Psychology Semester 1 Exam Review

Mathews
25 Point Assignment
Success Psychology:
Know the seven Habits
1 – 3 ___________ Success

H1: Be Proactive

Example- You make up a study schedule

H2: Begin w/ the end in mind

Example Setting goals

H3: 1st things 1st!

Example- Do your HW before you play video

Chart with examples:

4 – 6 ___________ Success (Public)

H4: Think Win/Win

Example- Help someone, they will help you

H5: Seek 1st to understand, then to be understood

Example- No one cares how much you know

until they know how much you care.

H6: Synergize

Example- Use a group’s diversity for creativity

don’t be afraid of what’s different.
Habit 7 is the __renewal__ habit which we call

_____Sharpen__ The __Saw__!

The Four Tools of Disciple are:
T1: Delay Gratification
Example- HW first, TV when your chores are
done! Ought before Want!
T2: Accept Responsibility

Example- AA- I did it, I need to change.

T3: Dedication to Reality

Example- Use the tools you have, don’t
concentrate on the ones you don’t. Mr. Mathews
will Not play on the PGA, even though he loves
golf!

T4: Balance

Example- All work and no play makes Jack a

dull boy. Spiritual, Professional, and Social all
need to be addressed

Who is responsible for the “Four Tools of

Discipline? Scott Peck!

Who gave us the “7 Habits of Highly Effective

People?” Steven Covey

Chapter 1:
Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalysis, Unconscious
dream analysis, free association, Id, ego,
superego

Basic science- Study for the sake of knowledge

only
Applied Science- Study to use knowledge for
something.
Hypothesis- An educated guess

Theory- The result of the scientific method and

set of assumptions about the work.

Watson- Behaviorist. Lil Albert experiment

Dualism- Idea that Body and mind are separate

entities within a person

Ivan Pavlov- Classical Conditioning,

behaviorism, Dogs.

Educational Psychologist- Works with young

kids and adolescents. Mostly in schools
Predict- One of the goals of Psychology. Guess
an outcome
environmental – Studies the workplace and the
effects of our surroundings
Wilhelm Wundt- Structuralism. 1st Psychology
lab.

Sir Francis Galton- Inheritable Traits. Nature v

Nurture debate.

Skinner- Behaviorist. Walden Two.

The vast majority of psychologists study

Observable behavior
Longitudinal Study- Study of a group over time.

Cross sectional study- Study of the effect on

diverse groups.

Blind Study- Participant doesn’t know purpose

Double Blind- Neither administrator nor
participant know the purpose.
Case Study- Study a person over their life. Use
diaries, third party interviews and personal
records to achieve this.

Independent Variable- One that experimenters

alter to observe its effects

Dependent Variable- One that changes in

relation to the variable which is being altered

Control Group- One that receives no treatment

or a Placebo.

Experimental Group- One that receives a

treatment.

Placebo- A neutral treatment

Naturalistic Observation: When an observer

blends in with the environment and go unnoticed

Survey- A set of questions asked to a group to

obtain information.
Experiment- A scientific way to discover if what
you believe is true or untrue.

Placebo Effect- When a participant changes his

attitude or performance based on his believes
about a treatment he believes he has received.

Self-fulfilling Prophecy- When a person acts in a

way to ensure what he believes will happen
happens.

Positive Correlation- When two variables

increase OR decrease together

Negative Correlation- When two variables

increase or decrease in opposite directions.

Conditioning Chapter 9
A. Unconditioned Stimulus- Brings about a
consistent response w/o conditioning.

B. Discrimination – The ability to distinguish

between like stimulus.
C. Extinction - When the training from
conditioning is forgotten and the CS no longer
elicits a response.

D. Generalization- The inability to distinguish

between like stimuli.

E. Primary Reinforcer- Things needed for

survival. Water, Food, Shelter.

AB. Secondary Reinforcer - Things you may

want but do not need for survival. Money, I-pod
touch.

AC. Token Economy- When secondary

reinforces obtain value to subjects.

AE. Modeling - When someone demonstrates

the correct behavior in hopes it will be copied by
her subjects.

BC. Behavior Modification

BD. Shaping- Rewarding behaviors which are
closer and closer to desired behavior
Reinforcement Schedules:
Fixed Ratio- Ref given for a certain # of
behaviors
Example: A person is paid for every 10
baskets of berries picked

Variable Ratio: Ref given on unknown # of

repetitions.
Example: Slot machines. Simon Says
Fixed Interval: Ref given after set amount of
time.
Example: My paycheck on 1st and 15th. HR
at TC.
Variable Interval: Re given at unknown time
intervals.

Example: Hot Potato.

Classical Conditioning- Ivan Pavlov. A response
follows a stimulus. A neutral stimulus is turned
into a conditioned stimulus after training, by
pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

Operant Conditioning- A reinforcement follows

a behavior. 1st comes behavior then comes a
reward or punishment.
Stimulus- Brings about a response
Response- Behavior brought on by a stimulus

Reinforcement- This follows a behavior. Always

increases a behavior

Positive Reinforcement- Behavior gets you

something you Want

Negative Reinforcement- Still increases a

behavior by keeping you from something you
don’t want.

Punishment- Always decreases a behavior

Punishment I- Something you do not want is

applied. Smack in the head.

Punishment II- Withholding something you

enjoy. You messed up, NO SHARK WEEK!

Avoidance Conditioning- You skip a situation

before a negative stimulus is applied.
Escape Conditioning- You leave a situation in
which a negative stimulus is present. Your ex is
at a party so you scram.

Learned Helplessness: You feel you have no

control in a situation so you do not even try!

Memory Ch 10:
Recognition - A police line-up. You have to see
the answer to remember it!

Recall - Describing a suspect to a police artist.

Reconstruct previously learned material.

Confabulation - Filling in memory gaps with

plausible but not necessarily accurate info

Episodic – Chronological retention of events in

one’s life.

Eidetic- The ability to remember visual info

based on short term exposure.

State-dependent - Memories flood back when in

same emotional state as when it occurred.
Mnemonic - H.O.M.E.S Many beautiful
HOMES on the Great Lakes. Devices we create
to help us remember

Chunking- Grouping into sets to increase Short

Term Mem.

Maintenance Rehearsal-

Reconstructive Process- Alteration of a memory

by simplification or distortion based on
experience, attitude or environment.

Schemas - Conceptual frameworks.

Decay - Forgetting over time.

Interference- Anything that keeps you from

recalling a stored memory.

Proactive Interference - New memory blocked

by old memory.
Retroactive Interference - Old memory blocked
by new memory

Repression- Freud- Memory or feeling is so bad

you can’t get to it. Need therapy or hypnosis to
rember

Elaborate Rehearsal – Linking new material to

what you already know.

Procedural Memory- Stuff you do w/o thinking,

tying your shoes. Breathing. Typing

Encoding - Transferring of information so

nervous system can process it.

Sensory Mem. – Chuck it or Chunk it! Either

you discard an input or put it in STM

Short-Term - About 7 items. Lasts as long as

you rehearse it.

Long-Term - Unlimited space. In until you die

or decay.
Retrieval- Calling up of stored info
Declarative Memory- Info we call forth and use
as we need it!

Storage – Placing stuff in your memory.

Chapter 12 Motivation:
Instinct Theory- We do what we do based on
genetics.

Drive-Reduction Theory: Clark Hull. We are

motivated by relieving internal tension (drives)

Humanistic Theory- Abe Maslow: We are on a

quest for self-actualization (being our best):
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

Incentive/Arousal Theory: We are on a constant

quest for stimulation.

Homeostasis: Our body’s constant quest for

equilibrium.

Motivation- The incentive to act.

Motive- Moving towards a specific goal

Drive- The internal tension that pushes us to act.

Need- Creates a drive something that you want

or require.

Incentive- This is a reward that pulls us toward

an act.

Emotion- Feelings
Motives:
Motive 1- Something pleasant as a reward

Motive 2- When you are motivated to stay away

from an unpleasant stimulus. (do it right or you
run wind sprints)

Conscious Motive: Putting on a suit for a job

interview. You know you are doing it.

Unconscious Motive: An action you are doing

without thinking, you may or may not realize
you are doing.
Extrinsic Motive: A tangible reward, like
money, service hours, ice cream

Intrinsic Motive: A personal reward. The good

feeling you get for doing something.

Ch 14 Personality Theories:
Rogers: Humanist: Person centered therapy

Freud: Psychoanalyst: We are motivated by our

unconscious. Life is a struggle between the ID
(Primal desires) and the Superego (Moral being)
and moderated by the Ego (reality based)
Maslow: Humanistic View.

Id: Primal desires

Superego- Moral being

Ego- Reality based moderator

Defense Mechanisms:
Sublimation: Taking out anxiety in a socially
acceptable manner
 Exmple: Mad at Alex I go the gym and
kick box

Denial: Refusing to accept a reality which

causes anxiety
Example: She still love me, that guy was
probably her cousin

Displacement: Taking out anxiety on a less

powerful person.
Example: Mad at your boss, you yell at
your husband.

Rationalization: Making excuses for behavior

you abhor in yourself.
Example: You fail your psych exam. You
blame the teacher, even though you didn’t study.

Repression: Placing something you can’t accept

in your unconscious mind
Example: Rape, abuse, death

Regression - Reverting to immature behavior

when faced with adversity.
 Example: How Mackenzie when Cameron
was born.

Reaction Formation - When you replace an

action with the opposite action.
Example: You’re doing great (what he really
thought was you suck like a turbo-powered
Hoover!….. )

Projection: Taking a thought you have about

yourself and attributing it to others
Example: Mr. Mathews believes he’s lazy,
so he accuses his students of being lazy

Dream Analysis:

Learning Theories: Actions based on reward and

punishment (behaviorism).

Free Association: Saying the first thing that

comes to mind in therapy

Conscious Mind- The thoughts and feeling of

which we are aware.
Unconscious Mind: Stuff that’s in there of which
we are not aware.

Ch 16 Psychological Disorders:
Agoraphobics would probably be more afraid at
home than at the mall.
Ophidiophibics love to go to the reptile section
of the zoo.
Phobias are usually caused by brain chemistry.
Anxiety disorders affect 15-20% of the
population.
The Humanistic Perspective relies heavily on the
cognitive domain.
Most people respond the same way to stressful
events
The cause of Hypochondria is physical illness.
Somatoform illnesses are usually long-lasting.
Most psychologists agree that Obsessive
Compulsive Disorder is caused by brain
chemistry.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder is usually a
learned behavior.

Perspectives:
Biological
Psychodynamic

Cognitive

Behavioral

Humanistic

Stigma:

Possible Short Responses:

Describe Freud’s idea of the minds constant

struggle for control. You must use his terms for
the factors in your mind vying for control:

In the space below explain the Stanley Milgram

experiment. Describe its purpose, what he
learned, how you believe you would have acted
as a “teacher,” and list any moral and ethical
problems you have with the experiment as a
whole.
List AND define 3 defense mechanisms. In
addition give an example of each in use in our
everyday lives:

DM 1:

Example:

DM 2:

Example

DM 3:

Example:

Draw the time/matrix, label the quadrants AND

give an example of an activity in each quadrant:
 I II

III IV

Discuss the four goals of psychology and

provide an example of each.

Goal 1:

Goal 2:

Goal 3:

Goal 4:
Write out a description of a classical
conditioning case (it can be one that we have
studied, Pavlov, Little Albert, or Samson) and
list, using bullet-points, all of the elements.

Create a flow chart, complete with definitions

for the Memory Process:
SR 8: Give the name of the chart below, tell who
originated it and label the 5 steps one must go
through to reach their top potential (and give the
name the originator has for reaching your top
potential.)