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Pair of Straight Lines

A)
2
2
The general equation of second degree ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of
a
h
g
2
straight lines if h
b
f 0 and h ab.
g
f
c

B)
The homogeneous second degree equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 represents a pair of straight
lines through the origin if h2 ab.

C)
If the lines through the origin whose joint equation is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, are y = m1x and
2h
a
y = m2x, then y2 - (m1 + m2)xy + m1m2x2 = 0 and y2 +
xy + x 2 = 0 are identical, so that
b
b
2h
a
m1 m2 , m1m2
.
b
b

D)
If be the angle between two lines, through the origin , then
tan

m1 m2 2 4m1m2
1 m1m2

2 h2 ab
.
ab

E)
The lines are perpendicular if a + b = 0 and coincident if h2 = ab.
2

Point of intersection of the two lines represented by ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

obtained by solving the equations ax + hy + g = 0 and hx+ by + f = 0.
It should be noted that the lines ax + hy + g = 0 and hx + by + f = 0 are not the lines represented
2
2
by ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0. These are the lines concurrent with the lines represented
by given equation.

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F)
Joint Equation of Pair of Lines Joining the Origin with the Points of Intersection of a Curve
and a Line
If the line lx + my + n = 0, (n 0) (i.e. the line does not pass through
the origin) cuts the curve ax2+ 2hxy + by2+ 2gx+2fy+c= 0 at two points
A and B, then the joint equation of the straight lines passing through A
and B and the origin is obtained by homogenizing the equation of the
curve by the equation of the line. i.e.

x my
x my
2
2
ax + 2hxy + by + (2gx + 2fy)
c
0 is the
n
n
equation of the lines OA and OB.

POSL
The chord 6 y = 8 px + 2 of the curve py2 + 1 = 4x subtends a right angle
at origin then find the value of p.

1.

Solution:

2.

3 y 2px = 1 is the given chord. Homogenizing the equation of the curve, we

get,
py2 4x( 3 y 2px) + ( 3 y 2px)2 = 0
(4p2 + 8p)x2 + (p + 3)y2 4 3 xy 4 3 pxy = 0
Now, angle at origin is 900
coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2 = 0
4p2 + 8p + p + 3 = 0 4p2 + 9p + 3 = 0
9 81 48 9 33
p=

.
8
8
Find the angle between the pair of straight lines x2 5xy + 4y2 + 3x 4 = 0

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CIRCLE

A)
Equations of the Circle in Various Forms
The simplest equation of the circle is x2 + y2 = r2 whose centre is (0, 0) and radius r.
The equation (x - a)2 + (y - b)2 = r2 represents a circle with centre (a, b) and radius r.
2

The equation x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is the general equation of a circle with centre
(-g, -f) and radius g2 f 2 c .

Equation of the circle with points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) as extremities of a diameter is
(x - x1)(x - x2) + (y - y1)(y - y2) = 0.

B)
Equation of a Circle under different Conditions
Condition
(i) Touches both the axes with centre (a, a)
and radius a
(ii) Touches x-axis only with centre
(, a) and radius a
(iii)Touches y-axis only with centre (a, ) and
radius a
(iv) Passes through the origin with centre

2,

Equation
(x-a)2 + (y-a)2 = a2
(x-)2 + (y-a)2 = a2
(x-a)2 + (y-)2 = a2
x2 +y2 - x - x = 0

2 2
and
radius
.
2
4

C)
Parametric Equation of a Circle
2

The equations x = a cos, y = a sin are called parametric equations of the circle x + y = a and
is called a parameter. The point (a cos , a sin ) is also referred to as point . The parametric
coordinates of any point on the circle (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 =a2 are given by
(h + a cos, k + a sin) with 0 < 2.

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D)
The Position of a Point with respect to a Circle
2

The point P(x1, y1) lies outside, on, or inside a circle S x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, according as
S1 x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c > = or < 0.

E)
Equations of Tangents and Normals
If S = 0 be a curve then S1 = 0 indicate the equation which is obtained by substituting x = x1 and
y = y1 in the equation of the given curve and T = 0 is the equation which is obtained by
substituting x2 = xx1, y2 = yy1, 2xy = xy1 + yx1, 2x = x + x1, 2y = y + y1 in the equation S = 0. If
S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 then S1 x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c, and
T xx1+yy1 + g( x+x1) + f(y +y1) +c.

Equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at A(x1, y1) is

xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0.

The condition that the straight line y = mx + c is a tangent to the circle x 2 + y2 =a2 is
c2 = a2(1 + m2) and the point of contact is (-a2m/c, a2/c) i.e. y = mx a 1 m2 is always a
tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 whatever be the value of m.

The joint equation of a pair of tangents drawn from the point A(x1, y1) to the circle
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is T2 = SS1 .

The equation of the normal to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point (x1, y1)
x x1 y y1
lying on the circle is

.
x1 g y1 f

In particular, equations of the tangent and the normal to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 at (x1, y1)
x
y
2
are xx1 + yy1 = a ; and

respectively.
x1 y1
The equation of the chord of the circle S 0, with mid point (x1, y1) is T = S1.

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The length of the tangent drawn from a point (x1, y1) outside the circle S 0, to the circle
is S1 .

F)
Chord of Contact
From a point P(x1, y1) two tangents PA and PB can be drawn to
the circle. The chord AB joining the points of contact A and B of
the tangents from P is called the chord of contact of P(x 1, y1)
with respect to the circle. Its equation is given by T=0.

A
(x 1 , y 1 )P
B

G)
Radical Axis
The radical axis of two circles is the locus of a point from which the tangent segments to the two
circles are of equal length.
Equation to the Radical Axis:
In general S - S' = 0 represents the equation of the Radical Axis to the two circles i.e.
2x(g g) + 2y(f - f) + c - c=0 where S x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c=0 and S'x2+y2+2g'x+2f'y+c' =0.

If S = 0 and S' = 0 intersect in real and distinct points then S - S' = 0 is the equation of the
common chord of the two circles.

If S' = 0 and S = 0 touch each other, then S - S' = 0 is the equation of the common
tangent to the two circles at the point of contact.
H)
Family of Circles
2

If S x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 and S x + y + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 are two intersecting

circles, then S + S = 0, -1, is the equation of the family of circles passing through
the points of intersection of S = 0 and S = 0.

If S x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is a circle which is intersected by the straight line

ax + by + c = 0 at two real and distinct points, then S + = 0 is the equation of the
family of circles passing through the points of intersection of S = 0 and =0. If = 0
touches S = 0 at P, then S + = 0 is the equation of the family of circles, each touching
= 0 at P.

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The equation of a family of circles passing through two given points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
can be written in the form.
x
(x - x1)(x - x2) + (y - y1)(y - y2) + x1

y
y1

1
1 0 where is a parameter.

x2

y2

The equation of the family of circles which touch the line y - y1 = m(x - x1) at (x1, y1) for
any value of m is (x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 + [(y - y1) -m(x - x1)] = 0. If m is infinite, the equation
is (x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 + (x - x1) = 0.

Two circles are said to intersect orthogonally if the angle of intersection of the circles i.e.,
the angle between their tangents at the point of intersection is 90.

The condition for the two circles S = 0 and S1= 0 to cut each other orthogonally is
2gg1 + 2ff1 = c + c1.
I)
External and Internal Contacts of Circles
A

If two circles with centres C1(x1, y1) and C2(x2, y2) and radii r1 and r2
respectively, touch each other externally, then C1C2 = r1 + r2.
Coordinates of the point of contact are

r x r x r y r y
T 1 2 2 1, 1 2 2 1.
r1 r2
r1 r2

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C2

C1

C1 C2

r x r x r y r y
A 1 2 2 1 , 1 2 2 1 . The circles touch each other internally if
r1 r2
r1 r2
C1C2 = r1- r2. Coordinates of the point of contact are

r2

r1

r2
T
r1

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Common Tangents to Two Circles

(a)

The direct common tangents to two circles meet on the line of

centres and divide it externally in the ratio of the radii.

(b)

The transverse common tangents also meet on the line of

centres and divide it internally in the ratio of the radii.

C1

C2

Notes:
When two circles do not intersect or touch, 4 common tangents can be drawn.

When two circles touch each other externally, 3 common tangents can be drawn to the
circles.
When two circles intersect each other, two common tangents can drawn to the circles.
When two circles touch each other internally 1 common tangent can be drawn to the
circles.

CIRCLE.
Exercise 1.
i)
ii)

iii)
iv)
v)

Exercise 2.
i)
ii)

Find the equation of the circle which touches the axis of x at a distance 3 from
the origin and intercepts a distance 6 on the axis of y.
ABCD is a square whose side is a, and whose sides AB and AD are along
coordinate axes, prove that equation to the circle circumscribing the square is x2
+ y2 = a (x + y).
Find the equation to the circle, of radius a, which passes through two points on
the axis of x which are at distances b from the origin.
Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (1, 2) and (4, 3)
and which has its centre on the straight line 3x + 4y = 7.
A circle of radius 5 units touches the co-ordinate axes in the first quadrant. If the
circle makes one complete roll on x-axis along the positive direction of x-axis,
find its equation in the new position.

Prove that the tangent to the circle x + y = 5 at the point (1, 2) also touches
2
2
the
circle x + y 8x +6y + 20 = 0 and find its point of contact.
2
2
2
2
From a point P tangents drawn to the circles x + y +x 3 = 0, 3x + 3y 5x + 3y
2
2
= 0 and 4x + 4y + 8x + 7y + 9 = 0 are of equal lengths. Find the equation of the
circle through P which touches the line x + y = 5 at the point (6, 1).

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iii)

iv)

v)

Exercise 3.
i)
ii)

iii)
iv)
v)

Exercise 4.
i)
ii)

iii)
iv)

v)

FOR

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If from any point on the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 tangents are drawn to
the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c sin2 + (g2 + f2) cos2 = 0, show that the angle
between the tangents is equal to 2.
The extremities of a diagonal of a rectangle are (4, 4) and (6, 1). A circle
circumscribe the rectangle and cuts an intercept AB on the y-axis. Find the area
of the triangle formed by AB and the tangents to the circle at A and B.
Find the equations to the circles in which the line joining the points (a, b) and
(b, -a) is a chord subtending an angle of 45 at any point on its circumference.

The radical axis of the circles x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c=0 and 2x2+2y2+3x+8y+2c= 0

touches the circle x2 + y2 + 2x 2y + 1 = 0. Show that either g = 3/4 or f = 2
The equation of radical axis of two circles is x + y = 1. One of these circles has
the ends of a diameter at the points (1, 3) and (4, 1) and the other passes
through the point (1, 2). Find the equations of these circles.
Show that the circle on the chord xcos+ ysin- p = 0 of the circle x2+y2= a2 as
diameter is x2 + y2 a2 2p (xcos + ysin p) = 0.
Find the equation of the circle passing through the points of intersection of the
circle x2 + y2 = 4a2 and x2 + y2 2x 4y + 4 = 0 and touching the line x + 2y = 0
If the circle C1; x2 + y2 = 16, intersects the circle C2 of radius 5 in such a manner
that the common chord is of maximum length, and has slope equal to 3/4, then
find the coordinates of the centre of C2.
Prove that the circles x2 + y2 + 24ux + 2vy = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2u1x + 2v1y = 0 touch
each other if 12uv1 = u1v.
Prove that the circles x2 + y2 + 2ax + c2 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2by + c2 = 0 touches
1
1
1
each
other if 2 2 2 .
a
b
c
Find the equation of the circle passing through the points of contact of the direct
common tangent of x2 + y2 = 16 and x2 + y2 12x + 32 = 0.
Let A be the centre of the circle x2 + y2 - 2x - 4y - 20 = 0. Suppose that the
tangents at the points B (1, 7) and D (4, -2) on the circle meet at the point C. Find
the area of the quadrilateral ABCD.
If two curves ax2+2hxy+by2+2gx+2fy+c =0 and ax2+2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
a b a b
= 0 intersect in four concyclic points, then prove that

.
h
h

Exercise 1.
i)
iv)
v)

x2 + y2 6 2 y 6x + 9 = 0
iii)
x2 + y2 2y a2 b2 = b2
2
2
15x + 15y 94x + 18y + 55 = 0
2
2
2
x + y 10(2+ 1) x 10y + 100 + 100 + 25 = 0

Exercise 2.
i)

(3, 1)

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ii)

x2 + y2 7x + 7y + 12 = 0

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1421
sq. units
8
x2 + y2 2x(a +b) + 2y(a b) + a2 + b2 = 0

Exercise 3.
ii)
v)

2(x2 + y2) 15x y + 7 = 0

12
9
9 12
5 , 5 and 5 , 5

iv)

(1 + a2) (x2 + y2) 2a2x 4a2y = 0

x2 + y2 6x 8 = 0

iv)

75 sq. units

Exercise 4.
iii)

A)
Conic Section:

A conic section or conic is the locus of a point, which moves so that its distance from a fixed
point bears a constant ratio to its distance from a fixed straight line, not passing through the fixed
point.

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The fixed point is called the focus.

The fixed straight line is called the directrix.

The constant ratio is called the eccentricity and is denoted by e.

When the eccentricity is unity; i.e., e = 1, the conic is called a parabola; when e < 1, the
conic is called an ellipse; and when e > 1, the conic is called a hyperbola.

The straight line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is called the
axis of the conic.

A point of intersection of a conic with its axis is called vertex.

PARABOLA
2

Standard equation of a parabola is y = 4ax

A)
Latus Rectum

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y

The chord of a parabola through the focus and perpendicular

to the axis is called the latus rectum.
In the figure LSL is the latus rectum.
Also LSL =2

L
2

y = 4ax
A

S(a, 0)

4a.a 4a = double ordinate through the

focus S.

Notes:

Any chord of the parabola y = 4ax perpendicular to the axis of the parabola is called
double ordinate.

Two parabolas are said to be equal when their latus recta are equal.
B)
Parametric Coordinates
Any point on the parabola y2 = 4ax is (at2, 2at) and we refer to it as the point t. Here, t is a
parameter, i.e., it varies from point to point.
Focal Chord:
Any chord to y2 = 4ax which passes through the focus is called a focal chord of the
parabola y2 = 4ax.

The extremities of a focal chord of the parabola y2 = 4ax may be taken as the points t and -1/t.

C)
Tangent at the Point (x1, y1)

Let the equation of the parabola be y2 = 4ax. Hence, value of

equation of the tangent at P is y - y1 =
2

2a
(x - x1)
y1

i.e. yy1 = 2a(x - x1) + y1 yy1 = 2a(x + x1).

D)

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dy
2a
at P(x1, y1) is
and the
dx
y1

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Tangent in Terms of m:

y = mx + a/m

a 2a
Point of contact 2 ,
.
m m

E)
Tangent at the Point t

Equation of the tangent at t is ty = x + at .

The point of intersection of the tangents at t1 and t2 is (at1t2, a(t1 + t2)).

F)
Equation of the Tangents from an External Point

Let y2 = 4ax be the equation of a parabola and (x1, y1) an external point P. Then, equation of the
tangents is given by
SS1 = T 2, where S = y2 - 4ax, S1 = y12 - 4ax1, T = yy1 - 2a(x + x1).

G)
Chord of Contact
Equation to the chord of contact of the tangents drawn from a point (x1, y1), to the parabola
2
y = 4ax is T= 0, i.e. yy1 - 2a(x+x1) =0.

H)
Chord whose Mid Point is given
2

The equation of the chord of the parabola y = 4ax with mid point (x1, y1) is T= S1 i.e. yy12
2
2a(x+x1)= y1 -4ax1 Or yy1 - 2ax = y1 - 2ax1 .

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I)
Normal to the Parabola

Normal at the Point t

The normal, being perpendicular to the tangent at (at2, 2at) is given by y=-tx+2at+ at3.

If normal at the point t1 meets the parabola again at the point t2, then t2 = -t1

2
.
t1

Point of intersection of the normals to the parabola y = 4ax at (at1 , 2at1) and (at2 , 2at2)
is (2a + a(t12 + t22 + t1t2),- at1t2(t1+ t2)) .

PARABOLA
Exercise 1:
i)
Find the equation of parabola whose focus is (1, 1) and whose vertex is (2,
1). Also find its axis and latus rectum.
ii)
Find vertex, focus, directix and latus rectum of the parabola y2 + 4x + 4y 3
= 0.
iii)
Find the equation of the parabola whose axis is parallel to the y- axis and
which passes through the points (0, 4), (1, 9) and (2, 6) and determine its
latus rectum.
Exercise 2:

i)

ii)
iii)
iv)

Prove that the equation y2 + 2ax + 2by + c = 0 represents a parabola whose

axis is parallel to xaxis. Find its vertex and the equation of the double
ordinate through the focus.
Find the equation of the parabola whose vertex is at (2, 1) and the directrix
is x = y 1.
Show that the semi-latus rectum of a parabola is the harmonic mean
between the segments of any focal chord.
Find the length of the side of an equilateral inscribed in the parabola y2 =
4ax so that one angular point is at the vertex.

Exercise 3:
i)
Tangents are drawn from any point on the line x + 4a = 0, to the parabola
y2 = 4ax. Prove that their chord of contact will subtend a right angle at the
vertex.
ii)
Prove that the area of triangle formed by the tangents to the parabola y2 =
4ax from the point (x1, y1) and the chord of contact is
iii)

1
y12 4ax1
2a

3/2

sq.

units.
Find the equation of the common tangents to the parabola y2 = 4ax and x2 =
4by.

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Two tangents to a parabola y2= 4ax meet at an angle of 45. Prove that the
locus of their point of intersection is the curve y2 4ax = (x + a)2.
If a tangent to the parabola y2= 4ax meets the axis of the parabola in T and
the tangent at the vertex A in Y, and the rectangle TAYG is completed,
show that the locus of G is y2 + ax = 0.

Exercise 4:
i)
Prove that the locus of the mid points of the normal chords of the parabola
y2 = 4ax is
ii)
iii)

iv)

y 2 4a 3
2 x 2a.
2a
y

For what values of 'a' will the tangents drawn to the parabola y2 = 4ax from
a point, not on the yaxis , will be normal to the parabola x2 = 4y.
Find the equation of the normal to the parabola y2 = 4x, which is
(a) parallel to the line y = 2x - 5
(b) perpendicular to the line x + 3y + 1 = 0.
Three normals to y2 = 4x pass through the points (15, 12). Show that one of
the normals is given by y = x - 3. Also find the equation of others.

Exercise 1.
(i).

4x2 + y2 4xy + 8x + 46y 71 = 0, 2x y 3 = 0, 4 5

(ii).

7
4,

(iii).

y = 2x2 + 3x + 4, latus-rectum of 1/2

2 ,

3
4,

11

2 , x = , 4
4

Exercise 2.
(i).

b2 c
,

2a

(ii).

x2 + y2 + 2xy - 14x + 2y + 17 = 0

b , 2ax = b2 a2 c

(iv).

8a 3

(b).

y = 3(x 11)

Exercise 3.
(iii).

a1/3 x + b1/3y + a2/3b2/3 = 0

Exercise 4.
(ii).
a < 22 or a > 22
(iii)(a). y = 2x 12
(iv).
4x + y = 72, 3x y = 33

ELLIPSE

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Standard Equation of a ellipse is

x2
a2

FOR
y2
b2

CO-ORDINATE
2

(POSL+PB+E+HY)

1 , where b = a (1 - e ), and e is the eccentricity of the

ellipse.
A)
Latus Rectum:
The chord through a focus at right angle to the major axis is called the latus rectum.

Notes:
The major axis AA is of length 2a and the minor axis BB is of length 2b.
The foci are (-ae, 0) and (ae, 0)
The equations of directrices are x = a/e and x = -a/e.
The length of the semi latus rectum = b2 / a
Circle is a particular case of an ellipse with e = 0.

B)
Focal Distance of a Point:
Sum of the focal distances of any point on the ellipse is equal to its major axis.

P( ) PS1 a (1 e cos ), PS2 a(1 e cos )

C)
Position of a Point Relative to an Ellipse:

The point P(x1, y1) is outside or inside or on the ellipse

x 2 y2

S1 12 12 1 is positive or negative or zero.

a

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x2
a2

y2
b2

1, according as the quantity

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D)
Parametric Equation of an Ellipse:

Clearly, x = a cos, y = bsin satisfy the equation

x2
a2

Hence (acos , b sin) is always a point on the ellipse

y2
b2

x2
a2

1 for all real values of .

y2
b2

= 1 for any values of .

The point (a cos , b sin ) is also called the point . The angle is called the eccentric angle
(0 < 2 ) of the point P(a cos, b sin) on the ellipse.

E)
Tangents and Normals:

Equation of the Tangent at a Point of an Ellipse:

(a) At the point (x1, y1) is

xx1
a

yy1
b2

1 i.e. T= 0

(b) Equation of tangent at the point i.e. (a cos , b sin ) is obtained by putting x1 = a cos ,
x cos y sin
y1 = b sin

1.
a
b

Equation of the Tangent in Terms of its Slope; Condition of Tangency:

The equations of the tangent to the ellipse
y = mx

x2
a2

y2
b2

=1 with slope m are

a2 m2 b2 for all finite values of m.

Notes:

Equation of the pair of tangents from an external point (x1, y1):

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Let the equation of the ellipse be

x2
a2

CO-ORDINATE

y2
b2

(POSL+PB+E+HY)

1 . Then the pair of tangents from (x1, y1) to

the ellipse is given by SS1 = T2.

Equation of the chord with mid point (x1, y1 ) : T = S1.

Equation of the Normal at a Point of an Ellipse:

(a) The equation of normal to the ellipse

x2
a

y2
b

= 1 at (x1, y1) is

x x1
x1 / a

y y1
y1 / b2

(b) Equation of normal at (a cos, b sin) is ax sec - by cosec = a2 - b2.

F)
Equation of the Chord Joining the Points (a cos, b sin), (a cos, b sin):

x
y


cos
b sin 2 cos 2 .
a
2

ELLIPSE
Exercise 1:
i) Obtain the equation to an ellipse whose focus is the point (1, 1), whose directrix is the
line x y + 3 = 0 and whose eccentricity is 1/2.
ii) Find the centre, the length of axes, the eccentricity and the foci of the ellipse
2
2
12x +4 y + 24x 16y + 25 = 0.
iii) Find the eccentricity of an ellipse, if its latus rectum is equal to one half of its major axis.
iv) Find the equation to the ellipse whose one vertex is (3, 1), the nearer focus is (1, 1) and
the eccentricity is 2/3.
2
2
v) Find the latus rectum, eccentricity and foci of the curve 4x + 9y 8x 36y + 4 = 0.
Exercise 2:
i) If the normal at an end of a latus rectum of an ellipse passes through an end of the
4
2
minor axis, show that e + e = 1 .
ii) Find the condition that the line x cos+ y sin = p may be a tangent to the ellipse
x2 y 2

1 . Also find the point of contact

a2 b2

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x2 y 2

1 , whose middle point is(1/2, 2/5).

25 16
iv) Find the equations of the tangents from the point (2, 2) to the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 = 36. Also
find the angle between the tangents
v) Prove that the line joining two points of an ellipse the difference of whose eccentric
angles is constant touches a fixed ellipse.

iii) Find the length of chord of the ellipse

vi) Let P and Q be two points on the ellipse

x2

y2

1 whose eccentric angles differ by a

a2 b2
right angle. The tangents at P and Q meet at R. Prove that the chord PQ bisects the line
segment CR where C is the centre of the ellipse.

vii) Find the points on the ellipse

x2

y2

1 such that the tangent at each of them makes

a2 b2
equal angles with the axes. Prove also that the length of the perpendicular from the

centre on either of these tangent is

a2 b2
.
2

Exercise 1.

(ii)

7(x2 + y2) + 2xy + 10(x - y) + 7 = 0

(-1, 2) , 3 , 1, 2 / 3 , (-1, 2 1/ 2 )

(iii)

1/ 2

(iv)

5x2 + 9y2 + 30x 18 y 126 = 0

(v)

8
,
3

(i)

Exercise 2.

(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(vii)

a2 cos
a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 = p2,
,
p

7
41
5
8
y 2 = 0, 8x + 5y 26 = 0; tan1
5
2
a2

2
a2 b2
a b

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b2 sin

5
,
3

5 1,

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HYPERBOLA

A)
Standard Equation and Basic Definitions
The standard equation of a hyperbola is
The eccentricity e of the hyperbola

x2
a2

x2
a2

y2
b2

1.

b2
2

1
is
given
by
the
relation
e

b2
a2

y2

Since the curve is symmetrical about the y - axis, it is clear that there exists another focus
S at (-ae, 0) and a corresponding directirx ZM with the equation x= -a/e, such that the
same hyperbola is described if a point moves so that its distance from S is e times its
distance from ZM.

The points A and A where the straight line joining the two foci cuts the hyperbola are
called the vertices of the hyperbola.

The straight line joining the vertices is called the transverse axis of the hyperbola, its
length AA is 2a.

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The middle point C of AA possesses the property that it bisects every chord of the
hyperbola passing through it. It can be proved by taking P(x1, y1) as any point on the
hyperbola. If (x1, y1) lies on the hyperbola then so does P(-x1, -y1) because hyperbola is
symmetric about x and y axes. Therefore PP is a chord whose middle point is (0, 0), i.e.
the origin O. On account of this property the middle point of the straight line joining the
vertices of the hyperbola is called the centre of the hyperbola.

The straight line through the centre of a hyperbola which is perpendicular to the
transverse axis does not meet the hyperbola in real points. If B and B be the points on
this line such that BC = CB = b, the line BB is called the conjugate axis.

The latus rectum is the chord through a focus at right angle to the transverse axis.
Relation between Focal Distances

The difference of the focal distances of a point on the hyperbola is constant and is equal to 2a.

Remark

Using this property hyperbola can be defined in another way-Locus of a moving point
such that the difference of its distances from two fixed points is constant, would be a
hyperbola. For example, interference fringes formed in Youngs Double Slit experiment
are hyperbolic in nature.

B)
Relative Position of a Point with respect to the Hyperbola
y

The quantity

x12
2

y12
2

1 is positive,

a
b
Zero or negative, according as the point (x1, y1) lies
within, upon or outside of the curve.

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Interior Exterior region

region
O

Interior
region
x

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C)
Parametric Coordinates
(a sec, b tan ) is a point on the hyperbola for all values of . The point (a sec, b tan) is briefly
called the point ''.

P( ) PS1 a (e sec 1), PS2 a(e sec 1)

D)
Important Properties of Hyperbola
Since the fundamental equation of the hyperbola only differs from that of the ellipse in having
-b2 instead of b2, it will be found that many propositions for the hyperbola are derived from those
x2 y2
for the ellipse by changing the sign of b2. Some results for the hyperbola 2 2 1 are
a
b

(i).

The tangent at any point (x1, y1) on the curve is

xx1
a

yy1
b2

x sec y tan

1
a
b

(ii).

The tangent at the point is

(iii).

The straight line y = mx + c is a tangent to the curve, if c2 = a2 m2 - b2. In other words,

y = mx a2 m2 b2 touches the curve, for all those values of m when m>b/a or m< -b/a.

(iv).

(v).

Equation of the normal at any point (x1, y1) to the curve is

The chord through the points 1 and 2 is

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x x1
x1 / a

y y1

y1 / b2

x
a sec1

y
b tan1 1

a sec2

b tan2 1

1
0.

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2

(POSL+PB+E+HY)
2

(vi).

The equation of the normal at is ax cos + by cot = a + b .

(vii).

Tangent drawn at any point bisects the angle between the lines, joining the point to the
foci, whereas normal bisects the supplementary angle between the lines.

(viii).

Equation of the director circle is x + y = a - b . That means if a > b , there would exist
2
several points such that tangents drawn from them would be mutually perpendicular. If a
< b2, no such point exist. For a2 = b2, centre is the only point from which two
perpendicular tangents (asymptotes) to the hyperbola can be drawn.

E)
Conjugate Hyperbola

The hyperbola, whose transverse and conjugate axes are respectively the conjugate and
transverse axes of a given hyperbola, is called the conjugate hyperbola of the given hyperbola,
x2 y2
and the two hyperbolas are conjugate to one another. Thus, the hyperbolas 2 2 1 and
a
b
2
2
y
x
2 1 are conjugate hyperbolas.
2
b
a

F)
Asymptote
We have the equations of the asymptotes as
The lines

x y
0.
a b

x y
x2 y2
0 are also asymptotes to the conjugate hyperbola 2 2 1 .
a b
a
b

Remarks

The equation of the hyperbola and that of its pair of asymptotes differ by a constant. For
example, if S = 0 is the equation of the hyperbola, then the combined equation of the
asymptotes is given by S + K = 0. The constant K is obtained from the condition that the

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equation S + K = 0 represents a pair of lines. Finally the equation of the corresponding

conjugate hyperbola is S+ 2K = 0.

Any line drawn parallel to the asymptote of the hyperbola would meet the curve
only at one point.

G)
Rectangular Hyperbola

A hyperbola whose asymptotes are at right angles to each other is called a rectangular
hyperbola.

The angle between the asymptotes of the hyperbola

x2
a

y2
b

-1

1 , is 2 tan (b/a). This is a right

-1

angle if tan b/a = /4, i.e., if b/a = 1 b = a.

i)

The equation of the rectangular hyperbola referred to its transverse and conjugate axes
as coordinate axes is therefore x2 - y2 = a2.

ii)

Equation of the rectangular hyperbola having asymptotes as coordinate axes: To obtain

this equation we rotate the axes of reference through an angle of 45 in the clockwise
x
y
x
y
direction. Thus we have to write

for x and
for y.
2
2
2
2
The equation of the hyperbola is 1/2 (x + y)2 - 1/2(x - y)2 = a2 or xy = c2 where c2 = a2/2.

H)
The Tangent and Normal:

For the rectangular hyperbola, xy = c , the coordinates of any point on the curve may be taken as
(cp, c/p), where p is a parameter. We shall call the point with these coordinates, the point p

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i)

Equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is xy1 + yx1 = 2c2

ii)

Tangent at (cp, c/p) to xy = c is

iii)

Equation of normal at (cp, c/p) is xp - py - cp + c = 0.

(POSL+PB+E+HY)

cx
cpy 2c 2
p

Remarks

The slope of the tangent at the point (cp, c/p) is 1/p2 , which is always negative.
Hence tangents drawn at any point to xy = c2 would always make a obtuse angle with the
x-axis.

Slope of normal at any point (cp, c/p) is p2, which is always positive. Hence normal
drawn to xy = c2 at any point would always make a acute angle with the x-axis.
I)
Intersection of a Circle and a Rectangular Hyperbola

A rectangular hyperbola and a circle meet in four points. The mean of these four points is the
middle point of the centres of the hyperbola and that of the circle.

HYPERBOLA
Exercise 1.
i)
Find the centre, eccentricity, foci and directrices of the hyperbola
16x2 9y2 + 32x + 36y 164 = 0.
ii)
Find the equation of the hyperbola whose one focus is (1, 1), eccentricity = 3 and
the equation of the corresponding directrix is x y + 3 = 0.
iii)
A point moves such that difference of its distances from two given points is
constant. Prove that the locus of the point is a hyperbola.

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iv)

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The hyperbola

x2
a2

y2
b2

FOR

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(POSL+PB+E+HY)

1 passes through the point of intersection of the lines

v)

32 2
. Find a and b.
5
Find the locus of the points of intersection of two tangents to a hyperbola
x2 y 2

1 if sum of their slopes is constant a.

25 16

vi)

Prove that the point of intersection of two tangents to the hyperbola

7x + 13y 87 = 0 and 5x 8y + 7 = 0 and its latus rectum is

x2
a

y2
b2

1,

the product of whose slopes is c2, lies on the curve y2 + b2 = c2(x2 a2).
x2 y 2
vii)
If the normal at the point Q on the hyperbola 2 2 1 , whose vertices are A
a
b
and A, meets the transverse axis at G, then prove that AG AG = a2(e4sec2 1).
Exercise 2.
b
i)
The asymptotes of a hyperbola are y =
x, prove that the equation of the
a
hyperbola is
ii)

iii)

iv)

x2

y2

k , where k is any constant.

a2
b2
Find the number of points at which line 6y + 4x = 5 cuts hyperbola

( x 1 )2 ( y 2 )2

1.
9
4
Find the locus of a point such that the angle between the tangents from it to the
x2 y 2
hyperbola 2 2 1 is equal to the angle between the asymptotes of the
a
b
hyperbola.
x2 y 2
A straight line is drawn parallel to the conjugate axis of the hyperbola 2 2 1
a
b
and meet it and the conjugate hyperbola in the points P and Q, show that the
y 4 y 2 x2 4x2
tangents at P and Q meet on 4 2 2 2 and that the normals meet on
b b
a
a

the axis of x.
If the centre of the hyperbola whose equation is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
be (, ), then find the equation of the asymptotes.
Exercise 3.
i)
Find the condition that the straight line y = mx + c touches the hyperbola x2y2=a2.
ii)
A tangent to the parabola x2 = 4ay, meets the hyperbola xy = c2 in two points P
and Q. Prove that the mid point of PQ lies on a parabola.
iii)
Prove that the line y = x 1 cannot be a normal of the hyperbola x2 y2 = 1.
iv)
Prove that the eccentricity of a rectangular hyperbola is equal to 2 .
1
1
1
1
v)
Show that the locus represented by x = a t , y = a t is a rectangular
2
t
2
t
hyperbola. Show also that equation to the normal at the point t is
y
x
a
2
.
2
t 1 t 1 t
v)

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vi)

(POSL+PB+E+HY)

In a rectangular hyperbola, prove that the product of the focal distances of a point
on it is equal to the square of its distance from the centre of the hyperbola.
Exercise 1.
(i)
(ii)
(iv)
(v)

5
4
, (4, 2), (6, 2), x =
3
5
7x2 18xy + 7y2 + 50x 50y + 77 = 0
5
a=
,b=4
2

e=

a(x 25) = 2xy

Exercise 2.

(ii)

(iii)

(v)

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy g g = 0

b2

x2 y2
2
2
2
2
1 2 2 a b x y
a
b

Exercise 3.

(i)

c2 = a2(m2 1)

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THINK-1.

If the pair of straight line xy 3 - x2 = 0 is tangent to the circle at P and Q

from origin O such that area of smaller sector formed by CP and CQ is 3
sq. unit, where C is the centre of circle then OP equals to

3 3
2
(C) 3
(A)

Solution:

r
OP
OP = r 3
1 2
r2
3
2 3

(B) 3 3
(D) 3

tan30 =

r=3
OP = 3 3 .

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Q
2/3

r
P

30
O

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FOR

CO-ORDINATE

(POSL+PB+E+HY)

Two perpendiculars PQ and PR are drawn on the axes of the ellipse

x2

y2

= 1 from any arbitrary point P on the ellipse. Then the locus of the
a2
b2
point T that divides (internally) QR in the fixed ratio 1 : 2 (a, b, 1, 2 R,
a1 b2 0)
(A) a circle
(B) a hyperbola
(C) a parabola
(D) an ellipse

Solution:

RT 1

TQ 2
a cos
b sin
h= 1
,k= 2
1 2
1 2
( 2 )h
cos = 1
,
1a
(1 2 )k
sin =
2b
Let the point T be (h, k),

R (0, b sin )

P (a cos , b sin )
T

O
Q (a cos , 0)

Eliminating
sin2 + cos2 = 1

k2
h2

=1
2 2
21a2
2b

(1 + 2)2

x2
1a

1
2

THINK-3.

y2
2b

1
2

= 1,

Two tangents to parabola y2 = 4ax make angles and with the xaxis. The
locus of their point of intersection if sin( ) = 2 cos cos is
2
2
(A) y = 4x(a x)
(B) y = 4x(x a)
2
(C) y = 4x(a + x)
(D) none of these

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Solution:

SHORT FILE

Let y = mx +

FOR

CO-ORDINATE

(POSL+PB+E+HY)

a
be the equation of tangent.
m

sin( ) = 2 cos cos

tan tan = 2
m1 m2 = 2
2
4 = (m1 + m2) 4m1m2
2
y = 4x(a + x).

THINK-4.

P is a point. Two tangents are drawn from it to the parabola y2 = 4x such

that the slope of one tangent is three times the slope of other. then the
locus of P is
(A) a straight line
(B) a circle
(C) a parabola
(D) an ellipse

Solution:

Let P = (, ), any tangent to parabola is y = mx +

so = m +

1
m

a
. It passes through (, ),
m

(a = 1)

m2 m + 1 = 0, If roots are m1 and 3m1

then m1 + 3m1 =

1
, m1.3m1 =

1

3
32 = 16

4
So, locus is 3y2 = 16x, which is a parabola.

THINK-5.

If the normal at the point P () to the ellipse 5x2 + 14y2 = 70 intersects it

again at the point Q (2), then cos is equal to
6
6
(A)
(B)
7
7
2
2
(C)
(D)
3
3

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Solution:

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FOR

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Equation of the normal to the ellipse

(POSL+PB+E+HY)

x2 y2
= 1 at P () is

14 5

ax
by

= a2 b2, (a2 = 14, b2 = 5)

cos sin
It meets the ellipse again at Q (2)

a 2 cos 2 b 2 sin 2
2
2
=a b

cos
sin
2

14 (2 cos 1) 5 (2 cos ) = 9 cos

(6 cos 7) (3 cos + 2) = 0
cos =

2
.
3

THINK-6.

Portion of asymptote of hyperbola

Solution:

From diagram we can see that slope

of line is always ve
(, 0)
(0, )

x2

y2

= 1 (between centre and the

a2 b2
tangent at vertex) in the first quadrant is cut by the y + (x b) = 0 ( is a
parameter) then
(A) R
(B) (, 0)
(C) (0, )
(D) none of these

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THINK-7.

P and Q are two fixed points, a point R such that PR = nQR (n 1). Then the
common properties of locus R for different values of n is
(A) locus of R is family of circles with diameter less than PQ
(B) locus of R is a circle and for different values of n all the circles have a
fixed radical axis
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) none of these

Solution:

Let P (a, 0) Q ( a, 0) R (h, k)

1 n2
+ a2 = 0
2
1 n
1 n2
2

Whose locus is x2 + y2 2ax

1 n2 + a = 0

PR = nQR h2 + k2 2ah

Which is a circle.
If two different values of n are n1 and n2 then circles are

1 n12
2

1 n 2 2ax + a = 0
2

1 n12
2

And x2 + y2
1 n 2 2ax + a = 0.
2

x 2 + y2

So, common radical axis is 2ax = 0 x = 0.

So, yaxis is the fixed radical axis.

THINK-8.

Two distinct chords of the circle x2 + y2 2x 4y = 0 drawn from the point P

(a, b) gets bisected by the y axis, then.
2
2
(A) (b + 2) > 4a
(B) (b 2) > 4a
2
(C) (b 2) > 2a
(D) (b + 2)2 > 2a

Solution:

Let the chords get bisected at A (0, ) centre of given is C(1, 2). Thus

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mPA mCA = 1.

b . 2 1

0 a 0 1

2 - (b + 2) + (a + 2b) = 0
This equation should have distinct real roots if
(b + 2)2 > 4 (a + 2b)
b2 4b + 4 > 4a or (b 2)2 > 4a

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THINK-9.
If the circle C1 touches x-axis and the line y = x tan (tan > 0) in first quadrant and
circle C2 touches the line y = x tan , y-axis and circle C1 in such a way that ratio of radius

of C1 and C2 is 2 : 1 then find the value of tan .

2

SOLUTIONS.

Let m = tan , then AOO1 =

C2

, O2OO1
2

O2
C1

= 45
AOO2 = 45

= 1
2
OA
r

tan 45 2
2
OA

O1

tan

1 tan r
1
1
2 2

r1 2

tan 1 tan
2
2

2 2 tan

3 17
tan2 tan tan2 3 tan 2 0 tan =
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

THINK-10.

If two distinct tangents can be drawn from the point (, 2) on different branches
x2 y2
of the hyperbola

1 , then find the range of .

9 16
A

SOLUTIONS.
For two distinct tangents on different
branches the point should lie on the
line y = 2 and between A and B
(where A and B are the points on the
asymptotes).
Equation of asymptotes are 4x = 3y
Solving with y = 2
3
x=
2
3
3
<< .
2
2

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B
y=2

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THINK-11.
If eight distinct points can be found on the curve |x| + |y| = 1 such that from each
point two mutually perpendicular tangents can be drawn to the circle x 2 + y2 = a2, then
find the range of a.
SOLUTIONS. For the required condition director circle x2 +
y2 = 2a2 must cut the square ABCD at 8 distinct
points.
Minimum value of radius = OE and maximum value of
radius = OA
1
1
1

2a 1 a
.
2
2
2

x+y=1
E
1

x + y = 1
C

THINK-12.
If the line my + x 2 = 0 cuts the parabola y2 = 4x at A(t12 , 2t1 ) and B(t22 , 2t 2 )
then show that t1t2 = 2.
SOLUTIONS. Clearly line is passing through P (2, 0) for all values of m.
Now slope (PA) = slope (PB).
Solving we get t1t2 = 2.

THINK-13.

If the ellipse

x2

y2

1 is inscribed in a rectangle whose length to breadth ratio

a 2 b2
is 2 : 1 then find the area of rectangle.

SOLUTIONS. Since mutually perpendicular tangents

can be drawn from vertices of rectangle. So all the
vertices of rectangle should lie on director circle x2
2
2
2
+y =a +b.
Let breadth = 2l and length = 4l then
a2 b2
l2 + (2l)2 = a2 + b2 l2 =
.
5
Area = 4l . 2l = 8.

a b

a2 b2
.
5

THINK-14.
PQ is a variable chord of length l of the circle x2 + y2 = a2. Tangents PR and QR
are drawn to the circle at the points P and Q. If the locus of the point R be the circle
4
x2 + y2 = a2 , then find the length of the chord PQ in terms of a.
3

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Let O be the centre of the circle x2 + y2 = a2.

l
Given that PQ = l PS =
2
2a
and OR =
, OP = OQ = a.
3
Let POS = PRO = 90
l
l
OS = a cos and PS = a sin =
sin =
2
2a
l
SR = tan = a sin tan
2
2a
OS + SR = a cos + a tan sin =
3

SOLUTIONS.

90
P

R
l

2
6

l = 2a sin = 2a sin l = a.
6

cos =

THINK-15.
The vertices A, B and C of a variable right triangle lie on a parabola y2 = 4x. If the
vertex B containing the right angle always remains at the point (1, 2), then show that the
locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is a parabola .

SOLUTIONS.

Let points A and B be (t12 , 2t1 ) and

A(t1 , 2t1)

(t22 ,

2t 2 )
then
mAB mBC = 1.
2
2

1
(t1 1) (t 2 1)
t1 + t2 + t1t2 = 5
(1)
let the centroid of the ABC be (x, y) , then
t12 t 22 1

2t1 2t 2 2
3
3
From equation (2), we get
3y 2
t12 t22 3x 1and t1 t 2
2
x

and y

B(1, 2)

(2)

C(t22, 2t2)

(3)

THINK-16.
Find the range of parameter a for which a unique circle will pass through the
points of intersection of the hyperbola x2 y2 = a2 and the parabola y = x2. Also find the
equation of the circle.
2

SOLUTIONS.
The given curves are x y = a
2
and y = x .
Solving (1) and (2) for y, we find that
2
2
2
2
2
x y =a yy =a

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(1)
(2)

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y2 y + a2 = 0.
2
Since y is real, 1 > 4a
1
1
<a< .
2
2
The equation of the circle is (x2 y2 a2) + (y x)2 = 0
x2(1 ) y2 + y a2 = 0
1 = 1 = 2.
Hence the equation of the circle is x2 + y2 2y + a2 = 0.

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(POSL+PB+E+HY)

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THINK-17.

An ellipse slides between two perpendicular straight lines, then the locus of its centre is
(A) circle
(B) parabola
(C) ellipse
(D) hyperbola

SOLUTIONS.
The lines PL and PM arePtwo perpendicular tangents int
Hence CP2 = a2 + b2 = constant
thus the locus of C the centre of ellipse is a
90
circle of radius

a2 b2 .

M
C

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