1. What is Production Process?

Production is sequence of operations that transforms-material from

a given to a direct form.
2. What is Object of Production?
The main object of production is to ensure that it make product which,
can satisfy the needs of the customer by giving the right quality of the
product at right place at the right time at right price.
3. What is Production Process?
Production is sequence of operations that transforms-material from
a given to a direct form.
Transformation by disintegration,
Transformation by integration, and
Transformation by service.
4.. Types of Production?
There are three types of production which represent their basic
approaches to production. The three types are: (a) Job production.
(b) Batch production.
(c) Flow production.
*** 5. Functions of Production Manager?
The functions of Production manager, like any other manager
involve the following six steps:
Organizing
Planning
Directing Operations
Controlling Results
Appearing Performance
Improving Effectiveness.
6. what are the Function of the planning?
The functions of planning, organizing, directing and controlling the
production activities from the short term and long term aspect.
7. Factors of Production?
The economics aspect of production can be analyzed by studying
the factors of production. The inputs are conventionally called
"factors of production". Factors of production are essential
elements which co-operate with one another in the production
process. These are divided into four categories : Land ; labour ;
capital ; and entrepreneurship.
Land: It refers to all natural resources which are free gifts of
nature and includes soil, rivers, waters, forests, mountains, mines, seas,
climate, air sun etc.
Labour: Human efforts or work done mentally or physically with the
aim of earning income is known as labour. The compensation given by
labourers in return for their work is called wages. The Land and Labour
are the primary factors of production as their supplies are determined
more or less outside the economic system.
Capital: See the inputs or man made goods which are used fo r
further production of wealth are included in capital. An increase in the
capital of an economy means an increase in the productive capacity of
the economy.
Entrepreneur: An entrepreneur is a person who organizes the
other factors and undertakes the risk along with uncertainties
involved in the production. The entrepreneur hires the other three
factors, brings them together, organizes and coordinates them so as
to earn maximum profit. An entrepreneur acts as a boss and
decides how the business shall run.

8. what Is system ?
The term system can also be referred to as a methodical way of
planning, coordinating the work to
produce complex project also be defined as a means of maintaining
existing routines work or it is a means of bringing a clear vision of
the business to those who operate it.
9. Organization between System?
Organization
It refers to individual and group.
It emphasizes designs of organ
Ilion structure
It stresses chain of command
authority and responsibility.
It provides compartments of and,
ority and responsibility.

System
It refers what and how things are
done.
It emphasizes communication
structure than of organization
needs.
It stresses channels of
communication information flow
and decisions.
It provides network of questions
and answer.

10. Types of Production Systems ?

There are two types of Production System
(1) Intermittent Production (2) Continuous Production.
11. Types of Production ?
There are three types of production. They are :
(i) Piece-meal production system, It is characterized by the
output of small quantities of articles of diverse nomenclature. On the
piece production system each article is made by consecutive operations
specified in the flow process charts.
(ii) Batch production system. It is characterized by the output of
recurrent batches of articles. It is sub-divided into small lot and
large lot production. The lot production process is based on the
principles of parallelconsecutive operations. Sub-divided into
separate elements. Lot production is recorded in operating process
charts.
(iii) Mass production system. It is characterized by manufacturing
one type of article in large numbers. The mass production process
is based on the principle of "parallel operations". In mass production
greater efficiency of labour is achieved due to high specialization.
12. What is Manufacturing?
Production is a sequence of manufacturing operations that transforms
materials into finished products.
The production process consists of several stages viz.
Preparing for production
Receiving materials
Making and machining billets and blanks
Making components
Assembling units
Separate articles
Checking the quality of the parts and assemblies
Testing the finished articles
Painting
Packing
Shipment etc.

13 what do u mean by Production Planning and Control ?

Production Planning and Control embrace all management
decisions, policies, plans and actions which have something to do
with optimization or manufacturing objectives.
Production planning must establish the basic relationship, among,
(a) Sales forecasts (b) Production capacity (c) Inventory levels
(d) Working capital (e) Raw materials requirement (f) Production
facilities (g) Product design and its manufacturing sequence (h)
Manpower requirement etc
The production planning and control functions and its interaction with
other functions is shown below:

17. Process Charts Symbols

Process Chart is a diagram or picture or a graph which gives an
overall view of process. Process charts are denoted by symbols.
The symbols give better understanding of the facts. Following are
the various symbols to record various events.
Event
Symbols
Description
Operation
In represents an action.
Storage
Delay

In represents a stage
when material awaits an
action
In represents a Temporary
alt in the process

Transport

In represents movement
of an item.

Inspection

In represents an act of
checking

Combined Activates
Operating cumTransportation

First active represents

outer part and second
activity the inner part.

Inspection cumOperation

14. what is Forecasting ?

Production control really starts when it is decided how
many of each product to make. This requires
forecasting. While only manufacturing to order needs
less forecasting, manufacturing to stock needs good
forecasting, whether recognized or not forecasting is
done in every company with varying degree of
intensiveness.
15. Type of Forecasting?
a. Aggregate Forecast
b. Individual Forecast
c. Derived Forecasts
d. Statistical forecast
e. Opinion Forecast
16 . Benefits of Quality Control
(1) Better understanding of processes and product.
(3) Increased production under same set-up.
(4) Reduction of cost per unit.
(5) Reduction of scrap.
(6) Saving excess use of materials.
(7) Reduction in inspection.
(8) Evaluation of scientific tolerances.
(9) Maintaining operating efficiency.
(10) Less customers complaint.
(11) Increasing quality consciousness.
(15) Increase in yield and efficieticies.
(16) Increase in goodwill.

18. Quality Costs and Losses

Quality losses are simply the costs incurred because of failure to
achieve perfection in production. This class of costs includes such
items as scrap and rework due to defective material or labour,
customer returns, and warranty costs. The significant point is that
neither of these costs has meaning without reference to the other.
Obviously the cheapest quality control organization is no quality control
organization at all. It has been demonstrated that these costs tend to
reciprocate ;to minimize, one is to maximize the other ; obviously the
object is to minimize the total scrap and rework costs.
19. Quality Motivation
With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, labour became
highly specialized. Work that was previously done by individuals
was subdivided and spread among many individuals. With mass
production the need for stan dardised parts and, in tum, products
engineered in minute detail, further constraining the contribution of
people. But with all the industrialisation that has taken place, the rol e
of the individual has never been more important than it is today.
20. Problems of Quality Control
Quality Control is a systematic and scientific system involving the
application of all known industrial and statistical techniques to
control the quality of the manufactured product. The various
problems of quality control can be grouped into the following three
classes.
(a) Engineering. The development of a product is basically
engineering ; the development of quality evaluation through
improved inspection procedures, the knowledge of causes of defects
and their rectification is engineering.
(b) Statistical. The concept of the behavior of a process, which
has brought in the idea of `prevention' and `control' is statistical ;
building and information system to satisfy the concept of prevention
and control and improving upon product quality, requires statistical
thinking.
(c) Managerial. The efficient use of the engineering and statistic al
concept is managerial. The introduction of quality consciousness in
the organization is also the management. The effective coordination
of the quality control function with those of others is managerial.
21. Difference between Inspection and Quality Control System

In a production system both inspection and quality control will

exist as separate systems. In almost all cases they will be separate
organizations and, in a large number of situations, bear no
organizational relationship to each other except at the highest level in
the production organization.
Inspection is concerned solely with the acceptance or rejection of
output based on a comparison of the attributes of a unit of output
with specifications. Quality control, however, is concerned primarily
with determining the capability of processes to meet specifications.
Thus quality control is concerned with the prevention of defects while
inspection is concerned with their direction.
22. Methods of Inspection
Inspection of acceptance basis can be carried out either by :
1. 100% inspection or
2. Sampling inspection.
Sampling inspection is preferred to 100% inspection because of:
(a) Cost (b) Time
(c) 100% inspection fails to provide 100% assurance against the
acceptance of bad quality product due to inspection fatigue. To ensure
the correctness of acceptance to the best possible extent, one should
ensure the following:
(i) Sampling should be done on random basis representing the total lot.
(ii) Proper sampling sizes.
In order to avoid the shipping of unacceptable products, the
buying firm usually wants to defect such defective material as easy as
possible.
The purchaser has three alternatives course of action open to him.
(1) Return material to the supplier.
(2) Keep some of more acceptable material and return the rest.
(3) Keep all the material and rework it to the point where it is
acceptable.
23. Inspection
Inspection is concerned with estimating the degree to which
output conforms with established specification. The process by
which degree of conformance is determined may range from the
simplest possible comparison of a unit of output with a
specification by measurement with a standard instrument all the
way to life testing under actual operating conditions of a simple of
output followed by rigorous statistical analysis of the results of the
experiment. The degree of conformance can be measured by
measurement of
(a) Tolerance, and
(b) Allowance.
24. Quality Reliability
Quality Reliability was the theme of the Asian Productivity Council
during a seminar in 1970. In India, as in several other countries of
the Asian region, it has been a tremendous task to create an
awareness among management of the importance of
quality. It is estimated that about 56000 factories are existing in
the organized sector. Out of this, about 15,000 are large scale
establishments. Out of these perhaps 10% of the factories have
been directly or indirectly covered by the SQC training courses.
This, of course, has touched only the fringe of the problem. Still lot
many efforts are needed to introduce quality consciousness. The
productivity councils with its local productivity councils are also
heading towards quality consciousness.
25. Total Quality Control
The concept of total quality control is of comparatively recent
origin. It means that control of quality should embrace all the stages
of manufacturing programme, from the specification of an article to its
final shipment.
26 Lead Assessor.
Lead Assessor. An assessor who is qualified and is authorized to
perform all or any portion of a quality system assessment.

27. Zero Defects (ZD)

Zero defects programs have attracted much credit and considerable
controversy to the quality Control profession in recent years. Zero
defects is a motivation program having its concept of working
which is beneficial to groups but particularly to the individual.
Originating in the aerospace industry during 1961-62, it grew out
of the many perplexing problems facing the aerospace industry in those
days ZD holds that people are conditioned throughout their lives to
accept the fact that they are not perfect and will, therefore, make
mistalces. By the time they begin working in industry this belief
has become firmly rooted and finds its normal expression in the
statement : "People are human and thus make mistalces. Nothing
can ever be perfect so long as people take part in it." People make
mistakes and will keep doing so. Zero defects can challenge each
individual to establish a personal goal of superior performance and
to strive conscientiously for personal excellence in everything he
does. The crux of the challenge is to achieve perfect results by
preventing and eliminating defects.
Objective of Zero Defects
The ZD goals include everything from percentage of discrepancies to
employees' lost time. It is obvious that in some programes goals are
established merely for the sake of having goals. When performance
can be measured in terms of defects, charts based on motivating
goals can be most effective. In areas where performance parameters
appear to be intangible, zero defects should ask.
28. Types of Audit
The first party audits are conducted by an organisation upon
itself. Internal audits may be less formal than external audits but the
auditor may have to eam credibility.
The various Audits can be classified as :
1st Party Internal Audit
2nd Party Audit of sub-contractors/Supplier undertaken by or
on behalf of a purchasing organization.
3rd Party Audits of organization undertaken by an independent
certification body or similar organization.
29.Whatis ISO9000
ISO 9000 is a series of standards, developed and published by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), that define,
establish, and maintain a quality assurance system for manufacturing
and service industries.
30. Basic Concept ISO-9000
1. Do what you like but control the way you do it.
2. Consistency of Process/Product/Service.
3. Pre-Empty problems prevent problems.
4. Say what you do and do what you say. International
Organization for Standardization (ISO).
31. How to Go about for ISO-9000 ?
(a) Constitution of Steering group
(b) Declaration of quality policy
(c) Training to all employee (Senior/Middle/Junior etc.)
(d) Preparation of documents based on Standard
(e) Implementation of procedures
(f) Internal auditor training.
(g) Pre-assessment
(h) Certification audit.

Quality Vocabulary
Quality. The totally of features and characteristics of a product or
service that bear its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.
Inspection. Activities such as measuring, examining, testing,
gauging one or more characteristics of a product or service and
comprising these with specified requirements to determine
conformity.
Quality Control. The operational techniques and activities that are
used to fulfill requirements for quality.
Quality Assurance. All those planned and systematic actions
necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or service
will satisfy given requirements for quality.
Quality Management. That aspects of the overall Management
function that determines and implements the quality policy.
Quality System. The organizational structure, responsibilities,
processes and resources for implementing Quality Management
Quality Plan. A document setting out the specific quality
practices, resources and sequence of activities relevant to a particular
product, service contract or project.
Quality Policy. The overall quality intentions and directions of an
organization as regards to quality, as formally expressed by Top
Management. The quality policy forms one element of the corporate
policy and is authorised by the Management.
Reliability. The ability ot an item to perform a required function
understated conditions for a stated period of time. Traceability. The
ability to trace the history, application or location of an item or
activity or similar items or ac tiv ities by means of recorded
identification.
Defect. The non-fulfilment of intended usage requirements.
Non-conformity. The non-fulfilment of specified requirements.
Specification. The document that prescribes the requirements with
which the product or service has to conform.
Quality Audit. A systematic and independent examination to
determine whether quality activities and related results comply with
planned arrangements and whether these arrangements are implement
Ted effectively and are suitable to achieve objective.
Quality Surveillance. The continuing monitoring and verification
of the status of procedures, methods, conditions, processes,
products and services and analysis of records in relation to stated
references to ensure that specified requirements for quality are being
met.
Lead Assessor. An assessor who is qualified and is authorised to
perform all or any portion of a quality system assessment.
Quality System Review. A formal evaluation by Top Management
of the status and adequacy of the Quality System in relation to
Quality Policy and new objectives resulting from changing
circumstances.
32. STANDARDISATION
Value analysis programmes are usually designed to reduce the cost
of an item. Standardization programmes may eliminate the item
entirely. standardization is essential to a modern mass production
economy. Almost every major industry has standards to classify its
products. A standard is defined as that which has been
established as a model to which an object or an action may be
compared. The purpose of a standard is to provide a criterion for
judgment. Companies are concerned with standards both for the
products they design and for the materials designed by their
suppliers. Standardization is therefore required not only for
ensuring procurement of the right quality of incoming material,
but also for cost reduction.
33. Definition of Inventory
(1) Inventory is wider sense is defined as any idl resource of an
enterprise. It is commonly used to indicate materialsraw, in process,
finished, packaging, spares and others--stocked in order to meet an
expected demand or distribution in the future. Even though
inventory of materials is an idle resource in the sense it is not
meant for immediate use, it is almost a necessity to maintain
some inventories for the smooth functioning of an organisation.
(2) Inventory is made of all those items ready for sailor of items
which keep the process running.

2.2. ABBREVIATION
AAN - Airworthiness Approval Note
AD - Airworthiness Directive
AME - Aircraft Maintenance Engineer
AMO - Aircraft Maintenance Organization
AMS - Aircraft Maintenance Schedule
ANO - Air Navigation orders
ATA - Air Transport Association (USA)
BCAR - British Civil Airworthiness Requirements
CAA - Civil Aviation Authority
CAAB - Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh
CAIP - Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Information and Procedures
CAP - Civil Aviation Publications
CAR - Civil Aviation Rules -1984
CM - Condition Monitoring
C of A - Certificate of Airworthiness
C of C - Certificate of Compliance
C of R - Certificate of Registration
COSL - Component Operating and Storage Limits
EASA - European Aviation Safety Agency
EO - Engineer Officer
EOs - Engineering Orders
E & I - Electrical and Instrument
FAA - Federal Aviation Administration (USA)
FAR - Federal Aviation Regulation (USA)
FF - Ferry Flight
HF - Human Factors
HT - Hard Time
IATA - International Air Transport Association
ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization
IPC - Illustrated Parts Catalogues
IO - Inspection Order
I&QA - Inspection & Quality Assurance
MCC - Maintenance Control Center
MEL - Minimum Equipment List
MM - Maintenance Manual
MO - Modification Order
MOD - Modification
MR - Maintenance Release
MRO - Maintenance Repair and Overhaul
NAA - National Aviation Authorities
NDT - Non Destructive Testing
OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer
RO - Repair Order
RSE - Responsible System Engineering / Engineer
S.B - Service Bulletin
S.I.L. - Service Information Letter
WDM - Wiring Diagram Manual
34. Approved store
It is the store of an approved organization and shall consist of
quarantine and a bonded store.
(a) Quarantine store; this the part of the approved stores where all parts,
components and materials are held until they are proved to conform
specifications.
(b) Bonded stores; In this part of the approved store only parts, spares,
components and materials are held which have been checked & found
in accordance with their approved certificates.
35. Bulletins (Service Bulletin)
Information circulated by the manufacturer to the owners and
operators concerning maintenance codifications, inspections,
overhauls and repairs in addition to information already given in
associated manuals and other media of information. There are many
categories of Service Bulletins.
(a) Normal/Optional Service Bulletins.
(b) Mandatory Service Bulletins
(c) Alert Service Bulletins, etc.

36. Ferry Flight (FF)

Ferry flights may be classified into four categories:-I - Delivery Ferry
Flight.
II - Operational Ferry Flight.
III - Scheduled Maintenance Ferry Flight.
IV - Non Scheduled Maintenance/Rectification Ferry Flight.
37. R. S. E. (Responsible System Engineering / Engineer)
Central Engineering Functions are basically such works as to provide
Engineering Support, usually known as RSE functions for aircraft
systems and components ATA chapter wise, in order to carry out
maintenance works up to a certain level.
RSE functions include such jobs but not limited to the following:
Development, Review, Optimization, Amendment, Implementation
and Control of Aircraft maintenance Program for each type of aircraft
through Aircraft Maintenance Schedule (AMS) and Component
Operating and Storage Limits (COSL).
Assessment and Technical Evaluation of Technical Literature like
Airworthiness Directive (mandatory), Service Bulletins, Modification
and manufacturers other Technical Programs.
Incorporation of above mentioned tasks through appropriate
Maintenance Directives such as Modification Orders, Repair Orders,
Inspection Orders, Technical Notices etc.
Provide analytical service of different aircraft system performance &
product improvement.
Management and Operation of Reliability Programs.
Management of Deferred and Repetitive Defects Analysis etc.
Provide Engine management service.
Provide Landing Gear overhaul management.
Provide Repair scheme for aircraft.
Perform Technical Evaluation for aircraft / engine purchase.
38. Source of Approved Data for Maintenance
Following manuals generally provide approved data for a specific
maintenance:
AMS Aircraft Maintenance Schedule
AMM / CMM Aircraft Maintenance Manual / Component
Maintenance Manual
IPC Illustrated Parts Catalog
SRM Structural Repair Manual
WDM Wiring Diagram Manual
AWL Aircraft Wiring List
EOs Engineering Orders (Inspection / Modification / Repair Orders)
39. Role and Responsibilities of MCC
The MCC coordinates line maintenance activities & requirements
between various departments within
the airline organization to ensure timely rectification of technical snags
and flight schedule integrity.
MCC generally performs the followings:
a) Coordination role
b) Monitoring function
c) Technical Support