TITLE

Bernoulli Theorem
OBJECTIVES
1. To demonstrate Bernoulli Theorem through a venturi meter.
2. To investigate the relationship between the pressure head and
velocity head along a venturi meter.
THEORY
Bernoulli Theorem indicates that, if an inviscid fluid is flowing along a
pipe of varying cross section,then the pressure is lower at constrictions where the
velocity is higher, and higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnates.
Many people find this situation paradoxical when they first encounter it
(higher velocity, lower pressure). The well-known Bernoulli equation is derived
under the following assumptions:
1.Fluid is incompressible; density, is constant
2.Flow is
steady,

0
t

3. Flow is friction less,0

4.Flow is along a streamline.
Then it is expressed with the equation (1)
p v2
+ + z=constant
g 2 g
where p = fluid static pressure at the cross section in N/m2
= density of the flowing fluid in kg/m3
g = acceleration due to gravity in m / s2 (its value is 9.81 m / s2)
v = mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section in m/s
z = elevation of the center of the cross section with respect to z = 0
h * = total (stagnation) head in m
The term on the left-hand-side of the above equation represent the pressure
head (pg),
velocity head 2g ), and elevation head ( z ), respectively. The sum of these
terms is
(v 2
known as the total head ( h *).

(1)

According to the Bernoulli theorem of fluid flow through a pipe, the total
head h*at any cross-section are constant(based on assumptions given
above).However,in a real flow due to friction and other imperfections, as well as
measurement uncertainties, the results may deviate from the theoretical one.
When the centerline of all cross-sections that are considered lie on the
same
Horizontal plane(which we may choose as the z0),and thus,all the z values are
datum, zeros so that the above equation
reduces to:

z0),andthus,allthe z valuesar
2

p v
+ =h=constant
g 2 g
This is the total head at the cross-section.

APPARATUS
1.

Bernoullis Theorem Apparatus CT-1801-5-BT

2.

Hydraulic Bench CT-1801

PROCEDURE
1.

The water mass flowrate was set at 5 g/ min by turning the valve appropriately. This

can be seen from the scale of the flow meter or at any maximum achievable value.
2.

The nut was pushed to discharge the air in the pressure tapping assembly so that the

water level will rise. It is recommended that the water level is to be in the middle range of the
pressure tapping.
3.

Readings of differential pressure drop along the venturi meter for tapping number 1,

2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 was recorded.

4.

By discarding procedure 2, procedure 1 to 3 were repeated for lower mass flow rates

of 4 g/ min, 3 g/ min, 2 g/ min and 1 g/ min, by adjusting the valve.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Table 1 Pressure drop along the longitudinal profile of the Venture meter
Flow rate

VenturiTappings
1

5g/min(20L/min)

262

244

197

147

198

220

246

239

4g/min(15L/min)

245

233

199

166

200

216

226

229

3g/min(10L/min)

228

222

201

181

201

203

217

219

2 g/ min (7 L/ min) 215

213

202

192

202

208

210

212

1 g/ min (4 L/ min) 205

204

200

197

201

203

204

204

Plot a graph of these differential pressures against the longitudinal profile of the Venturimeter

DISCUSSION
1. What is the relationship between velocity and cross sectional-area? Justify your
answer.
The smaller the cross-sectional area of the tube, the higher the velocity..
2. What is the relationship between pressure and velocity? Justify your answer
The lower the pressure of the liquid, the higher the velocity
3. At higher flow rate, more deviation of pressure head is observed, why?
At higher flow rate, more deviation of pressure head is observed due to the small
length of the sections along the channel which causes detachment in the flow pattern
and consequentlysignificant high local energy losses.
4. Will pressure head at tapping 8 recover back to the pressure at tapping1? Explain your
answer.
Yes, the pressure head at tapping 8 will recover back to the pressure at tapping 1 if we
have the flow rate and the pressure at each spot. This can be solve by using the
Bernoullis equation.
5. Factors that might cause error to the experimental results are :
No Factor

Explanation

6. State and describe other flow meters which utilize the same principle as a mean of
flow measurement.

Other flow meters which utilize the same principle as a mean of flow measurement
are Pitot tube and Flow tube.

CONCLUSION
Based on the experiment conducted the Bernoullis Theorem is proven where an increase in
velocity is accompanied by a decrease in pressure.. Furthermore, the Bernoullis Theorem has
succesfully demonstrated through the venturi meter in this e.