Revisit Forgiveness under Theology and Sovereignty:

Touching the Possibility of the Impossible of Forgiveness

1027

Abstract
Forgiveness is an ancient, ethical idea. It's also an updated problematics when
facing the issue of reconciliation after state or collective political violence. We could
not exclude forgiveness as a positive factor from the way to reconciliation; however,
forgiveness could have negative consequences under the demand of justice.
Forgiveness is so significant in theology that it is frequently appropriated as political
means, which make forgiveness as political euphemism or as cheap grace. These are
the reason why forgiveness is usually taken as harmful to justice. The main aim of the
dissertation is to retrace the meanings of forgiveness under different contexts from
classical philosophy, theology and political philosophy and discuss possible aporias
that actualization of forgiveness might meet.
The core problem that forgiveness might be harmful to justice lies in that
forgiveness is taken as a right or power to be done or given by a political sovereignty,
the sovereignty of God or a personal subject. In my opinion, forgiveness is not a
definite concept or stationary rules that one can follow as a determinant and
determinable decision. On the contrary, it exists as a horizon of questioning, occurs in
some moment and leaves only "traces"--the origin of non-origin. It's the momentum
or energy that forgiveness as a horizon of questioning has that could possibly loosen
the knot of hatred and mourning from past trauma. The momentum or energy of
forgiveness comes from the ability to disturb the distribution of the sensible which is
established after past political violence. I appeal to aesthetic orientation to disturb or
re-distribute the distribution of the sensible coming from previous configuration in
order to find the possibility of touching the impossibility of forgiveness.

I.

II.

12

22

22

25

I.

25

II.

28

32

35

40

44

44

48

58

68

68

76

I.

76

II.

79

81

86

90

I.

90

II.
hauntology

91

III.

93

IV.

93

V.

94

95

I.

2005635 1

Vladimir Janklvitch (1996, p.569)

Jacques Derrida (2001b, p.46)

2005

?
2005 631-636
1

Vladimir Janklvitch

(1996, p.567)

2007

2007 17
2006

diaspora 5

depoliticizing

Benedict Anderson(1999)

nation-buliding

(1999, p.125)

Anderson

1947
2002

5
1996

200843

2008
5

2007

identity politicsimagined political community

demagogism6pseudo-ethnic consciousness
politics of grievancepolitics of ressentiment

II.

2008
4

1945

200144-45

1945

2005

 7 8

19529

2001

199937

10

1951

20041972 11

38-39
43-44
8
14-15

12 forgive
9

10

a.

b.

11
1972 9 29
6

1946
12

198825

1988277

1945

13

1987134-135
Joseph Keenan
198825

14

20033

200393

20034

200393
2008158-159
1949
200042

12

(1945-1947)
78

(1945-1947)
98
14

lustration

13

1995 15

1996
2006

20079-11

1992
2010
2005
2007
20082010
excuse
2010
199816

15

1945 1948

1987
2008 5 20

16

2011


20102007
20072008

201038

2010

2004

2004


1989

2012a

2012

BBC 2012

2012b

10

2001

2006

2012

11

theodicy 17

Ethics and aesthetics are one and the same.

Ludwig Wittgenstein (2003, p.68)

Karl Jasper1
criminal guilt2
political guiltpolitical liability

3
moral guilt
4metaphysical guilt

Jasper, 2001, p.25, pp.55-56

collective guilt
Hannah Arendt

(Arendt, 2008a)

17

Theo-dicy theos dike

12

Simon
Wiesenthal 18

pardoning
remissionexcusingapology

18

http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/25255862.html
13

restorative
justice

wrong
1988differend
phrase regime

Jacques Rancire
1999, pp.1-19
disagreement

miscountblaberondisadvantage sumpheron
advantageblaberon
sumpheron
sumpheron
blaberon

blaberon
Solon
demos

miscount wrong
political justice
count

false count
miscount

wrong wrong

14

Nicole Loraux
(2001, pp. 229-244)
Dikhasts

dik
stasis
popular justicedik
diallattein dialuein
conciliation
equity
M mnsikakein
dikPaul Ricoeur(2000,
pp.133-145)
just distance

2002a, pp. 228-298

15

Zygmunt Bauman(2001, pp. 222-250)will to

remember
victimization

Maurice Halbwachs
(1992)collective memory

(Mosse, 1990)
(Vidal-Naquet, 1992)
(Finkelstein, 2003)

1990Nachtraglichkeit

Lyotard, 1990, pp.3-48

industrialization of memory

recollection

historicity

16

2004

blocked memory

manipulated memory

(obligated memory)

Ricoeur, 2004, pp.69-92

1995

historical sensibility

Nietzsche, 1995, p.89

monumental
antiquarian

critical
Nietzsche, 1995, p.102

Nietzsche, 1995, pp.106-107

the ahistoricalthe suprahistorical

horizon

Nietzsche, 1995, p.163

17

Nietzsche, 1995,
p.362

2003

enlarged mind

Emmanuel Levinas

Levinas, 1987, pp. 93-102

Derrida,
1997bfriendshipbrotherhood

18


extreme
possibility

actualization

Freud, 1910

libido

hauntology

[]differance
carnal apparition

deferred spirit

Derrida, 1994,
p.136.

19

Derrida,
1997b, p.93-942006ap.133-134

2008
Arendt,
2006the banality of evil

Arendt, 1959, pp. 212-219

catharsis

20

21

pity

forgiveness19mercy
compassionapologyexcuse
reconciliation20

sungnm

Aristotle, 2011, 1109b30-31

Aristotle, 2011, 1110a24-26

Aristotle, 2011, 1110b33-38

Aristotle,
19

Forgiveness pardon pardon legal pardon

forgiveness forgiveness pardon

20
Reconciliation

22

2011, 1136a5-9

akrasiathumos
logos

Aristotle, 2011, 1149b4-7

excusing

mitigating excusesexculpatory
excusesGovier, 2002, p.55

perfectionist ethical schemeGriswold, 2007, p.8

megalopsuchos

Aristotle,
2011, 1124a5-20

Aristotle, 2011, 1124b26-1125a9

self-sufficient

23

Griswold, 2007, p.8

Aristotle, 2011, cf. 1126a5-8

Aristotle, 2011, 1125b32-1126a3

perfectionist ethics

Plato, 1997, Gorg.

527c8-527d4
Meletus

Plato, 1997, Apol. 30c7-d4

Plato, 1997, Apol. 41c8-e1

24


sympathy
Griswold, 2007, p. 12

Plato, 1997,
Phea. 83a1-4

Griswold, 2007,
p.14

I.

25

 21
sungnm
aphimiaphesis
Milbank, 2003, p. 44Aphimiaphimi
22 2324 25Aphesis26
27to forgive

2003

28
Sren Kierkegaard
to de-createCreation
divine grace
Milbank, 2003, p. 45
the sacrament of penitence
reconciliationrepentance
Thomas Aquinas
human forgiveness
divine forgiveness

atonementMilbank, 2003, pp. 45-46

21

18 21-22

22

15:14

23

1:27

7:8
24

20:23
25

6:14

12:32
26

4:18
27

1:77

1:4
28
51 2-4
26

4:52003

29

2003
Mesiths, mediator30

31
32

33

34
2003
35
36

justification

Dietrich Bonhoeffer
cheap grace

preaching forgiveness
Bonhoeffer [1937], 1996, p.44
29

19

2:5
31

6 37
32

11 25
33

5 46-48
34

5 43-45
35

23 34
36

21 23-24
30

27

Volf, 2008

The
Kairos DocumentsLeonard, 2010
State
TheologyChurch Theology

Leonard, 2010, p.16

II.
Ludwig Feuerbach

Feuerbach, 1984, p.19

28

Feuerbach, 1984, pp.30-34

Feuerbach, 1984, p.40

Feuerbach, 1984,
p.62

Feuerbach, 1984, p.86

29

Lwith, 2006, p.493

Nietzsche, 1989, par.11, p. 47

Nietzsche,

30

1989, par.10, p.39

Nietzsche, 1996, sec.251, p. 3712005p.539

Nietzsche,
1996, sec.348, p. 3712005p.207

Nietzsche, 1996, sec.68, p. 326-3272005

p.472-473

self-justification

31

Ren Girard

founding act

cycle
of violenceGirard, 1986, pp.
110-111

restorative justiceretributive
justice

2006
Vladimir Janklvitch
2005
acumen veniae

Janklvitch, 1996

Derrida, 2002b

32

hospitality

ontic-ontological difference
deconstruction

ultra-transcendentality
quasi-transcendentalDerrida, 2001a

ineffable

diffrance

forgive pardon

1992

33

Derrida,
1992, p.12

Derrida, 1992, p.12

Derrida, 1992, p.7

lan

Janklvitch, 2005,
p.153

the lan of forgivenessHenri Bergson

duration
instantsalmost nothing
void
nothingness

threshold

Kelley, 2005, p .xvi

Kelley,
2005, p .xvii

34


Janklvitch, 2005, pp. 5-6

the lan of forgiveness

hyperbolic 37

--

retributive justice

37

hyperbolic ethics
35

Samuel P. Huntington
1950

transitional justice
Huntington, 1998

reconciliation

36

 38

38

Andrew Rigby
Justice and Reconciliation: After the Violence,
London: Lynne Rienner, 2001.

2008
37

[sic] 39

self-righteousness
[sic]40

Weber, 1946, p.1182004p.256

1907
justi hostesenemy
inimicusfoe

Treaty of Westphalia

amnestypardon
41

42
43
Carl
Schmitt

Sitze, 2007, p. 156

39

verzeiht forgiveness, pardon

excuse
condone
forgiveness

40
Ethik
41
2
1648-1871

2-3
42
227
1917-1923
157
43
227
1917-1923
157
38

1922

omnipotenceSchmitt, 2005, p. 38

Giorgio Agamben

the ethics of conviction

the ethics of responsibility

39


Weber, 1946, p.1182004p.272

44

--

Derrida, 2006b, p.28.

44

40

2009 96-101

2009 97

2005

2009

41

45

20031863

King Jame Versionforgiveness

forgiveness
pardonpass overpass by

Hobbspardon

Sitze, 2007, p. 157Hugo Grotius

general amnestyclemency
pardon
Sitze, 2007, p. 159

Janklvitch, 2005, p. 154

ideal type
amnestypardonexcuseforgiveness

45

()

42


Amnesty

Special pardon

General pardon

Excuse

mitigating excuses

exculpatory excuses

Pardon

Legal pardon

Moral pardon

forgiveness

Conditional forgiveness

Unconditional forgiveness

43

46
retrospective mythology 47
48

work of mourning
xenophobia 49

misrecognition

46

47
Hobsbawm

Hobsbawm and Kertzer, 1992, p.3

48

49

1998
44

50
51

atonement

52

53
54

50

3 23-24
1 14
52

53

33 1
54

6 2
51

45

 55

2004

20082

martyr

55

1994
46

martyrdom

56

200814

melancholy

narration of victimization
responsesresponsibilities
56

47

a right response

right justice

negative presence

an imaged guilty of the imaged community

negativity

the political

1996a, p.17

48

1986
confession

reconciliation

2006

2008

ubuntu

49

Promotion of
National Unity and Reconciliation Act
Tutu, 1999, p.86

57

Tutu, 1999, pp.136-140

57

Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act 34 of 1995, p.2. (Tutu, 1999, p84)
50

2004

2004

58

59
58

59

1971
51

 60 61

1972

1972

mighty
60

1975
61

1977
52

pure
theory of law

contextualizing theology

2008 367

1976

2008
367-368

53

Hans Kelsen

Kelsen, 2002, p.310

Kelsen, 2002, pp. 311-312

Kelsen, 2002, pp.

321-322
Statutory Law

54

a stateless theory of the state

Kelsen, 2002,
p.326

Kelsen, 1995, p.181

Kelsen, 1995,
pp.3-6

Kelsen, 1995, pp.21-22

Kelsen, 1995, pp.8-9

Kelsen, 1995, p.11

2002
95

55

state of exception

Schmitt, 2005, p.36

Kelsen, 2002, p.313

Kelsen, 2002, p.314

2002
90

Schmitt, 2005, p.12

Schmitt, 2005, p.13

2008

Schmitt, 2005, p.12

Schmitt, 2005, pp.31-32

56

constituent
power

constituted power2012
deus ex
machina

Schmitt, 2005,
p.38
Schmitt, 2008, p.452004
p.347

57

Final Solution
Eichmann

[]
Arendt, 2006, p.5

Arendt,
2006, p.298

Arendt,
2006, p.253

-David Ben-Gurion
Arendt, 2006, p.12
Arendt, 2006, p.6
the
banality of evil

Gershom Scholem

58

Scholem, 2003,
pp.156-157

Arendt, 2003a, p162

Arendt, 2006, p.117

radical evil

59

Arendt, 2003a, p166

absolute
62
evil

63

rule of offices

Arendt,
2003b, p.482008ap.99

62

Arendt, 2008b, p.572

63
Heinrich Blcher Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, 2003, p.68
60

Arendt, 2003b, p.59

Arendt, 2006, p.296

Bertolt Brecht

61


Arendt, 2006, p.238

Paul Ricoeur

supra-juridical
supra-ethical

just distance

Ricoeur, 2000, p.145

DikeThemis
to catharsis

irreversibilityunpredictability

62

Arendt, 1998, p.237

public realm

Arendt, 1998, p.241

commanded forgettingRicoeur,
2004, p.452
Ricoeur and Antohi, 2005,
p.10

societas
2006115
63


2006127

mutually exclusive eventsAB

AB

A B A B A
B A B

64

potentialities of human power

Arendt, 1998, p.241

impossibility

disjoint sets

64
Arendt, 1998, p.241

65

66

deus ex machina

Schmitt, 2005, p.38

67state sovereignty
sovereignty of God

64
65
66
67

18 6

18 18

18 11
Sovereignty supra--reign
65

Derrida, 2001,
p.28

Derrida, 2006b, p.48the possibility of the

66

impossible

the impossibility of the

possible

67

Derrida, 2006b, pp.58-59

Emmanuel Levinas

violence of totality

egology
2008252
the otherthe same

identificationLevinas, 2004, p.44

thematizationconceptualization
sovereign
reason

Levinas, 2004, p.46

onto-theology
existence

suffering

Levinas, 2003, p.55

68

Maurice Blanchot

I
Selfself
SelfOther

Blanchot, 1988, p.53

self

Heidegger, 2004, p.288

the impossibility of every

possibilityBlanchot, 1988, p.70

69

absolute victimization

Derrida, 2006b, p.59

axiom

(alogos)

2009 84 Derrida,
1992, p.35

Derrida, 2001b, p.22presence of the present

Derrida, 2006b,
p.35

mortal sin
Derrida, 2006b, p.32

Derrida, 2006b, p.45

rigidness
2008 317
Richard J. Bernstein

70

Berstein, 2006, p.399

Berstein, 2006, p.401

Paul de Man

negotiation
deliberative processBerstein, 2006,
p.403
experience of responsibility
experience of deliberation and judgment
Berstein, 2006, p.404

71

68

()

,"
",
Derrida, 2006b, p.43

judgment

Derrida, 2001b, p.70

knowdge

Derrida, 2001b, p.70

68

On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness

72

a
paralyzing structure
Berstein, 2006, p.403
transcendentals

Derrida, 2001b, p.61

quasi-transcendental
Derrida, 2001b, p.62
ultra-transcendental

the transcendental origin of the system

Derrida, 1997a, p.612005
p.87

precritical text

73

preformation

epigenesis

Husserl, 1992, pp.99-100

[]

Husserl,
2004, p.162

Husserl, 2004, p.178-179

first-ness

74

Derrida, 2003, p.5

eidos-ego

worldly
derived

infinite Idea
differed-difference

delay

primordiality
authenticity of
phenomenological delay and limitationDerrida, 2004, p.172

Derrida, 2006b, p.59

75

non-origin

Derrida, 1997a, p.612005, p.87

I.

temporalityhypostasis

totality

76

virtuality

eventuality

economy

nothingDerrida, 1992, p.17

singular pointsigularity
splitting

manageablecalculable

Janklvitch, 2005,
p.107
hyperbolic ethics

77

hyper-bolic hyperbola

the lan of forgiveness

lan

Janklvitch, 2005, p.153

Henri Bergson

78


2007 363

2007 364

fecundity

the recommencement
of the instant
Levinas, 2004, p.282

match point
horizon
II.

79

universal
horizon of questioningHusserl, 2004, p.200

always-already-there

virtually
presentincompletion
Derrida, 2004, pp.123-124

horizon of the question

problematics
Hans-Georg Gadamer

80

Gadamer, 1994, pp.374-3751993

p.485

hermeneutic cycle

micro-temporality
field
of aesthetics

81

sensus communis
reflective judgment
2002
117-178

Jacques Rancirethe (re)distribution of the

sensible

Rancire, 2013, p.200

Rancire, 2011

Rancire, 2011, pp.200-201

aesthetic regime

occupation
partition69

aestheticization of politics

Rancire, 2006,
p.13
69

part partage
82


Michel Foucaultpolice

Rancire, 1999, p.29

201328

Rancire, 1999, p.30

dissensus

Rancire, 2010, p.37

heterotopia

dissensuality

83

Rancire, 2013, p.207

Rancire, 2011

Rancire, 2011

heteron

interval

70

heterology
Rancire, 2006, p.63
interestsconsensual community

70

homology
84

originarityinterest
inter-esse, inter-being

201335
interruptionfracturespolice
community

85

Udi Aloni
ForgivenessMechilot

I-know-not-what, Je-ne-sais-quoi
Jankelevitch, 2005, p.116

Yasukuni

86

disavowal

2007 24-25

2008 109

87


2007 178

heterotopia

over-sensitivityexcess
thresholdauditory
hallucination

88

89


I.

200821

ErinyesEumenides

90

II. hauntology

91

olitically united people

political entity
jus belli

Schmitt, 1996, p.46

92


III.

IV.

transduction

93

V.

speech act

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Husserl, E. (2004)
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Kelsen, H. (1995)
Kelsen, H. (2002)
301327
Lwith, K. (2006)
Meier, H. (2002)
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Meier, H. (2002)

265~300
Nietzsche, F. (2005)
Plato (2003)
Rancire, J. (2011)

2
Rancire, J. (2013)
2013 196-212
Rigby, A. (2003)
Schmitt, C. (2004)
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