PROBLEM 8.

6
KNOWN: Water, engine oil and NaK flowing in a 20 mm diameter tube, temperature of the
fluids.
FIND: (a) The mean velocity as well as hydrodynamic and thermal entrance lengths, for a flow
rate of 0.01 kg/s and mean temperature of 366 K, (b) The mass flow rate as well as hydrodynamic
and thermal entrance lengths for water and oil at a mean velocity of 0.02 m/s at mean
temperatures of 300 and 400 K.
SCHEMATIC:

D = 0.020 m
Water,
NaK, or
Engine oil

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Constant properties.

PROPERTIES:
Liquid
Water

T(K)
300
366
400

Table
A.6
A.6
A.6

(kg/m3)
997
963
937

(Ns/m2)
855 10-6
303 10-6
217 10-6

(m2/s)
-

Pr
5.83
1.89
1.34

Oil

300
366
400

A.5
A.5
A.5

884
844
825

48.6 10-2
2.12 10-2
0.874 10-2

6400
338
152

NaK

366

A.7

849

5.797 10-7

0.019

ANALYSIS: (a) The mean velocity is given by

& A c = 0.01 kg/s/ (0.020m)2 /4 = 31.8 kg/s m 2 /
um = m

The Reynolds number is

&
4m
4 0.01 kg/s
0.636 kg/s m
Re D =
=
=
D
(0.020 m)

The hydrodynamic entrance length is

0.636 kg/s m
x fd,h = 0.05Re D D = 0.05
(0.020 m)

636 10-6 kg/s m

(1)
(2)

(3)
Continued

PROBLEM 8.6 (Cont.)

The thermal entrance length is
x fd,t = 0.05ReD DPr = x fd,h Pr
=

636 10-6 kg/s m

Pr

(4)

<

Solving Equations (1), (3) and (4) yields

Liquid
water
engine oil
NaK

um (m/s)
0.033
0.038
0.037

xfd,h (m)
2.1
0.030
1.3

xfd,t (m)
3.97
10.1
0.025

where, for the NaK, is found from the definition

= = 5.797 10-7 m 2 /s 849 kg/m3 = 492 10-6 N s/m 2
(b) The mass flow rate is given by
0.02 m/s (0.020 m) 2
m3
& = A c u m =
m
= 6.28 10-6

4
s
The Reynolds number is
&
4m
4 6.28 10-6 m3 /s
Re D =
=
= 400 10-6 m 2 /s (/)
D
(0.020 m)

(5)

(6)

The hydrodynamic entrance length is

x fd,h = 0.05Re D D = 0.05 400 10-6 m 2 /s 0.02 m (/)
x fd,h = 400 10-9 m3 /s (/)

(7)

The thermal entrance length is

x fd,t = x fd,h Pr = 400 10-9 m3 /s (/) Pr

(8)

<

Solving Equations (5), (7) and (8) yields

Liquid
Water
Water
Engine Oil
Engine Oil

T (k)
300
400
300
400

& (kg/s)
m
0.0063
0.0059
0.0056
0.0052

xfd,h (m)
0.464
1.72
7.27 10-4
37.7 10-3

xfd,t (m)
2.72
2.30
4.65
5.74

COMMENTS: (1) As the momentum and thermal diffusivities approach similar values (Pr 1)
xfd,h/xfd,t 1. (2) Note the variation of xfd,h/xfd,t with Pr for large and small values of the Prandtl
number. (c) The Reynolds number associated with the oil is very small. Buoyancy forces are
likely to be significant and may induce secondary fluid motion which, in turn, may increase the
convection heat transfer coefficients. We will treat buoyancy effects in Chapter 9.

PROBLEM 8.17
KNOWN: Surface heat flux for air flow through a rectangular channel.
FIND: (a) Differential equation describing variation in air mean temperature, (b) Air outlet
temperature for prescribed conditions.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and pressure variation,
(2) No heat loss through bottom of channel, (3) Uniform heat flux at top of channel.
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (T 50C, 1 atm): cp = 1008 J/kgK.
ANALYSIS: (a) For the differential control volume about the air,

E& in =E& out

& c p Tm + qo ( w dx ) = m
& cp ( Tm + d Tm )
m

d Tm qo w
=
& cp
dx
m
Separating and integrating between the limits of x = 0 and x, find
q ( w x )
Tm ( x ) = Tm,i + o
& cp
m

q ( w L )
Tm,o = Tm,i + o
.
& cp
m

<

(b) Substituting numerical values, the air outlet temperature is

Tm,o

= 40o C +

( 700 W/m2 ) (1 3) m2

0.1 kg/s (1008 J/kg K )

Tm,o = 60.8o C.

<

COMMENTS: Due to increasing heat loss with increasing Tm, the net flux qo will actually
decrease slightly with increasing x.

PROBLEM 8.25
KNOWN: Inlet temperature and flowrate of oil flowing through a tube of prescribed surface temperature
and geometry.
FIND: (a) Oil outlet temperature and total heat transfer rate, and (b) Effect of flowrate.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible temperature drop across tube wall, (2) Incompressible liquid with
negligible viscous dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A.5, Engine oil (assume Tm,o = 140C, hence Tm = 80C = 353 K): = 852
kg/m3, = 37.5 10-6 m2/s, k = 138 10-3 W/mK, Pr = 490, = = 0.032 kg/ms, cp = 2131 J/kgK.
ANALYSIS: (a) For constant surface temperature the oil outlet temperature may be obtained from Eq.
8.41b. Hence

DL
Tm,o = Ts Ts Tm,i exp
h
mc
& p

To determine h , first calculate ReD from Eq. 8.6,

ReD =

4 ( 0.5 kg s )
&
4m
=
= 398
D ( 0.05m )( 0.032 kg m s )

Hence the flow is laminar. Moreover, from Eq. 8.23 the thermal entry length is

x fd,t 0.05D ReD Pr = 0.05 ( 0.05 m )( 398 )( 490 ) = 486 m .

Since L = 25 m the flow is far from being thermally fully developed. Since Pr > 5, h may be determined
from Eq. 8.57

Nu D = 3.66 +

0.0668Gz D
1 + 0.04Gz D2/3

With GzD = (D/L)ReDPr = (0.05/25)398 490 = 390, it follows that

26
= 11.95.
1 + 2.14
k
0.138 W m K
Hence, h = Nu D = 11.95
= 33 W m 2 K and it follows that
D
0.05 m
Nu D = 3.66 +

Continued...

PROBLEM 8.25 (Cont.)

( 0.05 m )( 25 m )
33 W m 2 K
Tm,o = 150o C 150o C 20o C exp
0.5 kg s 2131J kg K

<

Tm,o = 35C.
From the overall energy balance, Eq. 8.34, it follows that

& p Tm,o Tm,i = 0.5 kg s 2131J kg K ( 35 20 )o C

q = mc

<

q = 15,980 W.

The value of Tm,o has been grossly overestimated in evaluating the properties. The properties should be
re-evaluated at T = (20 + 35)/2 = 27C and the calculations repeated. Iteration should continue until
satisfactory convergence is achieved between the calculated and assumed values of Tm,o. Following such
a procedure, one would obtain Tm,o = 36.4C, ReD = 27.8, h = 32.8 W/m2K, and q = 15,660 W. The
small effect of reevaluating the properties is attributed to the compensating effects on ReD (a large
decrease) and Pr (a large increase).
(b) The effect of flowrate on Tm,o and q was determined by using the appropriate IHT Correlations and
Properties Toolpads.
30000

36
Heat rate, q(W)

Outlet temperature, Tmo(C)

40

32

28

25000

20000

24

20

15000

0.5

1.5

0.5

Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s)

1.5

Mass flowrate, mdot(kg/s)

& due to the corresponding increase in ReD and hence h .

The heat rate increases with increasing m

& , causing Tm,o Tm,i = q mc

& p , and hence Tm,o, to
However, the increase is not proportional to m
& = 0.20
& . The maximum heat rate corresponds to the maximum flowrate ( m
decrease with increasing m
kg/s).
COMMENTS: Note that significant error would be introduced by assuming fully developed thermal
conditions and Nu D = 3.66. The flow remains well within the laminar region over the entire range of
&.
m

PROBLEM 8.30
KNOWN: Diameter and length of tube, air flow rate, air temperature and pressure at the tube inlet.
Surface temperature at the tube exit.
FIND: (a) The heat transfer rate of the problem. (b) Conditions at the tube exit for reduced tube
length. (c) Conditions at the tube exit for increased air flow rate.
SCHEMATIC:
Air

L=2 m

m = 135 10-6 kg/s

Tm,i = 100C

Constant wall heat flux

Tm,o
D = 5 mm

Ts,o = 160C

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible viscous
dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A.4, Air ( Tm 400 K, p = 1 atm): = 230.110-7 Ns/m2, Pr = 0.690, k =
0.0338 W/mK, cp = 1014 J/kgK.

ANALYSIS: (a) We begin by calculating the Reynolds number

ReD =

4m&
4 135 106 kg/s
=
= 1494
D 0.005m 230.1 107 N s/m 2

Therefore, the flow is laminar. The hydrodynamic and thermal entrance lengths are
x fd ,h = 0.05DReD = 0.05 0.005 m 1494 = 0.37 m
x fd,t = x fd,h Pr = 0.37 m 0.690 = 0.26 m
Therefore, the flow is fully-developed at the tube exit. For fully-developed laminar flow with constant
heat flux conditions, the Nusselt number is NuD = 4.36. Therefore, the local heat transfer coefficient at
the tube exit is

h = 4.36k / D = 4.36 0.0338 W/m K / 0.005m = 29.47 W/m 2 K

Two independent expressions for the heat flux may be written based upon application of Newtons law
of cooling at the tube exit and an overall energy balance.
q " = h(Ts ,o Tm,o ) ; q" =

& p (Tm,o Tm,i )

mc

DL

(1, 2)

Equating Eqs. (1) and (2) yields

Continued

PROBLEM 8.30 (Cont.)

& p
mc

Tm,o = hTs ,o +
Tm,i
DL

& p
mc

DL + h

135 106 kg/s 1014 J/kg K

2
100C
29.47W/m K 160C +
0.005 m 2 m

6
135 10 kg/s 1014 J/kg K

+ 24.97W/m 2 K

0.005
m
2
m

= 152.3C
Hence, the heat rate is
& p (Tm,o Tm,i ) = 135 106 kg/s 1014J/kg K 52.3C = 7.16 W
q = mc

<

(b) If L = 0.2 m, conditions at x = L are not fully developed and the value of the heat transfer
coefficient at the tube exit would exceed that of part (a).
(c) If the flow rate is increased by an order of magnitude, the Reynolds number will increase to ReD =
14,940, and the flow will be turbulent at the tube exit. Since L/D = 2 m / 0.005 m = 400, the turbulent
flow at the tube exit will also be fully developed. The heat transfer coefficient at the tube exit would
exceed that of part (a).
COMMENTS: In part (b), the local heat transfer coefficient would exceed h = 29.47 W/m2 at the
tube exit and could be estimated using Fig. 8.10a. Specifically, for Gz-1 = (x/D)/(ReDPr) = (0.2 m/
0.005 m)/(1494 0.690) = 0.039, NuD 4.6. Hence, h = 29.47 W/m2 (4.6/4.36) = 31.1 W/m2K. In
part (c), the local heat transfer coefficient would exceed h = 29.47 W/m2 and could be evaluated using
the Dittus-Boelter correlation. Specifically, NuD = 0.023(14,940)4/50.6900.4 = 43.3. Hence, h = 29.47
W/m2 (43.3/4.36) = 292.7 W/m2K. For Ts,o to remain the same, the heat rate associated with either
part (b) or part (c) would have to exceed that of part (a).

PROBLEM 8.37
KNOWN: Inner and outer diameter of a steel pipe insulated on the outside and experiencing
uniform heat generation. Flow rate and inlet temperature of water flowing through the pipe.
FIND: (a) Pipe length required to achieve desired outlet temperature, (b) Location and value
of maximum pipe temperature.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Incompressible

liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, (4) One-dimensional radial conduction in pipe wall,
(5) Outer surface is adiabatic.
PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Stainless steel 316 (T 400K): k = 15 W/mK; Table A-6,
-6
2
Water ( Tm = 303K ) : cp = 4178 J/kgK, k = 0.617 W/mK, = 803 10 Ns/m , Pr = 5.45.
ANALYSIS: (a) Performing an energy balance for a control volume about the inner tube, it
follows that

& cp Tm,o Tm,i = q = q& ( /4 ) Do2 Di2 L

m
L=

& cp Tm,o Tm,i

m

q& ( /4 ) Do2 Di2

)=

( 0.1 kg/s ) 4178 ( J/kg K ) 20o C

2
2
106 W/m3 ( / 4 ) ( 0.04m ) ( 0.02m )

<

L = 8.87m.

(b) The maximum wall temperature exists at the pipe exit (x = L) and the insulated surface (r
= ro). From Eq. 3.56, the radial temperature distribution in the wall is of the form
T (r) =

q& 2
r + C1ln r + C2 .
4k

Considering the boundary conditions;

r = ro :

dT
q&
C
=0=
ro + 1

dr r = r
2k
ro
o

C1 =

& o2
qr
2k

Continued

PROBLEM 8.37 (Cont.)

T ( ri ) = Ts =

r = ri :

q& 2 q& ro2

r +
ln ri + C2
4k i
2k

C2 =

q& 2 q& ro2

r
ln ri + Ts .
4k i
2k

The temperature distribution and the maximum wall temperature (r = ro) are
T (r) =

q& 2 2 q& ro2

r
r ri +
ln + Ts
4k
2k
ri

Tw,max = T ( ro ) =

q& 2 2 q& ro2

ro ri +
ln
4k
2k

ro
+ Ts
ri

where Ts, the inner surface temperature of the wall at the exit, follows from
qs =

q& ( /4 ) Do2 Di2 L

Di L

q& Do2 Di2

4 Di

) = h ( Ts Tm,o )

where h is the local convection coefficient at the exit. With

&
4m
4 0.1 kg/s
ReD =
=
= 7928
Di ( 0.02m ) 803 106 N s/m 2
the flow is turbulent and, with (L/Di) = (8.87 m/0.02m) = 444 >> (xfd/D) 10, it is also fully
developed. Hence, from the Gnielinski correlation, Eq. 8.62,
(f / 8)(ReD 1000) Pr

Di 1 + 12.7(f / 8)1/ 2 (Pr 2 / 3 1)

0.617 W/m K
(0.033618)(7928 - 1000)5.45
2
=

= 1796 W/m K
1/2
2/3
0.02 m
1 + 12.7(0.033618) (5.45 - 1)
where from Eq. 8.21, f = (0.790 ln ReD-1.64)-2 = 0.0336. Hence, the inner surface
temperature of the wall at the exit is
2
2
106 W/m3 ( 0.04m ) ( 0.02m )
q& Do2 Di2

+ 40o C = 48.4oC
+ Tm,o =
Ts =
2
4 h Di
4 1796 W/m K ( 0.02m )
h=

and

Tw,max =

106 W/m3
2
2
0.02m ) ( 0.01m )
(

4 15 W/m K
106 W/m3 ( 0.02m )

0.02
+ 48.4o C = 52.6oC.
<
2 15 W/m K
0.01
COMMENTS: The physical situation corresponds to a uniform surface heat flux, and Tm
+

ln

increases linearly with x. In the fully developed region, Ts also increases linearly with x.

PROBLEM 8.46
KNOWN: Surface temperature and diameter of a tube. Velocity and temperature of air in
cross flow. Velocity and temperature of air in fully developed internal flow.
FIND: Convection heat flux associated with the external and internal flows.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Uniform cylinder surface temperature, (3)
Fully developed internal flow, (4) For internal flow, air is an ideal gas with negligible viscous
dissipation and pressure variations.
-6

PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Air (336 K): = 19.51 10 m /s, k = 0.0290 W/mK, Pr =
0.702.
ANALYSIS: For the external and internal flows,

ReD =

u D 30 m/s 0.05 m
= m =
= 7.69 104.
-6
2

19.71 10 m / s

VD

From the Churchill-Bernstein relation for the external flow,

4/5

5/8
Re

D

Nu D = 0.3 +
1+

1/
4
282,
000

1 + (0.4 / Pr) 2 / 3

4/5
5/8

4
1/
2
1/
3
4

0.62(7.69 10 ) 0.702
1 + 7.69 10
= 0.3 +
= 180

1/ 4 282, 000
2
/
3
1 + (0.4 / 0.702)

2 1/ 3
0.62 Re1/
D Pr

Hence, the convection coefficient and heat flux are

h=

k
0.0290 W/m K
Nu D =
180 = 104 W/m 2 K
D
0.05 m

q = h ( Ts T ) = 104W/m 2 K (100 25 ) C = 7840 W/m 2 .

o

<

Using the Dittus-Boelter correlation, Eq. 8.60, for the internal flow, which is turbulent,

0.4 = 0.023 7.69 104

Nu D = 0.023 Re4/5
D Pr

h=

4/5

( 0.702 )0.4 = 162

k
0.0290 W/m K
162 = 94 W/m 2 K
Nu D =
D
0.05 m
Continued

PROBLEM 8.46 (Cont.)

and the heat flux is

q = h ( Ts Tm ) = 94 W/m 2 K (100 25 ) C = 7040 W/m 2 .
o

<

COMMENT: Convection effects associated with the two flow conditions are comparable.

PROBLEM 8.48
KNOWN: Diameter and length of circular tube, liquid water flow rate, liquid water entrance
temperatures and tube surface temperatures.
FIND: Water outlet temperatures for (a) Tm,i = 500 K, Ts = 510 K and (b) Tm,i = 300 K, Ts = 310 K. (c)
Discuss whether the flow is laminar or turbulent for Tm,i = 300 K, Ts = 647 K.
SCHEMATIC:
Ts = 310 K, 510 K or 647 K
Liquid water
.
m = 0.1 kg/s

D = 0.1 m

Tm,i = 300 K or 500 K

L=6m

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties in parts (a) and (b), (3)
Negligible viscous dissipation.
PROPERTIES: Table A.6, liquid water ( Tm = 505 K, assumed): = 115.510-6 Ns/m2, Pr = 0.855,
k = 0.635 W/mK, cp = 4700 J/kgK. Liquid water ( Tm = 305 K, assumed): = 76910-6 Ns/m2, Pr =
5.20, k = 0.620 W/mK, cp = 4178 J/kgK.

ANALYSIS: (a) We begin by calculating the Reynolds number

ReD =

4m&
4 0.1 kg/s
=
= 11,014
D 0.1m 115.5 106 N s/m 2

Therefore, the flow is in a fully turbulent condition. Since L/D = 6m/0.1m = 60, we conclude that
entrance effects are not important. We may use Dittus-Boelter (Eq. 8.60) to determine the average heat
transfer coefficient and the mean outlet temperature may be found from Eq. (8.41b).
h=

k
0.635W/m K
0.023ReD4 /5 Pr 0.4 =
0.023 11,0144 / 50.8550.4 = 235 W/m 2 K

D
0.1m

PL
Tm,o = Ts (Ts Tm,i )exp
h
mc

&
p

0.1 m 6 m
= 510 K 10 K exp
235 W/m 2 K = 506.1 K
0.1 kg/s 4700 J/kg K

<

(b) The Reynolds number is

ReD =

4m&
4 0.1 kg/s
=
= 1655
D 0.1m 769 106 N s/m 2
Continued

PROBLEM 8.48 (Cont.)

Therefore, the flow is laminar. The thermal entrance length is xfd,t = 0.05 D ReD Pr = 0.05 0.1m
1655 5.20 = 43.0 m > L. Therefore, we expect entrance effects to be significant. With Pr > 5, we
may use Eq. (8.57) with Eq. (8.56) for the Graetz number, to estimate the value of h .
h=

k
0.0668( D / L) ReD Pr
3.66 +
2/3
D
1 + 0.04 [( D / L) ReD Pr ]

0.620W/m K
0.0668(0.1 m / 6 m) 1655 5.20
3.66
+
= 51.0 W/m 2 K

2/3
0.1 m
1 + 0.04 [(0.1 m / 6.0 m) 1655 5.20]

Using Eq. (8.41b)

PL
Tm,o = Ts (Ts Tm,i )exp
h
mc

&
p

0.1 m 6 m
51 W/m 2 K = 302.1 K
= 310 K 10 K exp
0.1 kg/s 4178 J/kg K

<

(c) The temperature variations within the water are very large. Therefore, properties are expected to
vary significantly from location to location. Near the entrance of the tube, average temperatures will
be low, and the flow is expected to be laminar. However, as the boundary layer regions grow, higher
temperatures will exist in a greater portion of the liquid and viscosities may drop to very low values.
Hence, the flow may trip into turbulent conditions at a location between the tube entrance and the tube
exit. The assumption of constant properties under the conditions of part (c) may not be appropriate.

COMMENTS: Even though entrance effects are important for the laminar flow conditions of part
(b), the heat transfer coefficient is small relative to that associated with the turbulent conditions of part
(a).

PROBLEM 8.51
KNOWN: Gas-cooled nuclear reactor tube of 20 mm diameter and 780 mm length with helium
-3
heated from 600 K to 1000 K at 8 10 kg/s.
FIND: (a) Uniform tube wall temperature required to heat the helium, (b) Outlet temperature and
required flow rate to achieve same removal rate and wall temperature if the coolant gas is air.
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Ideal gas with negligible viscous dissipation and
pressure variation, (3) Fully developed conditions.
3
PROPERTIES: Table A-4, Helium ( Tm = 800K, 1 atm ) : = 0.06272 kg/m , cp = 5193 J/kgK, k =
-7
2
-4 2
0.304 W/mK, = 382 10 Ns/m , = 6.39 10 m /s, Pr = 0.654; Air ( Tm = 800K, 1 atm ) :
3
-3
-6 2
= 0.4354 kg/m , cp = 1099 J/kgK, k = 57.3 10 W/mK, = 84.93 10 m /s, Pr = 0.709.
ANALYSIS: (a) For helium and a constant wall temperature, from Eq. 8.41b,

PLh
= exp

m
& cp
Ts Tm,i

Ts Tm,o

where P = D. For the circular tube,

&
4m
4 8 103 kg/s
ReD =
=
= 1.333 104
-7
2
D 0.020 m 382 10 N s/m
and using the Dittus-Boelter correlation for turbulent, fully developed flow,

0.4 = 0.023 1.333 104

Nu = 0.023 Re4/5
D Pr

4/5

( 0.654 )0.4 = 38.7

h = Nu k/D = 38.7 0.304 W/m K/0.02 m = 588 W/m2 K.

Hence, the surface temperature is

( 0.020 m ) 0.780 m 588 W/m2 K

Ts 1000 K
= 0.500
= exp
Ts 600 K

8 10-3 kg/s 5193 J/kg K

<

Ts = 1400 K.
The heat rate with helium coolant is

& c p Tm,o Tm,i = 8 103 kg/s 5193 J/kg K (1000 600 ) K = 16.62 kW.
q=m

Continued

PROBLEM 8.51 (Cont.)

(b) For the same heat removal rate (q) and wall temperature (Ts) with air supplied at Tm,i, the relevant
relations are

& a c p Tm,o Tm,i

q = 16,620 W = m

(1)

PLh
a
= exp
&
Ts Tm,i
ma c p

Ts Tm,o

Re =

&a
4m
D

(2)

hD
0.4
= 0.023 Re4/5
D Pr
k

(3,4)

& are unknown. An iterative solution is required: assume a value of Tm,o and find
where Tm,o and m

& in Eqs. (3) and (4) to find h and then Eq. (2) to evaluate Tm,o; compare
& from Eq. (1); use m
m
results and iterate. Using thermophysical properties of air evaluated at Tm = 800K, the above
relations, written in the order they would be used in the iteration, become

&a =
m

15.1
Tm,o 600

(5)

& a4/5
ha = 5600m

(6)

& a )
Tm,o = 1400 K 800 K exp 4.459 10-5 ( ha / m

(7)

Results of the iterative solution are

Trial

1
2
3
4

Tm,o (K)

& (kg/s)
m

(Assumed)

Eq. (5)

1000
950
900
890

ha
-2

3.781 10

-2

4.321 10

-2

5.041 10

-2

5.215 10

( W/m2 K )

Tm,o (K)

Eq. (6)

Eq. (7)

407

905

453

899

513

891

527

890

Hence, we find

& a = 5.22 102 kg/s

m

Tm,o = 890 K.

COMMENTS: To achieve the same cooling rate with air, the required mass rate is 6.5 times that
obtained with helium.

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