Philippine Presidents

Derrick A.
Calla
Emilio Aguinaldo 18991901
BSA - 1
Manuel L. Quezon, 19351944
Jos P. Laurel, 1943-1945
Sergio Osmea, 1944-1946
Manuel Roxas, 1946-1948
Contributions and
After 34 years of Insular
Jos P. Laurel's presidency is
Sergio Osmea was the
Manuel Roxas was the fifth
Achievements:
-first (and only)
Government under American
controversial. He was
second president of the
president of the Philippines:
rule, Philippine voters elected
officially the government's
Commonwealth. During his
the third (and last) president
president of the First Republic
Manuel Luis Quezon first
caretaker during the
presidency, the Philippines
under the Commonwealth,
(Malolo Republic)
-signed the Pact of
president of the
Japanese occupation of
joined the International
and the first president of the
Commonwealth of the
World War II. Criticized as a
Monetary Fund.
Third Republic of the
Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce
Philippines. He is known as
traitor by some, his indictment
Contributions and
Philippines. He held office for
between the Spanish and
the Father of National
for treason was superseded
Language (Ama ng Wikang
later by an amnesty
Achievements:
-became president at
only one year, 10 months,
Philippine revolutionaries
-known as the
Pambansa). He died of
proclamation in 1948.
65, making him the oldest
Contributions and
President of the
tuberculosis in Saranac Lake,
Contributions and
Revolutionary Government
-led the Philippines in
New York.
Achievements:
-since the early
person to hold office

-first Visayan to
Achievements:
-inaugurated as the
first president of the new
the Spanish-Philippine War
1960s, Laurel considered a
and the American-Philippine
Achievements:
-first Senate
become president
-joined with U.S.
legitimate president of the
Gen. Douglas McArthur in
Republic after World War II

-reconstruction from
War
president elected as
Philippines
-organized KALIBAPI
Leyte on October 20, 1944 to
war damage and life without
begin restoration of Philippine
foreign rule began during his
(Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod
freedom after Japanese
elected through a national
sa Bagong Pilipinas, or
election
Association for Service to the
occupation
-Philippine National
presidency
-under his term, the
New Philippines), a
Bank was rehabilitated and
and Philippine Trade Act laws
provisional government
the country joined the
during Japanese occupation

-declared Martial Law
International Monetary Fund
were accepted by Congress

-appears on the 100-
-youngest president,
taking office at age 28
-longest-lived
president, passing away at 94
Contributions and
President of the Philippines

-first president
-first president under

the Commonwealth
created National
Council of Education
-initiated womens
and war between the
during his presidency

-Bell Trade Act was
suffrage in the Philippines
Philippines and the
approved by the U.S.
during the Commonwealth

-approved
U.S./United Kingdom in 1944

-with his family,
Congress during his
Tagalog/Filipino as the
established the Lyceum of the
presidency
-appears on the 50-
and 18 days.
Philippine Rehabilitation Act
peso bill
national language of the

Philippines
-appears on the
twenty-peso bill
-a province, a city, a
bridge and a university in
Manila are named after him
-his body lies within
the special monument on
Quezon Memorial Circle
Philippines
peso bill
Elpidio Quirino, 1948-1953
Ramon Magsaysay, 19531957
Carlos P. Garcia, 1957-1961
Diosdado Macapagal, 19611965
Ferdinand Marcos, 19651886
Elpidio Quirino served as vice
Ramon Magsaysay was born
A lawyer, poet, and teacher,
Born in Lubao, Pampanga,
Born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte,
president under Manuel
in Iba, Zambales. He was a
Carlos P. Garcia also served
Diosdado Macapagal was a
Ferdinand Edralin Marcos
Roxas. When Roxas died in
military governor and an
as a guerilla leader during the
lawyer and professor. His
was a lawyer and Senate
1948, Quirino became
engineer. He died in an
Pacific War. Born in Bohol,
daughter Gloria Macapagal
President for three years. He
th,
president.
aircraft disaster while
Garcia serviced as vice
Arroyo was the 14 and
was president for 21 years.
Contributions and
boarding the presidential
president under Ramon
second female, president of
He ruled under martial law
Achievements:
plane.
Magsaysay and as secretary
the Philippines.
and his dictatorship was
-Hukbalahap guerrilla
Contributions and
of Foreign Affairs for four
Contributions and
known for its corruption and
movement active during his
Achievements:
years. He became president
Achievements:
brutality. Marcos was
presidency
-Hukbalahap movement
when Magsaysay died in
-established the first Land
removed from office after the
-created Social Security
quelled during his presidency
1957.
Reform Law, allowing for the
People Power Revolution.
Commission
-chairman of the Committee
Contributions and
purchase of private farmland
Contributions and
-created Integrity Board to
on Guerilla Affairs
Achievements:
to be distributed in
Achievements:
monitor graft and corruption
-first president sworn into
-known for Filipino First
inexpensive, small lots to the
-first president to win a
-Quezon City became capital
office wearing Barong
Policy, which favored Filipino
landless
second term
of the Philippines in 1948
Tagalog during inauguration
businesses over foreign
-placed the Philippine peso
-declared Martial Law on
-presidency referred to as the
investors
on the currency exchange
Sept. 22, 1972
Philippines' "Golden Years"
-established the Austerity
market
-increased the size of
for its lack of corruption
Program focusing on Filipino
-declared June 12, 1898 to be
Philippine military and armed
-Philippines was ranked
trade and commerce
Philippines Independence
forces
second in Asias clean and
-known as the Prince of
Day
-by 1980 the Philippine GNP
well-governed countries
Visayan Poets and the Bard
-signed the Minimum Wage
was four times greater than
during his presidency
from Bohol
Law (P 4.00)
1972
-established National
-cultural arts was revived
-created the Philippine
-by 1986 the Philippines was
Resettlement and
during his term
Veterans Bank
one of the most indebted
Rehabilitation Administration
-was the first president to
countries in Asia
(NARRA) among other
have his remains buried at
-built more schools, roads,
agrarian reforms
the Libingan ng mga Bayani
bridges, hospitals, and other

infrastructure than all former
presidents combined
-the only president whose

remains are interred inside a
refrigerated crypt
Corazon Aquino, 1986-1992
Fidel V. Ramos, 1992-1998
Joseph Estrada, 1998-2001
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo,

2001-2010
Benigno Aquino III, 2010present
The first woman president of
Fidel V. Ramos was the chief-
Known as Erap, Joseph
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was
Benigno Aquino III joined the
th,
the Philippines and the first
of-staff of the Armed Forces
Estrada was the first
the 14 president of the
House of Representatives
woman to become president
of the Philippines before he
president who had been a
Philippines (and the second
and the Senate before his
of an Asian country, Corazon
became president. He was
famous film actor. His
female president). The
presidency. He is the first
Aquino was born in Paniqui,
also a civil engineer. As
presidency was controversial.
Oakwood Mutiny occurred
president who is a bachelor;
Tarlac. She was a prominent
president, he restored
During his years in office
during her term. Arroyo
he is unmarried and has no
figure in the People Power
economic growth and stability
economic growth was slow
oversaw road and
children.
Revolution that brought down
in the country, even during
and he faced impeachment
infrastructure improvements
Contributions and
Ferdinand Marcos'
the Asian Financial Crisis in
proceedings. He was ousted
and higher economic growth
Achievements:
dictatorship. Her husband,
1997. He is the first, and so
from the presidency in 2001.
that presidents before her, but
-created the no "wang-wang"
Benigno Aquino Jr., was a
far the only, non-Catholic
He was later convicted of
there was also controversy.
(street siren) policy
senator during the Marcos
president of the Philippines.
stealing from the government
The so-called "Hello Garci"
-appointed statesman Jesse
regime and its strongest critic.
Contributions and
but was pardoned. He ran
controversy involved
Robredo to serve as
He was assassinated while
Achievements:
unsuccessfully for president
recordings that allegedly
secretary of Interior and Local
Marcos was still in power.
-oversaw Philippine economic
in 2010.
captured Arroyo ordering the
Government in 2010, where
Contributions and
growth
Contributions and
rigging of the election that put
Robredo served until his
Achievements:
-presided over celebrations of
Achievements:
her in office. In 2005 Arroyo
death in 2012
-first woman to be president
Philippine Independence
-during his presidency Moro
faced impeachment
-initiated K-12 education in
of the Philippines or any
Centennial in 1998
Islamic Liberation Front
proceedings related to the
the Philippines
Asian country
-received British Knighthood
headquarters and camps
recordings but the
-renamed the Office of the
-restored democracy
from the United Kingdom by
were captured
impeachment failed. After she
Press Secretary to
-abolished the 1973 Marcos
Queen Elizabeth II (Knight
-joined other leaders and
had left office Arroyo faced
Presidential Communications
Constitution and ushered in
Grand Cross of the Order of
politicians to try to amend
additional charges of election
Operations Office and
the new Constitution of the
St. Michael and St. George)
the 1987 Constitution
fraud and misuse of state
appointed new officers
Philippines
-hosted the fourth Asia Pacific
-cited as one of the Three
funds.
-suspended allowances and
-reorganized the structure of
Economic Cooperation
Outstanding Senators in
Contributions and
bonuses to Government
the executive branch of
Leader's Summit in the
1989
Achievements:
Owed and Controlled
government
Philippines in 1996
-among the Magnificent 12
-second female president of
Corporation and Government
-signed the Family Code of
-Philippine Stock Exchange
who voted to terminate the
the country
Financial Institution board
1987, a major civil law reform,
became an international
agreement that allows for
-first and only female vice-
members
and 1191 Local Government
favorite during his presidency
U.S. control of Clark Airbase
president of the Philippines
-oversaw 7.1% growth of the
Code, which reorganized the
-death penalty reinstated
and Subic Naval Base
so far
Philippine economy in 2012
structure of the executive
while he was in office
-first president to take oath
branch of government
-signed peace agreement
outside Luzon
-initiated charitable and social
with the rebel Moro National
-former Economics professor
activities helping the poor and
Liberation Front
at the Ateneo de Manila
the needy
University, where current
-named Woman of the Year
president Benigno Aquino III
in 1986 by Time magazine
was one of her students
-on the new 500-peso bill
-ex-classmate of former U.S.
together with her husband
President Bill Clinton at
Benigno Aquino
Georgetown Universitys
Received honors and awards
Walsh School of Foreign
including:
100 Women Who
Service, where she
maintained Deans list status
Shaped World History

20 Most Influential
-oversaw higher economic
Asians of the
presidents before her
th
growth than the past three

-peso became the best-
20 Century
65 Great Asian
Heroes
J. William Fulbright
year in Asia in 2007
Prize for International
under her term
Understanding
-currently on the 200-peso bill
performing currency of the

-eVAT Law was implemented
Definition of Terms
Lyceum of the Philippines
University
Austerity Program
The Lyceum of the Philippines University-Manila is an institute of higher education located in Intramuros in the City of Manila,
Philippines. It was founded in 1952 by Dr. Jos P. Laurel, who became the third president of the Philippines.
a program of economic controls aimed at reducing current consumption so as to improve the national economy especially by
increased exports
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth of the Philippines (Tagalog: Komonwelt ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Mancomunidad de Filipinas)[1] was the
administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, aside from a period of exile in the Second World War from
1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country. It replaced the Insular Government, a United States territorial government, and
was established by the TydingsMcDuffie Act. The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration in preparation
for the country's full achievement of independence. [10]
During its more than a decade of existence, the Commonwealth had a strong executive and a Supreme Court. Its legislature,
dominated by the Nacionalista Party, was at first unicameral, but later bicameral. In 1937, the government selected Tagalogthe
language of Manila and its surrounding provincesas the basis of the national language, although it would be many years
before its usage became general. Women's suffrage was adopted and the economy recovered to its pre-Depression level
before the Japanese occupation in 1942.
The Commonwealth government went into exile from 1942 to 1945, when the Philippines was under Japanese occupation. In
1946, the Commonwealth ended and the Philippines reclaimed full sovereignty as provided for in Article XVIII of the 1935
Bell Trade Act
The Bell Trade Act of 1946, also known as the Philippine Trade Act, was an act passed by the United States Congress specifying the
economic conditions governing the independence of the Philippines from the United States.[1][2] The United States Congress offered $800
million for post World War II rebuilding funds if the Bell Trade Act was ratified by Philippine legislature, which duly approved the measure on
July 2, two days before independence from the United States of America.
Authored by Missouri Congressman C. Jasper Bell, the Bell Trade Act linked the Philippine economy to the United States economy in several
ways:
A system of preferential tariffs was established, undermining control over imports and exports by the Philippine government;
The Philippine currency, the peso, was pegged to the US dollar;
The Philippine government was obligated not to place restrictions on currency transfers from the Philippines to the United States;
a "parity" clause granted U.S. citizens and corporations equal access with Philippine citizens to Philippine minerals, forests and other natural
resources, despite provisions in the Philippine constitution (1935) to the contrary which the act required to be amended.[3]
Filipino nationalists denounced the Bell Trade Act. Even the reliably pro-American Philippine President Sergio Osmea called it a "curtailment
of Philippine sovereignty, virtual nullification of Philippine independence." In 1955, nine years after passage of the Bell Trade Act, a revised
United StatesPhilippine Trade Agreement (the LaurelLangley Agreement) was negotiated to replace it.[3] This treaty abolished the United
States authority to control the exchange rate of the peso, made parity privileges reciprocal, extended the sugar quota, and extended the time
period for the reduction of other quotas and for the progressive application of tariffs on Philippine goods exported to the United States.
Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948)
CONDITION OF THE PHILIPPINES

When Manuel Roxas started his term as
the first president of the third republic of
the Philippines, the country was paralyzed
because World War II just ended.
Commerce was experiencing recession
because farms and factories were ruined.
Transportation efficiency was down due to
the bombed roads and bridges. Many
people were massacred and towns and
cities were burnt down. 80% of the school
buildings were ruined which weakened the
educational system. The reconstruction
cost of these buildings reached 126 million
pesos. Also, there was an annual deficit of
about 200 million pesos. There was a
crime rate hike because some Filipinos
patronized the American gangsters. The
reconstruction of the post-war Philippines
fell into the hands of Manuel Roxas.
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
Since the country was severely tarnished
by the war, the economy was struggling
because of low output growth and high
unemployment rates. Production became
low because farms and factories were
ruined. Production of rice, sugar, coconuts,
abaca, coconut oil, cigars, tobacco, gold
and chrome, and manganese and lumber
was put to a halt because of the
destruction of manufacturing facilities.
Because businesses were closing, there
were no more jobs available for people.
Unemployment rates were rising at a fast
pace. Education also severely weakened.
School buildings were destroyed and
instruments to teach children were

obliterated. In the government sector,
there were too many interference by the
American government. Policies done by
Roxas were highly influenced by US
officials. These policies mostly benefited
the welfare of their country. Because of
the existing Western influences allowed by
the former president, the HUKBALAHAP
movement still created immense riot and
commotion in the country.
PROMISES DURING THE ELECTIONS AND

INAUGURATION
Since the country was devastated by the
war, Roxas centralized his promises
around the rehabilitation of the
Philippines. Economically, he wants to
concentrate on production. He wants an
income from exports to buy machines, hire
technically skilled people, and buy food.
He wants to revive the production of rice,
sugar, coconuts, abaca, coconut oil,
cigars, tobacco, gold and chrome, and
manganese and lumber. For employment,
he wants to give encouragement to
Filipinos to participate in the new
economy.
He believes that the foundation stone of
national rehabilitation can be achieved by:
Feeding the hungry, healing the sick,
caring for widows and orphans, waging
war against inflation and unemployment
(by increasing higher wages and
production).
Besides asking help from the International
Monetary and Rehabilitation Bank, United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration for financial aid, he wants
assistance from America. He believes that

the United States is the source of most
finances of all these organizations.
A new tenacy law will take effect and
usury will be halted. Lands will be
purchased by the Government and resold
to tenants; new agricultural areas will be
opened to settlement and modern method
of agriculture will be taught. It is his aim to
raise the status of the farm worker, to
increase his earnings, to spread wide the
benefits of modern technology. (Roxas,
1946)
LAWS AND PROGRAMS

In 1946, the US congress offered 800
million dollars as rehabilitation money in
exchange for the ratification of the Bell
Trade Act. It was passed by the US
congress specifying the condition of the
Philippine economy governing the
independence of the Philippines from the
Americans. A system of preferential tariffs
was implemented which discouraged
government officials to control the
countrys import-export market. The
Philippine peso followed the US dollar
currency. Aggravating the Filipino citizens,
U.S. citizens and corporations were
granted equal access to the natural
resources of the country. Many nationalists
were not in favor of the bell trade act
because it was a curtailment of Philippine
sovereignty, virtual nullification of
Philippine independence as said by
former president Sergio Osmena.
Roxas supported the acceptance of two
important laws passed by the Congress of
the United States to the Philippines. These
laws were The Philippine Rehabilitation Act

and the Philippine Trade Act (Bell trade
act).
On August 5, 1946, the Treaty of General
Relations was ratified between the
Philippines and the US. It recognized
Philippine independence as of July 4, 1946
and relinquished American sovereignty
over the Philippine Islands. The
establishment of US bases was also
included in this treaty. On March 14, 1947,
the Treaty of General Relations was
signed.
On September 7, 1946, Manuel Roxas
granted a General Amnesty to guerrillas
who were imprisoned during World War 2.
On January 28, 1948, General Amnesty
was given to all those arrested for
conniving with Japan. An earlier amnesty
hindered Roxas because of his fear that
the Americans might stop rendering
financial assistance to the country.
On January 1, 1947 under the Bell Trade
Act, the Parity Amendment was
introduced. It gave American citizens and
corporations equal rights to Filipinos to
utilize natural resources and operate
public utilities. On March 11, 1947, it was
ratified in a national plebiscite.
BENEFICIARIES OF THE LAWS AND

PROGRAMS
The Treaty of General Relations was both
beneficial for both countries (America and
Philippines). It is an advantage for the
Philippines because their independence
was recognized and the Americans
surrendered their rule over the country.
When it was ratified in 1947,
the Military Bases Agreement became

advantageous to the Americans because it
allowed them to have US military bases in
the country. 23 of those bases were leased
for 99 years which means that they can
leave the Philippine soil only by 2045.
General Amnesty was beneficial for the
people who were caught conniving with
Japan during World War II. Guerillas and
people who served in key positions during
the Japanese occupation may be
reinstated in the government like Jose P.
Laurel who was the president during the
Japanese occupation.
The Bell trade act (the inclusion of the
Parity Amendment in the constitution and
the signing of the 1947 Military Bases
Agreement) was dominantly an advantage
for the American citizens and businesses.
As mentioned, they were given equal
rights as Filipinos to exploit the countrys
natural resources. There was a great
interference by the US government to the
management of the economy of the
Philippines. Roxas was highly criticized by
nationalists for the ratification for this act.
HOLES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE LAWS

Manuel Roxas failed to speculate the
consequences of his decisions
manipulated by American government
officials. In the Bell Trade Act, conflicting
interests were compromised. Policies
under this act, as reiterated were mostly
beneficial for America than for the
Philippines. For 800 million dollars, the
Philippes resources could already by
exploited by US citizens and business;
their economy will also be closely tied to
the United States economy. Roxas did not
consider the real cost of signing this

Philippine Trade Act. Although
rehabilitation money was important to
revive the country, the preservation of
whats left in the country was more vital to
the Filipinos. The Military Bases
Agreement was also one of the flawed
policies because it gave the Americans
military control in the Philippines. Because
of this, there is still no absolute freedom
for the Filipinos. The country was again
put at stake because of his reckless
westernized decisions. Although his
policies were made to remedy the
countrys post war state, there were
motives and controversies surrounding his
decisions.
ISSUES AND CONTROVERSIES

Although Roxas was successful in his
objective to obtain rehabilitation funds
from America to repair what has been
destroyed in the Philippines, he was still
criticized for his subjective decisions
concerning policies implemented in the
country.
One criticism in Roxas administration is
his camaraderie with the Americans. He
was too close to them to the point that he
allowed US military bases in the country
(23 were leased for 99 years), permitted
trade restrictions for Filipinos, and gave
special privileges for US property owners
and investors.
Graft and corruption did not stop in the
government. Scandals such as the surplus
war property scandal, school supplies
scandal and Chinese immigration scandals
emerged during his time.
Roxas attempts to destroy the

HUKBALAHAP created a negative notion to
the masses. The people believed that he
was not able to manage the HUKS and
failed to halt the movement.
The citizens felt that he surrendered the
countrys freedom to the Americans
because of the revisions in the Philippine
constitution. The new law gave parity
rights to the Americans in exchange for
rehabilitation money to fix the country.
People were aggravated because most of
his policies were dictated by General Mac
Arthur and Commissioner Paul McNutt.
People were infuriated at Roxas to the
point that there were plans of
assassinating him. Fortunately for the
former president, he escaped an
attempted murder by a Tondo barber, Julio
Guillen, who threw a grenade on the
platform at Plaza Miranda after the
President addressed the rally of citizens.
SUMMARY OF GOVERNANCE
When Manuel Roxas started his term as
the first president of the third republic, he
was left with the post-war state of
Philippines. Production decreased,
education diminished, unemployment rate
increased, interference from America
heightened, and the HUKBALAHAP
movement intensified. Since this was the
state of the country, his inauguration
speech centralized on the rehabilitation of
the country. In exchange for 800 million
dollars of rehabilitation money, the Bell
Trade Act or the Philippine Trade Act was
signed. Along with that policy, others like
the General Amnesty and Military Bases
Agreement was implemented. Most

policies were manipulated by American
government officials who made the
policies more beneficial to the American
citizens. Issues like the Bell Trade Act were
highly criticized by people because it
allowed Americans to exploit the
Philippines natural resources. The
countrymen felt bought because that right
should have been exclusive to Filipino
citizens. The Military Bases Agreement
further angered the people because it
allowed the American military to have
their leased bases in the Philippines till
year 2045. Roxas had a hard time
managing people who did not agree with
his policies. People attempted to murder
him, but fortunately for him, he was able
to escape death.
GRADE (DLSU SYSTEM)

If I were to give him a grade, I would give
him a 1. I only gave him passing mark
because although he was able to obtain
rehabilitation money to repair the country,
the welfare and the nationalism of the
country and the countrymen were
jeopardized. He was highly influenced by
the American government and failed to
see the consequences of agreements he
made (like the Bell Trade Act). He allowed
the exploitation of resources and the
establishment of military bases until 2045
which is highly absurd. Behind his great
caliber is a puppet controlled by the
American government. He depended too
much on the aid of the United States.
Ulterior motives involving policies were
grave during his administration.
Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953)

When President Manuel Roxas died on
April 15, 1948, Quirino succeeded him as
president of the republic. For his weakness
in tolerating rampant graft and corruption
in his party, permitting immorality in the
armed forces, and neglecting the
impoverished plight of the majority of
Filipinos, he was very unpopular, and in
1953 he was defeated by Ramon
Magsaysay.
After the war, Quirino was elected vicepresident in 1946 election, consequently
the second and last for the
Commonwealth and first for the third
republic. After the death of the incumbent
president Manuel Roxas in 1948, he
succeeded the presidency. In what was
claimed to be a dishonest and fraudulent
1949 presidential election, he won the
presidents office under Liberal Party
ticket, defeating Nacionalista vie and
former president Jos P. Laurel as well as
fellow Liberalista and former senate
president Jos Avelino.
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
Poverty was present specifically by the
starvation problems of the people in the
Mountain Province. Wages of people
cannot compensate with the expenses of
th people and the prices of the products
due to inflation. Famrlands were also
disturbed by locusts and plagues of rats
which render crops and was useless for
the farmers. Housing was a huge problem
since the war destroyed several sites in

the rural areas which cannot be renovated
for future use. Unemployment was also
evident because the Americans were
gradually decreasing their business in the
Philippines.

INAUGURATION
Quirino promised that he will help in
rebuilding, repairing and replacing the
existing system in the country since it was
after the war and everything was back to
step one. He promised to solve the
unemployment problems that were
eminent then. He also intends to increase
the wages of the people so as people can
purchase and not just produce so as to
decrease the inflation rate. Quirino would
see to it that prices will be controlled in
the market and there will be no
overpricing on products. His
administration will prioritize on the
industrializing the country and using the
talents and abilities of the citizens for the
development of the Philippines.
LAWS AND PROGRAMS

Because the Philippines was still
undergoing postwar reconstruction,
Quirino focused on two main objectives.
His first objective was to fix the economy
of his administration. To achieve this goal,
he established PACSA (Presidents Action
Committee on Social Amelioration), ACCFA
(Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing
Administration), Labor Management
Advisory Board, and the Rural Banks of the
Philippines. These were made to alleviate
the sufferings of poor families, help the

farmers market their products, advice him
on matters concerning labor, and facilitate
utilities in rural areas respectively. His
second objective was to restore the faith
and confidence of the people in the
government body of the Philippines. To do
this, he revived former president Quezons
fireside chats which updated the people
about the government via live radio
broadcast from the Malacanang palace.
Contrasting to the treatment towards
HUKBALAHAP members during Roxas
administration, he vindicated them during
his term. He granted amnesty to them on
June 21, 1948.
Besides concluding peace with Japan,
Quirino did many achievements during his
term. Industrial ventures heightened,
irrigation improved, and the road system
developed. He also set up the Central
Bank and Rural banking.

PROGRAMS
Many people were benefited by his
programs and policies. PACSA was
beneficial for financially challenged
families; ACCFA aided farmers in selling
what they harvested; Labor Management
Advisory Board guided him on matters
regarding labor; Rural Banks helped
countrymen in the rural areas manage
their finances; Fireside chats updated
Filipinos about operations in the
government; and Amnesty granting to the
HUKBALAHAP members was beneficial for
them because they were finally liberated
from consequences resulting from their
actions against the government.
the first president to undergo an

impeachment trial.
Problems were still faced in the
implementation in some of his programs
or policies. One of which is the granting of
amnesty to HUKBALAHAP members.
Despite the liberation of the HUKS,
terrorism was still soaring. The disparity
between the military and the HUKS was
still not settled. Besides his lack of skill in
settling major disputes in the country, his
failure to recognize poverty problems was
also critiqued. Although he tapped the
need to increase loan appeal from the
Americans and established controls to
protect local industries, he was not able to
implement agrarian reforms.

Quirinos administration was bombarded
with controversies. The major controversy
surrounding his governance was his bid for
a second term in office in 1949. Next to
the elections in 1969 (wherein Ferdinand
Marcos won as president), the elections
wherein Quirino won was believed to be
the most corrupt. He was also the first
president to undergo an impeachment trial
because he allegedly purchased a very
expensive Golden Orinola using
government money. Along with these
controversies, Quirino was also critiqued
for permitting immorality in the armed
forces, neglecting the problems of the
masses, and involving himself to the
American government which made him
compliant to international economies.
Because of these flaws, Ramon Magsaysay
reigned in the next national elections.
When Quirinos administration started,
postwar reconstruction was still
undergoing and the HUKS were still
creating riot in the country. The economy
was fluctuating because of the rise in the
unemployment rate and inflation; and
problems regarding housing, education,
poverty and farmland intensified. To solve
the problems in the country, he promised
to repair the existing system. He also
plans to control the prices and make
producers consumers too. PACSA, ACCFA,
Labor Management Advisory Board, Rural
Banks, Fireside chats, and HUKBALAHAP
amnesty were the programs/policies he
established during his administration.
Unfortunate families, farmers, his
administration, HUKBALAHAP members,
and the general public were benefited
from this. Problems like the uprising of the
HUKS still resumed during his time despite
the amnesty. He was also not able to
remedy the problems of the masses.
Controversies like cheating in the elections
and using government money to purchase
a Golden Orinola made the people despise
his administration.
GRADE (DLSU SYSTEM)

Quirinos grade will be 1 because although
he implemented many programs and
policies to recover the Philippines from its
post-war condition, it was not enough to
cover his flaws. He was a corrupt
president and he was also closely tied with
the American government. He tarnished
the presidential history because he was
Ramon F. Magsaysay (1953-1957)

Recovery of the Philippines after the
Japanese War.
Reconstruction of the Philippines after
WW2
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
Land Reform Problems
Hukbalahap Rebellion
Lack of funding for the rehabilitation of the
Philippines from the damages from World
War 2

INAUGURATION
I will have such men. From this day, the
members of my administration, beginning
with myself, shall cease to belong to our
parties, to our families, even to ourselves.
We shall belong only to the people.
In the administration of public affairs, all
men entrusted with authority must adhere
firmly to the ideals and principles of
Constitution.
I will render-and demand-uncompromising
loyalty to the basic tenet of our
Constitution: that you the people, are
sovereign.
The rule of the government must be

service to you. Accordingly, I pledge my
administration to your service.
I pledge that we shall be guardians of
freedom and dignity of the individual.
The Bill of Rights shall be, for me and the
members of my administration, a bill of
duties. We shall be guardians of the
freedom and dignity of the individual.
The land tenure system of our country
shall be re-examined, to purge it of
injustice and oppression.
Land for the landless shall be more than
just a catch-phrase. We will translate it
into actuality. We will clear and open for
settlement our vast and fertile public
lands which, under the coaxing of willing
hearts and industrious hands, are waiting
to yield sustenance to millions of our
countrymen.
I therefore call upon the remnants of the
Huk uprising still hiding in the hills to lay
down their arms and rejoin the rest of
the nation in the ways of peace.
But, to the leaders of the Communist
conspiracy who would deliver this country
and its people to a foreign power, this I
say: I shall use all the forces at my
command to the end that the sovereign
authority of this government shall be
respected and maintained.
LAWS AND PROGRAMS

Agrarian Reform Programs
1. Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954
LASEDECO was abolished and established

the National Resettlement and
Rehabilitation Administration
Main goal was to resettle landless farmers,
and aimed at the rebels who returned to
provide them with lots for home and
farming in Palawan and Mindanao
2. Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural
Tenancy Act of 1954)
Created the court of Agrarian Relations
The leasehold system and share-tenancy
were organized to oversee the relationship
between tenants and landowners
3. Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act
of 1955)
Land Tenure Administration (LTA) were in
charge of the possessing and distributing
tenanted rice and corn lands (200
hectares for individuals and 600 hectares
for corporations)
4. Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of
Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing
Administration)
Small farmers and tenants low interests of
between six to eight percent with their
loans
5. Reparation Agreement
An agreement between Japan and the
Philippines to pay the latter five hundred
fifty million U.S. dollars ($550,000) as
payment for the war damages of World
War II.
6. Bell Trade Act of 1946 into the LaurelLangley Agreement
It eradicated the authority of the United
States to have control over the exchange
rate of the Philippines peso, parity
privileges reciprocal, extended the sugar
quota. This agreement retained the

economic subservience between the U.S.
and the Philippines.
7. Agricultural Commodities Agreement
with the U.S. (1957)
perpetuating the colonial pattern of the
nations economy
8. Anti-subversion Law
Law that limited the citizens democratic
rights of assembly, free speech, and belief.

PROGRAMS
Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954
Rebel returnees and as well as landless

farmers benefitted for they were given
home lots and farm lands
Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural

Tenancy Act of 1954)
Although the law amended on the tenancy

problem, farmers benefitted from the
distribution of crops on a certain basis
The main problem of tenurial system was
not given notice

Although the common people benefitted
from the land distribution of the
government, and tenants were given more
rights, the problems that were solved by
the government were just in the surface
rather than the main problem. They put a

solution to a problem but not in the main
one, in Republic Act No. 1199 farmers
were given a certain percentage of the
distribution of crop, so it put and minor
solution to that but with the case of the
tenurial system, it wasnt given notice.
His programs were designed to benefit the
common people but eventually had its
problems in the end. The relocation of the
people from certain places, worked at first
but eventually started a cultural dispute
between the natives living there and those
who were relocated.

Corruption among cabinet members and
the endless attempts to bribe the
president were the most common issues
of that time where corruptions was very
rampant among government officials and
President Magsaysay was among the very
few who resisted and had zero tolerance
against corruption.
The president who had zero tolerance for
corruption even simple signs of not having
a clean government he would put a stop
on to it especially with his relatives. Like
when his brother planned to start a law
firm, the president refused for it will draw
shady dealings for the firm will be run by
the presidents brother.
Ramon Magsaysay was dubbed as the
guy because many considered him as the
president who really connected and
represented the common man being a
president with a sympathetic heart to the

masses. He even opened Malacaang to
the public. His death was presented with
issues telling that his plane didnt actually
crashed but it was sneaked in with a bomb
that caused the plane crash of the
president.
GRADE (DLSU SYSTEM)

If I were to grade, it will be 2.5 based on
what he did against corruption. His man
for the masses image really reflects on
what he did and how he did it. He roamed
around barrios in order to hear from the
people what they needed. But that really
started something bad for the Filipino
people, which started on what I believe
the strong dependency of the people to
public servants. Instead of the people
doing what they needed to do, they
instead leaned on the officials that is why I
only gave him a 2.5 instead of a 4.0 which
will be solely based on his uncorrupted
tenure as president.
Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)

The Philippines agreed to numerous
conditions set by the United States as a
requirement for the Philippines to receive
war reconstruction assistance.
The flow of imports had greatly increased
making the Philippines heavily dependent
of imported products. Imports coming
from the United States were also allowed
to enter the country without tariffs, the
Philippines also promised not to change its
exchange rate from $1 is to P2.
The condition of the Philippines before the

administration of Garcia was the
Philippines is just recovering from the after
effects of World War 2, with this the
Philippines experienced several economic
challenges.
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
The main problem that was facing the
Garcia administration was the current
economic situation during that time.
Corruption was also prevalent in the
country since he had just inherited the
Magsaysay administration. Several cases
of corruption were found within the
government offices during his
administration.
The imports that were coming in the
country greatly outnumbered the exports
that we were shipping out of the country,
making the Philippines highly dependent
on foreign products that required dollars
to purchase.

INAUGURATION
reorienting our national economic

policies toward doing first things first
must first produce here, by and for

ourselves, enough to provide for the
fundamental needs of life food, shelter
and clothing
step up the tempo of establishing

the agricultural industries to utilize with
the least delay the abundant natural
resources
to generate here the machinery for

the entire Philippine agro-industrial
structure
The Government will continue its

low-cost housing projects and its land
redistribution and resettlement program
we shall pursue our health

development activities especially in the
barrios and other rural areas
The education of our youth should

henceforth lay emphasis on science,
industrial, and agricultural technology.
Together with the increasing

material abundance, we need to
strengthen our moral fiber
The program centered on wise spending,

industry, thrift, trustworthiness, integrity
and honesty. He also urged people to
avoid luxury items and to live a simple life
and reminded government officials and
employees corruption destroys the
peoples trust in the government.
LAWS AND PROGRAMS

PROGRAMS
Filipino First Policy

This is the law that was passed by the
Garcia administration, to give local
businessmen more priority over foreign
investors. The government sector would
help local businessmen are entering
industry that was filled with foreign
competitors and give them aid and
sometimes financial assistance. Products
of Filipino businessmen were also
preferred over foreign products.
BohlenSerrano Agreement
The Bohlen-Serrano Agreement was the
law that shortened the original 99 year
lease of US bases here in the Philippines
to 25 years, the agreement was renewable
for periods only up to 5 years.
Austerity Program
The Austerity Program was implemented
by Garcia in order to curt the rampant
graft and corruption within the country.
Republic Cultural Awards

The Garcia administration also put
emphasis on cultural revival, due to the
colonization of many countries he felt that
the revival of the Filipino culture was
needed. The award was given to Filipino
artists, scientist, historians and writers.

The people that benefitted from this policy
are the businessmen of the Philippines,
they had an increase support and
protection from the government. This
enabled them to help improve our
economy at that time. Foreign investors
were not totally ignored they could still
participate in investing in businesses in
the country but there should be a 60-40
ratio of ownership within the business.
Austerity Program
The austerity program benefited the
common Filipino and the Garcia
administration, because of the
implementation of this program the
government was able to regain some of
the trust that they lost due to the rampant
corruption in the country. While the
Filipinos were able to once again trust the
government.
Republic Cultural Awards

Filipino artist could now get the
recognition for their works that were left
ignored. The main focus of the society at
the time was improving the economy.

The policy centered on the economic
progress that the masa was not affected
at all by this. This led to much criticism
about his concern for the common Filipino.
Garcia also tried implanting his Austerity

Program in hopes of eliminating corruption
in his administration all the while
bolstering moral fiber to the government
leaders and employees.
At the end of his term Garcia was criticized
for his lack of program for the Filipino
common man which was the focus of the
next president Macapagal that is why he
lost the election to him.
Austerity Program
Even though the Austerity Program was
launched in order to help eliminate the
corruption within the government. The
result was very unsuccessful since the
problem carried over to the next
administration.
GRADE (DLSU SYSTEM)

We gave President Carlos Garcia a 3.5
because we believe that he was able to
accomplish something most of the
presidents failed to do. He helped the
Philippines rise from being a victim of war
to a self-sustaining country that was
considered one of the richest countries
during his time.

Garcia was criticized by foreign countries,
especially the United States for his antiforeign policies. There was also corruption
withing the Bureau of Internal Revenue in
which he had the implement the Austerity
Program.
During his administration the Philippines

was one of the innovators of South East
Asia. He promoted the reliance of our own
product and at the same time promoted
our products in the global competition. He
also had the Austerity Program even
though it failed. It still showed how much
he really wanted to improve the lives of
the Filipinos.
The focus of the Garcia administration
focused on economic independence from
foreign interest. Garcia wanted the
Philippines to be an industrialized, self
sustaining country that would not have to
heavily rely on the products of foreign
companies.
Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965)

There were many uprisings against the
Aquino administration
There was a widespread of poverty
Graft and corruption throughout the
country
Continues to undergo the economic
controls that had been in operation since
1948
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
Low living standards of the masses
Lack of economic stability
Unemployment
Devaluation of the Philippine Peso
Foreigners could now buy and control

more local businesses easily because of
the exchange rate. They were richer than
the Philippines.
Revocation of 350 midnight

appointments
Garcia appointed 350 people into certain
positions before he stepped down as
president (A few hours before) Most
controversial position was the central bank
governor. This act was against the
Saligang Batas; However, the supreme

court still had the final authority/say.

INAUGURATION
Macapagal promised a program for the
socio-economic aspect of society wherein
hed return free and private enterprises
wherein economic developments would be
placed in the hands of private
entrepreneurs wherein the government
would have minimal control over.
He declared that he would be the
president of both the rich and the poor. He
promises to erase that line between the
wealthy and the unfortunate. Mostly by
elevating the poors status to have a more
copious life.
I shall be president not only of the rich
but more so of the poor. We must help
bridge the wide gap between the poor
man and the man of wealth, not by pulling
down the rich to his level as Communism
desires, but by raising the poor towards
the more abundant life.
Opened Malacanang to the Public;

however it didnt last long because people
started to only loft around.
Dismissed Corruption in the government
when the official couldnt justify his
sudden acquisition of wealth.
Changed the Date of the Philippine
Independence from June 12 to July 4.
Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963
Abolished share tendency on rice and corn
farmlands and establishment of a
leasehold system where farmers would
pay rentals to landlords instead of
harvests.

PROGRAMS
Corrupt Congressmen and Businessmen
Stonehill
Restoration of morality to the public by

alleviating the stature of the masses.

He prevented his government from
tracking down the sources of corruption
by firing the officers alleged with
corruption and deporting Stonehill. This
way, he got in the way of one of his
promises.
Promised to end corruption, and establish

anti-terrorism.
He failed to solve major social and

economical problems.
LAWS AND PROGRAMS
Macapagal wasnt able to effectively

maximize the programs for the people to
alleviate poverty
The Malacanang Palace is to be opened to

the public.

Graft and Corruption (Stonehill Scandal)
Rise in Consumer Goods Prices
Peace and Order Issues
Macapagals privileged subjects in
congress and business paraded their
lavish wealth in conspicuous parties and
anomalous deals.
Diosdado Macapagal was chosen by the
people of the Philippines to be their
president in 1961 and his term ended in
1965. Considered to be incorruptible by
most during the time, he may have served
as an inspiration to his people. Thats why
he included the need for the country to
have a good grasp of good morals and
ethics. He also wanted to end corruption,
poverty, homelessness, and other various
problems that plagued the common man.
During his entire term however, none of
what he promised or wanted was really
achieved. This makes him look quite bad
as a leader of the country contrary to what
he was supposed to be seen as. Hes the
type of person whos more on talk rather
than action. The devaluation of the
Philippine Peso started during his term
which makes him, in the eyes of some, the
root of a lot of todays problems in the
country. Other than that, he returned free
trade and free enterprise to the country
which crushed local goods and businesses
which continue to suffer up to today. When
it came to his promises to the common
man, the farmers in particular, he was
unable to keep his them during his term.

He was unable to give them the land they
needed because aside from having no
specific time table as to when they were
to receive the land, the government didnt
have the money to purchase the land from
the hacienderos which was to be
distributed to the farmers in the first
place. Basically, he made really good
speeches and the country didnt die
when he was in power but he wasnt able
to do anything great that problems were
removed. If common people today are
asked about what he did, the answer may
be as extreme as Nothing! or funny as
He fathered a dwarf! Diosdado probably
wasnt a bad man and may actually be
incorruptible despite the issues.
Unfortunately, his term and his leadership
are now seen as either unproductive to
the country or were the root causes the
still continuing fall of the Philippine
economy today. That is why he is rated
just high enough to pass but not high
enough to be considered a good president.
GRADE (DLSU SYSTEM)

He deserves a grade of 1.0 because he
didnt achieve any of his promises during
his term but the country didnt go into a
state of despair.
Ferdinand Edralin Marcos (1965-1986)

There was a decrease of freedom and
democracy during the second term of
Ferdinand Marcos.
Because of the developments
(economically, industrially, and
infrastructures) Marcos accomplished,
there was a massive increase in tourism
rates.
The Marcoses established good relations
with world leaders, therefore bringing the
Philippines image to higher grounds.
Foreign relations brought foreign
investments in and made the economy
boom. During this time, the ratio of the
peso to a dollar is 1:1. However, the
economy took a downturn during his
second term and the prices of the market
increased.
Corruption allegations against the
government and peoples oppositions to
the laws and dictatorship of Marcos
brought about uprisings and reformation
movements to oust the president (PP1)
There was an increase in job opportunities
but it declined eventually. In relation to
this, huge economic accelerations from
OFW remittances were occurring. But
declined after the Aquinos killing
controversy.
The inflation rate was high and critics
claim it was because of overspending the
1969 budget.
to the people and the masses because of

the human rights abuses by the military.
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
Unemployment
Destabilized Economy
Rampant Corruption in the Government
and abuse of authority and power
Increased crime rates (before martial law)
due to poverty

INAUGURATION
Reformation of International and

Domestic Policies (Political, Social,
Economical, and Legal Systems)
Renovation of Roads, Buildings,

Public Works and other Infrastructures
Fix the judiciary systems of the

Philippines
Diminish, prevent, and attack the

problem of the government regarding
corruption
Make the Philippines rise to

greatness once more
This nation can be great again. This I
have said over and over. It is my articles of
faith, and Divine Providence has willed
that you and I can now translate this faith
into deeds.
Economic Development and Good

Government
Decentralization Act
Investment Incentives Act of 1967

PROGRAMS
During his first term Marcos focused on
developing infrastructure, the
development of the North Luzon
Expressway benefitted the Filipino
common man. Marcos also had livelihood
programs for LGUs to help make their
communities more economically
developed. The implementation of Martial
Law turned to out to be beneficiary to the
Philippines during the first year of
implementation to till the 80s the
countries GNP increased from P55 billion
to P193 billion, this however came at the
expense of the Filipinos who lost their
sense of democracy during Martial Law.
The policies implemented were not
structured and formulated to resolve the
problems on poverty.
In his earlier term, good governance was
present. However, upon entry of his wife,
Imelda, corruption started to surface.
An increase in the population of people
included below the poverty line.
LAWS AND PROGRAMS

Martial Law
Martial Law was declared by Marcos to
suppress the increasing civil discord and
the threats of communist conquest. The
declaration was initially granted by some
sectors bit it eventually became unpopular

Marcos Ill-gotten wealth
Declaration of Martial Law
Assassination of Benigno Aquino
During his first term Marcos focused on
developing the countrys infrastructure,
economy and the agriculture industry.
Marcos helped the Philippines reach
economic prosperity during the first few
years of his terms, also putting up a lot of
schools; he put up more schools than all of
the previous presidents combined.
Constant threats to the Marcos
administration led him to the
implementation of Martial Law. The whole
country was put under the militarys
control. It was well received during the
first year as crime rates all over the
Philippines dropped and given the social
turmoil in the Philippines at the time it was
deemed necessary. But after nine years,
the military took more excessive actions.
Military units were in control of domestic
air flights, all incoming calls in the
Philippines were not allowed and even
stricter curfews were implemented.
The downfall of his administration came
when Benigno Aquino was assassinated
this fueled even more activist to go into
rallies to fight against his administration.
In 1986 Marcos held a snap election in
order to stop rumors that his government
was being overthrown. Ultimately he was
driven out of the country with People
Power.
GRADE (DLSU SYSTEM)

2.5
Marcos aimed to establish the Philippines
in the foreign context. He further built
foreign relations with world royalties and

powers and he succeeded in this
endeavor. During his reign, he had hoped
to establish the Philippine culture and
make the country known as a civilized
society as opposed to what other first
world nations had thought of prior. He
encouraged tourism, economic growth,
foreign recognition, and discipline, which
he was able to attain during his first term.
However a sharp downfall came during his
later years in the presidency. He declared
martial law which started a chaotic nation
under his dictatorship and tyranny.
Because of his good start and
accomplishments that we can say helped
develop the good parts of today; but, we
cannot neglect the lack of leadership in
the last few years of his term and the
unanswered questions regarding the
controversies plus the shortcomings of his
presidency.
Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)

Democracy was restored after the reign of
Ferndinand Marcos and the declaration of
the Martial Law.
A series of natural disasters hit the
country such as the 1990 earthquake, the
eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, and a series of
Typhoons.
There have been many coup dtat
attempts and uprisings.
Brownouts were very frequent and would
last for about 12 hours.
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
Displeased citizens
Power Shortage/Rampant Brownouts

INAUGURATION
a.)
erosion of our sense of nation
b.)
to create jobs and livelihood
c.)
deliver social services
d.)
bring about peace and order
e.)
improve the lives of all our people
f.)
mobilize the spirit of volunteerism
-especially among the youth, by
documenting and publicizing examples of
selfless service to country and people by
groups and individuals working in and with
the grassroots
Inauguration Speech:
I, as president of the Philippines, will serve
and defend its fundamental law, execute
its just laws, do justice to every man, and
consecrate myself to the service of the
nation, so help me God.
LAWS AND PROGRAMS

a.) restoration of democracy
-abolished the legislature
-declared a revolutionary government
-wrote a new constitution (1987
Constitution)
One month after assuming the presidency,

Cory issues Proclamation No. 3,
proclaiming her government a
revolutionary government. With this, she
suspends the 1973 Constitution installed
during martial law and promulgates a
provisional Freedom Constitution, which
vests legislative making powers on her,
pending the enactment of the new
constitution.
c.) Free secondary schooling
h.)
executive order no.88
Cory issues Executive Order 48: Creating
an Ad Hoc Special Committee to supervise
the liquidation of the affairs of the
Constitutional Commission of 1986,
preservation of its records, and to
undertake its constitutional education
campaign.
d.) Proclamation No.9

Cory issues Proclamation No. 9 which
provides for the creation of a
constitutional commission (Concom) to
draft a new charter truly reflective of the
ideals and aspirations of the Filipino
People, on or before September 2 of the
same year. She appoints 48 men and
women, led former justice Cecilia Muoz
Palma, to be members of the Concom.
i.)
United States trading in the First
Philippine Fund Inc.
On November 9, she opens United States
trading in the First Philippine Fund Inc. She
later spoke at a meeting of the United
States Chamber of Commerce and the
United States-Philippine Business
Committee, where she urged American
business to increase its investment in the
Philippines.
e.) Proclamation no. 1

Cory, in her inaugural address, issues her
first edict: Proclamation No. 1 calling all
appointive public officials to submit their
courtesy resignations. In her speech, she
proceeded to reorganize the government
issuing Executive Order No. 1appointing
Cabinet ministers and task forces to help
her run the government.
i.) ratification of a 1991 treaty
b.) Land Reform
g.)
Proclamation no.3
A president must also learn how to bow to

the inevitable, as Cory had to do with the
negotiations on the renewal of the US
lease on its military bases in the
Philippines. After keeping her options
open, she signaled her support for the
ratification of a 1991 treaty allowing the
Americans continued access to the
installation for ten years, with the option
to renew for another ten. The Senate
voted 12-11 against the agreement and

the Americans were out of the country by
1992.
e.) Administrative Code of 1987
establishes the various Cabinet
departments and offices falling within the
executive branch of government, and
under the direct control and supervision of
the President. The Code also prescribes
the administrative procedure undertaken
in proceedings before the offices under
the executive department.
Executive Order No. 228, July 16,

1987 Declared full ownership to qualified
farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. It
also determined the value remaining
unvalued rice and corn lands subject of PD
27 and provided for the manner of
payment by the FBs and mode of
compensation to landowners.
Law) An act which became effective June

15, 1988 and instituted a comprehensive
agrarian reform program to promote social
justice and industrialization providing the
mechanism for its implementation and for
other purposes. This law is still the one
being implemented at present.
Executive Order No. 405, June 14,

1990 Vested in the Land Bank of the
Philippines the responsibility to determine
land valuation and compensation for all
lands covered by CARP.
Executive Order No. 407, June 14,

1990 Accelerated the acquisition and
distribution of agricultural lands, pasture
lands, fishponds, agro-forestry lands and
other lands of the public domain suitable
for agriculture.
Executive Order No. 229, July 22,

1987 Provided mechanism for the
implementation of the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).

PROGRAMS
The Common People Because they were
just coming out of the Marcos Regime.
They were looking for democracy and
freedom.
Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987

Instituted the CARP as a major program
of the government. It provided for a
special fund known as the Agrarian Reform
Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of
Php50 billion to cover the estimated cost
of the program from 1987-1992.
Corporate Owners of the Lands (Agrarian

Reform) There were holes in the law
which made it possible for the companies
to distribute stocks instead of land
ownership to the farmers.
Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26,

1987 streamlined and expanded the
power and operations of the DAR.
Republic Act No. 6657, June 10,

1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform

She wasnt really able to solve the
countrys problems by implementing all
that she promised because she was
constantly distracted by coups that
threatened the country and her

administration. She focused a lot on
disaster management but it was
necessary for her to keep the peace.

Aquino was not spared from the
controversies that eventually centered on
Hacienda Luisita, a 6,453-hectare estate
located in the Province of Tarlac, which she
inherited from her family. She was scored
for allowing Hacienda Luisita, which was
now owned by the Tarlac Development
Corporation, to opt for stock distribution,
instead of land redistribution. She also has
an issue concerning the farmers of
Mendiola being massacred.
Corazon Aquino became the president of
the country because the people believed
she was the positive change they needed
especially since her husband, Ninoy, who
was supposed to be the change for the
country, passed away in a gunshot. During
her administration, Cory was plagued by
coup detats by various groups that
foreign investors started to pull their
investments from the country. Thats why
a lot of her efforts were pointed towards
disaster management from the various
groups and sometimes, her motherly
methods such as giving cake worked. She
was also linked to controversies such as
massacring farmers in Mendiola and
holding the land she inherited rather than
having it distributed. Despite these
problems, The economy still had a positive
growth during her term with an average of
3.8% by the end of it. Cory, although

wasnt the best qualified president, still
did a pretty good job. Compared to Marcos
or Ramos though, it still fell short of what
truly makes a spectacular leader which is
why shes rated as average.
GRADE (DLSU SYSTEM)

2.0
measured her not only in terms of moral
character and her desire to help the
Philippines
failed in making the Philippines
economically stable
focused on ensuring democracy to the
people
reformation of the constitution putting
more emphasis on human rights and civil
liberties
Fidel V. Ramos (19921998)

Government
Prior to the Ramos Presidency, there were
many coup dtat attempts and uprisings
during the Aquino administration. This
lead to a destabilized government. Politics
were shaken and people started to lose
their trust in the government. During the
Ramos administration, civil liberty and
government stability was restored.
Economic
The Philippines was recovering from
economical difficulties that arose from the
lack of foreign investors during the Aquino
administration. Because of the Coup
attempts, foreign investors felt it was risky
for them to invest in the Philippines, thus,
economy wasnt booming. (Aquino
Administration) During the Ramos
administration however, the Philippines
took pleasure from economic growth and
stability. Though the Asian Financial Crisis
of 1997 struck, the Philippines wasnt as
badly affected as other Asian Nations.
During this crisis, the Philippine Peso
devaluated and dropped because of a
fiscal deficit. The people of the Phlippines
needed to be empowered to think
economically for the betterment of the
economy. Also, prior to Ramos policies
and laws, the Philippines was experiencing
frequent brownouts lasting up to twelve
hours due to old and ancient power plants.
Society
Peace was made with the Mindanao
Hostiles. Ramos became instrumental in
securing the peace agreement with the

Muslims.
A strong campaign for nationalism in
preparation for the centennial anniversary
of the Philippines was present.
PRIMARY PROBLEMS Asian Financial Crisis
In 1997, the Philippine economy plunged
because of the Asian Financial Crisis. The
annual growth rate of the Gross National
Product fell in 1998 as compared to 1997.
Power Crisis
The Philippines was experiencing
widespread and frequent brownouts
because of the huge demand for
electricity and the old and depreciated
power plants.

INAUGURATION
Restoration of Civic order
Make politics serve the not the

family, favored groups, or themselves, but
the nation
Restore Civility in political

competition
He will reach out to the factions of

the political community to work out
priorities and agendas
He will reach out to the rebels to

give up their armed struggle
Request the Congress to convene

and amend the constitution
Nurse the economy and make it

grow; generate productive employment
Dismantling protectionist barriers

and providing correct incentives and
support for the industries
Supply equal measure of

agriculture
To continue the reforms by Aquino
LAWS AND PROGRAMS

Republic Act 7638 (Charter of the
Department of Energy)
This act was signed and implemented so
that the department of energy would be
created. This department rationalizes the
organization and functions of government
agencies responsible for the management
of energy in the Philippines. Being that
one of the projects of Ramos was the
proper management, sourcing, and
allocation of energy, this act had to be
implemented in order to have a
department responsible for it.
Republic Act 7648 (Electric Power Crisis)
This act prescribes the measures that are
necessary and proper to effectively
address the electric power crisis in our
country.
First RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement
The effect of this agreement is that it
allows the government of the United
States to keep the authority over their
military personnel that are accused of
committing crimes in the Philippines. This
agreement exempts the US military
personnel from visa and passport
regulations in the Philippines, from being
tried in Filipino religious or military courts,
materials exported and imported by the
military from duties or taxes. This
agreement allows unrestricted movement
of vessels from the United States and
aircrafts in the Philippines.
Republic Act 7832 (Anti-electricity and
Electric Transmission Lines/Materials
Pilferage Act)
This act penalizes theft and pilferage of

electric lines and materials.
Republic Act 8179
This act further allows foreign
investments. It supports Republic Act
7042, which promotes foreign investments
and prescribes the procedures and actions
foreign investors have to do when
registering for a business in the
Philippines.
Deregulation and Privatization of Major
Industries
Protection of Migrant Workers
Ramos facilitated the enactment of
Republic Act 8042 which is also known as
the Migrant Workers Act. This act protects
Filipino workers abroad.
Philippines 2000
Peace and Stability
Economic Growth and Development
Energy and Power Generation
Environmental Protection
Streamlined Bureaucracy
Agrarian Reform Program
Restatement of the Death Penalty

PROGRAMS
Agrarian Reform Program
Fishermen
Farmers
Agricultural Businesses
Hacienderos (Because of CARP)

Migrant Workers Act
The first Filipino to benefit from this

is Sarah Balabagan. Because of the Flor
Contemplacion case that the government
failed to negotiate properly, upon learning
the sentence of Sarah Balabagan, Ramos

immediately ordered UAE Ambassador to
facilitate the negotiations. Sarahs case
was lowered and she was released in
1996.
Republic Act 8179
Foreign investors benefited from this Act
because the Philippine market was made
opened to the world.

Despite the resolution of the power
shortage crisis, the Philippines fell into
large debt because with the
implementation of the formation of the
Department of Energy, Ramos was
granted special authority to give licenses
to independent power producers to
construct powerplants. This would
guarantee that the government would buy
the power that the independent power
producers produced in US Dollars. When
the East Asian Financial Crisis entered, this
became a problem to the Philippines
because the value of the peso declined.
Thus, another hole of the government was
that the investments from foreign
investors were sought as ineffective.
Despite the implementation of the Migrant
Workers Protection Program, there have
been cases where the lack of focus on the
program occurred. One such is the Flor
Contemplation Hanging.

PEA-AMARI Scam Manila Bay Reclamation
Deal
FVR Was accused of Corruption. This deal

involved acquiring 158 hectares of
reclaimed land on Manila Bay and it was
supposedly going to be converted to what
is called as Freedom Islands. The
government was accused of corruption
because they were said to favor Amari
Costal Bay Resources and Filinvest
Development by selling them a bigger
portion for their own intentions. Ramos
was accused that the deal was clinched to
benefit the members of Lakas-NUCD,
which was Ramos group.
Centennial Expo and Conversion of
Military Base in Fort Bonifacio for Private
Development
The Centennial Expo was supposedly one
of his notable contributions to the
Philippines and the people. The
government was charged of alleged
corruption and the misuse of funds. The
projects relating to the Expo site were said
to be extravagant and showed the
inefficiency of the administration. They
said it was a convenient vehicle to effect
election fund-raising for the Lakas Political
Party of Ramos. The issue there was that
there was a budget set for the entire
project. However, not all the projects were
completed but the entire budget was
spent.
Tax reformation from 4% to 10%
Organized Cooperatives
Ended the power crisis
Economies of scale enhanced the

productivity of the farmers
Revival of countrys economy

Ended oligopolies in shipping,
telecommunications, and banking
Average income of families and

households increased
Achieved peace with Muslim rebels

and military rebels (won 1997 UNESCO
peace award, the first Asians recieved)
GRADE (DLSU SYSTEM)

Ramos receives a grade of 3.5 because his
term is considered one of the most orderly
and productive presidencies in the
Philippines. He pulled people to be more
nationalistic through his Philippines 2000
campaign and he was able to establish
foreign relations with many countries that
in turn made the country rich because of
the Philippine market opening to foreign
businesses.
Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998-2001)

During the 1998 presidential election
campaign, like most presidential
campaign, the competition did not do
anything between political platforms and
programs. Estradas strategists were
aware that there is a large percent of the
population who are poor and uneducated
or masa who were looking for a
candidate whom they could relate to.
Using the slogan Erap para sa mahirap,
Estrada succeeded in inspiring the lower
class people with a hope that if he wins,
he will the president of the masses.
Estrada was inaugurated on June 30, 1998
in the historical town of Malolos in Bulacan
province in paying tribute to the cradle of
the First Philippine Republic.
During Estradas administration, the
economic teamwas strong but during the
latter part, the admin failed to capitalize
on the gains of the previous
administration. When Estrada was
accused of influencing an investigation in
the stock market manipulation, foreign
investments declined. The Asian Financial
Crisis and climatic disturbance hindered
economic performance of the country.
Towards the end of his term, the fiscal
deficit doubled to more than Php100
billion. However, GNP increased to 3.6%
from 0.1% and GDP incurred a 4% growth
rate. Debt reached Php2.1 Trillion in 1999.
Inflation rate went down from 11% to just
a little over 3%. The Estrada
administration upheld the foreign policy
thrusts of the Ramos administration,
focusing on national security, economic

diplomacy, assistance to nationals, and
image-building. The Philippines continued
to be at the forefront of the regional and
multilateral arena.
PRIMARY PROBLEMS
Graft and Corruption
Graft and corruption was pretty eminent
not just during Estradas administration.
Obviously, we all know Estrada was
sanctioned to have been getting or
robbing money from the governments
fund to use for his own personal interest.
That is why he was impeached due to his
plunder and perjury case.
Asian Financial Crisis
The Central bank raised interest rates by
1.75%. The BSP was forced to intervene
heavily to defend the peso raising the
overnight rate from 15% to 24%. The pesa
fell from 26 per dollar to 28 pesos to 40
pesos by the end of the crisis.
El Nino
The El Nino led to too many problems in
the country. One of which is the serious
drought of lands in the rural areas that
cause the unemployment of the farmers
and the rise of the prices of rice.
Poverty
Of the 14.37 million families, 5.75 million
belonged to the lowest 40% income group
while 8.62 million in the highest 60%
income bracket. In terms of percentage to
total families, families in the highest 60%
income strata got the biggest percentage
in almost all indicators. But in terms of the
percentage to the total families within
each income strata, families in the lowest

40% income strata are not far off from
families in the highest 60%.

INAUGURATION
Estradas first priority was to focus on the
improvement of the economy. Creating the
environment of peace and order in which
business does well so as to uplift the
economy of the country. Estrada wanted
to focus on the masses and put up
programs for them first. He promised the
masses that they will not suffer anymore
and let the rich people take a share on the
sacrifices. As he states
As far as resources permit, to the best of
our ability and the limit of our energy, we
will put a roof over their heads, food on
their tables, and clothes on their backs.
We will educate their children and foster
their health. We will bring peace and
security, jobs and dignity to their lives. We
will put more infrastructure at their
service, to multiply their productivity and
raise their incomes.
He stated several points regarding how
the government can help out in improving
the country. Stamping out crimes,
providing basic services without the extra
cost of pork barrel, roads for work,
infrastructure, schools, clinics, national
defense are some of the factors Estrada
promised to implement or establish. Erap
swore to give at once a government that
works. Estrada also promised to bring
peace and harmony to the society. He
wanted every Filipino, rich or poor to feel
that they are safe.
LAWS AND PROGRAMS

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic
Act No. 8749)
Designed to protect and preserve the
environment and ensure the sustainable
development of its natural resources.
Incentives for Regional Headquarters of
Foreign Multinationals (Republic Act No.
8756)
The measure grants a host of incentives to
multinational firms establishing their
regional hubs in the country. It also
provides a tax- and duty-free operating
environment for them, and multiple entry
visas to expatriates and their families, as
well as a flat income tax rate of 15%.
Retail Trade Liberalization Act (Republic
Act No. 8762)
The bill dismantles 40 years of state
protectionism over the countrys retail
trade industry and opens the sector to big
foreign players. With the retail trade
liberalization, well-known foreign players
like Frances Carrefour and Casino Group
as well as the U.S. Wal-Mart and JC
Penney are already in the process of
negotiating with local partners.
New General Banking Act (Republic Act
No. 8791)
The measure opens up the local banking
industry to foreign players after almost 50
years of having it exclusively reserved and
protected for Filipino nationals. With the
industrys liberalization, at least 10 foreign
banks have already established their
presence in the Philippines.
Electronic Commerce Act of 2000
(Republic Act No. 8792)
Outlaws computer hacking and provides

opportunities for new businesses
emerging from the Internet-driven New
Economy.
New Securities Act (Republic Act No. 8799)
This law liberalizes the securities market
by shifting policy from merit regulation to
full disclosure. With its strengthened
provisions against fraud, the measure is
expected to pave the way for the full
development of the Philippine equities and
securities market.
Agrarian Reform
The Estrada administration widened the
coverage of the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program (CARP) to the landless
peasants in the country side. The latters
administration distributed more than
266,000 hectares of land to 175,000
landless farmers, including land owned by
the traditional rural elite. On September
1999, he issued Executive Order (EO) 151,
also known as Farmers Trust Fund, which
allows the voluntary consolidation of small
farm operation into medium and large
scale integrated enterprise that can
access long-term capital. President
Estrada launched the Magkabalikat Para
sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA.
The DAR forged into joint ventures with
private investors into agrarian sector to
make FBs competitive. In 1999 a huge
fund was allocated to agricultural
programs. One of which is the
Agrikulturang Maka Masa, through which
it achieved an output growth of 6 percent,
a record high at the time, thereby lowering
the inflation rate from 11 percent in
January 1999 to just a little over 3 percent
by November of the same year.
Anti-Crime Task Forces

In 1998, by virtue of Executive Order No.8,
President Estrada created the Presidential
Anti-Organized Crime Task Force (PAOCTF)
with the objective of minimizing, if not
totally eradicating, car theft and
worsening kidnapping cases in the
country. With the help of this task force,
the Philippine National Police for the first
time in history achieved a record-high
trust rating of +53 percent. Panfilo Lacson
was its first head. He also created the
Philippine Center on Transnational Crime
(PCTC) in 1999, with the objective of
formulating and implementing a concerted
of action of all law enforcement,
intelligence and other government
agencies for the prevention and control of
transnational crime.
Death Penalty
The death penalty law in the Philippines
was re-enforced during the incumbency of
Estradas predecessor, Fidel Ramos. This
law provided the use of the electric chair
until the gas chamber (method chosen by
government to replace electrocution)
could be installed. The Estrada
administration peddled the death penalty
as the antidote to crime. The reasoning
was that if the criminals will be afraid to
commit crimes if they see that the
government is determined to execute
them.
Charter Change
Under President Joseph Estrada, there was
a similar attempt to change the 1987
constitution. The process is termed as
CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for
Development. Unlike Charter change
under Ramos and Arroyo the CONCORD
proposal, according to its proponents,
would only amend the restrictive

economic provisions of the constitution
that is considered as impeding the entry
of more foreign investments in the
Philippines.
RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement
On 1999 a Visiting Forces Agreement with
the United States, which was ratified in
the Senate.The first Visiting Forces
Agreement was actually signed under
President Ramos in 1998, and the second
was subsequently signed under President
Estrada. The two agreements came to
effect a year later. The primary effect of
the Agreement is to require the U.S.
government (1) to notify RP authorities
when it becomes aware of the
apprehension, arrest or detention of any
RP personnel visiting the U.S. and (2)
when so requested by the RP government,
to ask the appropriate authorities to waive
jurisdiction in favor of RP, except cases of
special interest to the U.S. departments of
State or Defense

PROGRAMS
Estradas agrarian reform was for the
benefit of those farmers living in the rural
areas. CARP was for the benefit of those
farmers who do not own their own land.
He distributed hectares of land to those
who are landless. Farmers Trust Fund was
intended for those farmers who have small
and medium capital to extend their
business into a large scale accessing long
term loans from the fund.
Presidential Anti-Organized Crime Task
Force was launched in order to reduce
crimes such as car/kidnapping. He also

created the Philippines Center on
Transnational Crime. Its objective is to
implement law enforcement for the
prevention of crimes. Estrada also
implemented the death penalty where its
objective is also, to reduce serious crimes.
The Charter change turned out to be a big
issue in the government. This charter
change was intended to recreate the
constitution. Apparently, it was not really
for the benefit of the economy or the
country. It was for Estradas own benefit to
gain more power and use more
government money.
Estrada also formulated the RP-US Visiting
Forces agreement. This is requiring US
government to notify RP authorities when
it becomes aware of the apprehension,
arrest or detention of any RP personnel
visiting the U.S. and when so requested by
the RP government, to ask the appropriate
authorities to waive jurisdiction in favor of
RP, except cases of special interest to the
U.S. departments of State or Defense. This
was for the economy of the country.

Estradas Clean Air Act only focused only
on the air quality management. I think it
would have been more appealing and
more effective if the law were not only
about air management. I think if Erap
implemented a law that focused on the
environment as a whole and not just the
air management, most citizens would
have struck it thus making Estrada as a
president who is really concerned about
the status of our natural resources.
President Joseph Estrada urged Congress

to speed up the passage of a new
Securities Act aimed at promoting a more
transparent and stronger stock exchange
in the Philippines. He called on lawmakers
to adopt models in Singapore, Hong Kong
and Australia, where the public has the
majority ownership of the stock market, in
restructuring the Philippine Stock
Exchange (PSE). He adopted systems from
other countries that are really improving
however; it is pretty hard for the country
to use it because it is way too different.
The Philippines is a third world country
therefore will have a hard time carrying
out the adopted system.

War between MILF
During the Ramos administration a
cessation of hostilities agreement was
signed between the Philippine
Government and the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front (MILF) in July 1997. This
was continued by a series of peace talks
and negotiations in Estrada
administration. However the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front (MILF), a Islamic group
formed in 1977, seeks to be an
independent Islamic State from the
Philippines, despite the agreements, a
sequence of terrorist attacks with the
Philippine military and the civilians still
continued.[2] Such of those attack are 277
violations committed, kidnapping a foreign
priest, namely Father Luciano Benedetti,
the occupying and setting on fire of the
municipal hall of Talayan, Maguindanao;
the takeover of the Kauswagan Municipal
Hall; the bombing of the Lady of Mediatrix
boat at Ozamiz City; and the takeover of

the Narciso Ramos Highway. By doing so,
they inflicted severe damage on the
countrys image abroad, and scared muchneeded investments away.
Plunder
The plunder case consisted of four
separate charges: acceptance of 545
million pesos from proceeds of Jueteng, an
illegal gambling game; misappropriation of
130 million pesos in excise taxes from
tobacco; receiving a 189.7-million-peso
commission from the sale of the shares of
Belle Corporation, a real-estate firm; and
owning some 3.2 billion pesos in a bank
account under the name Jose Velarde.
Perjury
The minor charge of perjury is for Estrada
underreporting his assets in his 1999
statement of assets and liabilities and for
the illegal use of an alias, namely for the
Jose Velarde bank account.
BW Resources
BW Resources, a small gaming company
listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange
and linked to people close to Estrada,
experienced a meteoric rise in its stock
price due to suspected stock price
manipulation. The head of the compliance
and surveillance group of PSE resigned
which led to the confusion of the
investigation. The events created a
negative impression. The BW controversy
undermined foreign investor confidence in
the stock market and also contributed to
a major loss of confidence in the
Philippines among foreign and local
investors on concerns that cronyism may
have played a part.
Impeachment Trial
This was the first time Filipinos would
witness, through radio and television, an
elected president stand in trial and face
possible impeachment with full media
coverage. During the trial, the prosecution
presented witnesses and alleged
evidences to the impeachment court
regarding Estradas alleged involvement in
jueteng. The existence of secret bank
accounts that he allegedly used for
receiving payoffs was also brought affront.
Singson stood as witness against the
president during the trial and said that he
and the President were alleged partners
in-charge of the countrywide jueteng
operations. Singsons testimony was one
of the vital pieces of evidence that led to
Estradas subsequent conviction.
WHAT THE PRESIDENT DID
With Eraps plunder and perjury case, he
did not do anything about it to prove that
he is not doing some illegal acts. He just
made a way to erase the thought in
peoples minds. Because his market is the
masa and the masa does not care about
how their president act as long as he is
doing something to uplift their sufferings,
they do not keep in mind what Erap is
doing may it be against the law or not. He
just let the government take away his
position by the impeachment trial. Eraps
perjury case was different. The Jose
Velardo account was obviously one case
which Estrada together with his supporters
.
Joseph Estrada was elected as president

gaining most of the votes from the people.
Erap won the hearts of the poor by
promising them with a life where suffering
does not exist. He also made it to a point
to prioritize the development of the
economy. Under the Asian financial crisis,
Estrada did not do well in making the
economy survive. Unemployment rate
went up, budget deficit grew and the
currency fell. Eventually, the economy
recovered but at a much slower pace than
other asian countries. Estrada waged an
all out war against the MILF which affected
a huge number of people. Crime rate also
went up because of the occurring
kidnapping and killings. Estrasa was
charged of receiving a big amount from
illegal gambling payoffs. He was
impeached. The masses protested and
demanded for Eraps resignation bringin
about EDSA 2 revolution.
GRADE (DLSU SYSTEM)

I think he deserves a 1.0. Although he was
charged of plunder, was labeled at Jueteng
Payola and labeled as a womanizer, he still
made some acts to which it had a good
effect on the country. Ever since Estrada
was accused of laundering and pocketing
a humungous amount of money, I have
concluded that he is very much capable of
doing such things against the country. He
is a kind of person who gets what he
wants. He deluged himself of wine and
satisfied himself with wanton pleasure for
women. These two are the most
dangerous sickness a man could be
inflicted with.
However, even though Erap didnt have

the educational competence, economists
can prove to us that 1998-2001s
economy were in better condition. During
Ramos administration, you can even see
a slump in our economy some of which
even reached the negative mark. Meaning,
if he was really that good he should be

able to sustain any growth hed been
saying. In fact, in 1996, our economy
dipped down to a below zero mark and
this can be attested by some political
economic analyst. The revenue collections
were very good because we had less
foreign borrowings and in turn less budget

deficits, unlike whats happening to us
right now. He had very good appointees
that were able to alleviate budget
difficulties.

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Derrick A.

Jos P. Laurel, 1943-1945

Sergio Osmea, 1944-1946

Manuel Roxas, 1946-1948

After 34 years of Insular

Jos P. Laurel's presidency is

Sergio Osmea was the

Manuel Roxas was the fifth

Government under American

second president of the

president of the Philippines:

rule, Philippine voters elected

officially the government's

Commonwealth. During his

the third (and last) president

president of the First Republic

Manuel Luis Quezon first

caretaker during the

presidency, the Philippines

under the Commonwealth,

joined the International

and the first president of the

World War II. Criticized as a

Third Republic of the

Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce

traitor by some, his indictment

Philippines. He held office for

between the Spanish and

the Father of National

for treason was superseded

Language (Ama ng Wikang

only one year, 10 months,

65, making him the oldest

tuberculosis in Saranac Lake,

person to hold office

the Spanish-Philippine War

1960s, Laurel considered a

and the American-Philippine

legitimate president of the

Gen. Douglas McArthur in

Republic after World War II

Leyte on October 20, 1944 to

war damage and life without

begin restoration of Philippine

foreign rule began during his

freedom after Japanese

elected through a national

Association for Service to the

Bank was rehabilitated and

and Philippine Trade Act laws

the country joined the

during Japanese occupation

International Monetary Fund

were accepted by Congress

President of the Philippines

-first president under

and war between the

during his presidency

suffrage in the Philippines

Philippines and the

approved by the U.S.

during the Commonwealth

U.S./United Kingdom in 1944

Congress during his