
The increased use of agrochemicals
has occurred in a context of emerging
demand for higher value horticultural
produce both locally and internationally. Intensification has been supported
by Governments and a range of other
actors at global and local levels. The private sector has been particularly active
and effective in promoting agrochemical use and regulation of their activities

by Governments has been inconsistent.
This reflects a dichotomy in the role of
Governments that aim to both support
agricultural and increasingly export-led
growth, and yet are required to protect
the environment and public health. An
increasingly important factor is a rapid
rise in awareness of public health and
environmental impacts of agrochemical
use both among consumers in export
markets, and in local, increasingly sophisticated markets.
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2001-10031

01/012002 to 31/12/2005 (48 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
The main goals of the project were

to develop tools and techniques to
be integrated into risk assessment
models for the use of agrochemicals in aquatic systems in Asian
countries. In order to achieve this
the project
1. identified realistic worst-case scenarios and impacts through a

situation appraisal and preliminary
risk assessment.
Dr. David C. Little

University of Stirling,
United Kingdom
Website
http://www.mamasproject.org
2. Developed a battery of simple, low

cost and environmentally relevant
diagnostic bioassays whilst training
local researchers in the use of these
techniques and protocols.
3. Monitored land management practices and deployed bioassays in
field sites to investigate the applicability of fate and effects models.
4. Sampled pesticide residue levels during deployments to allow integration
of data to be used for development
of a decision support system (DSS)
for the evaluation of local risks and
possible mitigation methods.
5. lessons learnt and policy guidelines
for sustainable management of
agro-ecosystems in the region were
developed through a participatory
approach.
MAMAS
265
MAMAS
Activities
The main focus of the project was developing methodologies that could be
used locally in Asia to inform local and
centralised practice and policy regarding use of pesticides within farming
systems. Inherently there was an important capacity building component of
the project as methods were developed
in an iterative and participative manner,
in which aspects of situation appraisal,
modelling and physical and ecological
observations were integrated. A broader group of stakeholders were involved
from the first part of the project, both
to inform and cross check information
gathered regarding context.
The project utilised a basket of tools
to assess the current situation in two
countries at the community level and
network analysis to assess markets and
institutional factors. Community appraisals utilised techniques and tools
developed in tandem with other research projects (including PONDLIVE,
ICA4-CT-2001-10026) to assess rural
livelihoods and farming systems. The
approach followed allowed differences
by household well-being and gender
to be disaggregated. Risk factors with
respect to pesticide use, diversification and public health were identified
and used to develop a preliminary
risk assessment. The outcomes of
these activities led to field monitoring
and bio-assessment studies in both
Thailand and Sri Lanka. Representative
local species were identified and used
for developing lab-based toxicity bioassays with standard pesticides, leading
into in situ test development. During
field deployment of bioassays, chemical and effects were assessed.
The feasibility of pesticide reduction
strategies were piloted in representative
communities in central Thailand comparing biological and synthetic pesticide,
simple changes in application procedures and use of basic safety equipment.
266
MAMAS
Perceptions of impacts were fed back to

stakeholders together with the outcomes
of bioassays and chemical analyses, marketing and institutional research.
farming and best practice is poor;

stronger extension is required.
Communication between farmers

and the extension agency should be
improved.
Stronger influence from policy makers is required with regards to the

pesticide market.

Situation appraisal
The situation in each of the countries
with respect to pesticide use and perceptions, policy and household survey
were summarized in a country specific State of the System report. The key
points brought out in the research and
action agenda during meetings with
stakeholders were as follows:
Thailand
Better information on residue levels

and risks to producers and consumers is required.
Market testing for organic products produced locally should be

explored.
There should be farm-level validation of alternative pest control

practices; currently extension advice is often impractical for farmers
to follow
All groups requested improved equitability and transparency of the

regulations and their enforcement.
There should be better cooperation

and coordination between government agencies responsible for
pesticides.
Sri Lanka
There is a significant difference

in attitude between better-off and
poorer households with regard to
pesticide use; the better-off were
aware and accepting of alternative
approaches. Promotion of organic
In general, the on and off-farm water

resources (canals, ponds and larger
community water bodies) likely to be
contaminated by pesticides are multipurpose resources used for a variety of
domestic purposes; in Thailand a significant proportion of the food consumed
is collected from such water bodies.
Training and advice regarding safe pesticide use is poor and most farmers had
experienced health problems that they
perceived to be related to occupational use of pesticides. In both countries
project-based attempts to promote IPM
and other approaches to reduce pesticide use have been highly limited in
time and space and unsustainable.
Preliminary risk assessment
The environmental preliminary risk
assessment (PRA) for sites in both countries indicated that significant effects of
pesticide exposure could be expected on
aquatic life. The predicted effects were
so large that species inhabiting the local
aquatic ecosystem present in the farm
channels and tanks were expected to be
highly resilient to pesticide exposure or
have an increased opportunity to reinvade the systems rapidly.
The human risk assessment indicated
that for sites in Thailand the acceptable
daily intake (ADI) was likely to be frequently exceeded, even up to a factor
of 36000 times. These high exceedance
values again indicate significant risks
of pesticide exposure via the diet leading to problems for human health.
It is worth noting that no single food
item causes the exceedances and that

the risk is not associated with a single
crop. The PCA indicated that in both
the mono-crop and the single-crop
sites, fish and aquatic macrophytes
are regularly obtained from the farm
channels for human consumption. This
indicates that while the assumptions
made in the human risk assessment
may be unrealistically worst-case for
water consumption, but may be more
realistic for the consumption of fish
and macrophytes.
The major farming system in the two

study areas selected (Nong Sua and
Nakorn Chaisri Districts) were based on
horticulture within ditch-dike systems

located within irrigation systems; monocrop tangerine and more mixed vegetable
and fruit cropping respectively characterised the two locations. The ditches
allowed delivery of irrigation water to
the crop and, drainage during the wet
seasons after heavy rainfall (on average
9 times/season) although there was no
significant difference between seasons
(dry and wet) in terms of water pumped
in and out of the ditches. A total of 301
registered pesticides including 105 insecticides, 80 fungicides, 85 herbicides,
15 acaricides, 6 rodenticides, 3 molluscicides, 4 nematicides and 3 fumigants
are used in Thailand. Among these only
one pesticide (paraquat) is produced in
Thailand and all of others are imported
in the form of technical grade or finished
products. At the study sites 13 pesticides
were used including organophosphates
and carbamate. Application intervals
varied by pesticide and crop type greatly,
usually on a 2-3 week basis for tangerines and between every 5-42 days for
vegetables. Application intervals were
Chemical
Species Tested
LC50 g/L
Profenofos
M. macrocopa
1.7 (1.4-2.0)
M. rosenbergii
6.1 (5.6-6.7)
O. niloticus (swim up fry)
352.1 (351.1-353.1)
O. niloticus (yolk sac fry)
872.4 (870.9-873.9)
K. calligaster
2004 (1737-2371)
M. macrocopa
1.4 (1.1-1.7)
M. rosenbergii
245 (244.2-245.8)
O. niloticus (swim up fry)
32511.2 (32507.6-32514.8)
O. niloticus (yolk sac fry)
33078 (33077-33079)
K. calligaster
3081 (2674-3614)
M. macrocopa
2.55 (24 hrs)
O. niloticus
6.09
K. calligaster
3081 (267 -3614)
For both countries high risks of pesticide use are indicated both for the
environment and human health. These
indicated risks are extremely high for
farm channels but also exist for the
Sri Lankan tank scenarios. These risks
were also reflected by farmers, with
most expressing a belief that pesticides

are harmful to both the environment
and human health.
Single species toxicity
Results of single species bioassays and
standard operating protocols (SOPs) for
culture, maintenance and laboratory
tests with local species were developed
for three pesticides identified in the
PRA. Results from the single species
toxicity testing carried out in laboratories in Sri Lanka and Thailand provided
data on LC50s of test species. A summary of the LC50s for the four test
species with the chemicals highlighted
in the PRA are provided in Table 1.
Environment and
Land Use Monitoring
(a) Thailand
Table 1: Acute 48-hour toxicity values (LC50)

for profenofos and dimethoate from laboratory
toxicity tests, upper and lower 95% confidence
intervals for LC50 estimates shown in brackets
Dimethoate
Chlorpyrifos
MAMAS
267
MAMAS
Figure 1: Active ingredient of Abamectin applied
for different with crops in different seasons
(Different letters in each bar show significant
differences at P0.05)
Applied active ingredient of

Abamectin (g/ha)
80
70
a
a
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Broccoli-dry
Chinese
kale-wet
Taiwan-dry
Tangerinewet
Tangerinedry
Applied crop and season

typically longer in the dry than wet seasons. The quantities of active ingredient
used were pesticide, crop and season dependent (Figure 1). Farmers did not store
or use pesticides safely and disposal of
empty pesticide containers was problematic. Consumption levels of fish such as
Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) and snakehead
(Channa striata) from contaminated
canals on-farm or just outside suggest
significant risks especially during the
dry season when levels were highest (3558g/person and day).
(b) Sri Lanka
The research locations were within
the Mahawelli irrigation system and
the majority of households (56-78%)
Figure 2: Profenofos concentration before
and after pesticide application (Chuchart farm,
Nakhon Chaisri, Thailand)
were dependent on farming for their

livelihood. The major crop cultivated in
the main wet season (Maha) was paddy
(91.8% households) whereas the cultivation of chilli and onion were mainly
cropped in the dry (Yala) season due
to greater water scarcity. Pesticides
constituted 60% of the total agrochemical input costs born by households.
Expenditures on the major Yala cash
crops, onion and chilli were around
six times that of paddy. On average,
the cost of pesticide incurred by better off farmers was lower in the case
of paddy and higher in the case of
onion and chilli compared to that of
worse off farmers. Banned chemicals
such as malathion and monocrotophos
were routinely used. More than half of
households exceeded recommended
pesticide dosages, especially for chilli.
Agricultural income dominated throughout the months of the study period
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Before
After
application application
268
MAMAS
Day 2
Day 4
Day 7
where it represented 85% to 90% of the

total income of the community except
at the beginning of Maha season. Paddy
and onion produced the most income.
Monthly salaries have contributed to a
larger share of non-agricultural income
followed by income generated through
self-employment, selling wage labour
and boutique operations. Seasonality
in income generation was observable,
especially in agricultural income where
both better-off and poorer households
reported higher agricultural income at
the end of each season. In general agricultural income was more dominant
in better off households whereas nonagricultural income was comparatively
high in worse off households.
Chemical and effects monitoring
Pesticide contamination was detected
in the main river systems surrounding the mixed vegetable site but these
levels did not exceed permitted levels.
The levels monitored after pesticide
application in one farm would eliminate all primary consumers e.g. the
water flea as the 24 hr LC50 (Table 1)
for M. macrocopa was only 2.3g/L.
Pesticide analysis of farm canal water indicated pesticide contamination
e.g. profenofos concentrations ranged
from 5 to 20g/L. Figure 2 shows the
concentration of profenofos in farm canals peaked on the day of application
(29g/L) but reduced exponentially
during the next 4 days to initial levels.
Deployments of single local species in
situ bioassays of the the test species M.
macrocopa, M. rosenbergii, K. calligaster
and O. niloticus allowed assessment
of their suitability for use in the field.
Mortality of M. macrocopa and yolk-sac
absorption rate of Nile tilapia larvae
were found to be useful indicators of
pesticide contamination. In contrast
growth of a K. calligaster did not show
differences between contaminated and
reference sites and the variation in
post- exposure feeding inhibition of M.
rosenbergii observed at different farm
and organic reference sites could not

be related to pesticide levels.
Development of DSS
and risk assessment
A final risk assessment workshop
brought Asian partners together for
orientation to the decision support
system software developed by the project (Pesticide Risks in the tropics to
Man, Environment nd Trade, PRIMET).
Use of the PRIMET tool revealed that
final risk assessments were not very
different from the preliminary risk assessment i.e. that significant potential
risks are indicated for the pesticide use
practices observed in the field sites.
Recommendations to reduce impacts
on surrounding ecosystems included
retention of water within the farm for
at least one week after pesticide application or pumping out just before
pesticide application.
Policy development
and dissemination
The MAMAS project used an innovative approach to conducting research in
an area where policy development significantly lagged behind private sector
practice and regulatory impacts are marginal. Lack of knowledge of the impacts
of pesticides on the environment and
public health quickly became apparent
and also the complexity of any changes
in the status quo with respect to pesticide marketing and use at both trade
and field level. The poor level of success
in supporting development of commercial horticulture without reliance on
synthetic pesticides, despite their widespread and obvious negative impacts,
can be explained by a multitude of institutional factors, market-drivers and lack
of appropriate information available to
producers. The field-level practices that
result, are giving rise to significant risks
to local environments and occupational
hazards, especially to poorer households
in producer communities. The bilingual
State of the Systems reports generated

during workshops in both countries attended by representatives of important
stakeholder groups informed and cross
checked field and market information.
Sharing of knowledge with major stakeholders throughout the research process
was a key part of the project approach
both with key informant interviews and
on-going dialogue with regulators, local
officials and market actors.
A series of action research trials to
reduce synthetic pesticide use were
used as a dissemination and awareness
raising tool among producers at the research sites in Thailand. Minor changes
in pesticide application were found to
achieve important cost savings on pesticide purchase (>Bt800,000 total in
three communities) through reducing
wastage, drift and overuse and demonstrated the importance of producer-level
change. A key component of the project
was the development of simple tools
for environmental monitoring by local
institutions. Until now such tools have
been lacking for tropical environments.
They also form the basis for further development of a decision support system
that can be used by regulatory bodies
creating and implementing best practice policies. All of this together with
a sound understanding of the social
and economic issues facing farmers in
these countries has been incorporated
and disseminated through papers and
policy documents to stakeholders and a
wider scientific audience in each country and internationally. Key outcomes
of the project have been incorporated
into a novel approach to education in
aquatic resource management, the postgraduate programme in ARM delivered
through distance learning by Stirling
and BAU. This will ensure lesson learning is accelerated among practitioners
throughout Bangladesh and further a
field. Moreover, a development project
under the AIDCO-managed Asia Pro
Eco Programme takes the research one
step further through the MAPET project:
Managing pesticides in vegetable systems in South-East Asia: combining

environment and trade [www.mapet.nl].
The project aims at reducing pesticide
use in vegetable farming.
Most papers submitted to double refereed scientific journals still have to
appear, but they will also be included
in the thesis reports of the eight PhD
and Masters students.
Little, D.C., A. Yakupitiyage, K. Satapornvanit, K.
Kaewpaitoon, T. Ungsethaphand, G.K. Milwain,
D.J. Baird, P.J. Van den Brink, G.J. Taylor & A.J.A.
Nogueira, 2003. Managing Agrochemicals in
Multi-use Aquatic Systems (MAMAS). State-ofthe-system report: Thailand. MAMAS Report
Series no. 1/2003. Asian Institute of Technology
and Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Little, D.C., N. Sureshkumar, S.S. Kodithuwakku,
G.K. Milwain, D.J. Baird, P.J. Van den Brink,
G.J. Taylor & A.J.A. Nogueira, 2003. Managing
Agrochemicals in Multi-use Aquatic Systems
(MAMAS). State-of-the-system report: Sri Lanka.
MAMAS Report Series no. 2/2003.
Price, C., 2003. Action oriented research An
observational study to analyse agro-ecosystems
in Central Thailand. Aquaculture News,
November 2003.
Satapornvanit, K., D.J. Baird, D.C. Little, G.K.
Milwain, P.J. Van den Brink, W.H.J. Beltman,
A.J.A. Nogueira M.A. Daam, I. Domingues, S.S.
Kodithuwakku, M.W. Perera, A. Yakupitiyage,
S.N. Sureshkumar & G. Taylor, 2004. Risks of
pesticide use in aquatic ecosystems adjacent to
mixed vegetable and monocrop fruit growing
areas in Thailand. Australasian Journal of
Ecotoxicology, 10:85-95.
Udayanganie, A.D.D., D.V.P.Prasada,
K.A.S.S.Kodithuwakku, J. Weerahewa & D.C.Little,
2006. Efficiency of the agrochemical input usage
in the paddy farming systems in the Dry Zone
of Sri Lanka. Canadian Agricultural Economics
Society Annual Meeting, Montreal, Quebec, May
25-28, 2006.
Van den Brink, P.J., M.M.S. ETR Horst, W.H.J.
Beltman, J. Vlaming & H. Van den Bosch, 2005.
PRIMET version 1.0, manual and technical
description. A Decision Support System for
assessing Pesticide RIsks in the tropics to Man,
Environment and Trade. Alterra-Report, 1185,
Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Van den Brink, P.J., N. Sureshkumar, M.A. Daam,
I. Domingues, G.K. Milwain, W.H.J. Beltman, M.
Perera, P. Warnajith & K. Satapornvanit, 2003.
Environmental and human risks of pesticide
use in Thailand and Sri Lanka. Results of a
preliminary risk assessment. Alterra-Report 789,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
MAMAS
269
MAMAS
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
David Little
Dr. Paul van den Brink
Stirling
FK9 4LA
United Kingdom
Alterra Green World Research

PO Box 47
6700 AA Wageningen
The Netherlands
E-M: P.J.vandenBrink@Alterra.wag-ur.nl
Prof. Amadeu M.V.M. Soares

Instituto do Ambiente e Vida
Largo Marques de Pombal
Coimbra 3004-517
Portugal
E-M: asoares@bio.ua.pt
Mr. N. Sureshkumar
National Aquatic Resources Research
and Development Agency (NARA)
Crow Island
Colombo 15
Sri Lanka
Tel: +94-1-522932
E-M: suresh@nara.ac.lk
Dr. Sarath Kodithuwakku

Agricultural Economics/Agribusiness
Centre
University of Peradeniya
Peradeniya 20400
Sri Lanka
E-M: sarathsk@pdn.ac.lk
Dr. Amararatne Yakupitiyage

Aquaculture and Aquatic Resource
Management Program
School of Environment Resources and
Development
Pathumthani 12120
Thailand
E-M: amara@ait.ac.th
Mr. Kriengkrai Satapornvanit

Department of Fishery Biology
Paholyotin Road
Bangkok
Thailand
E-M: kriengkrai.satapornvanit@stir.ac.uk
270
MAMAS
PAPUSSA
Production in aquatic peri-urban
systems in southeast Asia
Activities
Peri-urban aquatic food production

systems (PAFPS) are central to the
livelihoods of many poor people;
however, wetlands accommodating
these systems commonly represent
the only accessible means of disposing of human excreta. Although
attention has been drawn to the benefits of such wetlands, generally their
value is unmeasured and impacts of
contamination, altered access rights,
urbanisation,
changing
consumer
perceptions and varying land, water
and waste values remain unknown.
The main objective of the project is
to develop a better understanding of
the role of peri-urban food production
systems (PAFPS) in Southeast Asia and
pilot enhanced management strategies and planning approaches with
key stakeholders.
The research was designed to understand PAFPS in an interdisciplinary

way and develop new knowledge
of value to a range of stakeholders. Activities related to health and
hygiene, production and livelihood
systems and social, policy and institutional issues occur simultaneously at
the same sites. The project had an interdisciplinary approach in which the
production and livelihood impacts of
PAFPS were evaluated, consequences
for health and hygiene assessed and
their importance within the larger
framework of urban and institutional
development investigated.
The project objectives were:
To develop a detailed holistic analysis of the situation at four sites in

Southeast Asia; namely Hanoi near
the Red River Delta and the environs of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
Phnom Penh, Cambodia; and
Bangkok, Thailand.
To conduct pilot studies to test appropriate interventions.
To monitor impacts on systems, producers, consumers and

institutions.
To develop dissemination and communication strategies with and for

stakeholders.
Project Number
ICA4-CT-2002-10020

01/01/2003-30/06/2006 (42 months)
Shared Cost Action
Coordinator
Dr. Dave Little
United Kingdom
The types of activities included:
Multidisciplinary situation appraisal of PAFPS at four sites.
Assessment of the risks of existing

PAFPS and opportunities for enhanced management.
Analysis of social characteristics of

PAFPS, identification of environmental tensions, definition of marketing
and consumption patterns.
Occupational and consumer health

hazards characterised.
Improved systems piloted with appropriate monitoring of health,

livelihoods and social and institutional dynamics.
Interaction with a wide range of

stakeholders at all levels to ensure
active participation.
Website
http://www.papussa.aqua.stir.ac.uk/
index.html
PAPUSSA
271
PAPUSSA
Results and outcome
In the projects first year Market
Analysis (MA), Institutional Analysis
(IA),
Participatory
Community
Assessment (PCA) were carried out in
each city, following which State of the
System meetings fed back the findings
from these analyses to a range of stakeholders in each city for validation and
further modification. From these meetings State of the System(SoS) reports
were produced for each of the four
PAPUSSA study cities.
From the results and findings of the
first years work Household Baseline
and (3X) Seasonal Monitoring Survey
Questionnaires were constructed and
used in 2004 to survey 200 Households
(with relation to aquatic production systems) in each of the four studies cities.
They were piloted and translated into
local language, Thai, Vietnamese and
Khmer. The large volume of data collected was entered into a standardized
joint access database. Data is being analysed individually at city level and also
comparatively for the four cities overall.
In the third year of the project interventions involving improved management
or dissemination strategies are now being trialed in the four cities. In Bangkok
this involves organic (without using
pesticides) production of floating morning glory in conjunction with fish culture
in ponds, in Phnom Penh cultivation of
pesticide free morning glory with fish
in cages on the waste water fed Beung
Cheung Ek Lake, in HCMC the study and
dissemination process on the future potential for ornamental fish production
as an income earning activity in and
around the city in comparison to the
more developed ornamental fish production in and around Bangkok, and in
Hanoi the dissemination of information
and potential uptake of the cultivation
of tilapia fingerlings in rice fields in
peri-urban Hanoi. These four interventions are now been implemented, not
the least through collaboration with the
272
PAPUSSA
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia

(NACA) and the STREAM programme.
Skin disease is the commonest occupational health problem for those

growing fish and aquatic plants in
waste water.
Our initial health/food safety

studies on the most commonly
produced (in waste water) and consumed aquatic plant, Morning glory,
in Phnom Penh, Cambodia indicate
levels of toxic metals in plant tissue
are well below WHO guidelines for
safety for human consumption.
The definition and geographical

location of peri-urban areas is in a
constant state of dynamic change.
Comparing the overall trajectories
and drivers of change for our four
study cities, from Bangkok as the
most developed to Phnom Penh
as the least, aquatic production of
fish and aquatic plants has translocated to districts or in the case of
Bangkok provinces further out from
the centres of the cities.
Lack of capital and investment in

maintaining or developing periurban aquatic production systems
appears to be directly related to
short duration leases of land.
The future and potential of sustainable cultivation of fish and aquatic

plants in SE Asian cities could be
particularly relevant to up and coming provincial urban conurbations
where existing infrastructure and
the development planning process
would be far more flexible and
amenable in overcoming a number
of the majorconstraints associated with growing fish and aquatic
plants in our 4 (capital or former
capital) study cities.
Selected findings
and recommendations:
There are a wide diversity of aquatic

production systems producing fish
and aquatic plants, often using the
cities waste water in the peri-urban
areas of our four study cities.
These systems provide major incomes and employment and are an

integral part of the livelihoods of
certain peri-urban communities.
They also supply the increasing

number of urban consumers with
almost 100% of their daily needs
of edible aquatic plants, of which
morning glory is by far the most
cultivated and is a daily constituent
of most urban dwellers diets.
Consumption of peri-urban cultured

fish within the cities is much less
significant often due to consumers
perceptions of the fish being grown
in waste water, however, it is an
important source of food for lower
income households.
Institutional involvement and responsibility in the monitoring,

management and at the future policy and planning level for peri-urban
aquatic production systems is unclear particularly for the cultivation
of aquatic plants.
As urban populations continue

to grow the increasing volumes
of waste water produced are a
valuable resource and source of
nutrients for the production of
fish and aquatic plants. However,
increasing pollution from urban industrial waste effluents is a major
constraint towards the continued
sustainability of these aquatic production systems.
Contacts
Bunting, S.W., 2004. Wastewater aquaculture:
perpetuating vulnerability or opportunity to
enhance poor livelihoods? Aquatic Resources,
Culture and Development, 1(1):5175.
Little, D.C. & S.W. Bunting, 2004. Opportunities
and constraints to urban aquaculture, with a
focus on south and southeast Asia. Costa-Pierce,
B.A., P. Edwards, D. Baker & A. Desbonnet (Eds.).
Urban Aquaculture. CABI.
Nguyen, T.H.T., Pham, A.T., Nguyen, T.D.P. & W.
Leschen, 2006. Feeding cities - Dong My, a periurban community in Hanoi, Vietnam, involved in
the cultivation of fish. http://www.papussa.aqua.
stir.ac.uk/publications_articles.html [11p.]
Coordinator
Partners
David Little
Anders Dalsgaard
Stirling FK9 4LA
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1786 467923
Fax: +44 1786 472133
The Royal Veterinary and

Agricultural University
Dept. Veterinary Microbiology
Stigbojlen 4
1871 Frederiksberg
Denmark
E-M: ad@kvl.dk
Urban Aquaculture Magazine, June 2005.

Special Peri-urban Aquatic Production Edition.
RUAF Netherlands. www.ruag.org/Urban
Agriculture Magazine.
The project also produced several policy briefs [http://www.papussa.aqua.

stir.ac.uk/publications.html#article9]
and brochures with situation analyses
in Thai, Khmer, and other South-East
Asian languages.
Long Hoang Thuy

The National Institute of Hygiene and
Epidemiology
Dept. of Microbiology
1, Yersin St.
10000 Hanoi
Vietnam
E-M: cam@fpt.vn
Jonathan Rigg
University of Durham
Dept. of Geography
South Road
DH1 3LE, Durham,
United Kingdom
E-M: j.d.rigg@durham.ac.uk
Anh Tuan Pham

Research Aquaculture No. 1
Dept. of Aquaculture
Dinh Bang, Tuson
Bac Nin
Vietnam
E-M: patuan@fpt.vn
Phuong Hong Le Thi

The University of Agriculture and
Forestry
Quan Thu Duc
Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam
E-M: aopcaf@fmail.vnn.vn
Borin Chhouk
Royal University of Agriculture
POBox 2696
Dangkor District
Phom Penh
Cambodia
E-M: chhoukborin@hotmaul.com
PAPUSSA
273
AqASEM
ASEM Aquaculture Platform
Project Number
INCO-CT-2004-502505

15/05/2004 14/05/2006 (24 months)
Special Support Action
Coordinator
Reference Center
Ghent University, Belgium
Website
www.asemaquaculture.org
274

In 1996, a new Asia-Europe political
consultation and coordination mechanism was set up by governments from
ten Asian nations and then fifteen
European nations with the objective of
strengthening the relationship between
the two regions. These Asia-Europe
Meetings (ASEM) exist in different configurations. In 1999, the ASEM Ministers
for Science and Technology emphasized
the key role of intensified science and
technology cooperation in strengthening economic links between Asia and
Europe. They identified specific areas
of common interests and priorities for
future S&T cooperation: forestry, water
management, clean production technologies and sustainable aquaculture.
Following up on this decision, the
first Aquachallenge workshop was organised in Beijing, April 2002 (www.
aquachallenge.org), under the auspices
of EU INCO and through the partnership of Greeces General Secretariat
for Research and Technology and
the Chinese Society of Fisheries. The
Aquachallenge workshop brought together participants from ASEM partner
countries, scientists, technologists and
industrialists of differing experiences, but with similar understanding of
needs. The main aim was to work out
an action-oriented agenda for ASEM
scientific co-operation and to develop a platform for multi-stakeholder
dialogue, networking and continued
coordination concerning sustainable
aquaculture in both regions.
To capitalise on and consolidate its

outcomes and in order to keep the
momentum of the Aquachallenge initiative, the ASEM Aquaculture Platform
was launched in May 2004. Through its
different stakeholders, the platform
aimed to reconcile ecological and socio-economic demands and introduce
or consolidate concepts of sustainability in aquaculture development in
both regions. It wished to contribute to
aquatic food safety by providing sound
research results, creating a forum for
experts and policy-makers, and by disseminating knowledge up to policy
levels as well as down to aquafarmers.
All activities have catered to three
societal concerns: a) fair trade, food
security & safety; b) environmental sustainability; and c) social equitability.
Activities
The ASEM Aquaculture Platform is to
achieve its objectives through following
activities:
1. Build & manage a platform
2. Thematic workshops
3. Dissemination within & beyond the
platform
4. Facilitate partnerships & source
funding for new projects.
Workshop theme
Date
Venue
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Oct 24-26, 2004

April 23-26, 2005
May 16-18, 2005
September 24-27, 2005
March 22-24, 2006
May 7-9,2006
Barcelona, Spain
Qingdao, PR China
Bangkok, Thailand
Iloilo, The Philippines
Athens, Greece
Florence, Italy
Diseases &Healthmanagement
Environment & Ecosystem preservation
Domestication & Breeding
Education & Training
Food safety, Trade & Regulatory aspects
Food security
AqASEM

The Platform
To build the platform a simple management structure was put in place. A
management committee of 2 European
and 3 Asian partners was established.
They were committed to the day
to day organisation and saw to the
smooth operation of the platform thus
enabling the progress of planned activities and the timely production of the
deliverables. Communication flowed
mainly through e-mail, management
committee meetings were held whenever members met each other at major
aquaculture events. This offered sufficient opportunities for face to face
discussions which ensured the proper
management of the project.
A steering committee was established
consisting of 8 highly respected persons who had been carefully selected
to represent all areas (geographic, thematic, gender and functional) relevant
to the platform activities. As a group
they were not involved in the daily
management but assisted in elaborating the concepts and strategies of the
platform. Throughout the project, the
platform consisted of about 60 active individuals, institutes, networks
and companies from across the ASEM
countries. Regularly, new members
were welcomed upon suggestions or
personal meetings with steering or
management committee members. The
platform is intended to remain in place
as an open-ended mechanism meaning
that membership is not subjected to
any formal prerequisite or firm commitment other than (a) a genuine
involvement in sustainable aquaculture
and (b) a keen interest in contributing
to its development with special reference to the links between European
and Asian partnerships. Workshop
participants were recruited among the
platform members.
Thematic Workshops
Through the AquaChallenge initiative
six areas were identified as being instrumental in the further development
of sustainable aquaculture:
1. Diseases, health treatment & husbandry: including problems of
dissemination to the farmer.
2. Environment & ecosystem preservation (biodiversity, sustainable
production, genetic pollution &
preservation, fish meal issue,
habitat conversion/loss, wild fry/
spawner by-catch) and how to combine these with social equitability.
3. Domestication & Breeding: strain
improvement
through
classical breeding techniques, role of
biotechnology.
4. Education & training: regional variations, strengths & weaknesses;
European Master /ERASMUS MUNDUS;
gender balance; formal education
(curricula, etc.) versus informal
venues; online & ODL provision: certification/accreditation issues.
5. Food safety, Trade & Regulatory
aspects: national and international
trade issues, certification, traceability and labelling issues as related to
export/import problems between
the regions.
2. to forge new alliances or reinforce

existing ones between EU and Asia
partners for joint research, trade
policies and production methods.
To do so, each 2 day workshop brought
together 25-30 key players from both
regions and from the different sectors
involved to think together and reach
consensus on tangible action points.
WORKSHOP
In order to maximise the efficiency of
the discussion within in the short time
of the workshops, the workshop organizers prepared the main issues to be
discussed in accordance with the participants via online discussion lists (http://
www.asemaquaculture.org/forum/).
Discussions at all workshops were very
targeted and dynamic. Distinct differences in vision frequently occurred,
but the final recommendations always
succeeded to reconcile the different
opinions. These key recommendations
are available on the project website. The
three most imporant aspects on each
subject can be summarised as follows:
1) Diseases & Health management
Support long-term capacity building in aquatic animal pathology,

epidemiology and diagnostics and
in the development of therapeutics
and vaccines.
Support the development of cooperative networks for exchange of

information and research personnel
in the field of aquatic animal health
improvement and for dissemination
of information at the farm level.
Encourage ASEM members to join

PANDA (Permanent Advisory Network
for Diseases in Aquaculture).
6. Food security: socio-economics,

exports, investment issues, urbanisation processes, particularly as
they affect Asian partners.
These areas constituted the subject of a
series of thematic workshops organised
within the ASEM Aquaculture Platform.
The objectives of the workshops were:
1. to formulate recommendations on future directions in research, trade and
production between the two regions;
AqASEM
275
AqASEM
2) Environment & Ecosystem
preservation
Understanding of the fate and dynamics of the processes, such as

nutrient dynamics in different production systems etc.
Ways to limit inputs and optimize

production systems to minimize
impacts of aquaculture
Ways for planning and effective

management to minimize impact of
aquaculture
3) Domestication & Breeding
collaborations from projects or

programmes that are being or have
been carried out, on a bilateral or
multilateral basis. The network
should be set up by a small representative group at a meeting lasting
no less than 4-5 days
For small-scale operations, access and

sharing of knowledge/capacity building, specific breeding programmes fit
for resource poor contexts, and support to domestication of new species
adapted to such a context were considered the top priorities;
For large-scale operations, national and/or regional facilities/
broodstock centres, research to
overcome persistent biological and
other constraints and quarantine
facilities for speces transfers were
considered the three top priorities.
276
Focus on the academic sector, specifically M.Sc. and Ph.D. (this should
include Master, Master of Science
and professional M.Sc., which is
more vocationally oriented)
Generation of a new network which
will use synergies and structures
already in place in Asia (e.g., the
proposed Aquaculture Education
Consortium (AEC), NACA, SEAFDEC;
national networks (e.g. ViFiNET,
PhilFIN), Asian Fisheries Society
(AFS) and South East Asian Chapter
(WAS); in Europe (e.g. Aqua-TNET,
AQUATT)),
by
using
existing
AqASEM
6) Food security was analysed from

the following perspectives: policy, productions sytems and practices, better
management practices, sustainability
strategies of species low in the food
web and associated with low risk, technology, services and exchanges across
the ASEM regions. The following consideration ranked highest:
Aquaculture will increasingly contribute to global aquatic product

supply and will support food security through a) direct production of
aquaculture products which can be
consumed or marketed, b) employment generation and c) supply of
widely affordable aquatic products.
These should be reflected in government policies and implementation.
There is a strong link between poverty, vulnerability and food security.

Poverty reduction strategies should
assign a stronger role to aquaculture for its importance in achieving
food security. There are also important gender issues to be addressed.
5) Food safety, Trade & Regulatory

aspects were examined from the
perspectives of environmental issues,
health hazards, concumer perceptions
and risk factors. In relation to risk it
was strongly recommended that there
should be:
4) Education & Training
Strengthen currently very diverse

and
heterogeneous
Vocational
Education and Training (VET) as it
is carried out at the operative/subsistence farmer level, particularly
provision of training for trainers.
training of thousands of small-scale

aquaculture producers might then
become easier.
better collaboration between E.U.

and Asia on bilateral research
programs in order to strengthen
current knowledge on pathogens in
Asian aquaculture and reveal ways
to eliminate them.
further collaboration of top-level officials from Asian Governments with
Europe by means of workshops,
meetings and bilaterally funded projects to ensure that highest priority
will be given towards improvement
of good aquaculture practices in
Asia, as the numerous small farmers in Asia need to be informed that
several potential hazards exist in
aquaculture and that if they are not
cautious or meticulous in following
good aquaculture practices, their
produce might be rejected.
support from Europe to develop active Farmers Organisations to work
hand-in hand with the national
Governments towards aspects of
food safety in production, adaptation of HACCP and traceability.
The difficult task of informing and
Approaches should be developed

at the national level. Policy should
ideally be formed by multi-stakeholder participation, and should
balance needs for export and domestic supply.
Dissemination
Dissemination of results is mainly accomplished through the project website
(www.asemaquaculture.org). The website
has a big public section trying to make
research results and relevant knowledge
accessible to all interested citizens. It
also allows differentiated access as a
convenient tool for internal communication and project management.
New Partnerships
It is the ambition of the ASEM Aquaculture

Platform to eventually become the reference and focal point of interregional
initiatives regarding sustainable aquaculture. Obviously this cannot be achieved
within the timeframe of the SSA but at
least it was hoped that it should lay the
foundation for instance by generating
some new initiatives. Although much
effort can be (and has been) made to
launch new initiatives, before any tangible outcome is perceptible, a couple of
achievements are noteworthy:
Inspired by the concept of the European

Masters in Aquaculture (www.maqfish.
org - coordinated by Ghent University)
four major Chinese universities have
invited European partners to support
the development of a network for improved aquaculture (and fisheries)
education in China. After a couple of
preparatory meetings in 2005 and 2006
a formal meeting was held in Shanghai
in July 2006.
VIFINET (Vietnam Fisheries and

Aquaculture Network)
Under the impulse of European partners

(Ghent & Trondheim universities), four
major Vietnamese universities and 3 research centres decided in May 2005 to
establish a network for closer cooperation. All Networks members agreed to:
Collaborate
research;
in
training
and
Share relevant information and existing resources;
Demonstrate the Networks capacity of counselling the Ministry of

Fisheries for policy development on
sustainable aquaculture;
Seek possible financial support

in order to improve training and
research capacity of all Network
members; and
Conduct other activities of mutual

interest to the Network members.
Under the umbrella of the new network a couple of workshops have been
organised (on use of ICT in aquaculture education; on shrimp health) and
opportunities for joint research or education efforts have been explored.
China
Consortium of major Chinese aquaculture institutions
Valorisation of the AqASEM workshop outcomes through a new SSA
The submitted proposal builds on the

outcomes of the thematic workshops.
Though valuable in mobilising professional expertise, the platoform needs to
be extended to create an inclusive development dialogue, benefiting poorer and
more vulnerable groups. This requires
a well-structured value chain approach,
raising awareness, interaction and negotiation amongst social actors, setting
sectoral change in a strong context for
sustainable development. The extended
platform aims to:
creating new prospects for low

food-chain aquaculture;
Vietnam
bringing integrated polyculture into

modernising economies;
Thailand
designing social and environmental welfare into intensive shrimp

farming.
While the proposal did not go ahead in

the initially proposed form, work continues through a variety of mechanisms,
because the ASEM platform members
are convinced of the necessity and usefulness. It would be desirable to develop
some more institutional support to
such cooperation to increase the structuring and societal impact of a series of
continued individual collaborations.
1. develop outcomes of AqASEM thematic workshops into a broader

development context;
2. consolidate and test this framework
as a basis for constructive and goaldefined dialogue for knowledge
transfer, adaptation and development between regions and among
diverse social actors.
The extended platform continues to
be built around regional workshops in
three Asian countries, each on a major
theme in sustainable aquaculture:
AqASEM
277
AqASEM
Contacts
Coordinator
Patrick Sorgeloos
Reference Center
Department Animal Production
Faculty for Bioengineering Sciences
Ghent University
Rozier 44
9000 Gent
Belgium
Tel: +32 9 264 37 54
Fax: +32 9 264 41 93
E-M: Patrick.Sorgeloos@UGent.be
Management Committee
Anastasios & Margaret Eleftheriou
University of Crete
Heraklion
Greece
Tel: +30 2810 33 77 50
Fax: +30 2810 33 78 22
Kidchakan Supamattaya
Professor Mohamed Shariff
Faculty of Natural Resources

Had Yai
Songkhla 90112
Thailand
Tel: +66 74 28 62 26
Fax: +66 74 42 98 65
(shariff@vet.upm.edu.my)
Senior Scientist of the Aquaculture

Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries
Development Center (SEAFDEC AQD,
The Philippines)
Pedro B. Bueno
James Muir
(pedro.bueno@enaca.org)
(j.f.muir@stir.ac.uk)
Director General, Network of

Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
(NACA)1
Professor of Aquaculture and Aquatic

Resources Development
Assistant Director, Institute of
Aquaculture, University of Stirling,
Scotland
Manager DFID Aquaculture and Fish
Genetics Research Programme
Courtney Hough
Hiroshi Fushimi
General Secretary of the Federation

of European Aquaculture Producers
(FEAP)
Faculty of Science
Mahidol University
Rama 6 Road
Bangkok 10400
Thailand
Tel: +66 2 201 58 70 to 5873
Fax: +66 2 247 70 51
(nykjprim@skyinet.net)
Steering Commitee
(courtney@feap.org)
Tim Flegel
Jurgenne Primavera
E-M: kidchakan.s@psu.ac.th
E-M: telef@her.hcmr.gr
Laboratory of Aquaculture and Stock

Enhancement
Department of Marine Biotechnology
Faculty of Life Science and
Biotechnology
Fukuyama University
Ohama, Innoshima
Hiroshima 722-2108
Japa
Tel: +81 845 24 29 33
Fax: +81 845 243 44
E-M: hfushimi@ma.fuma.fukuyama-u.ac.jp
Professor at the Faculty of Veterinary

Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Maria Teresa Dinis

(mtdinis@ualg.pt)
Portugal Member of the Directive

Committee of the Center of Marine
Sciences (CCMAR)
Michael New
(michael_new@compuserve.com)
Past-President of the European

Aquaculture Society
Chairman of Aquaculture without
Frontiers
Tang Qi-Sheng
(ysfri@public.qd.sd.cn)
Professor and Director General of

Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute,
(Qingdao, P.R.China)
E-M: sctwf@mahidol.ac.th
Retired at the point of printing
278
AqASEM
PHILMINAQ
Mitigating impact from aquaculture
in the Philippines

Agriculture and fisheries in the
Philippines directly account for about
a fifth of the total economy and directly and indirectly (which considers
the backward and forward linkages, or
the cluster universe) three fifths of the
economy. More importantly, it directly
employs about 10 million people, nearly
40% of the labour force. Agriculturebased communities are host to most of
the poor in the country. The freshwater,
brackishwater and marine resources in
the Philippines are ideally suited to the
development of aquaculture and production has been developing rapidly.
However, together with the increase
in
production
from
aquaculture
there is the risk of impact on the environment. Effective monitoring and
control of aquaculture by the Philippine
Authorities will allow controlled development of sustainable production. The
Philippines produced 1,450,000 tonnes
from aquaculture (2003) and it employs
over 1 million people. Aquaculture production is still rising rapidly.
The main objective of the Specific
Support Action was to enhance the
Philippine Governments capabilities in
the monitoring, control and enforcement of aquaculture in a sustainable
manner within the guidelines of the
FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible
Fisheries. The Code includes an article
with broad principles for Aquaculture
Development, which is intended to assist governments in their ambition to
promote the development of a safe
and responsible national fisheries and
aquaculture sector.
The environmental sustainability of
aquaculture needs to address the
actual and potential adverse environmental effects on resources used in
aquaculture, in particular, water, fry
and farmed stock. In addition it needs
to address the adverse effects of increasing aquatic pollution and habitat
degradation, certain types of aquaculture practices and production and the

related consequences on supply of fish
as an affordable food commodity.
Given the diversity in aquaculture and
the sometimes different perceptions
of sustainability, more balanced and
informed approaches were required to
address developmental and environmental issues in different countries. At
the same time as resolving the environmental issues, it was equally important
to identify those solutions that are viable in the wider context of poverty
alleviation and the need to ensure sustained supply of food, particularly in
areas where resource-poor segments of
rural and urban populations are facing
food security problems.
The project will explore implementing
the code to develop sustainable aquaculture considering issues of
Poverty alleviation
Livelihood development
Community development
Protection of the environment
Food safety.
Project Number
INCO-CT-2006-031640

15/08/2006 to 14/02/2008 (18 months)
Coordinator
Patrick White
Akvaplan-niva AS
Norway
Website
http://www.philminaq.eu.com
Activities
The project had three main tasks.
1. Review of existing codes of conduct,
including the Bangkok Declaration
and Strategy, review of the existing Philippine laws and regulations
and a review of the scientific basis of aquaculture impact on the
environment and environmental
monitoring. This will be undertaken
within the framework of an international conference and workshop
bringing together European, Asian
and Pacific specialists, building on
PHILMINAQ
279
BOMOSA
Contacts
earlier aquaculture cooperation,

such as the ASEM Aquaculture
Platform.
2. Capacity building of the Philippine
regulatory and enforcement agency and forming networks between
European and Philippine scientists
in aquaculture impacts and mitigation. This will be undertaken by
training Government University staff
in aquaculture impacts, monitoring
methodology, predictive modelling
of aquaculture impact and ways of
mitigating impacts. In addition, recommendations will be developed
for ways to implement the FAO
Code of Conduct for Responsible
Aquaculture, and more specifically
for Asia, the Bangkok Declaration
and Strategy, within the context of
poverty alleviation, livelihood generation and community development.
3. Revision of the recommendations
and dissemination by undertaking
participatory workshops regionally
in the Philippines. Workshops will
be arranged to discuss the findings
and recommendations with stakeholders including farmers, NGOs
and Local Government Units to get
feedback and to ensure that they are
applicable in the freshwater, backishwater and marine environments.
Dissemination of the findings and
recommendations and the preparation of the implementation in
the Philippines through a website,
an electronic newsletter and other
suitable communication.
BOMOSA
Results and outcome
Coordinator
An
international
Conference
on
Environmental
Management
of
Aquaculture was held in Manila,
Philippines in December 2006 to review
the scientific basis of environmental
impact from aquaculture and what
measures can be taken to mitigate the
impact. This was followed by two simultaneous roundtable workshops discuss
ways to implement the FAO Code of
Conduct for Responsible Aquaculture
in the Philippines and ways to cooperate and network Philippine and EU
research and education on environmental impact.
Patrick White
The results are a thorough review of

Codes of Conduct, scientific basis of
aquaculture impact and monitoring, a
review of the current status of legislation, regulation and research undertaken
in the Philippines, and issues that need
special consideration and prioritized
action plan. It is expected that the SSA
will result in enhanced capacity of the
Philippines sector agency in charge of
aquaculture (BFAR) under the Ministry
of Agriculture in relation to regulating
the aquaculture sector in the country
and strengthening enforcement.
E-M: chris.cromey@sams.ac.uk
It has assisted also the University of the

Philippines Marine Science Institute in
developing research capacity in the environmental monitoring of aquaculture
by undertaking a scientific conference
with presentations made by leading
EU scientists. The SSA has laid foundations for continued networking with
European scientists beyond the duration of the project itself.
Akvaplan-niva
Polar Environmental Centre
Tromso N-9296
Norway
Fax: +33 4 75 43 19 01
E-M: patrick.white@akvaplan.niva.no
Partners
Chris Cromey
Scottish Association of Marine Science
Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory
Oban, Scotland
UK
Nelson Lopez
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources,
Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture
Division
Quezon Road
Quezon City, Metro Manila
Philippines
E-M: nlopez@bfar.da.gov.ph
Gil Jacinto
Marine Environment Resource
Foundation
University of the Philippines, Marine
Science Institute
Dilliman
Quezon City, Metro Manila
Philippines
E-M: gilj@upmsi.ph
Integrating BOMOSA cage fish farming system

in reservoirs, ponds and temporary water
bodies in Eastern Africa

The BOMOSA cage-based fish farming system is intended as a network
of small-scale, locally-run operations,
whereby rural communities will set up
and run the plots both during and after
completion of the INCO-DEV research
project to increase their food security.
The projects S&T objectives are related
to respond to locally and regionally defined socio-economic objectives such as
food and income demand and preferences, integrating fishfarming with other
existing farming and other economic
activities. In this context of interdependent ambitions and activities, ethics
and gender roles are integrated into a
whole that can not only focus on achieving fish productivity targets.
Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia share
common problems in sustainable management of sensitive and dynamic
ecosystems, as well as facing deficits
in protein and other food supply and
an ongoing battle to alleviate rural
poverty. The BOMOSA scheme uses an
existing fish farm (hub) to supply fingerlings (mainly Nile Tilapia at approx.
25g) for rearing within suitable water
bodies such as reservoirs, ponds and
naturally occurring temporary water
bodies formed during the rainy season.
Farmers will be trained to rear the fish
in cages in their plots, harvest them
for fresh consumption, to sell locally or
to process for long-keeping i.e. drying,
smoking and packaging. The fish will
be a protein dietary supplement and/
or an additional source of income for
subsistence farmers.
Activities
The first activity of the project will be to
apply a participatory approach to define
targets in terms of economic viability
and social acceptability at community
levels for the new BOMOSA plots. The
next step after this preparatory work is
to develop and validate an evaluation

method using remote sensing to assess
and characterize water bodies for use
as potential BOMOSA plots and set up
several BOMOSA plots and optimize the
technology for small water bodies within four eco-zones across Kenya, Ethiopia
and Uganda. Besides setting up the
plots, a task group will evaluate locally
available, agricultural by-products and
cost-effective processing technologies
as a resource for sustainable production
of low-protein fish feed. A main point of
the project will be to determine requirements and make recommendations for
a legal and regulatory framework based
on access rights, potential veterinary,
public health and environmental impacts of BOMOSA. The project will also
allocate resources to develop local capacity and disseminate information
materials for the local communities,
relevant authorities and policy makers.
Results will be shared through the scientific literature with the international
scientific community. Efforts will be
undertaken to develop a socio-economic model for sustainable introduction
and widespread uptake of the BOMOSA
scheme in Eastern Africa.
Project Number
INCO-CT-2006-032103

01/10/2006-30/09/2009 (36 months)
Specific Targeted Research Project
Coordinator
Dr. Herwig Waidbacher
BOKU
Austria
Website
http://www.bomosa.org
Results and outcome

It is expected that the cage fish farming
system will be consolidated and optimized for viability in four eco-zones
within three Eastern African countries
(Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia) within
the current INCO-DEV research project.
As a result, fourteen BOMOSA plots will
be set up for research and validation,
each served from hubs (fish hatcheries)
within each country. Furthermore, the
fisheries management authorities will
have initiated the establishment of an
institutional framework enabling wider
uptake once feasibility and acceptability are established. Each of the BOMOSA
plots will have its own Plot Committee
to ensure relevance towards improving local socio-economic conditions
281
through early empowerment of local

stakeholders. The lessons learnt, best
practices, physical and socio-economic
potential, risks and prerequisites for
wider-spread uptake of the BOMOSA
scheme will be analyzed in detail and
be presented at an international conference as the dissemination highlight of
the BOMOSA project.
282
Contacts
Coordinator
Partners
Tel: +254 604 60 41

Fax: +254 604 60 41
Dr. Herwig Waidbacher
Mag. Gerold Winkler
E-mail: mbaluka@yahoo.com
Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien

(University of Natural Resources and
Applied Life Sciences Vienna)
Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic
Ecosystem Management
Department of Water, Atmosphere and
Environment
Max Emanuel Strae 17
1180 Vienna
Austria
Tel: +43-1-476 54 52 22
Fax: +43-1-476 54 52 17
Austrian Academy of Sciences

Institute for Limnology
Mondseestrasse 9
5310 Mondsee
Austria
Tel: +43-62 32 40 79
Fax: +43-62 32 35 78
E-mail: herwig.waidbacher@boku.ac.at
E-mail: gerold.winkler@oeaw.ac.at
Dr. Jan Pokorny

ENKI, o.p.s.
Dukelska 145
CZ-379 01 Trebon
Czech Republic
Tel: +420-384-724346
Fax: +420-384-724346
E-mail: pokorny@enki.cz
Dr. Marialetizia Fioravanti

Alma Mater Studiorum Universit di Bologna
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/
Laboratory of Fish Pathology
Department of Veterinary Public
Health and Animal Pathology
via Tolara di Sopra 50
40064 Ozzano Emilia (BO)
Italy
Tel: +39 512 09 70 68
Fax: +39 512 09 70 39
E-mail: fioravanti@vet.unibo.it
Dr. Jonathan Munguti

Kenya Marine and Fischeries Research
Institute (KMFRI)
Sangoro Aquaculture Station
PO Box 136
Sangoro Nyakwere
Kenya
Tel: +254 722 62 27 32
E-mail: jonathanmunguti@hotmail.com
MSc. R. Njeri Muhia

Egerton University
Department of Economics
PO Box 536
20107 Njoro
Kenya
Tel: +254 512 21 08 92
Fax: +254 516 50 85
E-mail: njeriwamuhia@yahoo.com
Dr. Zenebe Tadesse

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural
Research
National Fisheries and Other Living
Aquatic Resources Research Center
(Sebeta)
PO Box 64
Sebeta
Ethiopia
Tel: +251-138 00 23
Fax: +251-138 06 57
Dr. David Liti
E-mail: fishaqua@ethionet.et
Moi University
PO Box 1125
30100 Eldoret
Kenya
Tel: +254 722 38 11 29
E-mail: d_liti@yahoo.co.uk
MSc. Raphael Mbaluka

Department of Fisheries - Kenya
Sagana Fish Culture Farm
PO Box 26
Sagana
Kenya
Dr. Wilson Mwanja Waiswa

Department of Fisheries Resources,
Uganda
Department of Fisheries Resources,
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal
Industry and Fisheries
Luggard Avenue, plot 29
PO Box 4
Entebbe
Uganda
Tel: +256 77 59 49 23
Fax: +256 41 32 13 34
E-mail: wwmwanja@yahoo.com
BOMOSA
283
Index of institutions by country

Institution
Page
19
Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism
150
Benin
Argentina
Centro Austral de Investigaciones Cientficas y
Tcnicas (CONICET)
144
Universit dAbomey Calavi (FSA/UAC)
Instituto Argentino de Oceanografa
144
Botswana
Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Desarrollo

Pesquero
10, 208
Universidad de Buenos Aires
230
Brazil
Universidad del Sur
233
154
Universidad Nacional de Crdoba
114
Aoes Para Preservao dos Recursos Naturais e

Desenvolvimento Econmico Racional
Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
144
Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Pantanal

Embrapa
184
Centro de Referncia em Informao Ambiental
154
Centro Poltico Administrativo
200
Ecobusiness LTDA
200
Austria
169
85, 171
Austrian Academy of Sciences
281
Sustainable Europe Research Institute
127
Universitt fr Bodenkultur Wien
281
Fundaao Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande
105
Universitt Wien
14, 181
Instituto Oceanogrfico da Universidade de So

Paulo
123, 154
Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado

de So Paulo
154
Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente e Recursos

Hdricos do Mato Grosso do Sul
200
Universidad Federal do Rio de Janeiro
90
10
Azerbaijan
Environmental Rehabilitation of Sumgayit Centre
Ecopark
105
Institute of Geography
105
Bangladesh
216, 251
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
212
Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies
259
Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso
200
Universidade Federal do Paran
179
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
230
Universidade Santa Catarina
239
Universidade Santa Ceclia (UNISANTA)
123
Barbados
Fisheries and Environmental Consulting
42
Belgium
Agricultural Research Center-Ghent/Department of
Sea Fisheries (CLO-DVZ)
230
European Aquaculture Society
274
Federation of European Aquaculture Producers
274
Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique
17
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
150, 206
17, 206
Universit Catholique de Louvain
81
Universiteit Gent
212, 214,
230, 235,
239, 257,
274
284
Page
Belize
Angola
Instituto de Investigao Marinha (IMM)
Institution
Bulgaria
67, 93, 164
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
105
Cambodia
Royal University of Agriculture
271
Cameroon
Ministre de LElevage, des Pches et Industries
Animales
10, 23
Canada
Dalhousie University
220
Institution
Page
Cape Verde
Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento das Pescas
10
Institution
Page
Fundacin Malpelo y Otros Ecosistemas Marinos
154
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras
10
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
154
Chile
Costa Rica
Centro de Ecologa Aplicada Ltda
123
Economic Commission for Latin America and the

Caribbean
127
Instituto de Biologa
239
Instituto Tecnolgico del Salmn S.A.
208
Czech Republic
Inter-American Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem

Development
114
Enki Public Benefit Corporation o.p.s.
Pontificia Universidad Catlica de Chile
233
Denmark
Universidad Arturo Prat
144
Aalborg University Research Centre
171
Universidad de Antofagasta
144
Aarhus University
38
Universidad de Chile
10, 123
Danish Institute for Fisheries Research
10, 38
10, 144,
154
DHI - Water and Environment
198
38, 42
Universidad de Los Lagos
208, 230
North Sea Centre
10, 42, 150
Roskilde Universitetscenter
154
China
Universidad Nacional Autnoma
10
Universidad Nacional Costa Rica
218
196, 281
Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University
271
220, 274
University of Copenhagen
87
Chinese Academy of Preventative Medicine
56
154, 164
190, 239,
242
Dalian Fisheries University
245
Dalian University of Technology
64
East China Normal University
127, 154
Jiangxi Academy of Sciences
190
Laboratorio de Engenharia Civil da Macau
64
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences
154
Ningbo University
132
Peking University
78
Salt Research Institute
230
Shandong Mariculture Institute
220
Shangai Fisheries University
245
Shenzhen Environmental Protection Bureau
78
South China University of Technology
64
State Environmental Protection Administration of

China
242
132, 220
Zhongsdan University
150
Instituto Tecnolgico de Santo Domingo & el Equipo

de Investigacin Social
150
Ecuador
Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands
99, 154
10, 154
Egypt
National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space
Science
198
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries
62
University of EI Minia
176
Estonia
University of Tartu
154
Ethiopia
Colombia
Corporacin para el Desarrollo Sostenible del
Archiplago de San Andrs
Dominican Republic
99
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, National

Fisheries and Other Living Aquatic Resources
Research Center
281
Fiji
University of the South Pacific
42
285
Institution
Page
Institution
Page
Ghana
Finland
Technical Research Centre of Finland
181
Institute of Food Research
36
University of Helsinki
90, 187
Ministry of Food and Agriculture
University of Cape Coast
10
France
206
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
90, 230
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
169, 184,
233
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research
169
Ecole Nationale Suprieur dAgronomie de Toulouse
150
Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration
105
Groupement de Recherches et dEchanges

Technologiques
81
99, 262
262
Institut de Recherche pour le Dveloppement (IRD)
5, 7, 42,
46, 127,
144, 150,
169, 206
University of Crete
274
Institut Franais de Recherche pour lExploitation de

la Mer (IFREMER)
72, 208,
220, 239
Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse
14
Organisation Economique pour le Commerce et le

Dveloppement (OECD)
150
42, 259
Universit de Caen Basse Normandie
72
Universit de Montpellier II
242
Iceland
Universit de Perpignan
10, 46
University of Iceland
Universit de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
46, 127
Universit Paul Sabatier
90
Germany
Guinea
10, 150
Guinea-Bissau
Instituto Nacional de Estudios e Pesquisa
150
Union Mondiale pour la Nature (UICN)
46
42
India
Andhra University
93
Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
96, 160
French Institute of Pondicherry
93
Goa University
96
International Collective in Support of Fishworkers
42
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine

Research
10, 127
Baltic Sea Research Institute
19
Coastal Resource and Management
208
49
Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences

University
36
Heinrich-Heine University
Helmholtz Society
144
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
230
Johannes Gutenberg Universitt
62, 81
National Institute of Ocean Technology
160
Kalteng Consultants
187
96, 160
Max Planck Institut fr Chemische Ecologie
233
National Ship Design Research Centre
160
Umweltforschungszentrum Leipzig-Halle GmbH
164
Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable

Technologies and Institutions
127
Universitt Hohenheim
223
University of Bremen
144, 154
49, 216,
259
University of Gttingen
112
72, 102
University of Kiel
69, 121,
127, 154,
208, 242,
245
Wuppertal-Institut fr Klima, Umwelt, Energie
286
Greece
Centre de Coopration Internationale en Recherche

Agronomique pour le Dveloppement (CIRAD)
78
Indonesia
Brackishwater Aquaculture Development Center
214
Central Research Institute for Fisheries
206
Gadjah Mada University
187
Indonesian Institute of Science
69
Institution
Page
Institution
Page
Mulawarman University
147
Universit degli Studi di Trieste
Sriwijaya University
187
28, 96,
123, 127
University of Palangka Raya
187
Universit della Calabria
150
Universit di Bologna
281
Universit di Siena
179
Universit La Sapienza
230
Iran
Urmia University
230
Jamaica
Ireland
University of the West Indies
National University of Ireland
31
Japan
Trinity College Dublin
17, 193
Fukuyama University
University College of Galway
69
Jordan
Water Authority of Jordan
Israel
Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research
Institute
62
Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Research

Organisation
223
National Centre of Mariculture Israel
10, 150
274
83
Kazakhstan
Caspian Sea Oil and Gas Pollution Problems
Committee
105
Institution of Zoology
105
245
Ygal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory
90
National Institute of Oceanography, Marine Biology

and Biotechnology
130
Kenya
Red Sea Corals
130
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology
218
Ygal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory
90
Department of Fisheries, Sagana Fish Culture Farm
281
Egerton University
196, 281
Kenya Institute for Public Research and Analysis
193
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute
33, 36, 67,

75, 164,
281
Moi University
281
Wildlife Conservation Society Western Indian Ocean

Project
154
Italy
Agrifood Technology Park of Umbria, Biotecnologie
B.T. S.r.l.
223
Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei

Sistemi a Grande Interfase
193
Consorzio Mediterraneo
42
Laos
Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze

del Mare
127
Living Aquatic Resources Research Center
Ente per le Nuove tecnologie, lEnergia e lAmbiente

(ENEA)
10, 160,
179
Lebanon
Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei
130
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations
19, 56, 150
Malawi
Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Inland

and Marine Waters unit
19
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental

Affairs
17, 38, 171
31, 72
17, 171
Polytechnic University of Marche
130
Ricerca e Informatica per il Laboratorio Ambientale

Biomedico s.r.l (RILAB)
257
Sustainable Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (SFLP)
Lebanese American University
38
83
Malaysia
Fisheries Research Institute
69
150
Universiti Teknologi Mara
36
75, 108,
110, 164
University Putra Malaysia
223, 257,
274
Universit degli Studi di Padova
154
University Sains Malaysia
187
190
WorldFish Center
150
287
Institution
Page
Mauritania
lInstitut Mauritanien de Recherche Ocanographique
et de Pches (IMROP)
5, 31
Parc National du Banc dArguin
42, 46
Mexico
Centro de Investigacin en Alimentacin y Desarrollo
Agrario
218
Centro de Investigaciones Biolgicas del Noroeste,

S.C.
169
Instituto Politcnico Nacional
10, 154
Universidad Autnoma de Campeche
169
Universidad Autnoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco
230
Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico
10
Morocco
Institution
Page
Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen
93
Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen
181
216
118
National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research
23
Netherlands Institute for Sea Research
62
Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific

Research
105
Noctiluca Marien-Wetenschappelijk Adviesbureau
123
Radboud University Nijmegen
93
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science
67
Ruimtelijke Planvorming Landbouwuniversiteit

Wageningen
181
Stichting Interuniversitair Instituut voor SociaalWetenschappelijk Onderzoek
42
Institut National de Recherche Halieutique
31
Stichting Katholieke Universiteit
160
Office National des Pches
Universiteit Utrecht
127
Universit Mohammed V
176, 198
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
171
Universit Moulay Ismal
90
Wageningen Universiteit
38, 147,
218, 245,
251
Mozambique
Instituto de Desenvolvimento de Pesca de Pequena
Escala
38
Instituto Nacional de Investigao Pesqueira
38, 118
Ministry of Environment
139
67, 75,
118, 139,
164
Netherlands Antilles
Caribbean Research and Management of Biodiversity
Foundation
42
Nicaragua
Center for Integrated Environmental Management
154
Centro de Asistencia Legal a Pueblos Indgenas
42
Namibia
Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources
19
33, 36,
127, 154
Nigeria
Obafemi Awolowo University
42
Norway
Netherlands
288
Agricultural University of Norway
102
African Studies Center
42
Akvaplan-niva
279
Agrotechnical Research Institute
36
Chr. Michelsen Institute
38
Alterra Green World Research - Wageningen UR
200, 265
10, 19, 31
Centre for Maritime Research
150
Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research
38
Deltares
132
Norwegian Institute for Water Research
105
Department of Environmental Resources, UNESCOIHE Institute for Water Education
196
Polar Environmental Centre
279
Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research
10
Radiation Protection Authority
102
International Agricultural Centre
42
38, 176
International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic

and Environmental Engineering
193
University of Norway
42
University of Troms
10, 154
Institution
Page
Pakistan
National Agriculture Research Centre
190
Worldwide Fund for Nature
190
Institution
Page
Universidade Tcnica de Lisboa
123
University of Porto
33
Russia
Palestinian-administered areas
An Najah National University
83
Paraguay
Universidad Nacional de Asuncin
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute
102
Moscow State University
105
102, 105
SPA TYPHOON
102
179
Romania
Peru
National Institute of Marine Geology and Geoecology
105
Instituto del Mar del Per
144, 154
Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina
127, 144
Senegal
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
144
Centre de Recherches Ocanographiques de DakarThiaroye (CRODT)
5, 10, 31,
154
Commission Sous-Rgionale des Pches (CSRP)
150
Direction des Parcs Nationaux du Sngal
49
23
Philippines
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Inland
Fisheries and Aquaculture Division
279
FishBase Information and Research Group, Inc.
154
Institut Sngalais de Recherches Agricoles
42
Foundation for Alternative Management of the

Environment
154
Ministre de lEnvironnement et de la Protection de

la Nature
181
National Aquatic Resources Research and

Development System
69
Universit Cheikh Anta Diop
127
World Wide Fund for Nature
169
Pacific Rim Innovation and Management Exponents
42
Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research

and Development
14
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
223, 235,
274
University of the Philippines
14, 87,
127, 279
Seychelles
Seychelles Fishing Authority
42
Sierra Leone
University of Sierra Leone, Institute of Marine Biology
and Oceanography
10
Portugal
Singapore
Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR)
274
Estao Zootcnica Nacional
179
HIDROMOD, Modelao em Engenharia Lda
127
67
South Africa
Instituto de Cincia Aplicada e Tecnologia
139, 164
CSIR Environmentek
132
Instituto de Investigao das Pescas e do Mar
19, 36
Marine and Coastal Management (previously SFRI)
10, 38, 42,

154
Laboratrio Martimo da Guia
164
Ministry of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
19
Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil
64, 83, 96,

123
Oceanographic Research Institute
139
118, 265
Rhodes University
85, 230
75, 139,
242
Science Council for Scientific and Industrial Research
118
South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
169
National University of Singapore, Biological Sciences
69, 127,
130
97, 132
96, 132,
200
19, 33,
118, 139
University of Natal
118
289
Institution
Page
Institution
University of Port Elizabeth
10
Taiwan
33, 38,
154, 171
National Taiwan University
University of Transkei
75
Spain
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas de
Espaa
230
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas,

Instituto de Ciencias del Mar
144
Instituto Cartografic de Catalunya
96
Instituto Espanl de Oceanografa
10
International Centre for Coastal Resources Research
114
184
Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
10
Universidad de Sevilla
42
Universidad Islas Baleares
169
Universidad La Laguna
42
Universidad Politcnica de Valencia
114
Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona
127
Universitat de Barcelona
190
Universitat de les Illes Balears
87
228
Sri Lanka
National Aquatic Resources Research and
Development Agency
265
University of Kelaniya
14
University of Peradeniya
265
University of Ruhuna
93
Page
169
Tanzania
139
Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and

Environment
17
National Environment Management Council
164
67, 75,
164, 196
Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association
139
Thailand
251, 265
72, 239
81
14, 42, 81,

147, 150,
154, 265,
257
Mahidol University
274
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
147, 274
Office of Environmental Policy and Planning
69
Phuket Marine Biological Centre
130
154, 259,
274
Sisaket College of Agriculture and Technology
251
University of Khon Kaen
49
Trinidad and Tobago

Institute of Marine Affairs
10
Sweden
Fiskeriverket
42
Gteborgs Universitet
132, 160
H gskolan i Kalmar
139
Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet
Facult des Lettres et des Science Humaines de

Sousse
198
Institut National des Science et Technologies de la

Mer
198
154
Stockholm Environment Institute
147
Universit de Carthage
230
33, 67, 93,

164
Universit Tunis II
176
26, 242
Turkmenistan
University of Ume
242
Catena Ecology Club
105
World Maritime University
139
National Institute of Deserts, Flora and Fauna
105
Switzerland
Atheris Laboratory
290
Tunisia
Uganda
239
Makerere University
193, 196
Institution
Page
Institution
Page
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and

Fisheries
281
17, 144
Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment
193
132,
226,
257,
271,
University of Surrey
36
University of Wales - Swansea
212
University of Wales - Bangor
87, 118,
214, 235
University of York
193
Ukraine
Ukrainian National Academy of Science
105
United Kingdom
Aquaculture Without Frontiers
274
7, 69
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture
154
United States of America
Cranfield University
127
Department for International Development
150, 274
NOAA/Center for Coastal Monitoring and

Assessment
99
HR Wallingford Ltd
114
IDDRA Ltd
58
International Government Solutions
154
Venezuela
Kings College London
196
Universidad de los Andes
184
Manx Wildlife Trust
42
Universidad de Oriente
10
Middlesex University
78
19, 85, 105
Natural History Museum
139
Natural Resources Institute
49
132, 220
Policy Studies Institute
127
Royal Holloway - University of London
14
Scottish Association of Marine Science
279
216,
251,
265,
274
132
Uruguay
Departamento de Biologa Pesquera
154
Vietnam
Can Tho University
38, 81,
150, 206,
208, 230,
235, 251,
257
259, 271
Hanoi National Pedagogic University
38
Human Geography Research Center
69
176, 198
International Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology
271
University of Aberdeen
154
Ministry of Fisheries
38
University of Birmingham
64
National Centre for Science and Technology
69, 72
University of Dundee, Scotland
127
Research Institute for Marine Fisheries
38
University of Durham
271
University of Agriculture and Forestry
271
17, 139
Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute
81
University of Essex
147
Vietnam National University
87, 147
University of Hull
17, 154
University of Leicester
187
University of Liverpool
75
University of Newcastle
10
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
83, 127,
154
187
University of Portsmouth (CEMARE)
5, 23, 42,
46, 54,
127, 150,
259
Zambia
Aquaculture and Fisheries Information
171
38
University of Zambia
171
Zimbabwe
University of Zimbabwe
38
291
Estrella Santos, N. and C.E. Nauen (eds.), 2008. Catalogue of synopses of International S&T Cooperation (INCO) projects
on challenges in fisheries, coastal zones, wetlands and aquaculture. ACP-EU Fish.Res.Rep., (17):292 p.
Titles of Related Interest

Pauly, D., V. Christensen & L. Coelho (eds.), 1999. Ocean food webs and economic productivity. Proceedings of the EXPO 98
Conference, Lisbon, Portugal, 1-3 July 1998. ACP-EU Fish.Res.Rep., (5):87 p.
Pullin, R.S.V., R. Froese and C.M.V. Casal (eds.), 1999. ACP-EU Fisheries Research Initiative. Proceedings of the Conference on
Sustainable Use of Aquatic Biodiversity: Data, Tools and Cooperation. Lisbon, Portugal, 3-5 September 1998. ACP-EU Fish.
Res.Rep., (6):70 p. + CD ROM
Feoli, E. & C.E. Nauen (eds.), 2001. Proceedings of the INCO-DEV International Workshop on Information Systems for Policy
and Technical Support in Fisheries and Aquaculture, Los Baos, Philippines, 5-7 June 2000. Brussels, ACP-EU Fish.Res.Rep.,
(8):135 p.
Wittmer, H. & Z. Hassan (eds.), 2001. Proceedings of the INCO-DEV International Workshop on Policy Options for the
Sustainable Use of Coral Reefs and Associated Ecosystems, 19-22 June 2000, Mombasa, Kenya. Brussels, ACP-EU Fish.Res.
Rep., (10):239 p. EUR20186
Christensen, V., G. Reck & J. Maclean (eds.), 2002. ACP-EU Fisheries Research Initiative. Proceedings of the INCO-DC Conference:
Placing Fisheries into their Ecosystem Context. Galpagos Islands, Ecuador, 4-8 December 2000. Brussels, ACP-EU Fish.Res.
Rep., (12):79 p. EUR20188
Des Clers, S. & C.E. Nauen (eds.), 2002. New concepts and indicators in fisheries and aquaculture./ Nouveaux concepts et
indicateurs pour la pche et laquaculture./Nuevos conceptos e indicadores para las pesqueras y la acuicultura. Brussels,
ACP-EU Fish.Res.Rep., (13):72 p.
Palomares, M.L.D., B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily and D. Pauly (eds.), 2003. Fish biodiversity: Local studies as basis for global
inferences. Brussels, ACP-EU Fish.Res.Rep., (14):281 p.
Chavance, P., M. B, D. Gascuel, M. Vakily & D. Pauly (eds.), 2004. Marine fisheries, ecosystems, and societies in West Africa:
half a century of change. Proceedings of the Conference, Dakar, Senegal, 24-28 June 2002 / Pcheries maritimes, cosystmes
et socits en Afrique de lOuest: Un demi-sicle de changement. Actes du Symposium international, Dakar, Sngal, 24-28
juin 2002. Brussels, ACP-EU Fish.Res.Rep. (15) and Luxembourg, OPOCE, and Paris, IRD, 532 p. + annexes.
Williams, S.B., A.-M. Hochet-Kibongui & C.E. Nauen (eds.), 2005. Gender, fisheries and aquaculture: Social capital and knowledge for the transition towards sustainable use of aquatic ecosystems. / Genre, pche et aquaculture: Capital social et
connaissances pour la transition vers lutilisation durable des cosystmes aquatiques. / Gnero, pesca y acuicultura: Capital
social y conocimientos para la transicin hacia el desarrollo sostenible. / Gnero, pesca e aquacultura: Capital social e conhecimento para a transio para um uso sustentvel dos ecossistemas aquticos. ACP-EU Fish.Res.Rep., (16):128 p.
Nauen, C.E., 2008. Ten years of international scientific cooperation in fisheries, aquaculture and coastal zones some preliminary lessons. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 10:605-622.
292
The ACP-EU Fisheries Research Initiative

The ACP-EU Fisheries Research Initiative was requested by the ACP-EU Joint Assembly, composed of Members of the
European Parliament and Representatives of African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Countries, in a Resolution on Fisheries
in the Context of ACP-EEC Cooperation, adopted in October 1993. A series of dialogue sessions was conducted between
ACP and European aquatic resources researchers, managers and senior representatives of European cooperation, using a
draft baseline paper for the Initiative produced by intra-European consultation. The Initiative aims at promoting sustainable economic and social benefits to resource users and other stakeholders, while preventing or reducing environmental
degradation. It has set an agenda for voluntary collaborative research based on mutual responsibility and benefits. It
promotes commitment to addressing the most crucial problems of restoring resource systems and their ecological and
economic productivity with the objective of informing and supporting more directly economic and political decision
making through pro-active and high quality research and stakeholder participation.
In the meantime, the principles have been successfully used in wider scientific cooperation with other developing regions and emerging economies as a result of bi-regional dialogue e.g. with East and Southeast Asia (ASEM), Mediterranean
(MOCO) and Latin America and the Caribbean (EU-LAC).
Suitable instruments to fund research, capacity building and/or implementation are, among others, the European
Development Fund (EDF), International Scientific Cooperation across the EU RTD Framework Programmes, the Global
Environment Facility (GEF), European Member States bilateral research and cooperation programmes and partner institutions own resources.
293
European Commission
EUR 23618 - Catalogue of Synopses of International S&T Cooperation (INCO) Projects on Challenges in Fisheries,
Coastal Zones, Wetlands, and Aquaculture
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities

2008 308 pp. 21.0 x 29.7 cm
ISBN
978-92-79-10409-1
DOI
10.2777/3227
How to obtain EU publications

Our priced publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu), where you can place an order
with the sales agent of your choice.
The Publications Office has a worldwide network of sales agents. You can obtain their contact details by sending a
fax to (352)2929-42758.
KI-NA-23618-EN-C

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Catalogue of Synopses of

International S&T Cooperation (INCO)

Interested in European research?

Directorate-General for Research

EUROPE DIRECT is a service to help you find answers

European Communities, 2008

For bibliographical purposes this catalogue should be cited as follows:

Natural variability of a coastal upwelling system and

Improving the Utilisation

Fisheries Governance and

The trophic ecology of the

Strategies for partitioning

Chinese Freshwater Fishes:

Development of methodologies for the assessment and

Interdisciplinary methodologies for the sustainable use

The impact of invasive grass

Toxic Cyano Bacteria

Control of bacterial regrowth

Occurence of toxic cyanobacteria waterblooms - impact

Macrobenthos of Eastern African mangroves - life cycles

Measuring, monitoring and

Caspian Scientific Network

Peri-urban mangrove forests

Mangrove ecosystems, communities and conflict: developing knowledge-based

Ecosystems, Societies, Consilience, Precautionary principle: Development of an

Cross Sectoral Commons

Assessing impacts of TBT

Main Uses of the Grey mullet as Indicator of Littoral

Developing ubiquitous practices for restoration of Indo

Change, stress and sustainability - aquatic ecosystem

Ecological bases for the

Geo - environmental dynamics of Pantanal - Chaco:

Management of aquatic vegetation in the Lower Senegal

Natural resource functions,

Analysis and management

The potential of periphytonbased aquaculture systems

Development of bio-encapsulated feed for larval fish

Global aquaculture: identification of key international

Coastal and inland wetlands

Institutions and research

Hazard analysis of antimicrobial resistance associated with Asian aquacultural

Production in aquatic periurban systems in southeast

Policy research for sustainable shrimp farming in Asia:

New native fish species for

Improved resource use efficiency in Asian integrated

European International S&T Cooperation

political issues of participation and inclusiveness of populations relying more

classifications. Projects are in numerical order of Framework Programme and

Context and objectives This section contextualises the societal or

Activities This section summarises activities developed to address

Results and outcomes The principal attention is placed on presenting

Selected publications The emphasis is here on peer-reviewed

Contact details Names and contact details of the coordinator and

Acknowledgement: We thank the project coordinators and contractors for

Nauen, C.E. (ed.), 2005. Increasing Impact of the EUs

INCO - 4TH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME

Sustainable management of renewable

INCO - 4TH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME

Results and Outcome

Duration and Type of Project

01/03/1997 to 31/08/1998 (18 months)

The project involved a significant exchange of expertise between European