Wisconsin International Law Journal

2015-2016

Cite Checking Manual

Senior Managing Editors

Caitlin Fish
Corydon Fish
ChristoperSchuele

Last updated October 8, 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.

OVERVIEW OF THE CITE-CHECKING PROCESS ................................................................................. 2

II.

LOCATING ORIGINAL SOURCES ............................................................................................................ 3

III.

SUBSTANTIATION GENERALLY ............................................................................................................ 7

IV.

THE ELECTRONIC SUBSTANTIATION PROCESS ................................................................................ 9

V.

BLUEBOOKING ......................................................................................................................................... 11

VI.

WILJ ASSIGNMENTS ................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

I.

OVERVIEW OF THE CITE-CHECKING PROCESS

A. Introduction
a. Before the articles even get to the cite-checking phase, the Senior Articles Editors, with the help of
the Articles Editors, select the articles that will be published. The SAEs and AEs then edit the main
text of the articles according to the Chicago Manual of Style. At the cite-checking phase, the Senior
Managing Editors, with the help of the Managing Editors and Staff, ensure that the cited sources
actually substantiate the authors assertions, and the footnotes are in proper Bluebook format.
B. Responsibilities of the cite-checking team
a. Staff: Responsible for the first cite check.
i. You and other WILJ Staff members (working in pairs) locate the cited sources, verify that the
source substantiates the authors claim, and Bluebook the footnotes.
ii. Staff cite checkers will complete two forms to document their work on each packet:
1. The Unavailable Sources (UAS / ILL) form is a list of sources that require
additional research beyond what is available (for example, a book that is only
available in Poland.)
2. The Corrections & Problems (C&P) form documents the substantiation process
and the correct Bluebook footnote format.
b. Assistant Managing Editor (AME): Responsible for ILLs and other tasks.
i.
AMEs are specially-appointed WILJ Staff member who works closely with the SMEs to
coordinate Inter-Library Loans (ILLs), and other tasks as needed. (See Section I.G.)
ii. Any Staff member may apply to be an AME.
c. Managing Editor (ME): Responsible for second cite check.
i.
MEs receive the Staff-completed packets, review each, meet their assigned WILJ Staff pairs,
make necessary corrections (including asking Staff to follow up on certain tasks), and submit
combined packets to their supervisor (an SME).
ii. Your ME is your direct supervisor and your first go-to person (besides other Staff members).
Your ME will assist you with questions you encounter and then verify your work.
iii. If Staff work is complete and accurate, the ME will upload the C&P to the appropriate folder
on the Lexis web course (and notify the SME via email) for a final review before submission
to the Editor-in-Chief. If a cite-checking packet is incomplete or inadequate, your ME will
return the packet to you to finish. Poor work can affect WILJ membership.
d. Senior Managing Editor (SME): Responsible for the final footnote edit.
i.
SMEs receive the combined packets from the MEs, review them, make necessary
corrections, and submit the article with corrected footnotes to the author for
review.
e. Editor-in-Chief: Responsible for final article edit before publication.
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C. Timing of cite-checking packets

a. Three cite-checking packets will be distributed over the course of the academic yearone in the
fall semester and two in the spring semester. In general, the Staffs involvement in each citechecking packet will span three to four weeks, with most of the work falling in the first two weeks.
i. Week 1 Locate, print and/or copy all sources; report any problem sources on the UAS form
ii. Week 2 Bluebook and substantiate cites; complete C&P form
iii. Week 3 MEs meet with Staff to review the C&P forms
D. The steps of a cite-checking packet
a. Here is an overview of a cite-checking cycle so that you can see the entire process without
getting lost in the details. Later in this guide, you will find more detail and helpful hints:
i. Download the article, assignment list, and the UAS and C&P forms from your email..
ii. Skim the article to familiarize yourself with the context and the authors argument.
iii. Copy each cited source into the C&P form. (Note, often this will require a FN 23a, FN 23b,
etc. designation where one footnote contains multiple cites.)
iv. Make a list of the sources you will need to locate. Collaborate with your cite-checking
partner to split up the work of locating the sources.
v. Locate your sources. Sources must be either: (1) the original hardcopy document, or (2) an
appropriate electronic version. (See Section II.)
vi. For hardcopy sources, scan all necessary pages from each source. (See Section II.)
vii. By the UAS deadline, exchange the sources you located with your partner, list the sources
that are not available electronically on the UAS form, upload the UAS form to the
appropriate folder on the Lexis web course, and notify your ME via email.
viii. Substantiate the content. Highlight the substantiation information on your scanned copy of
the source. Document your work on the C&P form. (See Section III.)
ix. Highlight the citation information on your scanned copy of the source (i.e. the information
that makes up the citation components). (See Section IV.) Bluebook each footnote. (See
Section V.)
x. Type the corrected footnote (or no change) onto your C&P. List each relevant rule.
Highlight any changes you make to the footnote.
xi. Write any comments about decisions / judgment calls / problems you encountered, and initial
all comments.
xii. Upload the completed C&P sheet and substantiated sources to the appropriate folder on the
Lexis web course. (See Section Error! Reference source not found..)
II.

LOCATING ORIGINAL SOURCES

A. A hardcopy, or scan of the original hardcopy, of every source in each footnote must be found. All
relevant pages must be scanned.
B. Identify Each Sources Type
a. Identify what the source is an article, book, website, UN document, etc. Sometimes this is
unclear from the authors citation. Once you know a sources type, you can determine which
Bluebook rule to use, and what information needs to be copied.
b. If you are unsure what the source is, search the Internet. Try the authors name or a quotation.
An Internet search can help you glean information that will allow you to find the hard copy.
Google, Lexis, and Westlaw are good places to start.
i. Google Books is very helpful as a searchable database of many books.
ii. Academic authors often put their CV online. Magazines, journals, and websites often
have archived articles.
3

c. Consecutively Paginated Journal vs. Non-consecutively Paginated Journal (Rule 16)

i. Most journals will publish more than one issue a year. Consecutively paginated journals
will begin each issue with the next page number following the prior journal. Nonconsecutively paginated journals begin each issue with page 1.
ii. Each type of journal has its own citation format (see Rule 16.1)
iii. In order to determine that you have used the correct format, you must also scan a page
from the table of contents from of a different issue of the same journal in the same
publishing year (That is, if your article is in Issue 1; print the TOC for Issue 1 and Issue 2
of that same year.)
d. Books vs. Shorter Works in Collection (see Rule 15.5.1)
i. An editor may compile essays and articles from various authors into a single book.
Therefore, whenever you have any book source, you must also copy the table of
contents in order to determine whether the book is a collection of essays.
C. Locating sources
a. Once you have identified the source, check the UW Library Catalog, MadCat, at
http://madcat.library.wisc.edu. (See also locating and using online sources, Section II.D.)
b. Often, several cite checkers will be checking material from the same sources. Sources that are
heavily cited may be available on reserve at the circulation desk. Use email to communicate
between fellow staff members and your ME.
i. Do NOT check books out of the library. Other Staff members working on the
same article will need them.
c. Ask Reference Librarians to help you locate tricky sources. Sunil Rao is a reference librarian
whom deals with International Sources - but, anyone will be happy to help!
D. Locating and using online sources and PDFs.
a. In general, hardcopies of sources are preferred over dynamic Internet printouts. This is because
webpages and uploaded files can be modified, and some webpages disappear completely or are
redesigned. There are some instances however, where Internet printouts must or may be used.
i. Direct Cites to Internet Webpages (non-newspaper articles, non-PDF files) Cite these
using Rule 18.2.2
(i)
For example: Documents, UNITED NATIONS, http://www.un.org/en/documents/
(last visited Aug. 1, 2014).
b. PDF Downloads PDF downloads may be used:
i. PDF File Replicates a Paper Source In this case, use Rules 18.2.1(b) or (c) and
18.2.3 (they basically say the same thing). Under these rules, cite as if to the original
printed source, but append an available at parallel citation. This requires the
pagination of the paper source to be preserved in the PDF file.
(i)
For example, Rule 15 (Books and non-periodical material) was used for this
cite, and a parallel citation to the Internet was appended: MULTILATERAL
INV. GUARANTEE AGENCY, WORLD BANK GRP., 2009 ANNUAL REPORT 5
(2009), available at http://www.miga.org/documents/09ar_highlights.pdf.
(ii)
This rule is generally for sources that are not readily available in print. If the
source is readily available in print, the URL is not necessary.
(iii)
Some journals also have scanned PDFs available at their website. If the PDF
preserves the original pagination, you can use this PDF.
(iv)
HeinOnline has scanned PDFs for many sources on their website. It is
available on the UW Law Library webpage under Databases.
(v)
When you provide the parallel cite to the Internet, make certain that access
does not require any special login account. For example, articles on
HeinOnline are not available to the general public.
ii. Paper source is essentially unavailable, or existence of paper source cant be determined
In this case, use Rule 18.2.2.
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(i)

For example: Elizabeth McNichol & Iris J. Lav, New Fiscal Year Brings No
Relief from Unprecedented State Budget Problems, CENTER ON BUDGET &
POL'Y PRIORITIES 1 (Sept. 3, 2009), http://www.cbpp.org/9-8-08sfp.pdf.
c. Online Books Some books are published online in PDF format. Cite to these using Rule
15 with a parallel cite to the Internet.
i. For example: INTL ENERGY AGENCY, WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK 2009, at 128
(2009), available at
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/weo2009.pdf.
d. Special Rules for Newspapers
i. Some newspapers publish online versions. If you are unable to locate a paper copy of an
article, but can locate its online version, cite using the special rule for Internet and online
newspapers, Rule 16.6(f).
e. Additional Resources
i. University of Wisconsin Resources
(i)
UW Law Library: http://library.law.wisc.edu
UW Library: http://www.library.wisc.edu
(ii)
database search: http://www.library.wisc.edu/#databases
(iii)
law database: http://xerxes.library.wisconsin.edu/wisc/databases/subject/law
(iv)
journal search: http://www.library.wisc.edu/#journals
(v)
catalog search: http://search.library.wisc.edu
(vi)
article search: http://www.library.wisc.edu/#articles
(vii) Newspaper database: http://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/newspapers
(viii) MadCat: http://madcat.library.wisc.edu or
http://www.library.wisc.edu/find/madcat/
(ix)
WorldCat: http://www.library.wisc.edu/#worldcat
(x)
Ask a librarian: http://www.library.wisc.edu/help/ask/
ii. United Nations Resources
(i)
homepage http://www.un.org/english/
(ii)
documents http://www.un.org/en/documents/
(iii)
Security Council http://www.un.org/docs/sc/
(iv)
General Assembly http://www.un.org/ga/
(v)
UN Charter http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/
(vi)
International Law Commission http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm
(vii) ILC Conventions and Other Texts http://www.un.org/law/ilc/convents.htm
(viii) ICTY homepage http://www.un.org/icty/
(ix)
UN Information Center http://www.unic.org.in/
(x)
UN News Center http://www.un.org/News/
iii. International Court of Justice Resources
(i)
ICJ homepage http://www.icj-cij.org/
iv. International Criminal Court Resources
(i)
ICC homepage http://www.icc-cpi.int/php/show.php?id=home
(ii)
Coalition of International Criminal Court http://www.iccnow.org/
v. Miscellaneous Resources
(i)
AMICC http://amicc.org/
(ii)
University of Chicago page on international law resources
http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~llou/forintlaw.html
(iii)
Federal News Service http://www.fnsg.com/
(iv)
Asian Human Rights Commission, Religious Groups for Human Rights
http://www.rghr.net
E. Locating Pinpoint citations:
a. In some cases, authors do not include a pinpoint cite. This is only acceptable in the final
publication when the author is citing an entire document for a general proposition. Even then, if
the material cited is specific but appears over many pages, use of passim might be better. See
Bluebook Rule 3.2(a).
5

b. If there is no pinpoint and the material is not cited for a general proposition, you MUST find the
pinpoint. This can seem a daunting task if faced with a 200+ page book. Here are some tips:
i. Look for an electronic version that you can search for words and phrases. (See the tips
under Section II.B. above.)
ii. If you can get an electronic version, search for key words, then copy and highlight the
hard copy.
iii. If no electronic version is available, first look at the table of contents or index.
iv. Look for key words in the text that reference the source. This should allow you to narrow
it down to a chapter then skim for key words in subsections.
v. Google Books can be helpful for locating a pinpoint cite if the books index or table of
contents are not helpful.
c. If you have exhausted all efforts but find that the authors assertion isnt substantiated anywhere,
talk to your ME as soon as possible.
e. ***MEs and SMEs will return cite packages with missing pinpoints.
F. Supra and Infra.
a. Supra means the article in the footnote was cited in a previous footnote. Bluebook Rule
4.2(a). You should be able to find the full citation earlier in the article -- if not, this is a
mistake that needs to be fixed!
i. When you have a supra, you must make sure that the typeface for the supra reference is
correct, EVEN if the source footnote uses the wrong typeface. For example, if the author
completed notes 6 and 137 as follows:
6

CLAUDE BLUMANN, LEurope des citoyens, 34 REVUE DU MARCH COMMUN 283 (1991) (Fr.);
BLUMANN, supra note 6, at 279.

137

If note 137 was assigned to you in your citation packet, you would need to correct the typeface of
Blumann to ordinary roman typeface, because note 6 should have used the ordinary roman
typeface in order to conform with Bluebook Rule 16.
b. For each footnote in your packet, use find (Ctrl F / Command F) to see if the author cited that
source earlier in the article. If so, your source should be a supra, rather than a full citation.
c. Sometimes authors will cite themselves (i.e. Supra Part II.B or Infra Part IV). In these
situations, verify that the authors cite is correct by reviewing the relevant sections of the
article.
d. Supra is usually not used in case citations; cases have their own short forms. See the introduction
to Bluebook Rule 4.2..
e. Always check that the authors supra reference is to the correct numbered footnote.
G. Unavailable Sources (UAS) While trying to track down sources, youre bound to come across
some that are problem sources or some that are not available in Madison or in an acceptable form
online.
a. Problem Sources You have a Problem Source on your hands if youve Googled the title,
authors name, institutions, etc, and used all the library resources, including reference
librarians, to no avail.
b. InterLibrary Loans (ILLs) When sources are not available in UW-Madison and a valid PDF
cannot be found online, but a copy exists in WorldCat, we will need to submit an InterLibrary
Loan (ILL) request.
c. Fill out a UAS form by the due date (one week after the packet is assigned, unless otherwise
stated), upload it to the appropriate folder in on the Lexis web course, and notify your ME via
email.
i. Do NOT order ILL sources. Those sources become the responsibility of the AME.
6

d. Please note that if you incorrectly submit a UAS i.e. the source is available at UW-Madison
or in an acceptable format online, you may be placed on probation. Please do not burden the
MEs and AMEs with unnecessary work.
e. You must still check the Bluebook format for ILL or Problem Sources when
completing your Corrections & Problems form.
H. Report Problems by E-mail. Clear communication between Staff members and MEs working on an
article makes everyones job easier. For example, if the author's name is misspelled in a footnote that
is later cited as a supra, send a quick message to your ME or directly to other Staff members with
the correct name, so that others can correct their portion of the article. The simple rule is that if it
affects other citations not within your packet, e-mail about it.
III.

SUBSTANTIATION GENERALLY
A. Before scanning the document, carefully read the text, the footnote, and the source to make sure that the
source supports the author's claim. By checking substantiation before scanning, you will avoid having
to go back to the original source if there is a problem. Do not always trust that the pages an author cites
will all need to be scanned; check first, then scan the relevant pages. Document substantiation problems
on the C&P sheet. Substantiation must be done independently NOT with your partner!
a. Substantiation: If the source doesn't substantiate the author's assertion, try to figure out why. It
could be that the author has cited the wrong part of the material (in which case you should find
the correct pinpoint) or that the footnote was put in the wrong place (read the neighboring
sentences would it make sense to move this footnote?)
b. Simple Substantiation vs. Complex Substantiation:
i. With simple substantiation, the authors citation includes little or no explanatory
information.
1. Example text: Even looked at from this angle however, scholars are just as divided
in their opinions as were the judges of the Supreme Court; all nine Justices gave
separate opinions, totaling 240 pages.
2. Footnote: Vishneski, supra note 9, at 373.
3. In this example, direct support for the propositions that (1) scholars are just as
divided as were judges of the Supreme Court, (2) all nine Justices gave separate
opinions, and (3) the opinions totaled 240 pages, should be found on page 373 of
the Vishneski article.
ii. With complex substantiation, the author cites to a source and then uses the source to cite
to inferences made in the footnote. Then the author uses her own inferences in the
footnote to support her main text.
1. Example text: Recently, in Gerardo Ruiz Zambrano v. Office national de lemploi
the ECJ has once again pushed the boundaries of EU citizenship.
2. Footnote: The Court held that Art. 20 TFEU grants a right of residence to a minor
child on the territory of the Member State of which that child is a national,
irrespective (emphasis added) of the previous exercise by him of his right of free
movement in the territory of the Member States as well as, in the same
circumstances, of a derived right of residence, to an ascendant relative, a third
country national, upon whom the minor child is dependent. Case C-34/09,
Zambrano v. Office national de lemploi, [] (Mar. 8, 2011).
3. In this example, the staffer must do two levels of substantiation. First, the staffer
must verify that Case C-34/09 supports the courts holding regarding Article 20.
7

Second, the staffer must check that the footnote text supports the proposition that
the ECJ has once again pushed the boundaries of EU citizenship.
c. Quotations: Verify that quotes from the original source are accurate, word for word. Also, if an
author omits language from a quote, an ellipses should be used (a . . . car).
d. Shepardize / update key sources: For U.S. and State Statutes, check for
supplements/pocket parts.
e. Document substantiation problems on the C&P sheet. If the source doesnt substantiate the
article, the SMEs will have to work with the author to correct the problem. If there are any
problems with substantiation, you must describe the problem in the notes section of your C&P
form. In these situations, your comments are incredibly helpful.
i. If the cited material can be construed to support the authors claim, you may consider
the authors text substantiated. Explain this in the comments.
ii. If you do not think the material supports the authors claim, do not simply indicate No
in the substantiation box; describe the problem in the comments.
iii. If a change to the pincite will substantiate the authors text, indicate with Yes, if and
provide details.
f. See, Cf., and citing directly. Bluebook Rule 1.2 lists an array of introductory signals that
may make the difference between substantiated text and unsubstantiated text.
i. Use no introductory signal if the cited authority directly states the authors
proposition.
ii. Use See if the proposition is not directly stated by the cited authority, but obviously
follows from it. In this case, there will be an inferential step between the authority
cited and the proposition it supports.
iii. Use Cf. if the cited authority supports a proposition different from the authors
proposition, but is sufficiently analogous to lend some support. Cf. usually requires
additional explanatory text in the footnote.
B. In the following examples, assume the cited-to authority is a U.S. Supreme Court opinion which
reads, The Edwards rule questioning must cease if the suspect asks for a lawyer provides a
bright line that can be applied by officers in the real world of investigation and interrogation without
unduly hampering the gathering of information. But if we were to require [officers] questioning to
cease if a suspect makes a statement that might be a request for an attorney, this clarity and ease of
application would be lost.
Text
Direct The Edwards rule provides a bright
Citation line tool which officers may use during
interrogations.
Rulings like Edwards reduced the
See
amount of subjective discretion
officers must use during
interrogations.

Footnote
Davis, 512 U.S. at 461.

See Davis, 512 U.S. at 461.

Cf.

IV.

It is precisely this kind of conjecture

and hair-splitting that the Supreme
Court wanted to avoid when it
fashioned the bright-line rule in
Miranda.

Cf. Davis, 512 U.S. at 461 (noting that, where the

suspect asks for counsel, the benefit of the bright- line
rule is the "clarity and ease of application" that "can be
applied by officers in the real world without unduly
hampering the gathering of information").

THE ELECTRONIC SUBSTANTIATION PROCESS

Process for Staff

A. Create a folder on your computer that is labeled in the following format:
CorrespondingPacketNumber_AuthorName_SMEName_YourLastName
a. Example for Partner 1: 1_ Muoz_CoryFish_Freedenberg
B. Locate the documents
a. Electronic Sources
i. Check sources outside of HeinOnline/JStor/EbscoHost/ProQuest if not available
1. Google Scholar
2. Internet Public Library
3. Wikipedia footnotes
4. Simple internet search
ii. Download the entire document
iii. Rename the document in the following format:
ArticleAuthor_SourceAuthor_SourceTitle_(Footnote numbers).
1. Example: Muoz_Smith_WealthOfNations_(2, 5, 73)
2. Note that there should be no spaces in the document file name.
iv. Save the document in your folder
b. Hard Sources
i. Find all the footnotes that correspond to that source and note the page numbers
ii. Once you locate the document, take it to the library scanner
iii. Place it on the flat bed and select Searchable PDF
iv. Scan the following documents for the hard sources:
1. Journals:
a. Table of contents
i. NOTE: Be sure to check rule regarding consecutive versus nonconsecutive pagination to be sure what needs to be printed.
b. Title page for article
c. Pin-cite pages
2. Books
a. Title page
b. Copyright page
c. Table of contents
d. Pin-cite pages
3. Cases
a. Title page of reporter
b. First page of the case
c. Pin-cite pages
4. Statutes
a. Title page showing the year of the statute
b. Pin-cite page
9

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

5. Periodicals
a. Title page with date
b. Table of contents
c. Name of source
d. Pin-cite page
v. Save each scan in the following format:
ArticleAuthor_SourceAuthor_SourceTitle_ScanDescription_(footnote numbers)
1. Examples: Muoz_Smith_WealthOfNations_TitlePage_(2, 5, 73);
Muoz_Smith_WealthOfNations_TableOfContents_(2, 5, 73).
vi. Save all of the individuals scans for each hard source in a sub-folder of the main article
sources folder in the following format:
ArticleAuthor_SourceAuthor_SourceTitle_(Footnote numbers).
1. Example: Muoz_Smith_WealthOfNations_(2, 5, 73)
Fill out the UAS/ILL Form
a. Discuss what sources are unavailable with your partner to fill out the completed UAS/ILL form
as directed.
b. Save the UAS as: Author_UAS_YourName_FNX_FNY.doc.
i. Example: Klug_UAS_Smith_109_148.doc.
c. Upload the UAS/ILL form to the proper folder in the Lexis web course.
Share all your sources with your partner at the same time as UAS/ILL form is due
a. On your computer, create a zip folder for your sources folder
i. To create a zip folder on a Mac, right click/double tap the folder, click compress.
ii. To create a zip folder ion a PC, open the File Explorer, click on the folder you want to
zip, click on Share in the menu bar, click Zip.
b. Be sure the name of the folder complies with Section A of this outline.
c. Trade your zip drive with your partner
d. Email your individual ME let them know you traded your sources with your partner and turned
in the UAS form.
Identify the substantiation
a. Highlight all the relevant author, article, source information:
i. Author(s)
ii. Title
iii. Page Number
iv. Volume
v. Year
vi. Etc. (Anything that is in the Bluebook citation for that footnote)
b. At the top of the first page of each source, create a text box and write the footnote numbers that
can be found in that source.
c. Locate each portion of the document that the author is using to substantiate the proposition and
highlight it with your computer program's highlight function.
d. Create a text box next to the portion of the text that corresponds to the author's footnote and
write the footnote number.
e. Save the file in the folder you created.
Complete the C&P form
a. Save the form in the following format:
Author'sLastName_C&P_YourLastName_YourFirstFootnote_YourLastFootnote
i. Example: Muoz_C&P_Baudhuin_1_72
1. Note: This should not be saved in your sources folder.
Upload the completed C&P form to the WILJ Lexis web course.
a. Under cite checking assignments, locate your MEs individual folder
b. Click on the folder UAS/ILL form for that packet
10

c. Upload your files to the appropriate folder

d. Email your individual ME to inform them that you have turned in your C&P form.
H. Issues
a. If you cant find the sources:
i. Ask a Librarian they are excellent resources and fantastic at helping locate foreign
sources. Even if you arent sure what the source is, they can help if you bring them the
citation.
ii. Do a general Google search for the article, the author, or certain parts of the text.
iii. Email your ME.
iv. The UAS/ILL form should be your last resort.
b. With the sources after youve found them
i. If there is a document that is not searchable, you can do one of three things:
1. You can either manually draw in a highlight onto the document and search it as
any other source
2. You can draw semi-opaque boxes over the relevant text in your PDF editor
3. You can use Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software to convert the
document to a searchable one. The following are a few that work really well and
are free (ALWAYS make the output version of the document a PDF):
a. http://www.free-online-ocr.com/
b. http://www.onlineocr.net/
c. http://www.free-ocr.com/
i. Note: If your document is too large for any of these online sources,
try splitting them up into smaller files
ii. If a source is still not searchable, you can draw on the PDF manually with an electronic
highlighter on a tablet using the free app FoxIt
V.

BLUEBOOKING
A. All Bluebook changes should be noted on your C&P Template, as well as any comments that will
help your ME understand the changes you made. Be sure to list the rules you used to verify or
correct the citation form. Bluebooking must be done independently NOT with your partner!
B. Keep track of which rules you use! This is EXTREMELY important for your ME and SME to be
able to follow your thought process. Be as specific as possible; if you are using a supra, list Rule
4.2(b), not just Rule 4. This is especially important for sources which are difficult to Bluebook.
Doing so will reduce the chances that you have to re-do your work.
a. List every applicable Bluebook rule, and be as specific as possible.
b. If the citation is correct, write no change. Do not just leave it blank.
c. HIGHLIGHT your changes in your C&P If you delete something, highlight the space.
C. Follow all instructions on the C&P template.
a. If a footnote is an ILL/UAS source, indicate this on the C&P form. Dont just leave the item
blank. Check the Bluebook citation format even if the source was reported as an ILL or
Problem Source.
D. Footnote with Multiple Parts. If a footnote has multiple parts, make sure you separate it into different
parts and label them. For example, if footnote 27 lists 4 sources, you should break it up into 27a, 27b,
27c, and 27d.

11

E. En Dash vs. Hyphen. We follow the Chicago Manual of Styles formatting guidelines. That means that
an en dash is used to designated to for numbers and sections, rather than a hyphen.
a. Correct: Id. at 68591.
b. Incorrect: Id. at 685-91.
c. To create an en dash on Mac OS, use [option key] + [-]
d. To create an en dash on MS Windows, use [ctrl] + [-]
F. One Space Between Sentences
a. Following the Chicago Manual of Style (CM), WILJ has one space between sentences,
including sentences in footnotes. Please check for this and make the necessary changes
as you are checking footnotes.
G. Bluebook Cheat Sheet (Nineteenth Edition)
a. This cheats sheet is obviously not the complete Bluebook. The purpose is provide a few
shortcuts for some of the rules that you will use most often, while also listing some of the rules
you will only use once in a while. Rather than solely relying on this cheat sheet, please be sure
to consult the actual Bluebook rule for more description and examples.
b. Rule 1: Structure and Use of Citations
i. Parenthetical phrases should begin with a present participle (e.g. arguing, explaining,
etc.) and should never begin with a capital letter
ii. 1.1 Citation Sentences and Clauses in Law Reviews
1. text:
a. generally: footnote call numbers are placed after punctuation
b. exception: footnote call numbers precede dashes and colons
2. footnotes:
a. if footnote text contains an assertion that requires support, then there
must be an appropriate citation after every assertion.
iii. 1.2 Introductory Signals
1. Always italicize an introductory signal (see, e.g., etc.)
2. Exception: do not italicize signals when used as a verb
iv. 1.3 Order of Signals
v. 1.4 Order of Authorities Within Each Signal
1. When multiple sources are listed, generally list them in the order in which they
are the most helpful or authoritative
2. Otherwise, see Rule 1.4 for the list of types of authority and the specific order in
which they need to appear
vi. 1.5 Parenthetical Information
1. substantive information
a. explanatory (not quoting):
i. Generally: first word must be in the present participle format
1. Example: (arguing ) or (illustrating)
ii. Exception: when there is enough context very short explanatory
parentheticals
b. quoting:
i. a quote that is a full sentence should begin with a capital letter
ii. See Rule 5.2 for guidance on changes or omissions to quotes
2. order of parentheticals: multiple parentheticals should be in the following order:
a. (date) [hereinafter short name] (en banc) (Lastname, J., concurring)
(plurality opinion) (per curiam) (alteration in original) (emphasis added)
(footnote omitted) (citations omitted) (quoting another source) (internal
12

quotation marks omitted) (citing another source), available at

http://www.domainname.com (explanatory parenthetical), prior or
subsequent history.
vii. 1.6 Related Authority
c. Rule 2: Typefaces for Law Reviews
i. Citations:
1. Case names: Ordinary roman type. Exception: Italicize the case name when using
the short form.
2. Books (and any materials from Rule 15): LARGE AND SMALL CAPS FOR
AUTHOR AND TITLE
3. Periodicals: Italics for article titles; LARGE AND SMALL CAPS FOR PERIODICAL
NAME; Ordinary Roman Type For Author Names
4. Introductory signals: Italicize when they appear within citation sentences or
clauses. Exception: do not italicize the signal when used as a verb.
5. Explanatory phrases: Italicize (i.e., cert. denied)
6. Punctuation: Italicize punctuation marks only when they are part of the
italicized material
a. the period in Id. is italicized
b. the first comma in See, e.g., is italicized, but the second comma is not
ii. Textual material:
1. Case names: When part of a sentence (main text or footnote text), use Italics
2. Punctuation: only italicize punctuation that is part of the text being italicized
(example: part of a title), not when it is use as a separator in a citation
d. Rule 3: Subdivisions
i. Referring to multiple subdivisions:
1. Use the en dash to refer to a range of subdivisions, not a hyphen -
2. Omit repetitious digits, but retain the last two digits
3. Use or or nn. when referring to multiple sections or paragraphs
ii. Pages:
1. When citing to a page in a source, the page number(s) is generally not preceded
by anything such as p. or pp.; these are used for internal cross-references
2. The page number may be preceded by at if the page number might be
confused with another part of the citation
a. Example: JOHN WU, U.S. HISTORY 1900-2000, at 150 (2014) instead
of JOHN WU, U.S. HISTORY 1900-2000 150 (2014)
iii. Sections:
1. Include a space between and the section number.
2. Do not use at before
iv. Paragraphs:
1. Include a space between and the paragraph number
2. Do not use at before
3. Use if the source uses that symbol; otherwise, use the abbreviation para.
to refer to a particular paragraph in the source
v. Footnotes/endnotes:
1. No space between n. and the footnote/endnote number
2. When citing to a footnote, include the page number that the footnote call
number appears on, as in 321 n.113
3. When citing to an endnote, include the page number where the endnote actually
appears (not where the call number appears)
vi. Internal Cross-reference:
1. supra: used to refer to information that appears earlier in the piece
13

2. infra: used to refer to information that appears later in the piece

3. p. or pp.: authors may use this to refer to a particular page in their piece;
however, page numbers often change throughout the editing process, so use a
more precise internal cross-reference, such as Part or note.
4. Part: this refers to a part of subpart in the text of the piece
5. note: this refers to a footnote in the piece
vii. See T16 for more subdivisions, their abbreviations, and rules on spacing
e. Rule 4: Short Citation Forms
i. If you have a supra or a hereinafter, always check to make sure the original
footnote is in full correct format, even if it is not in your section!
1. hereinafter: use a shortened form that clearly identifies what the source is.
ii. Id.:
1. Italicize the period
2. Use Id. only when the preceding footnote contains only one source
3. Use at between Id. and page numbers, but not between section numbers,
and paragraph numbers.
f. Rule 5: Quotations
i. If you must change a letter from upper to lower case or vice versa, bracket the
changed letter, e.g. [T]he sky is blue.
ii. Indicate omission or addition of letters with brackets, i.e. house[] or house[s].
iii. Indicate omission of a word or words by using an ellipsis, with spaces between each
period and spaces before and after, i.e. The man . . . was walking down the street.
g. Rule 6: Abbreviations, Numerals, and Symbols
i. This is an important rule, especially for case names! It will tell you how many spaces to
put depending on which reporter/court the case comes from; e.g. F.3d vs. F. Supp. 2d.
ii. Things that are abbreviated according to Tables T6-T16:
1. Case Names
2. Case Courts & Jurisdictions
3. Journal / Periodical Names
4. Institutional authors of books, internet web pages, etc.
iii. Things that retains their original abbreviations:
1. Titles of Books
2. Titles of Articles
h. Rule 8: Capitalization
i. Stuff that gets capitalized according to Bluebook Rule 8:
1. Internet Pages other than a Websites Main Page
2. Headings
3. Titles of Books
4. Titles of Articles
ii. Stuff that retains its original capitalization:
1. Internet Main Pages
2. Foreign Titles
i. Rule 10: Cases
i. See rule 20.3 and T2 for foreign cases
ii. Generally use Ordinary Roman type
iii. Case Name:
1. Typeface: Use Italics for procedural phrases. See Rule 10.2.1
14

iv.

v.

vi.

vii.

viii.
ix.
x.

2. Abbreviations: See Rules 10.2.1 and 10.2.2, and T10 and T6

3. Comma: immediately after case name.
Reporters:
1. Reporter name preceded by volume number, and followed by the first page of the
case
2. Abbreviation: Use T1
3. Comma: none
Court/Jurisdiction:
1. Parenthetically indicate the court, unless obvious from the reporters
2. Abbreviation: First use T1 and T2, but if not found there, then look to T7 and T10
3. Comma: no comma
Date/Year:
1. Cases published in reporters: include the year
2. Cases published elsewhere: give the exact date
3. Cases labeled unpublished but still published: treat as a a case published in a
reporter (dont need to give the exact date, just the year)
Parentheticals:
1. 10.6.1 Weight of Authority: when citing a case for something other than the
majoritys holding, include a parenthetical indicating this
a. Example: (Ginsburg, J., dissenting) or (dictum)
2. 10.6.2 Quoting/Citing Parentheticals in Case Citations: follow Rule 1.6 to include
a parenthetical that begins with quoting or citing and is followed by a full
citation to the source that is quoted or cited in the case
3. 10.6.3 Order of Parentheticals: consult this rule when including multiple
parentheticals
Prior/Subsequent history:
1. Prior: only provide if relevant
2. Subsequent: provide when the case is cited in full
Special citation forms:
Short forms:
1. Generally: provide the full citation to cases
2. Exception: Use short forms (generally one partys name) when the case is cited in
either the same or the preceding five footnotes
3. Case Name:
a. Typeface: Italics
4. Volume: include
5. Reporter: include
6. First page of case: do not include
7. Pincite: after the reporter, add at and follow with the pincite page
8. Year: do not include

j. Rule 11: Constitutions

i. Name:
1. Typeface: small caps
2. Abbreviations: Rule 11 if federal, or T10
3. Comma: none
ii. Subdivisions:
1. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type
2. Abbreviations: T16
3. Comma: between subdivisions
iii. Date:
1. do not include year if in force;
2. give year if repealed, amended, etc
iv. Short form:
15

1. Id. or provide full cite

v. Use rule 20.4 and T2 for foreign constitutions
k. Rule 12: Statutes
i. See the Rules for the different requirements of each different form of statutory authority
1. 12.1 Basic Citation Forms
a. Generally use Ordinary Roman type
b. See T1 for a specific states or regions statutes
2. 12.2 Choosing the Proper Citation Form
3. 12.3 Current Official and Unofficial Codes
4. 12.4 Session Laws
5. 12.5 Electronic Media and Online Sources
6. 12.6 Other Secondary Sources
7. 12.7 Invalidation, Repeal, Amendment, and Prior History
8. 12.8 Explanatory Parenthetical Phrases
a. see Rule 1.5
9. 12.9 Special Citation Forms
10. 12.10 Short Forms for Statutes
ii. For foreign statutes, see Rule 20.5 and T2
l. Rule 13: Legislative Materials
i. See T9 for common abbreviations
ii. See the individual rules below for the type of source, but many of these abbreviate
according to T6, T9, and T10
1. 13.1 Basic Citation Forms
2. 13.2 Bills and Resolutions
3. 13.3 Hearings
4. 13.4 Reports, Documents, and Committee Prints
5. 13.5 Debates
6. 13.6 Separately Bound Legislative Histories
7. 13.7 Electronic Media and Online Sources
8. 13.8 Short Forms for Legislative Materials
m. Rule 14: Administrative and Executive Materials
i. T1.2 is helpful
ii. Generally use Ordinary Roman type
iii. 14.1 Basic Citation Forms
iv. 14.2 Rules, Regulations, and Other Publications
v. 14.3 Administrative Adjudications and Arbitrations
1. follow Rule 10, except for the few modifications in the rule
vi. 14.4 Short Forms for Regulations
n. Rule 15: Books, Reports, and Other Nonperiodic Materials
i. 15.1 Author
1. Typeface: small caps
2. Abbreviation:
a. Human author(s): none
b. Institutional author: T6 and T10
3. Comma: immediately after
4. Multiple authors:
a. Two: separate with an ampersand &
b. More than two:
i. 1) list only the first authors name and follow it with ET AL., or
16

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

ii. 2) list all of the authors names with commas in between, except
that the last two authors names are separated by an ampersand
instead of a comma
15.2 Editor or Translator
1. indicated in the year parenthetical, immediately preceding the year and separate
by a comma
2. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type
3. Abbreviation:
a. Human author(s): none
b. Institutional author: T6 and T10
15.3 Title
1. Typeface: Small caps
2. Abbreviations: none
3. Comma: only if no comma between the title and the pincite would cause
confusion
15.4 Edition, Publisher, and Date
1. Typeface: Ordinary Romany type
2. Editions:
a. Only one edition published or citing a first edition: just indicate the
publication year in a parenthetical
i. Include the year in a parenthetical even if the year is incorporated
in the title
b. Multiple editions published:
i. Same publisher as first edition:
1. Include the edition number before the year (in the same
parenthetical, and no comma in between)
2. See T14 for publishing abbreviations
3. Example: (2d ed. 2014)
ii. Different publisher:
1. Include the publisher of that edition (abbreviating it the
same way as the institutional author) in the year
parenthetical
2. Include a second parenthetical that states the year of the
original publication
3. Example: (Oxford Univ. Press 2014) (2012)
15.5 Shorter Works in Collection
1. Author
a. For collections with pieces by various authors:
i. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type
ii. Comma: after author
b. For collections with pieces by the same author
i. Typeface: Small caps
ii. Comma: after author
2. Title of the authors piece
a. Typeface: Italics
b. Comma: after title (comma not italicized)
c. After the comma: include the italicized word in
3. Title of the collection
a. Typeface: Small caps
b. Comma: only include a comma if no comma between the title and start
page would cause confusion
4. Page: include the start page for the piece; add a comma after the start page if
including a pincite
5. Year parenthetical:
17

vi.
vii.

viii.
ix.
x.

a. Editor: always include the editor when citing to a shorter work in a

collection of various authors (but not the same author)
b. Year: include publication year (not month or day)
15.6 Prefaces, Forewords, Introductions, and Epilogues
15.7 Serial Number
1. If citing to one publication in a series, put the series number between the author
and the title, separated by commas, and in small caps
2. Abbreviation: T16
15.8 Special Citation Forms
15.9 Electronic Media and Online Sources
15.10 Short Citation Forms for Shorter Works in a Collection
1. If citing the same piece already fully cited, follow Rule 4 regarding supra and
Id.
2. If citing the entire collection, you may use supra but use the title of the
collection rather than the authors name

o. Rule 16: Periodical Materials

i. Author:
1. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type
2. Abbreviation: If institutional author, use T6 and T10 (dont abbreviate human
authors)
3. Comma: immediately after authors name
ii. Title:
1. Typeface: Italicized
2. Abbreviation: Do not abbreviate
3. Capitalization: If in English, use Rule 8; if not in English, refer to rule 20.2.2(b))
4. Comma: immediately after the title; comma is NOT italicized
iii. Consecutively paginated journals:
1. Reminder: the page numbers continue from where they left off from issue to issue
in the same publication year
2. Author & Title: same as above
3. Volume number: if no volume number listed, use the year as the volume number
and omit the year parenthetical
4. Periodical name:
a. Type face: SMALL CAPS;
b. Abbreviation: according to T13 and T10
c. Comma: none
5. First page of the work: always include the first page of the work; if including a
pincite, put a comma after the first page of the work
6. Pincite: include a pincite when referring to something particular in the piece,
rather than the entire work generally; include even if the pincite is also the same
page as the first page of the work, as in 154, 154
7. Year: enclose in parentheses, as in (2014)
iv. Nonconsecutively paginated journals and Magazines:
1. Reminder: the page numbers start over in each issue in the same publication year
2. Author & Title: same as above
3. Volume number:
a. Generally: do NOT include a volume number
b. Exception: if there is no date of issue available, include the volume
number and issue number, and look on the copyright page and include the
month and year of the copyright (as indicated below)
4. Periodical name:
a. Type face: SMALL CAPS
b. Abbreviation: according to T13 and T10
c. Comma: include a comma after the name
5. Date of issue: however it appears on the cover
a. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type
18

b. Abbreviation: according to T12

c. Comma: after the date of issue
d. If none listed: if there is no date of issue available, include the volume
number and issue number, and look on the copyright page and include the
month and year of the copyright (as indicated above)
6. First page of work: include at followed by the first page number
7. Pincite: insert a comma after the first page of the work, then include the page
number of the pincite
v. Newspapers: cited the same way as nonconsecutively paginated journals, except
1. Designation: include the designation of the piece given by the periodical between
the author and title, separated by commas, and in Ordinary Roman type
(Editorial, Letter to Editor, etc)
2. Place of publication: include this parenthetically after the name of the newspaper,
if not obvious from the name, and in Ordinary Roman Type
a. Example: London Times or Times of London would be cited as
TIMES (London)
3. Pages: include the first piece of the work, but NOT a pincite
vi. Special citation forms:
1. Student-written law review pieces
a. Signed articles: cite the same way as any other article in a journal, except
include the designation given by the periodical (e.g., Comment, Note,
etc) between the author and title, and in ordinary Roman type
i. Example: Heinz Klug, Comment, The United Nations in South
Africa,
b. Unsigned articles: cite in the same manner as above, except omit the
author (since there is no author listed)
i. Example: Comment, The United Nations in South Africa,
p. Rule 17: Unpublished and Forthcoming Sources
i. Unpublished: pieces not scheduled for publication;
1. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type
2. Information to include: Author, Title/Description Page/Pincite, (Date) (location
where piece can be found)
ii. Forthcoming: schedule for publication, but not yet published
1. Cite the same way the published piece would be cited, except:
a. Do not include a pincite
b. Include forthcoming in the date parenthetical
c. Add month of publication to date parenthetical, if available
iii. Working Papers:
1. Author:
a. Typeface: Ordinary Roman type
b. Abbreviation: If institutional author, use T6 and T10
c. Comma: after author
2. Title:
a. Typeface: Italicized
b. Comma: none
3. Pincite: include if necessary
4. Parenthetical: use Ordinary Roman type
a. Name of the sponsoring organizations:
i. abbreviate according to T6 and T10
ii. comma after organization
b. Working paper designation and number: comma after the number
c. Year: no month or day, just the year
d. Example: (Natl Inst. of Econ. Research, Working Paper No. 791, 2011)
5. Parallel citation: working papers are often available on the sponsoring
organizations website; include a comma after the working paper parenthetical,
add available at followed by the url.
q. Rule 18: The Internet, Electronic Media, and Other Nonprint Resources
19

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

The manner in which the Bluebook lays out Rule 18.2.2 for Direct Citations to the
Internet can be a bit confusing. You can use these rules to get you through most
internet cites (but Rule 18 has more detailed requirements to which you should also
pay attention.) These rules are NOT for cites which list an internet URL as a
parallel available at citation (See Bluebook Rule 18.2.3). Basically, direct
citations to the internet have five components:
1. Author
a. Only include an author if:
i. There is a human author for the article (e.g., Eric Posner)
ii. There is an institutional author for the article that is different from the
domain owner
iii. The domain owner IS the institutional author for the article, but
domain ownership is NOT clear from the Main Page Title.
1. For example, the Main Page for
http://www.adb.org/about/overview is http://www.adb.org/.
The Main Page Title is Asian Development Bank. Because
Asian Development Bank is also the domain owner (and the
institutional author), you should omit Asian Development
Bank from the Author portion of the citation.
b. Abbreviation - If author is an institutional author (or the domain owner), then
abbreviate the authors name using Bluebook Tables T6 and T10.
c. Typeface - Ordinary Roman Type
d. Capitalization - Use original capitalization
e. Comma End the authors name with a comma
Webpage Title This is the title of the page cited either. Usually this will be taken
from the title bar at the top of the browser or from any clearly announced heading
identifying the page. This may also be the title of the article cited to.
a. For example, the Webpage Title for http://www.adb.org/about/overview is
Overview
b. Abbreviation Use original abbreviations
c. Typeface Italics
d. Capitalization Capitalize according to Bluebook Rule 8
e. Comma - End the webpage title with a comma
Main Page Title This is the title of the main page. Usually this will be the same as
the domain owner.
a. For example, the Main Page Title for http://www.adb.org/about/overview is
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
b. Abbreviation Abbreviate the Main Page Title according to Bluebook Table
T13 (and T10). (i.e., ASIAN DEV. BANK)
c. Typeface Small Caps
d. Capitalization Use original capitalization
e. Comma For comma usage, see date component
Date
a. If the website provides a date (and time) that clearly refers to the material
cited (i.e., NOT a copyright date) then use that date and time, and enclose in
parenthesis
i. For example, (Feb. 26, 2009, 9:40 AM)
ii. Comma place a comma after the date; omit the comma after the Main
Page Title
b. If the website does NOT provide a date, then use a last modified or last
visited date
i. For example, (last visited Dec. 15, 2004)
ii. Move this date to the END of the cite (after the URL)
20

vi.

iii. Comma the date gets no comma; include a comma after the Main Page
Title
c. Abbreviation Abbreviate the month using Bluebook Table T12
d. Typeface Ordinary Roman Type
e. Capitalization n/a
URL
a. Enter the entire URL (including the http://) just as it appears in the address
bar.

r. Rule 20: Foreign Materials

i. Non-US sources: include a parenthetical that indicates the issuing jurisdiction
(country/region), unless otherwise clearly indicated in the citation; abbreviate according
to T10
ii. Non-English-Language sources:
1. Sources in multiple languages:
a. Generally: cite to the English-language source,
b. Exception: the source indicates that the non-English-language version is
more authoritative
2. Source titles/names:
a. Always give the full name in the original language
b. Optionally include a translation in brackets after the original title/name (no
comma in between)
3. Abbreviations:
a. Give the full form of the name/title of the source the first time it is cited,
followed by the appropriate abbreviation from T2 in brackets
b. The abbreviation can be used in later citations without a cross-reference,
such as supra
4. Non-Roman-alphabet language sources:
a. Transcribe all cited words into the Roman alphabet using a standard
transliteration system, such as the ALA-LC Romanization Tables, which
can be found at http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html or follow the
rules for each country in T2
5. Citing to a translation of a source:
a. Cite to the original source, referring to Rules 20 or 21, and provide a
parallel citation to the translated version, taking the form (Complete
Citation for Original Source), translated in (Complete Citation for
Translation of Original Source)
iii. Foreign Cases:
1. Same form as Rule 10, except
a. Common Law Cases:
i. Parenthetically indicate the court, according to T2, at the end of the
citation
b. Civil Law/Other Non-Common-Law Cases:
i. Cite cases according to T2
ii. Also include the name of the court, according to Rule 20.1,
optionally including a bracketed translation
iii. Source abbreviation according to T2 and Rule 20.2.3
iv. Parenthetically indicate the court, according to T2 and T10, at the
end of the citation
iv. Foreign Constitutions:
1. Cite by name
21

2. Unless clear from the context

a. include [CONSTITUTION] after the name/abbreviation
b. include a country parenthetical, abbreviated according to T10 and T2
v. Foreign Statutes:
1. Common Law Systems:
a. If codified/compiled, cite according to Rule 12
b. Otherwise cite like UK statutes in T2.42 and parenthetically indicate the
jurisdiction at the end according to T10 and T2
2. Civil Law and Other Non-Common-Law Systems:
a. Use T2
b. Indicate the year of the code if still in force
c. Follow Rule 20.2.3 to include the full name and include a bracketed
abbreviation
vi. Foreign Language/Non-English-Language Periodicals:
1. Cite according to Rule 16
2. Include bracketed translations to titles or periodical names immediately after the
original name, according to Rule 20
3. Parenthetically indicated the abbreviated name of the country, according to T10
and T2, after the year for most sources, but after the periodical name for
newspapers
s. Rule 21: International Materials
i. Non-English Language: see above
ii. Jurisdiction: parenthetically indicate jurisdiction issuing the source, abbreviated
according to T3 and T10
iii. Treaties/International Agreements:
1. Name of Agreement: Cite the full name, but include a hereinafter if the name is
long and the author refers to the agreement more than once
a. Typeface: Ordinary Roman Type
b. Comma: immediately after
2. Parties to Agreement:
a. Abbreviate party names according to T10
b. If the United States is a party, list U.S. first
c. If two parties, list both, separated by a dash with no spaces in between
d. If more than two parties, you may list all, following the format above,
listing parties in alphabetical order
3. Subdivisions:
a. Between the party name(s) and the date of signing, separated by commas
b. Article, section, paragraph is sufficient
4. Date of Signing:
a. Give the month, day, and year, in that order
b. Abbreviate month according to T12
5. Treaty Source(s):
a. Use T4 and T2
b. If U.S. is a party:
i. Bilateral:
1. Must cite to one of the following source, in this order of
preference:
a. U.S.T. (or Stat.);
b. T.I.A.S. (or T.S., or E.A.S.);
c. U.N.T.S.;
22

d. Senate Treaty Documents or Senate Executive

Documents;
e. the Department of State Dispatch;
f. Department of State Press Releases.
ii. Multilateral:
1. Cite to one of the sources above, and
2. Optionally cite to a treaty source from an international
organization (no particular order): (e.g., U.N.T.S.,
L.N.T.S., O.A.S.T.S., Pan-Am. T.S., O.J., E.T.S., or
C.E.T.S.)
c. If U.S. is not a party:
i. Cite to a treaty source from an international organization (no
particular order): (e.g., U.N.T.S., L.N.T.S., O.A.S.T.S., Pan-Am.
T.S., O.J., E.T.S., or C.E.T.S.)
d. Unofficial treaty sources:
i. cite to International Legal Materials (I.L.M.)
6. International Law Cases:
a. Cite according to Rule 10 (or Rule 20.2 if no English-language
authoritative source), but modify according to the Bluebook rules for that
particular court
i. 21.5.1 The International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court
of International Justice (The World Court)
ii. 21.5.2 European Union Courts
iii. 21.5.3 European Court of Human Rights
iv. 21.5.4 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
v. 21.5.5 Inter-American Court of Human Rights
vi. 21.5.6 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
vii. 21.5.7 International Criminal Tribunals
viii. 21.5.8 Other Multinational Courts
ix. 21.5.9 International Cases in National Courts
7. International Arbitrations and Claims Commissions:
a. Analogize to rule 21.5, and use T5
8. United Nations Sources:
a. Most citations to U.N. sources will include a document number (U.N.
Doc. followed by numbers, letters, or a combination) that lets you find
the document on the U.N. website http://www.un.org/en/documents/
b. See the rule for the type of document for examples of the format:
i. 21.7.1 Verbatim and Summary Records
ii. 21.7.2 Resolutions and Decisions
iii. 21.7.3 U.N. Reports
iv. 21.7.4 Masthead Documents
v. 21.7.5 U.N. Press Releases and Memoranda
vi. 21.7.6 Adjudicatory Bodies Established by the United Nations
vii. 21.7.7 Sales Publications
viii. 21.7.8 Yearbooks and Periodicals
ix. 21.7.9 Regional Organization Documents
x. 21.7.10 U.N. Charter
xi. 21.7.11 U.N. Internet Materials
9. League of Nations:
10. European Union and European Community:
11. Council of Europe:
23

12. World Trade Organization:

13. Other Intergovernmental Organizations:
14. International Committee of the Red Cross:
15. Yearbooks:
16. Digests:
H. Sources with no directly applicable Bluebook rule:
a. When there is no Bluebook rule directly on point, analogize as best you can depending on what
type of source it is. Explain your thought process on your C&P sheet. If you are really stuck,
ask your ME or SME for help.
VI.

WILJ ASSIGNMENTS
A. Turning Assignments In
a. One Week From Packet Release
i. UAS Form Submission: Title the UAS form using the following format:
Author_UAS_YourName_FNX_FNY.doc (For example,
Klug_UAS_Smith_109_148.doc). You will upload the completed UAS form to the
WILJ Lexis Web Course. After signing in to the WILJ Lexis Web Course, click Cite
Checking Assignments located on the left-hand column of the home screen. Submit
your completed UAS form to the UAS assignment folder by the appropriate deadline.
ii. Trade Blank Sources With Your Partner: You and your partner are encouraged to
split up your assigned sources when the packet is released. You are required to find
PDFs of your share of your teams assigned sources one week after the packet is
released and share them with your partner. You may share PDFs using Dropbox,
Google Drive, or over e-mail. Its up to you . Remember, while you may split up
finding your assigned sources, you and your partner may not split up the
substantiation of those sources. Each partner will substantiate each source on their
own.
b. Two weeks form packet release:
i. C&P Form Submission: Title the C&P form using the following format:
Author_C&P_YourName_FNX_FNY.doc (For example,
Klug_C&P_Smith_109_148.doc). You will upload the completed C&P form to the
WILJ Lexis Web Course. After signing in to the WILJ Lexis Web Course, click Cite
Checking Assignments located on the left-hand column of the home screen.. Submit
your completed C&P form to the C&P assignment folder by the appropriate deadline.
ii. Substantiated Source Submission: Submit the zip folder (explained supra IV. D)
containing your substantiated sources to the Lexis Web Course. After signing in to the
WILJ Lexis Web Course, click Cite Checking Assignments located on the left-hand
column of the home screen. Submit your zip folder to the substantiated sources folder
by the appropriate deadline.
c. Upload the UAS form (if you have any unavailable sources) to the appropriate folder in the
Lexis web course and notify your ME via email by the deadline. By this deadline, you should
also upload a zip folder of blank PDFs of your sources so your partner can access them.
24

d. Name your C&P using the following form: Author_C&P_YourName_Footnotes.doc. (For

example, Klug_C&P_Smith_109_148.doc.).
e. Name the zip folder for your sources in the following form:
CorrespondingPacketNumber_AuthorName_SMELastName_YourLastName (For example,
1_Smith_Baudhuin_Freedenberg)
f. Upload the C&P form and zip folder containing the highlighted PDFs of your sources to the
appropriate folder in the Lexis web course, and notify your ME via email by the deadline. The
due date is usually two weeks after the packet has been assigned.
g. Late assignments will be treated according to the discipline policy. To request an extension,
you must send your request to sme.wilj@gmail.com to be approved by the SMEs. MEs cannot
approve extensions.
B. Feedback from your ME
a. Sometime during the week after you turn in your assignment, you will meet with you partner and
ME to go over the substantiation and Bluebooking of your assigned notes.
b. Next, MEs will review your work, and make comments and changes on the C&P. You will be
copied on the C&P sheets the ME sends to the SME, and on the C&P sheets when they are
complete. You are responsible for reviewing the C&P sheets to help you learn and develop
your cite-checking skills. If you have questions or concerns, contact your ME.
c. Please note that if your ME finds your work unacceptable or incomplete, he or she will
return it to you, and you will have only 24 hours to make necessary corrections.
Repeated failure to satisfactorily complete cite check packets may affect your WILJ
membership.
C. Billable Hours
a. Writing program members must complete 120 total hours of work EACH semester. The hour
requirement primarily involves cite-checking articles and writing your own article for
submission for publication over the academic year. Each member is responsible for tracking their
own hours. Academic credit for WILJ is contingent upon the acceptable completion of these
hours. See the sample table below for an example of how to log your time. This is NOT an
estimate of how much time any particular packet will take; how much time you log for a packet
may vary.
b. Please remember that the Managing Editors, the Senior Managing Editors, and the Editor-inChief rely heavily on the work done in citation checks. Therefore, inadequate or incomplete
work is not acceptable and does not fulfill the requirements for membership.
SAMPLE HOURS IN FIRST CITE CHECK PACKET
Task
Reviewed article for mistakes and missing footnotes
Divided up sources with partner
Located and scanned/downloaded sources
Copied footnotes into C&P and corrected Bluebook form
Highlighted text that substantiates authors statement, filled out substantiation portion of
C&P
Corrected footnote Bluebook format in C&P form
25

Time
1 hour
.5 hour
5 hours
4 hours
3.5 hours
3 hours

Uploaded sources and C&P to Lexis webcourse, and emailed ME

Meet with ME
TOTAL

26

.5 hours
1 hour
18.5 hours