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Jurassic
Geologic time
scale
Fish as first
vertebrate
diversity started in
late Cambrian
then flourish
during Devonian,
Devonian,
known as age of
fishes
What is biodiversity ?
Generally
genetic diversity,
species diversity,
ecosystem diversity and
habitat diversity
Genetic diversity:
Species diversity:
Ecosystem diversity:
Habitat diversity:
Refers to:
Warms and cold areas, temperate, tropical,
subtropica,
subtropica, savanna
Increasing latitude (N(N-S) and altitude
(elevation)
Forest area
Estimated 7% of world surface,
contain 90% of all species
Numbers of Species
Stork/flamingo
Measurement of Biodiversity
For ecologists,
ecologists, the measurement normally refers to taxonomic
richness,
richness, i.e. number of species
ShannonShannon-Wiener index (H
(H);
PondPond-1
.measurement
Distribution of biodiversity
usually richer spp in the tropics VS polar regions (generally fewer spp)
spp)
Eg.
Eg. temperate areas having single species fishery, but tropical areas
areas
having multimulti-species fishery
Earth
Earths species were formally classified as:
Common or rare or endangered or threatened species;
Food sources
Losses of Biodiversity
Extinction
Naturally (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquake)
Direct results of human activities (overexploitation, pollution)
Climate change or environmental shift (global warming)
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Species
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Food
direct used from plants, animals and ecosystems
eg.
eg. fishes are eaten but very small percentages are
nutritional)
Coral reefs
rich marine fauna and flora support fisheries;
breeding and nursery ground for marine
faunas and floras
Natural ecosystem
useful for tourism (Ecotourism) and
conservation and management.
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Ecological reasons
Economic reasons
Ethical reasons
Aesthetic reasons
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.Ecological reasons
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results changes in
the amount and distribution of
rainfall;
erosion and loss of soil and often to
flooding.
These effects are directly to economic
and human populations.
NH Snow Cover:
Cover:
Over 8383-yr
(1920(1920-2003), decreasing
~2 million sqr.
sqr. km
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Economic reasons
Habitat losses;
LargeLarge-scale habitat and biodiversity losses may extinct
the species at economic potential
Genetic materials;
cultivated crop plants and animals provide reservoir of
genetic material for the production of new varieties of
crops and animals.
If lost; crop plants and animals become more vulnerable
to extinction.
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