Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[SBP 2015]
Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the centre or left side of the chest that
often lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back. The
discomfort can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain.
The feeling can be mild or severe.
Heart attack pain sometimes feels like indigestion or heartburn. Chest pain or
discomfort that doesn't go away or changes from its usual pattern (for example,
occurs more often or while you're resting) can be a sign of a heart attack. All
chest pain should be checked by a doctor.
Upper body discomfort in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw, or upper
part of the stomach
Stroke
Face Drooping: Does one side of the face droop or is it numb? Ask the person
to smile.
Arm Weakness: Is one arm weak or numb? Ask the person to raise both arms.
Does one arm drift downward?
Speech Difficulty: Is speech slurred, are they unable to speak, or are they hard
to understand? Ask the person to repeat a simple sentence, like "the sky is blue."
Is the sentence repeated correctly?
Time to call 9-1-1: If the person shows any of these symptoms, even if the
symptoms go away, call 9-1-1 and get them to the hospital immediately.
Lymphatic System
The Formation of Interstitial fluid and Lymph
1. The minute spaces between tissue cells are called interstitial spaces.
2. The interstitial spaces are filled with a colourless liquid called interstitial fluid
or tissue fluid.
3. The formation of interstitial fluid and lymph:
a. Blood enters the arterial ends of the capillary network under high pressure.
b. Endothelial cell walls of the capillaries act as filter, holding back relatively
the large cellular components (such as red blood cells) and the large
protein molecules of the blood, but allowing water and other dissolved
substances of the plasma (oxygen, products of digestion and hormones)
to pass through.
c. Hence, at the arterial end of these capillaries, blood plasma is filtered through
the capillary walls into the interstitial spaces to form interstitial fluid.
d. This process of producing interstitial fluid from the blood is called
ultrafiltration.
e. The interstitial fluid once formed, circulates among the tissue cells and
returns to the blood circulatory system in two ways:
f. Passes into the venous end of the capillaries
g. Drains into the lymph capillaries as lymph
h. Lymph and interstitial fluid have the same composition; the difference is
that interstitial fluid is found between cells, while lymph is found inside the
lymph vessels.
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ii.
iii.
iv.
very permeable to tissue fluid the cells forming the walls of the lymph
capillaries are loosely fitted together
(b)
i.
ii.
Lymphatic vessels
are formed from the convergence lymph capillaries
resemble veins (have 3-layered walls) but have thinner walls and more
valves
iii.
(c)Lymph node
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
(d)
Spleen
i.
is an organ located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach.
ii.
produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells and destroys old
blood cells
(e)Lymphatic ducts
i.
are the parts of the body where the lymph vessels drain their contents back
into the blood stream
ii.
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the thoracic duct drains lymph from the rest of the body into the left
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producing
microorganisms
(ii)
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[Terengganu 2013]
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[Perlis 2012]
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[SBP 2012]
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[SBP 2009]
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