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1. 1.1
Below, whenever we write z = x + iy, we mean that x and y are real numbers
the real and imaginary parts of z.
1
in the standard form x + yi.
1.1. Problem 2. Express 3+5i
1
1 35i
3
5
Solution: 3+5i = 3+5i 35i = 335i
2 +52 = 34 34 i
( 12 + i 12)
1.3. Problem 6. If z = x + iy, express z 3 in standard form.
Solution: z 3 = (x + iy)3 = x3 + 3x2 (iy) + 3x(iy)2 + (iy)3 , by the Binomial
Theorem. Collecting real and imaginary terms together (using i2 = 1 and i3 = i)
we get
(x3 3xy 2 ) + i(3x2 y + y 3 )
1.4. Problem 8. Prove the commutative law of addition holds for complex numbers: z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 .
Solution: We will appeal to the commutative law of addition for real numbers.
Suppose z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 . By definition (Definition 1.1.1 on page
2), z1 + z2 and z2 + z1 are given by:
z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2 ) + i(y1 + y2 )
z2 + z1 = (x2 + x1 ) + i(y2 + y1 )
SELECTED SOLUTIONS
1.6. Problem 13. Graph the set of points z C which satisfy the equation |z i| =
1
1.7. Problem 14. Graph the set of points z C which satisfy the equation z 2 +
z 2 = 2 If z = x + iy, the equation is the same as (x2 y 2 ) = 1, which is a hyperbola
1.8. Problem 15. Prove that if z is a nonzero complex number, then 1/z = 1/z
1
1
and |1/z| = 1/|z|. If z = x + iy then 1/z = x2 +y
2 (x iy) and 1/z = x2 +y 2 (x + iy)
. Then by Theorem 1.1.7, we have
1/z =
x2
1
1
(x iy) = 2
(x + iy) = 1/z
2
+y
x + y2
1.9. Problem 16. If z is any complex number prove that z/z has modulus one.
We compute
z z z
=1
=
z
zz
1.10. Problem 17. Prove that every complex number of modulus 1 has the form
cos() + i sin() for some angle .
If z = x + iy has complex modulus 1, then x2 + y 2 = 1. By the definition of
sine and cosine, if is the angle that (x, y) makes with the positive x-axis, then
x = cos() and y = sin().
1.11. Problem 18. Prove that every line or circle in C is the solution set of an
equation of the form
a|z|2 + wz + wz + b = 0
where a and b are real numbers and w is a complex number. Conversely, show that
every equation of this form has a line, circle, point, or the empty set as its solution
set
SELECTED SOLUTIONS
Lets do the case of a circle. If C is a circle of radius r around the center , then
an equation for it in complex numbers is
|z | = r
or equivalently (z )(z ) = r2 . Expanding the left hand side gives
|z|2 z z + ||2 = r2
Dividing both sides by r2 gives an equation for the circle of the required form with
a = r12 , b = ||2 /r2 , and w = /r2 .
2. 1.2
2.1. Problem 1. Show that the sequence (2 + ni)1 converges to 0.
The complex modulus of (2+ni)1 is (n2 +4)1/2 . The limit of complex numbers
(2 + ni)1 is zero because the limit of real numbers limn (n2 + 4)1/2 is zero.
2.2. Problem 2. Prove the following form of the triangle inequality: ||z| |w||
|z w|.
Either |z| = |w|, |z| < |w|, or |z| > |w|. In the first case, the left hand side is
zero and the right-hand side is nonnegative, so the inequality holds. In the second
case, we will use the usual triangle inequality |z + (w z)| |z| + |(w z)|.
||z| |w|| = |w| |z| = |z + (w z)| |z| |z| + |w z| |z| = |w z| = |z w|
The third case is similar to the second case.
2.3. Problem 3. Show that |(z + 5)1 | (|z| 5)1
The book made a mistake. For example when z = 0, the inequality you are
asked to prove is 1/5 1/5. However the inequality is true when |z| > 5, lets
prove that:
The triangle inequality gives
|z| |z + 5| + | 5| = |z + 5| + 5
So |z| 5 |z + 5|. So long as the left-hand side is positive (i.e. |z| > 5), taking
reciprocals reverses the inequality.
i, i, i i, 1, i, i, i i, 1, i,
over and over again.
2.5. Problem 5. For which values of z does the sequence z n converge?
If |z| < 1, then this sequence converges to 0, since |z|n 0. If |z| > 1, then
it diverges since |z|n . What about when |z| = 1? It converges when z = 1,
but diverges when z is any other number of modulus 1. (To prove this rigorously
is actually pretty difficult: you have to analyze the case where z is a root of unity
and where z is not a root of unity separately. If z is not a root of unity, then
the numbers z n spread out uniformly over the circle as you take higher and higher
powers a precise form of this is called Weyls equidistribution theorem)
SELECTED SOLUTIONS
P
2.6. Problem 10. Does the series n=0 n/(3 + 2ni)
P converge?
No, by the limit test. If limn |zn | =
6 0, then n=0 zn diverges. But
1
lim |n/(3 + 2ni)| =
n
2
P
3
2.7. Problem 11. Does the series n=1 n/(n + 2i) converg?
Yes, by the limit comparison test it converges absolutely. We have
n
n3 +2i
=1
lim
1
n
and
1
n=1 n2
n2
P
1
2.8. Problem 12. For which values of z does the series n=0 n2 +z
2 converge?
2
2
So long as z 6= n for any positive integer n, (i.e. so long as z 6= in for
any integer n) no term of the series P
involves division by zero. In that case the
1
limit comparison test (comparing to
n2 again) shows that the series converges
absolutely.
P
2.9. Problem 13. Find the radius of convergence for the power series n=0 nz n
The ratio test shows that the radius of convergence is 1
P
2.10. Problem 14. Find the radius of convergence for the power series n=0 z n /3n
The ratio test shows that the radius of convergence is 3
P
2.11. Problem 15. Find the radius of convergence for the power series n=0 z n /(1+
2n )
The ratio test shows that the radius of convergence is 2
P
2.12. Problem 16. Find the radius of convergence of the power series n=0 (n!/nn )z n
The ratio test shows that the series converges when
(n + 1)!/(n + 1)n+1 |z|n+1
<1
n
n!/nn |z|n
lim
or equivalently when
(n + 1)n+1 /(n + 1)!
n
nn /n!
That expression in n on the right simplifies to (1 + 1/n)n , which converges to e as
n . So the radius of convergence is e.
|z| < lim
3. 1.3
3.1. Problem 1. Using the power series for ez , prove that ez = ez for each z C.
We have
X
X
X
ez =
z n /n! =
z n /n! = ez
z n /n! =
n=0
n=0
n=0
using the fact that z is compatible with addition, multiplication, and limits.
3.2. Problem 2.
SELECTED SOLUTIONS
SELECTED SOLUTIONS
5. 1.4
5.1. Problems 11-12. 11. For the principal branch of the log function, find log(1
i). 12. Same, for the branch
by the interval [0,2)
determined
i/4
In polar form, 1 i = 2e
. So log(1 i) = log( 2) i/4 + 2n. The
principal branch has n = 0. The branch determined by [0, 2) has n = 1.
5.2. Problem 15. Analyze the function z i defined by (1.4.7) using the principal
branch of the log function. What kind of jump does it have as z crosses the negative
real axis?
In 1.4.7, we are asked to consider z i := exp(i log(z)). For the principal branch
of log, if we write z = rei for < , then
z i = exp(i log(r) ) = exp() (cos(log(r)) + i sin(log(r)))
In particular, the modulus of z i is e . When z crosses the negative real axis, i.e.
when crosses the angle , the modulus jumps from e = 0.04... to e = 23.14....
But the argument of z i (which is log(r)) stays the same along this jump.
5.3. Problem 16. Analyze the function 1 z 2 where the square root function is
defined by the principal branch of the log function. Where does it have discontinuities?
6. 2.1
6.1. Problem 4. Show that the set A = {z C | Re(z) > 0} is open.
Fix w with Re(w) > 0. We must show that for some r > 0, Dr (w) A.
Equivalently, we must show that for some r > 0, the condition |z w| < r implies
the condition Re(z) > 0. In fact, we may take r = Re(w), when Dr (w) is tangent
to the imaginary axis.
6.2. Problem 5. Tell which of the following are open subsets of C, which are
closed, and which are neither:
(a) is open, (b) is neither open nor closed, (c) is closed
SELECTED SOLUTIONS
6.3. Problem 6. Find the interior, closure, and boundary for the set {z C | 1
|z| < 2}
The interior is {z C | 1 < |z| < 2}.
The boundary is {z C | |z| = 1} {z C | |z| = 2}.
The closure is {z C | 1 |z| 2}
6.4. Problem 9. Prove that Re(z), Im(z), and z are continuous functions of z.
For Re(z), we have u(x, y) = x and v(x, y) = 0 both u and v are continuous
functions in x and y, so Re(z) is continuous in z.
For Im(z), we have u(x, y) = 0 and v(x, y) = y both u and v are continuous
functions in x and y, so Im(z) is continuous in z.
For z, we have u(x, y) = x and v(x, y) = y both of these are continuous
functions ofx and y, so z is a continuous function of z.
7. 2.2
7.1. Problem 7. Find the derivative of ez
3
Use the chain rule, its 3z 2 ez
7.2. Problem 8. At what points does log(z)/z have a complex derivative, and what
is the derivative at those points?
If we take the principal branch of log(z), this function is continuous and complex
differentiable so long as arg(z) 6= , i.e. so long as z is not a nonnegative real. We
use the product rule to determine the derivative
1
1
1
1
(log(z)/z)0 = (log(z))0 + log(z)( )0 = 2 log(z) 2
z
z
z
z
7.3. Problem 10. Use the Cauchy-Riemann equations to verify that f (z) = z 2 is
analytic everywhere.
If we write f (x+iy) = (x+iy)2 = u(x, y)+iv(x, y), we find that u(x, y) = x2 y 2
and v(x, y) = 2xy. We compute
ux = 2x
uy = 2y
vx = 2y
vy = 2x
Uy = Vx
SELECTED SOLUTIONS
and
v = Vx (r cos(), r sin())(r sin()) + Vy (r cos(), r sin())(r cos())
In that last formula, if we replace Vx with Uy and Vy with Ux , we get rur , i.e.
1
rur = v
i.e.ur = v
r
The second formula u = rvr can be obtained from a different application of the
multivariable chain rule.
7.6. 2.3.
7.7. Problem 1. Find
Z