PUMPS

PESAWAT TENAGA
TEKNIK MATERIAL & METALURGI, ITS

INTRODUCTION

The pump is mechanical device which conveys

liquid from one place to another place.
It can be defined as a hydraulic machines which
converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy.
The pump is power absorbing machine.The power
can be supplied to the pump by a prime mover like
an electric motor, an internal combussion engine
or turbine..

CLASSIFICATION


1.
2.

1.
2.
3.

Positive displacement pumps

Reciprocating pumps
Rotary pumps
Roto -dynamic pump
Centrifugal pump
Propeller pump
Mixed flow pump

RECIPROCATING PUMPS

Reciprocating pump classification

Reciprocating pumps can be classified based on
1. Sides in contact with water
a) Single acting Reciprocating pump
b) Double acting reciprocating pump
2. Numbers of cylinder used
a) Single cylinder pump
b) Two cylinder pumps
c) Multi-cylinder pumps)

Operations of single acting reciprocating

pump

Operation of double acting reciprocating

pump

Operation of plunger pump

A plunger pump is a type of positive

displacement pump where the highpressure seal is stationary and a smooth
cylindrical plunger slides through the seal.
This makes them different from piston
pumps and allows them to be used at
higher pressures. This type of pump is
often used to transfer municipal and
industrial sewage.[1]

Centrifugal pumps

Main parts of a centrifugal pump

Impeller

Casting

Suction pipe with foot-valve and a stainer

Delivery pipe

Pump
Terminology

Centrifugal Pump

Electric Motor

Types of centrifugal pumps

1.
2.
3.


1.
2.

According to type of casting

Volute type pump
Vortex type pump
Diffuser type pump
According to number of stages
Single stage
Multi stage

Volute type pump

Vortex type pump

Multi stage centrifugal pump

Multi staging is done by adding impellers
of identical constructions in series on
same shaft or impellers in parallel
arrangement on different shafts.
1. Impellers in series
2. Impellers in parallel

Two Impellers in Series

Direction of Flow

Twice the pressure

Same amount of water

Multiple Impellers in Series

Direction of Flow

Direction of Flow

Placing impellers in series increases the amount of head

produced
The head produced = # of impellers x head of one impeller

A rotary pump is a positive-displacement

pump that consists of vanes mounted to a
rotor that rotates inside of a cavity. In
some cases these vanes can be variable
length and/or tensioned to maintain
contact with the walls as the pump rotates

Rotary pumps

Classification of rotary pump

Gear pump

Vane pump

Screw pump

Gear pumps

Vane pump

Screw pumps

Practical Application of Pumps

TYPE OF PUMP

APPLICATION

Piston pump

For low head and more discharge

Plunger pump

For high head and less discharge, and

for denser liquids.

Bucket pump

For low head and suitable for manual

operations

Centrifugal pump

For continuous flow, high discharge,

low head

Multi stage centrifugal pump

High discharge

Multi stage centrifugal pumps

For high head

Rotary pump

For viscous fluid like lubricating oil

Centrifugal Pumps
A machine for moving fluid by
accelerating the fluid RADIALLY
outward.
From the Center
of a Circle

RADIAL DIRECTION
To the Outside of a Circle

Centrifugal Pumps

This machine consists of an IMPELLER

rotating within a case (diffuser)

Liquid directed into the

center of the rotating
impeller is picked up by
the impellers vanes and
accelerated to a higher velocity by the
rotation of the impeller and discharged by
centrifugal force into the case (diffuser).

Centrifugal Pumps

A collection chamber in the casing converts

much of the Kinetic Energy (energy due to
velocity) into Head or Pressure.

"Head"

Head is a term for expressing feet of water column

Head can also be converted to pressure

Reservoir
of Fluid

100 feet
43.3 PSI

Pressure
Gauge

Conversion Factors Between

Head and Pressure

Head (feet of liquid) =Pressure in PSI x 2.31 / Sp. Gr.

Pressure in PSI = Head (in feet) x Sp. Gr. / 2.31
PSI is Pounds per Square Inch
Sp. Gr. is Specific Gravity which for water is equal to
1
 For a fluid more dense than water, Sp. Gr. is
greater than 1
 For a fluid less dense than water, Sp. Gr. is less
than 1

Head
Head and pressure are interchangeable
terms provided that they are expressed in
their correct units.

The conversion of all pressure terms into
units of equivalent head simplifies most
pump calculations.

Centrifugal Impellers
Impeller
Vanes
Eye of the
Impeller
Water
Entrance

Diameter of
the Impeller

Thickness
of the impeller

Thicker the Impeller- More Water

Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
Increase the Speed - More Water and
Pressure

Two Impellers in Series

Direction of Flow

Twice the pressure

Same amount of water

Multiple Impellers in Series

Direction of Flow

Direction of Flow

Placing impellers in series increases the

amount of head produced
The head produced = # of impellers x head
of one impeller

Pump Performance Curve

A mapping or graphing of the pump's ability to produce head

and flow

Pump Performance Curve

Step #1, Horizontal Axis

The pump's flow rate is plotted on the

horizontal axis ( X axis)
Usually expressed in Gallons per
Minute

Pump Flow Rate

Pump Performance Curve

Step #2, Vertical Axis

Head

The head the pump produces is

plotted on the vertical axis (Y axis)
Usually express in Feet of Water

Pump Flow Rate

Pump Performance Curve

Step #3, Mapping the Flow and the Head

Performance Curve

Head

Most pump
performance curves
slope from left to
right

Pump Flow Rate

Pump Performance Curve

Important Points

Shut-off Head

Head

Shut-off Head is the maximum

pressure or head the pump can
produce
No flow is produced

Pump Flow Rate

Pump Performance Curve

Important Points

Maximum Flow

Head

Maximum Flow is the

largest flow the pump can
produce
No Head is produced

Pump Flow Rate

System Performance Curves

System Performance Curve is a mapping
of the head required to produce flow in a
given system

A system includes all the pipe, fittings and
devices the fluid must flow through, and
represents the friction loss the fluid
experiences

System Performance Curve

Step #1, Horizontal Axis

The System's flow rate in plotted on the horizontal

axis ( X axis)
Usually expressed in Gallons per Minute

System Flow Rate

System Performance Curve

Step #2, Vertical Axis
!

Head

The head the system requires is plotted on

the vertical axis (Y axis)
Usually express in Feet of Water

Pump Flow Rate

System Performance Curve

Step #3, Curve Mapping

The friction loss is mapped onto the graph

The amount of friction loss varies with flow through
the system

Head

Friction Loss

Pump Flow Rate

Head

The point on the system curve that intersects

the pump curve is known as the operating
point.

Pump Flow Rate

PUMP SELECTION
Circulator 1

Circulator
2

Head

Circulator 3

Pump Flow Rate

Controlling Pump Performance

Changing the amount for friction loss or "Throttling the

Pump" will change the pump's performance

PUMP SELECTION
Valve Barely Open
Valve Partially Open

Head

Valve Open

Pump Flow Rate

Piping Design Equations

Heuristics for Pipe Diameter
Liquids :
w
D = 2.607

Gases :

0.494

w0.408
D = 1.065 0.343

D = Diameter , inches
w = Mass Flowrate, 1000 lb / hr

= Density, lb / ft 3

Energy Loss in Piping Networks

Incompressible Fluids
144

1 2 2
v1 v2 = ( z2 z1 ) + hL
( P1 P2 ) +

2g

= Density, lb / ft 3
P = Pressure, lb f / in 2
v = Velocity, ft / sec
g = Gravitational Acceleration, 32.174 ft / s 2
z = Elevation, ft
hL = Head loss, ft

hL =

0.00259 ( K ) Q 2

d4
Q = Volumetric Flowrate, gpm
d = Pipe Diameter , in

K = Sum of

all fittings

L
K = f , straight pipe
D
2

d
K = 1 , Sudden enlargement
d
2
1
2
2

Friction Loss Factors for Fittings

Fitting

Standard 90o Elbow

30fT

Standard 45o Elbow

16fT

Standard Tee

20fT Run
60 fT Branch

Pipe Entrance

0.78

Pipe Exit

1.0

Friction Loss Factors for Valves

Valve

Gate valve

8fT

Globe Valve

340fT

Swing Check Valve

100fT

Lift Check Valve

600fT

Ball Valve

3fT

29.9d 2
K =
CV2
CV = Valve Coefficient

Fanning Diagram
1
D
= 4.0 * log + 2.28

1
D
D /
= 4.0 * log + 2.28 4.0 * log4.67
+ 1

f
Re f

f =16/Re

Energy Loss in Valves




Function of valve type and valve

position
The complex flow path through valves
can result in high head loss (of course,
one of the purposes of a valve is to
create head loss when it is not fully
open)
Ev are the loss in terms of velocity
heads