UMAIR AHMED SIDDIQUI

ROLL NO 39

DEP OF PETROLEUM
TECHNOLOGY
FUEL & ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTAN

FUEL
Fuel is any material that is burned or altered to obtain energy and to heat or to move
objects. Fuel releases its energy either through a chemical reaction means, such as
combustion, or nuclear means, such as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. An important
property of a useful fuel is that its energy can be stored to be released only when needed, and
that the release is controlled in such a way that the energy can be harnessed to produce work.

ENERGY
The capacity or power to do work, such as the capacity to move an object (of a
given mass) by the application of force. Energy can exist in a variety of forms, such as
electrical, mechanical, chemical, thermal, or nuclear, and can be transformed from one form
to another. It is measured by the amount of work done, usually in joules or watts.

IMPORTANCE OF FUEL & ENERGY

The economic engine and the wheels of
industry, agriculture and business need energy to move forward Energy has now become one
of the basic essential requirement of not only the people but equally essential for the industry
in fact the entire state. The people may, with difficulty and sacrifice, do with out electricity
but under no circumstances the industry and the state can function. Machines such as
televisions, cars and computers we take for granted in our daily lives, need energy to run.
The energy used to power these energy things come from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels can be
categorized into three types; petroleum, natural gas and coal.
From the time you wake up to
the time you go to sleep at night, energy has affected your life. Energy is important in
everyone’s life, whether you notice it or not. Without it people would have a harder time
waking up and an even harder time getting anywhere. Energy is important whether it’s solar
energy, mechanical energy, nuclear power. These are the tasks that we normally do that
involve energy, and that we couldn’t do with out it.

DEMAND AND SUPPLY

The power crisis prevails throughout the country while the gap between the supply and the
demand reaches at 5,500 mw. According to the sources in Pakistan Electric Power Company
(PEPCO). According to the announcement made by the Pakistan Electric Power Company
(PEPCO), power generation is 10,200 MW and demand is 15,323 MWs. Hydal Production is
2612, Thermal at 2450 and the power attained from IPPs is 5200 MWs.

Reason
Education
Those countries get success in the world that is sufficient in wealth of education.
The countries that are trapped in circumstances, the main or basis reason in those nations has
lack of education. Education makes human conscious and because of this consciousness the
human being could know its advantages and disadvantages. In our country only 56% are
educated. The nation has 44% of illiteracy and has no knowledge about his favor and loss
can not solve his problem. Hence the solution for every problem is hidden in the treasure of
education. By this we can our coming future better and prosperous

Population growth
Pakistan is the six largest countries in the world .According to population
which is greater than any developing country. Whenever the population increasing
continuously and its resources are limited than there is no matter which is not present in that
nation. The largest problem of any country is that having the 6 th largest population of the
world and its 44% of people are illiterate then how it’s possible, that the country fulfill its
nation requirement?? . When a country population growth is greater than its developing rate
than that is the main hurdle towards its development.
That is the reason that government cannot solve problem according to their
need.

Political Instability
The politicians of our country are not sincere with their nation , that’s
why nation are faces these type of problem .It is our bad fortunate that after 62 of
independence any democratic government did not completed his five year tenure. And after
every two or half of two years. We see new faces new thinking but problem are still at the
place where 62 year before

That’s why our nation is trapped in several problems and we are

not arrange direction to solve these problem

Planning

Main reason for energy crisis is lack of visionary leadership in Pakistan. The
inability to implement energy projects has been attributed to fiscal constraints, but in reality
it is due to paucity of a VISION, absence of robust planning and of a commitment to national
development. Another reason is that of absence of vision is unfortunately from the day of
creation our country trapped in problems .Initially we had faced problem of migration of
rehabilitation of refugees and we were busy in solving these problem. An endless period of
war started like 1965 then 1971 and breaking of Soviet Union and for our safety we were
busy that we did not concentrate on our national problems and still. We are not found or
identify right way.
Not Making New Dams
Dams play a vital role in any country for energy sector
Pakistan is one of those country in which river flow top to bottom In Pakistan have no of
Dams like MANGLA, TARBELA, WARSAK, AKHORI that can be produced is 6444
MW, which is 34% of the total power generation and these dams produce insufficient
energy to our requirement our population increase day by day but we are not establish new
dams to solve the crisis. We have a lot of site to make a huge dams like BASHA Dam ,
KALABAG dam is one of these .but We are not make due to Political unserious ness
Personal interest of provinces, Lake of education that’s way We are admire to a well a cheap
source of energy

High Cost Of Fuel

The cost of crude has increased from 40 $ to 82.63 $/barrel. it
means the generation from thermal units are costing exorbitant price. WAPDA and
KESC when purchasing electricity on higher cost are not eager to keep on selling
the electricity on loss. Therefore they do not move on general complain of load
shedding.

Gas Shortage
Pakistan get 48% of energy requirement from gas Demand for natural gas in
Pakistan increased by almost 10 percent annually from 2000-01 to 2007-08, reaching around
3,200m cubic feet per day (MMCFD) last year, against the total production of 3,774
MMCFD, according to Pakistani official sources. But, during 2009-2010, the demand for
natural gas exceeded the available supply, with production of 4528 MMCFD gas against
demand for 4731 MMCFD, indicating a shortfall of 203 MMCFD. The potentially
devastating effect of the gas shortage on the nation can be gauged by the fact that Pakistanis
heavily face this crisis

Underutilization Of Resources
Secondly, the under utilization of available resources-
especially hydroelectric one which can produce double the energy it is producing now- is
another major setback. The government again fails or neglects to consider the shortages in
winter and up-gradation of the hydroelectric and the thermal plants regularly.

Circular Debit
Thirdly, the ‘circular debt’ is like an invisible impediment subtly fuelling up the
crisis. It is an inheritance of former subsidies which the government failed to pay to the
power companies, who in turn could not pay the oil and gas companies for supplies.

Water Shortage
 Pakistan is one of the 30 countries of the world, facing an acute water
deficiency, water shortages are the greatest threat to Pakistan, both as a state and a society.
Over the years, the water availability in the country has fallen drastically with statistics
pointing a sharp fall from 5,000 cubic meters per capita which is likely to aggravate during
the forth coming decades. To understand the magnitude of the water shortage and its impact
on future, some of the causes of water shortage are misuse of water, less rain fall last five
years and major cause of shortage of water is India stop the water of Pakistan through makes
new Dams

Transmission Losses
Transmission losses and a poor distribution system also account for
Pakistan's energy crisis. The government and its responsible departments need to take firm
action to improve the distribution system in general. The US department Energy (DOE)
reports transmission losses of up to 30% in Pakistan. WAPDA briefings highlight the poor
distribution system as the main cause of tripping and break down of the system. However we
consider as the last of our concern. This is true that the distribution system causes many
unwanted tripping and break down but now we honestly believe that the shortage of energy
generation is our main cause of the problem for last twenty years WAPDA and KESC
complaining about the distribution system but fails to bring any improvement the thermal
power generation Of the chronic factors, the heavy line losses plus the old and poorly
maintained transmission system is a grave administrative and technical failure of public
sector power companies. These line losses are comparatively very low elsewhere in the
world.

Aging Of The Equipment

One very important reason attributed to this energy shortage

is the aging of the generating equipment which could not develop the electricity as per the
design requirement. Energy plants so old and have not proper system for maintain. This is
the responsibility of continuous updating the equipment and keeping the high standard of
maintenance.

Power Wastage
Unnecessarily. Energy use such as Leaving lights and home appliances on
even when they are not being used is a common practice in our society. Similarly, many
businesses such as shops dealing in CLOTH and GARMENTS, JEWELLERY,
COSMETICS, home appliances and electronics are usually extravagantly lit. It is commonly
observed that shops that could do with two or three 40-watt tube lights to meet the desired
level of luminance use as many as 15 to 20 tubes. Not only does this increase power
consumption, it also generates heat and makes the environment uncomfortable.

Theft Of Electric Power

 Moreover, the masses do not remain behind in adding to this loss.
Power theft has become an infamously prevalent practice in many parts of the country, both
rural and urban, and more than 400 consumers in Karachi have been reported as using
electricity without paying bills. Many more cases go unreported in various cities and
villages, costing a lot to our countries burdened economy. Due to the decades old perception
that this is a never ending crisis and no accountability whatsoever, people tend to use unfair
means of obtaining electric power.

Accelerating Demand
Another reason is the unprecedented increase in demand of energy. It
is due to the trend of enjoying luxurious life style in the past decade. This increased demand
by the domestic section has greatly disturbed the usually articulated demand and
consumption status.

Minimal Reaches/Exploration
Last but not least, snail paced research, minimal exploitation
of new energy reserves and exploration of new oil and gas field damages progress in the
energy sector. Couple this with the never ending corruption and lack of implementation in
government and power companies this crisis has become a consistent and self perpetuating
one.

Solution
Pakistan’s power production is gas 48 per cent; hydro 34 per cent; oil 16 per
cent; nuclear 2 per cent, and coal 0.2 per cent.

SHORT TERM SOLUTION

Role Of Government
So far the government is looking for private sector
investment in energy sector and for itself it chooses a role of facilitator and arbitrator. We
strongly suggest that a massive investment from government itself in generating units for
conventional as well as new technologies is needed. Once the government sector embarks on
massive plans then private sector will follow immediate.

Save The Energy

The first part of the solution is a change in lifestyles. It would begin with
the acknowledgement that the country is facing a national disaster and every citizen has to
pitch in to overcome it. The nation has to draw a clear line between necessities (lighting,
fans, TVs, computers, etc) and luxuries (air conditioners, microwaves, etc). There is not
enough electricity to meet both requirements. We will have to compromise on luxurious
lifestyles in order to meet the necessities. Markets and commercial places can substantially
reduce their power consumption by changing their working hours. An early start and early
end. The current energy consumption trends in Pakistan are extremely inefficient, whether it
be in the domestic, industrial, trade or commercial sectors. With minimal effort, well over
ten per cent of national electricity can be saved by applying only the first level of energy
conservation

Two Holidays In A Week

Two holidays in a week is also a good option to save the energy and
through these we over come energy crisis which we are facing now a day. Government
should have to make much further steps to solve this problem through this we not only save
energy but also give the message that we are at serious stage. By this step government should
have to complete these projects like solar energy, wind energy projects which are under
working and also start other new projects to over come energy crisis.

Rental Power Plants

Rental power is also a good option to overcome the crisis
through this plants government have a time to make a permeated solution of this crisis. The
present government has taken provision of new generation very seriously with six rental
power plants totaling 1002 mw FAISLABAD, MULTAN, QUETTA, GUDDU and
SIALKOT planned to start to producing power

Power generation addition rental plant rental

Serial no Name of projects Fuel Capacity mw Expected

1 Rental power plant Faislabad Oil 150 March 2010

2 Rental power plant Guddu Gas 110 March 2010

3 Rental power plant Sialkot Oil 150 March 2010

4 Rental power plant Multan Oil 192 April 2010

5 Rental power plant Faislabad Oil 200 May 2010

6 Rental power plant Quetta Oil 200 June 2010

Total 1002MW
 MID TERM SOLUTION

IPI Gas Pipeline Project

Coming on to the gas pipeline projects, Pakistan and Iran have
already signed Gas Sales Agreement (GSPA) for importing 750 million cubic feet gas per
day which will be used to generate 4500 MW of electricity and would be a cheaper
alternative to the presently expensive imported furnace oil used in the existing thermal power
houses

The following methods are also can be use to produce electricity other than
hydro power.

• Thermal Electricity
• Nuclear Electricity
• Bio Electricity
• Wind Power
• Solar Power

Thermal Electricity
The Thermal power stations are generating electricity by gas, oil and coal
in Pakistan. The 49.8% of the total electricity is produced by the thermal power. The thermal
power production is 4921 MW in Pakistan. There are 13 thermal power stations working in
Pakistan. The biggest station is working in Karachi this station generates 1756 MW. The
second biggest station is working in MULTAN. It generates 260 MW. A large number of
projects have been planned to meet future energy requirements of Pakistan. This project is
working rapidly. If this project works better than our country will make progress by leaps
and bounds.

Nuclear Electricity
Today, Nuclear energy powers the world with approximately 15% of the
total electricity produced. Pakistan, however, currently generates around 2.4% of its total
electricity through its Nuclear power plants at Karachi and Chashma. The total generation
capacity through nuclear power plants is roughly 425MW Development on an extension of
the Chashma power plant, CHASNUPP-2, is in progress and is expected to be completed by
the end of 2012. This will add another 325MW to Pakistan's energy-mix Nuclear energy has
its share of advantages, for which Pakistan should put in concerted efforts to enhance nuclear
power generation. It is a sustainable energy solution.
Bio Electricity
Bio mass is a cheaper source to generate energy. In Pakistan 50,000 garbage
collected in major cities per day and million of gallon of wastewater produce daily. We
should convert garbage into bio gas. Bio gas can be use to generate electricity and may also
be use as a fuel for steam boiler, space heaters and refrigeration equipment. Bio gas is also
combustible which can be used in cooking. several small scale bio gas plant have been
installed in villages to provide gas to the resident of the villages for their cooking needs
throw this we can save our energy reservoir.

Wind Power
Pakistan can also generate electricity by wind turbine Pakistan is fortunate
to have something many countries do not which are high wind speed is between 13.8 to 16.5
mps and near Karachi it is 13.8 to 15.4 Wind energy is the fastest growing energy source in
the world. It grew at an astonishing 43 per cent in the last one year alone. Total installed
capacity worldwide is 60,000 MW. Technologies have greatly improved in the last two
decades, making wind energy very feasible as compared to other sources of power. In the
1980s, the cost of wind energy production was 40 c/kwh; today it is only four c/kwh (Rs 2.40
per unit as compared to Rs. 4.00 for fossil fuel) and therefore it is growing very rapidly.
Ecological issues continue to be addressed for large wind farms.. The coastal regions of
Sindh and Baluchistan could be utilized for off-shore wind farms which would not only
provide additional capacity but also result in thousands of jobs for locals across the coastal
regions.

Solar Power
We can also generate electricity from sunlight by photovoltaic cells .If 0.25%
Balochistan is cover with solar panels with the efficiency of 20% enough electricity would
be generated to coverall of Pakistan demand because 70%of population live in 50,000
villages that are very far away from national grid. Connecting villages to the national grid
would be very costly thus giving each house of solar panel would be coast efficient and
would empower people both economically and socially
 LONG TERM SOLUTION
Most important in the long term planning and goals must be to streamline

Conforming foreign policy and energy needs

The foreign policy of the country according to
its economic and energy needs. Improving and increasing ties with future energy rich
countries must not be neglected. China can be a great asset in technical training and
facilities. Similarly, bilateral relations with Russia, Central Asian, East African states needs
to be strengthened. These countries are the new energy hubs of the world, and being mostly
land locked (C.A. states) can make use of Gwadar port and in return assist Pakistan as well.

Thar Coal Project

Regarding coal power generation, the US produces 51 per cent of its power
using coal, Poland 96 per cent, South Africa 94 per cent, India 68 per cent, Australia 77 per
cent, China 79 per cent, Israel 77 per cent, UK 35 per cent, Japan 28 per cent, while Pakistan
having the world’s second largest reserves of coal about 175 billion tons. Produces only 0.2
% of its power through coal. The coal reserves in Pakistan are the 5th largest coal reserve in
the world. That is approximately 75.5 billion tones Pakistan can generate more than 100,000
MW of electricity for next 30-50 years. But the delay in switching from indigenous energy
sources to coal is due to the snail paced progress in the Thar Coal Project that is in
collaboration with China. China’ rocketing economy has driven coal industry into a new era
of efficient utilization. Pakistan should take heed from China’s example and should gain
technical assistance from it. Both countries can collaborate in Gwadar and Thar to explore,
and exploit new gas and coal reserves.

DAMS
The Permanente solution of this problem is Dams. Dams are not only generating
Electricity but also provide water which is necessary for our agriculture and house hold
purpose. Pakistan is rich in hydro source of energy. According to estimate the country has
enough resources to generate approximately 41,722 mw of hydro electricity. However
present it only generate 8000 mw of electricity against install capacity of 11327 mw
Future of Pakistan we can be save by build new dams like Kalabag (2400) Basha (4500
MW), Dassu (4000 MW), Bunji (7200 MW), Neelum-Jhelum (1000 MW). Construction of
all these plants gives almost enough energy to fulfill the electrical energy requirement of
Pakistan for next 20-25 year we must need to make these Dams. The Kalabagh Dam will
generate large amount of electricity. Kalabagh will have an installed capacity of 2,400 MW
initially and 3,600 MW ultimately. Pakistan’s Water and Power Development Authority
estimates that annual electricity generated at Kalabagh will be 20 million barrels of oil
equivalent, saving fuel that would otherwise be needed to produce thermal power. Basha
Dam construction of this dam would ensure green revolution in the country by producing
power generation 4500 MW as well as water storage 6.4 MAF which would contribute for
meeting demand of electricity and water for irrigation of thousands of acre land of the
country per annum. Bunji Hydropower project is the largest Hydropower project of
Pakistan with an installed capacity of 7200 MW. The medium, but esp. micro-level dams,
thus, need to be encouraged in Gilgit-Balistan region as they could positively be brought in
use for forestation and agri-utilities in different valleys, besides addressing the power/electric
issues. Neelum jhelum hydroelectric project aimed at producing 969 MW power and
helping the country meet its increasing energy requirements. By this project we save the
future of our coming generation.

Hurdle
Corruption & Malpractices
Making policies has never been the plight of our government. It
is the lack of implementation which keeps the wheel of crisis moving. Today our
government not only needs to take initiatives and hard decisions it also needs to give a boost
to the dying economy by providing unimpeded supply of power to industries. Secondly,
corruption, misuse of funds, malpractices of energy consumption and wastage must be
avoided and eradicated at all costs.

Trust Deficit

Last but not least, the public trust and support is of utmost important. No policy
can succeed if it doesn’t enjoy public support. Media can play an effective role in creating
awareness and trust that it is actually a global crisis which can only be solved with help and
conscious effort by every citizen.

CONCLUSION
The problem is not problems. The problem is that not to understand that is
a problem. We are very thankful to Allah that we belong to that nation that we know are
problems, understand the problem and have to ability to solve the problem. The prominate
example of our ability is that in a very short time we are the only nuclear power of Islamic
world. This is the clear example having conscious nation Pakistan is a very blessed country
because solar energy is available in most cities all year round. Similarly wind energy is
readily available in the coastal areas and in interior Baluchistan during winter. These energy
sources if tapped can be of great help in reducing the current demand supply gap. The
possibility of using coal and hydro-electric run of river plants must also be considered
seriously for the long term.
 Our people are
sincere to the country we only lack of sincere leadership. At that day we have a sincere
leadership than we will solve our country problems. INSHA ALLAH

ALLAH say in Quran

“Allah never change the condition of a nation
Those who did not want to change themselves”