CHEMISTRY

4541 CHEMISTRY
MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
CHAPTER 10 : RATE OF REACTION

10.1 : Meaning of Rate of Reaction
1. Rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in quantity of reactant or product in a

certain range of time.
Rate of reaction =
change in quantity of reactant / product

time taken
2. Rate of reaction is inversely proportional with time.

The shorter the time taken, the . the rate of reaction.
The longer the time taken, the . the rate of reaction.
10.2 : Measuring the Rate of Reaction
(a)
Average Rate Of Reaction

Determination the average rate of reaction from the graph :
Volume of gas/cm3
23
22
20
50
90
Time/s
150
23
150
The average rate of reaction for the whole reaction =
= .... cm3 s-1
The average rate of reaction in the first 50 second =
( 20 0 )
( 50 0 )
= .... cm3 s-1
The average rate of reaction between 50 second and 90 second =
( 22 20)
( 90 50)
= .... cm3 s-1

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(b)
MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
Instantaneous Rate Of Reaction ( Rate of Reaction at any given time ) :

= the gradient of the graph at any given time.
Volume of
gas/ cm3
The rate of reaction at 50 second

= the gradient of tangent to the curve at the
given time
= y cm3
xs
= 45 - 20
90 - 25
45
( 45 20 )
20
= ..
( 90 25 )
25
50
Time/ s
90
Activity 1 :1
Calcium carbonate reacts completely with excess diluted hydrochloric acid in 2 minutes
and 30 seconds to produce 24.00 cm3 carbon dioxide gas. What is the average rate of
the reaction?
A
0.16 cm3 s-1
0.96 cm3 s-1
1.60 cm3 s-1
9.60 cm3 s-1
Graph below shows the volume of oxygen gas collected against time.
Volume of O2 (cm3)
30
Time (s)
0
15
30
What is the average rate of the reaction?

A
0.5 cm3 s-1
1.0 cm3 s-1
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C
D
MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
1.5 cm3 s-1

2.0 cm3 s-1
Diagram below shows a graph of volume of hydrogen gas against time for the reaction
between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Volume of H2
gas /cm3
V
V
Time/ s
0 15 30 45 60
60
Which of the following is true about the graph?
V
15
cm3 s-1
The rate of reaction at 30 second is
The rate of reaction at 30 second is higher than at 15 second

V
The average rate of reaction is 45 cm3 s-1
The average rate of reactionbetween 15 second and 45 second is
C
D
V
30
cm3 s-1
Table below shows the result obtained from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Time/minute
Volume of O2 gas / cm3
11
12
12
12
Calculate the average rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide within the second
minute.
A
B
C
D
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2.0 cm3 min-1

3.0 cm3 min-1
4.0 cm3 min-1
12.0 cm3 min-1
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MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
Activity 2 :An experiment is carried out to determine the rate of reaction between calcium
carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid. The volumes of carbon dioxide gas evolved at
fixed intervals are recorded.
Graph of the volumes of carbon dioxide gas against time are shown below.
Volume of
carbon dioxide
gas /cm3
Graph of the volumes of carbon dioxide gas against time
40
30
20
10
Time/s
40
80
120
160
200
(a) Calculate :
(i) the average rate of reaction for the whole reaction.
(ii) the rate of reaction at 40 seconds and 80 seconds.

at 40 seconds
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at 80 seconds
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MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
Activity 3 :20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is reacted with excess magnesium ribbon. The results
are shown below.
Time /s
Volume of
H2 /cm3
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
0.0
8.5
16.0
22.0
27.5
32.0
36.0
39.0
42.0
44.0
46.0
(a) Draw the graph of the volume of hydrogen gas released against time.
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(b) From the graph, calculate :

(i)
the average rate of reaction in the first 20 seconds.
(ii)
the average rate of reaction between 30 seconds and 75 seconds.
(iii)
the rate of reaction at 30 seconds.
(iv)
the rate of reaction at 105 seconds.
(c) Compare the rate of reaction at 30 seconds and 105 seconds. Explain why?
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10.3 : FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF REACTION

1. Size of Reactant / Total Surface Area
(a) Reaction between calcium carbonate (with different size) and hydrochloric acid is
conducted.
(b) Chemical equation for the reaction :
CaCO3
2HCl
CaCl2
H2O
CO2
The graph of volume of carbon dioxide gas against time obtained is as shown below :
Volume of CO2 gas / cm3
45
Experiment I
Large pieces
II
Experiment II
Small pieces
Time / s
180
240
Based on the graph complete the following statements :
Average rate of reaction for the whole experiment :

Experiment I
p =
Experiment II
q =
= ..
= ..
The value of p is bigger/smaller* than q.

The average rate of reaction in Experiment II is higher/lower* than Experiment I
throughout the experiment.
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Explanation :
The rate of reaction of the small pieces of calcium carbonate chips is

than the rate of reaction of the large pieces.
Relationship between the size of marble chips and their total surface area :
small pieces have a total surface area than that of large pieces of
marble chips of the same mass.
The smaller the size of marble chips, the .. the total surface area of
marble chips.
The larger the total surface area of marble chips, the .. the rate of
reaction.
The smaller the size of marble chips, the .. the rate of reaction.
The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas collected for both experiments are
. because the . of the reactants are .
The and .. of HCl in both Experiments are the same.
Number of mole of HCl in both Experiments are the same.
Activity 4 :A group of students was carried out two experiments to investigate the factor affecting the rate
of a reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Table 4.1 shows information about the reactants used in each experiment.
Experiment
Reactants
Excess zinc granules and 25 cm of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
II
Excess zinc powder and 25 cm of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.

Table 4.1
(a)
Write the chemical equation for the reaction occur in these experiments.
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.
(b)
State the factor that affecting the rate of the reaction of Experiment I and Experiment II.
.
The graph 4.2 shows the result obtained from these experiments.
Volume of gas
collected (cm3)
20
II
15
I
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time (s)
Graph 4.2
(c)
Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I and Experiment II.
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(b)
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Based on the table and graph, compare the rate of reaction between Experiment I and
Experiment II
.
.
.
2. Concentration of Reactant
(a) Reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid is
conducted.
(b) The rate of reaction is measured by how fast yellow precipitate (sulphur) is formed.
Observation is made on the time taken for the X sign placed under the conical flask to
disappear from view.
Temperature, volume and concentration of the hydrochloric acid are fixed but the
concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution is varied.
(c) Chemical equation for the reaction :
Na2S2O3
2HCl
2NaCl
+ S
+ SO2
H2O
(d) The graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution against time, and the graph
of concentration against 1/time are plotted.
Concentration of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)
Concentration of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)
Concentration is .proportional to
Concentration is .proportional to
time.
1/time.
When the concentration of Na2S2O3 increases,

the
Time
[ 1/time shows the rate of reaction ]1/time (s-1)
time taken for yellow precipitate formed that
(s)
covers the X mark is ..

The higher the concentration of Na2S2O3, (the
When the concentration of Na2S2O3 increases, the

rate of reaction is ..
The higher the concentration of Na2S2O3, the
higher the number of moles of Na2S2O3 ) the
. the number of particles perunit
the number of particles perunit
Therefore, the the frequency of

collision between particles.
The the frequency of effective
collisions.
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The the rate of reaction.

collisions between particles.
collisions.
The
the rate
reaction.
CHAPTER
1 : RATE
OF of
REACTION
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3. Temperature
()a Study through observation to yellow precipitate (sulphur), the product of the reaction
between sodium thiosulphate solution with hydrochloric acid.
()b In this reaction, the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution is changed.
()c All other conditions such as volume and concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution
and hydrochloric acid is remain constant.
()d Time taken for certain amount of the yellow precipitate formed and covered the X mark
below the beaker is recorded.
()e Two graph are obtained :
Temperature of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)
Temperature of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)
Temperature is .proportional to
Temperature is . proportional to
time.
1/time.
When the temperature of Na2S2O3 increases,

the (s)
Time
[ 1/time shows the rate of reaction ]1/time (s-1)
time taken for yellow precipitate formed that
When the temperature of Na2S2O3 increases, the
covers the X mark is ..
rate of reaction is ..
The higher the temperature of Na2S2O3, the

2-
the kinetic energy of S2O3 ions and H
The higher the temperature of Na2S2O3, the

+
the kinetic energy of S2O32- ions and H+
ions.
ions.

2-
collision between particles [ S2O3 ions and H

ions ].

+
collision between particles [ S2O32- ions and

H+ ions ].
The the frequency of
collision.
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. collision
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Activity 5 :Diagram 5.1 shows the set-up of apparatus for Experiment I, II, III, IV, V and VI to investigate
the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and sulphuric
acid. In the experiment, 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 of sodium thiosulphate solution is poured into
a conical flask and is heated to 30C. 5 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 of sulphuric acid is added
immediately to the sodium thiosulphate solution. The conical flask is then placed on a paper
with X mark as shown in the diagram 5.1. The time taken for the X mark to disappear from
sight is recorded.
Eye
Sodium thiosulphate solution

+ sulphuric acid
X mark
Diagram 5.1
Experiment I
Experiment II
Experiment III
The experiment is repeated with sodium thiosulphate solutions at 40 oC, 50 oC, 55 oC, 60
o
C and 65 oC. Diagram 5.2 shows the readings of the stopwatch in each experiment.
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at 30 oC
at 40 oC
at 50 oC
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Experiment IV
13
Experiment V
MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
Experiment VI
at 55 oC
at 60 oC
at 65 oC
Diagram 5.2
(a)
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(i)
Record the stopwatch readings in the space provided in Diagram 5.2.
(ii)
Calculate the value of
1
for each experiment.
time
Construct a table to record and show all the data in the experiments. These
data will be used to plot a graph in (e).
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(b)
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State a hypothesis for this experiment.

......................................................................................................................................
.
......................................................................................................................................
.
(c)
State three conditions that must be kept constant in this experiment.

1.
2.
3.
(d)
State the operational definition of the rate of reaction based on this experiment.
......................................................................................................................................
.
......................................................................................................................................
.
......................................................................................................................................
.
(e)
Plot a graph of
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1
against temperature.
time
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(f)
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Based on the graph you have drawn, find the time taken for the mark X to disappear
from sight if the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution is 45 oC.
.......................................................................................................................................
(g)
If 50 cm3 of 0.05mol dm-3 of sodium thiosulphate is used in Experiment I, predict the

time taken for the mark X to disappear from sight. Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
.
......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
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4. Catalyst
Catayst is a chemical substance that increases the rate of reaction [change the rate of
reaction], but it does not change chemically at the end of the reaction.
Catalyst increase the rate of reaction.

Characteristics of catalyst :
It does not change the quantity (amount) of the products formed.
It is unchanged chemically at the end of the reaction.
The amount of catalyst is the same before and after reaction.
It is specific.
Only small amount is needed.
It could become less effective when there are impurities.
Most catalysts are transition elements or compounds of transition elements.
Effect of catalyst studied through :
The presence of catalyst affects the rate of reaction.

Quantity of catalyst also can effect the rate of reaction.
I : The reaction between zinc with dilute sulphuric acid

[copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution as the catalyst]
II : The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
[using manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2 as the catalyst]
Experiment I :
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The reaction between zinc with dilute sulphuric acid [CuSO4 as the catalyst]
(a)
Chemical equation for the reaction :

Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4
+ H2
(b)
(c)
(d)
Volume of hydrogen gas collected in a burette are recorded at every 30 seconds.

This experiment is repeated by adding 2 cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution.
In this reaction, mass of zinc, volume and concentration of sulphuric acid and
temperature are remain constant.
(e)
Graph of volume of hydrogen gas produced against time are obtained :
Volume of H2
gas /cm3
With catalyst
Without catalyst
Time/s
From the graph above :

The gradient of the curve with catalyst is . than the curve without
catalyst.
At the end of this reaction, the total volume of H2 gas in both reactions is the same
because the .. of zinc and the. of sulphuric acid
is the same.
Copper(II) sulphate as catalyst lowered the ..., Ea for the reaction.
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therefore, more particles will reach the same or more than the ,
Ea of the reaction.
the frequency of collision between particles ..
the frequency of effective collision
the rate of reaction ....
Activity 6 :1
A catalyst is used in manufacturing industries because it can

A
reduce the time of production
increase the quantity of the products
increase the quality of the products
reduce the quantity of the reactants used
The following equation shows the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide at room condition
using a catalyst.
2H2O2()
O2(g)
2H2O()
Oxygen gas was collected and the result shown in Table 6.
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Time (s)
Volume of oxygen gas (cm3)
0.0
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19
10
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15.0
20
25.0
30
32.5
40
38.0
50
42.0
60
45.5
70
47.5
80
49.0
90
50.0
100
50.0
Table 6
(a)
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Plot the graph of the volume of oxygen gas against time on the graph paper
provided below.
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20
(b)
Based on your graph in (a), calculate the rate of reaction at 20 s.
(c)
Why does the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide decreases with time?

...................
(d)
(i)
Suggest one catalyst that can be used for this reaction.

...............................................................................................................................
.
(ii)
With reference to the collision theory, explain how does catalyst in (d) (i),
affects the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
.............................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
10.5 : Application of factors that affect the Rate of Reaction

Daily lives :
Cooking of solid food in smaller size
The total surface area on a smaller cut pieces of food is
The food can absorbed more/less* heat. Hence, the time taken for the food to
be cooked is shorter/longer*.
Storage of food in a refrigerator
When the food kept in refrigerator, the food lasts longer. The low temperature
in the refrigerator slows down/speed up* the activity of the bacteria. The
bacteria produce less/more* toxin , the rate of decomposition of food becomes
lower/higher*.
Cooking in a pressure cooker
The high pressure in pressure cooker increases the boiling point of water to a
temperature above 100 C. The kinetic energy of the particles in the food is
increase/higher. Hence time taken for the food to be cooked is
lower/decrease.
Thus the food cooked faster at a higher temperature in a pressure cooker.
In Industry :
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Optimum conditions :
Haber process; manufacture of ammonia :

N2 +
3H2
Temperature : 400 - 500 oC

Pressure : 200 400 atm
Catalyst : Iron/ferum, Fe
2NH3
Contact process; manufacture of sulphuric acid

[ catalyst : ]
Ostwald process; manufacture of nitric acid
[ catalyst : ]
10.6 : The Collision Theory
For a reaction to occur, the reactants particles must collide.
Not all collisions between particles result in chemical reactions.
For a reaction to occur, the collisions must satisfy two conditions :

(i)
(ii)
The colliding particles must also have the right orientation of collision.
The colliding particle must have enough energy; i.e equal or more than
a minimum amount of energy known as Activation Energy, Ea
The collisions that lead to a chemical reaction are known as effective collisions.
Energy
10.7 : Energy Profile Diagram and Activation Energy, Ea

Ea = Activation Energy without catalyst
E
reactants
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Ea
Ea = Activation Energy with a catalyst

products
H = Heat of reaction
CHAPTER
1 : RATE
OF REACTION
(The energy
diffence
in the
reactants and in the products)
Progress of reaction
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Ea The minimum energy the reactant particles must possessed before collision
between them can result in a chemical reaction.
Ea The lower activation energy in the presence of a catalyst.
Activity 7 :1
Diagram below shows the energy level for the reaction A + B C.
The activation energy for the reaction is

A
(x + y)
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D
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24
(y x)
Zinc powder reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. The temperature of the mixture increases.
Complete the Energy Profile Diagram for the reaction. On the diagram, show the :
Heat of reaction, H
Activation energy without a catalyst, Ea
Activation energy with a catalyst, Ea
Energy
Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2
SIZE OF
REACTANTS /
TOTAL SURFACE
AREA
CONCENTRATION OF
REACTANTS
TEMPERATURE OF
REACTION MIXTURE
CATALYST
Catalyst provides an
alternative path of
reaction which needs
lower Activation
Energy, (Ea).
The higher the

The higher the
temperature, the higher
concentration of
is the
energy of
The smaller
the
size
reactants,
the
higher
is
10.8 Frequency of Effective Collision and Rate
of kinetic
Reaction
reacting particles. The
of reactant, the
the number of particles
frequency
reactants increases, the
reacting particles
particles of
move
larger is the total Wheninthe
a unit
volume.of collision between
More particles are
frequency of effective collisions between
faster.particles will also increase.
surface area
able to overcome the
exposed to collision.
new Activation
The effective collisions will result in chemical reaction. When frequency

Energy,of
(Ea)
effective collision increases, the rate of reaction will also increase.
Collision Theory and Factors Influencing The Rate of Reaction

The frequency of collision between particles increases.
The frequency of effective collision between particles

increases.
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The rate of reaction increases.
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Activity 8 :Four experiments are carried out to study the factors that affect the rate of reaction.
The table below shows the details of each experiment.
Experiment
Reactants
Temperature
of HCl / C
Volume of gas
released / cm3
Excess of magnesium ribbon and

50 cm3 hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm3
30
600
II
Excess of magnesium powder and

30
III

40
IV

50 cm3 sulphuric acid 1.0 mol dm3
40
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(a)
MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
26
Write the chemical equation of the reaction occurred in Experiment I and IV

Experiment I : .
Experiment IV :
(b)
Predict the maximum volume of gas released in :

Experiment
Volume of gas / cm3
II
III
IV
(c) Sketch the graph of the volume of gas released against time for each Experiment I, II,
III and IV on the axes provided below.
Volume of
gas / cm3
Time / s
(d)
Explain the difference in the rate of reaction in the experiments below.

Use the Collision Theory in your explanation.
(i)
I and II
..
..
..
..
..
..
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(ii)
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II and III
..
..
..
..
..
..
(iii) III and IV

..
..
..
..
..
..
The gradient of graph I is . than graph II.

The rate of reaction for reaction I is . than reaction II.
Possibilities :
Reaction I used . size of reactants than reaction II.
Reaction I : . pieces of CaCO3 ;
10.9 Interpretation of graph.
Reaction II : . pieces of CaCO3.
Temperature
of reaction I is . than reaction II.
Study the graphs below and complete the following
:
Concentration of the reactants for reaction I is . than
reaction II.
Presence of catalyst :
Reaction I : . .
Quantity of product
V
Reaction II : ..
Final quantity of product for reaction I and II are the same.
II
I
Quantity of the reactants (number of moles) for reaction I and II

must be .
Mass of the reactants used in reaction I and II is
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Number of moles [ n = MV ] of the reactants used in
reaction I and II is
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t1
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28
t2
Time
GRAPH 9.1
The gradient of graph I and graph II are ..
Quantity of product
The rate of reaction for both reactions are ..
2V
Possibilities :
II
Size of reactant for both reactions are ..

Temperature for both reactions are ...
Concentration of the reactants for both reaction are

...
Time
t1
t2
Final quantity of product for reaction II is twice than reaction I.

Quantity of the reactants (number of moles) for reaction I must be
GRAPH 9.2
. than reaction II because the concentration of the

reactants are the same in both reactions.
The gradient
Exampleof: graph I is than graph II.
3
The rate
of reaction
forcm
reaction
I is1.0
.
Reaction
I : 250
of HCl
mol dm-3 than reaction II.
Reaction
Possibilities
: II : 500 cm3 of HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Size of reactants for reaction I is . than reaction II.
Temperature of reaction I is . than reaction II.
Quantity of product
..
Reaction I : . .
2V
V
II
Reaction II : ..
reaction II
Time
GRAPH 9.3
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Quantity of the reactants for reaction II must be than reaction I.

Mass of the reactants used in reaction II is than
reaction I.
Number of moles [ n = MV ] of the reactants used in reaction II

is than reaction I.
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The gradient of graph I is . than graph II.
The rate of reaction for reaction I is . than reaction II.

Possibilities :
Quantity of product
Size of reactants for reaction I is . than reaction II.

2V
II

Temperature of reaction I is . than reaction II.
Reaction I : . .
t1
t2
GRAPH 9.4
Time
Reaction II : ..
reaction II.
Quantity of the reactant for reaction II must be than reaction I.

Mass of the reactants used in reaction II is than
reaction I.
Number of moles [ n = MV ] of the reactants used in reaction II
is than reaction I.
Example :
Reaction I : 250 cm3 of HCl 1.0 mol dm-3
Reaction II : 1000 cm3 of HCl 0.5 mol dm-3
Activity 9 :Table 9.1 shows three experiments done by a student.

Experiment
Reactants
Excess calcium carbonate chips and 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
Table 9.1
The graph of carbon dioxide gas produced against time is sketch as shown in Graph 9.2.
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Volume of carbon
dioxide / cm3
Experiment ..
Experiment A
Experiment ..
Time /s
Graph 9.2
Based on Table 9.1 and graph 9.2, determine which curves represent the results of Experiment
B and Experiment C. Write your answers in the boxes provided.
Experiment I
Hydrogen gas
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3

hydrochloric acid
Activity 10 :- [Enrichment]
Excess zinc granules
1
Diagram 1 shows two experiments to investigate one of the factor that affects the rate of
reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid.
Experiment II
Hydrogen gas
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid
+ copper(II) sulphate
solution
JPNT 2009 Excess zinc granules

Diagram 1
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(a)
(i)
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Based on Diagram 1, state the factor that affects the rate of reaction in this
experiment.
.............................................................................................................................
(ii)
How to determine the rate of reaction in this experiment?

.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(b)
In Experiment II 2.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution is added. The
maximum volume of hydrogen gas released in Experiment I is V cm3.
(i)
Compare the volume of hydrogen gas released in Experiment I and

Experiment II? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
(ii)
The graph for the volume of gas against time for Experiment I is sketched as
Volume
of
shown below.
hydrogen
gas
/cm3for Experiment II on the graph.
Sketch the
curve
JPNT 2009
Experiment I

Time /s
4541 CHEMISTRY
(ii)
32
MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
Referring to the collision theory of particles, explain how does copper(II)

sulphate solution affects the rate of reaction?
..............
..............
..............
A student carried out two experiments to investigate the factors that influencing the rate of
reaction. Table 2 shows the results of the experiments.
Experiment
JPNT 2009
Diagram
Volume of
hydrogen gas /cm3
4541 CHEMISTRY
33
MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
1 g magnesium ribbon
3 minutes
50
I
Hydrochloric acid 1.0 mol dm-3
in excess
1 g magnesium ribbon
5 minutes
50
II
Hydrochloric acid 0.5 mol dm-3
in excess
Table 2
(a)
Write the chemical equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric
acid.
.
(b)
(i)
Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I and II.
(ii)
Compare the rate of reaction between Experiment I and Experiment II. By

referring to the Collision Theory, explain why there are differences in the rate of
reaction in the experiment.
...
...
...
...
[ 4 marks]
(c)
On the axes below, sketch the graphs of the volume of hydrogen gas against time
for Experiment I and Experiment II.
Volume
of H2 gas / cm3
JPNT
2009
4541 CHEMISTRY
34
MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
Time / min
Three experiments have been carried out to study the effect of factors affecting the rate
of reaction at room temperature. Table 3 shows the results of the experiments.
JPNT 2009
4541 CHEMISTRY
Experiment
Set-up of
apparatus
Time taken for

magnesium strip to
react completely
(s)
MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
35
I
III
II
10 cm3 of
1 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid
10 cm3 of
2 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid
Excess of
magnesium
strip
Excess of
magnesium
strip
60
10 cm3 of
2 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid
Excess of
magnesium
powder
30
10
Table 3
(a)
Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

......................................................................................................................................
.
(b)
Calculate the maximum volume of gas released in Experiment I and Experiment II.
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room condition]
(c)
Using the same axis on the graph, sketch the volume of gas released against time
for Experiment I, II and III.
(d)
Calculate the average rate of reaction for Experiment I, II and III in cm3 s-1.
JPNT 2009
4541 CHEMISTRY
(d)
MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)
36
Compare the rate of reaction between Experiment I and Experiment II.

Explain why there is a difference in the rate of reaction based on the collision theory.
......................................................................................................................................
.
......................................................................................................................................
.
......................................................................................................................................
.
......................................................................................................................................
.
END OF CHAPTER 1
JPNT 2009

CHEMISTRY

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4541 CHEMISTRY

MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)

CHAPTER 10 : RATE OF REACTION

1. Rate of reaction is a measurement of the change in quantity of reactant or product in a

change in quantity of reactant / product

2. Rate of reaction is inversely proportional with time.

Average Rate Of Reaction

The average rate of reaction for the whole reaction =

= .... cm3 s-1

The average rate of reaction in the first 50 second =

= .... cm3 s-1

The average rate of reaction between 50 second and 90 second =

= .... cm3 s-1

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION

MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)

Instantaneous Rate Of Reaction ( Rate of Reaction at any given time ) :

The rate of reaction at 50 second

0.16 cm3 s-1

0.96 cm3 s-1

1.60 cm3 s-1

9.60 cm3 s-1

What is the average rate of the reaction?

0.5 cm3 s-1

1.0 cm3 s-1

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION

MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)

1.5 cm3 s-1

The rate of reaction at 30 second is

The rate of reaction at 30 second is higher than at 15 second

Volume of O2 gas / cm3

2.0 cm3 min-1

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION

MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)

Graph of the volumes of carbon dioxide gas against time

(ii) the rate of reaction at 40 seconds and 80 seconds.

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION

MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION

MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)

(b) From the graph, calculate :

the average rate of reaction in the first 20 seconds.

the average rate of reaction between 30 seconds and 75 seconds.

the rate of reaction at 30 seconds.

the rate of reaction at 105 seconds.

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION

MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)

10.3 : FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF REACTION

Based on the graph complete the following statements :

Average rate of reaction for the whole experiment :

The value of p is bigger/smaller* than q.

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION

MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)

The rate of reaction of the small pieces of calcium carbonate chips is

Excess zinc granules and 25 cm of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.

Excess zinc powder and 25 cm of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION

MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)

CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF REACTION

MODUL P3T (Tahap 1)

When the concentration of Na2S2O3 increases,

[ 1/time shows the rate of reaction ]1/time (s-1)

time taken for yellow precipitate formed that

covers the X mark is ..

When the concentration of Na2S2O3 increases, the