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Anionic surfactants
Alkyl benzene sulphonates: base surfactant in liquid and powder
household detergents, acid cleaners, hand cleaners
Alcohol sulphates: high foaming liquid shampoos, toiletries and
bubble baths
Alcohol ethoxy sulphates: high foaming liquid shampoos, toiletries
and bubble baths
Non-ionic surfactants
Specialty surfactants
Air Drying
H2O(g)
condensation
H2O(l)
NaSiO2
9 H2O
adsorption
NaSiO2.9H2O
SO3
H2O
H2SO4
O2
H = -292 kJ/mol
SO2
Oxygen
Sulphur dioxide
SO2
+ O2
Sulphur dioxide
Oxygen
Very exothermic
Furnace outlet
temperature
650 oC
V2O5
SO3
Sulphur trioxide
H = -97 kJ/mol
S(s)
150 oC
S(l)
Optimal catalysis
temperature 440 oC
Exothermic
Three stage converter
tower with interstage
cooling
GMP achieves 98%
conversion
Sulphonation/Sulphation
Fast Reaction:
Rapid and even mixing of feedstock and gas
Tight control of mole ratio
Excellent temperature control
Multitube falling film reactor, residence time 2 minutes
Hydrolysation
High shear mixing
Temperature control
Sulphonation
R-C6H5 +
LAB
SO3
Sulphur trioxide
R-C6H4-SO3-H
Sulphonic acid
Exothermic
H = -170 kJ/mol
Sulphation
R-OH
Alcohol or
Alcohol ethoxylate
SO3
Sulphur trioxide
R-OH-SO3-H
H = -150 kJ/mol
Neutralization
R-OH-SO3-H
R-OH-SO3-H
NaOH
Sodium hydroxide
NH3
Ammonia
R-OH-SO3-Na
R-OH-SO3-NH4
H2O
H = -120 kJ/mol
SO3 + H2O
Sulphur trioxide
H2SO4
Sulphuric acid
Caustic Scrubbing
SO2 + 2 NaOH
SO3 +
2 NaOH
Na2SO3 + H2O
Sodium sulphite
Na2SO4 + H2O
Sodium sulphate
to atmosphere
10% sodium
sulphite/sulphate scrubber
effluent used in powder
manufacture at UL Petone.
Quality Control
IN PROCESS
Appearance
(visual)
pH
(pH meter)
Moisture (titration)
Colour (absorbance)
Direct acidity
(titration)
UOM
(chromatography)
SCRUBBER
DISCHARGE
pH
(pH
meter)
Sulphate (titration)
Sulphite (SO3 strip)
RAW MATERIALS
Appearance
(visual)
pH
(pH meter)
Moisture (titration)
Colour (colour wheel)
Density (density
meter)
FINISHED PRODUCT
Appearance
(visual)
pH
(pH meter)
Moisture (titration)
Colour (absorbance)
UOM
(chromatography)
Active matter(titration)
Sulphate (titration)
Waste Management
ESP
ESP WASTE
WASTE
rd
~5MT/annum
~5MT/annum for
for 3
3rd
party
party disposal
disposal (SLES
(SLES
production)
~20MT/annum
~20MT/annum
reprocessed
reprocessed (LABSA
(LABSA
production)
production)
SO2/SO3
SO2/SO3
EMISSIONS
EMISSIONS
Minimal , well
within
within RMA
RMA
consent
consent
SULPHATE
SULPHATE LIQUOR
LIQUOR
~10% sodium
sulphate
sulphate
~1400MT/annum
~1400MT/annum
Delivered
Delivered for
for
reprocessing
reprocessing or
or
Discharged to trade
waste
waste with
with water
water
dilution,
dilution, within
within Trade
Trade
Waste
Waste limits
limits
WASHWATER
WASHWATER
-- Unit
Unit 17
17 washings
washings reprocessed
reprocessed
-- Other
washings
Other washings discharged
discharged within
within Trade
Trade
Waste limits