Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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MAPPING
131
Scope of Study
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MAPPING
Map Type
133
FIELD MANUAL
134
MAPPING
Project Requirements
GPS Equipment
135
FIELD MANUAL
Datums
Map Projections
136
MAPPING
Projec- Projec-
Area tion Zones Area tion Zones
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FIELD MANUAL
138
MAPPING
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FIELD MANUAL
140
MAPPING
Standard Origin5
Zone parallels Longitude Latitude
Michigan
(current)4
North _______ 45E29' N. 47E 05' N. 87E00' W. 44E 47' N.
Central ______ 44 11 45 42 84 20 43 19
South _______ 42 06 43 40 84 20 41 30
Minnesota
North _______ 47 02 48 38 93 06 46 30
Central ______ 45 37 47 03 94 15 45 00
South _______ 43 47 45 13 94 00 43 00
Montana
North _______ 47 51 48 43 109 30 47 00
Central ______ 46 27 47 53 109 30 45 50
South _______ 44 52 46 24 109 30 44 00
Nebraska
North _______ 41 51 42 49 100 00 41 20
South _______ 40 17 41 43 99 30 39 40
New York4
Long Island __ 40 40 41 02 74 00 40 305f
North
Carolina ______ 34 20 36 10 79 00 33 45
North Dakota
North _______ 47 26 48 44 100 30 47 00
South _______ 46 11 47 29 100 30 45 40
Ohio
North _______ 40 26 41 42 82 30 39 40
South _______ 38 44 40 02 82 30 38 00
Oklahoma
North _______ 35 34 36 46 98 00 35 00
South _______ 33 56 35 14 98 00 33 20
Oregon
North _______ 44 20 46 00 120 30 43 40
South _______ 42 20 44 00 120 30 41 40
Pennsylvania
North _______ 40 53 41 57 77 45 40 10
South _______ 39 56 40 58 77 45 39 20
Puerto Rico and
Virgin Islands
1 ___________ 18E 02' N. 18E 26' N. 66E 26' W. 17E 50' N.5g
2 (St. Croix) __ 18 02 18 26 66 26 17 505f, g
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FIELD MANUAL
Note: All these systems are based on the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid and are
based on the 1927 datum. Origin refers to rectangular coordinates.
1
The major and minor axes of the ellipsoid are taken at exactly
1.0000382 times those of the Clarke 1866, for Michigan only. This
incorporates an average elevation throughout the State of about 800 ft,
with limited variation.
2
Along the central meridian.
3
At origin, x = 500,000 ft, y = 0 ft, except for Alaska zone 7, x =
700,000 ft; Alaska zone 9, x = 600,000 ft; and New Jersey, x =
2,000,000 ft.
4
Additional zones listed in this table under other projection(s).
5
At origin, x = 2,000,000 ft, 7 = 0 ft, except (a) x = 3,000,000 ft, (b) x =
4,186,692.58, y = 4,160,926.74 ft, (c) x = 800,000 ft, (d) x = 600,000 ft,
(e) x = 200,000 ft, (f) y = 100,000 ft, (g) x = 500,000 ft, (h) x = 500,000 ft,
y = 0, but radius to latitude of origin = -82,000,000 ft.
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MAPPING
143
FIELD MANUAL
144
MAPPING
145
FIELD MANUAL
146
MAPPING
147
FIELD MANUAL
Units
Use of Computers
148
MAPPING
Right-of-Way
Records
Geologic Considerations
149
FIELD MANUAL
150
MAPPING
151
FIELD MANUAL
152
MAPPING
Site Mapping
General
153
FIELD MANUAL
Suggested Equipment
Preparation
Documentation
154
MAPPING
155
FIELD MANUAL
156
MAPPING
General
157
FIELD MANUAL
Suggested Equipment
Preparation
158
MAPPING
Documentation
159
160
FIELD MANUAL
Figure 6-2.—Sample trench log.
MAPPING
General
161
FIELD MANUAL
Suggested Equipment
162
MAPPING
Preparation
163
FIELD MANUAL
Documentation
164
MAPPING
165
166
MAPPING
167
FIELD MANUAL
General
168
MAPPING
General
Preparation
Suggested Equipment
Documentation
Special Considerations
169
FIELD MANUAL
General
Preparation
Documentation
170
MAPPING
General
171
FIELD MANUAL
172
MAPPING
173
Figure 6-4.—Tunnel mapping form with key alphanumeric descriptors and mapping data.
174
FIELD MANUAL
Figure 6-5.—Tunnel mapping form with blocks for title and geologic data.
MAPPING
Safety
175
FIELD MANUAL
General Preparation
176
MAPPING
Excavation Configuration
177
FIELD MANUAL
Data Requirements
178
MAPPING
179
180
MAPPING
181
FIELD MANUAL
182
MAPPING
183
FIELD MANUAL
184
MAPPING
185
186
MAPPING
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188
FIELD MANUAL
Figure 6-8.—Full periphery geologic map example.
MAPPING
189
FIELD MANUAL
Disadvantages.—
190
MAPPING
191
FIELD MANUAL
192
MAPPING
The bases of the walls or the invert form the base of the
section with springline plotted and the crown forming
the top of the section. For instance, if the tunnel is 20
feet (6 m) high, the crown will be 20 feet (6 m) from the
invert. Springline is plotted the appropriate vertical
distance from the crown or invert (figure 6-10). This
process may be done for one or both walls, producing one
or two vertical representations of the wall/arch exposure.
Shafts are similar, but the section corresponds to the
wall of a rectangular shaft or is tangent to the shaft wall
at a point, and the map is a projection of the shaft of one
diameter.
193
FIELD MANUAL
194
MAPPING
Face Maps
Photogrammetric Mapping
195
FIELD MANUAL
Summary
Photogeologic Mapping
General
196
MAPPING
197
FIELD MANUAL
198
MAPPING
199
FIELD MANUAL
Availability of Imagery
200
MAPPING
201
FIELD MANUAL
References
202
MAPPING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
203
FIELD MANUAL
204